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EUROPEAN XNTEL1.IQENCE.~THE NIAGARA'S lea MAILS. dli The European mails by the steamer Niagara reached thia ) e city on Monday evening. The Loudon '1'turtle o1 March 20 Ijr furnishes the following oomparieou between the popular TO; forma of government in the United States and Great Brit- the aiu: *P> grout the Loadou Tuuon, Match SO. up By a coincidence of occasions the two great Anglo-Saxon communities of the world will, in the space of a single ? month, have laid the foundations of new governments for their respective countries In America these alternations of 111 u policy proceed according to tired laws, and with the regularity of a machine. After four years of office the President kts and administration of the United States are absolved from their duties on the 4th of March, and as the clock strikes . 12 on that day the existing government gives place to another. In England the course of atfairs is different. The J Usher of the Black Ilod can, indeed, convey to our legisla- l)la tive body in a few brisf words the tidings that dispersion c,l* awaits them, but the event, except that it must occur once in seven years, is not assigned to any fixed season or pe- Ike riod. It is accident alone which on this occasion has ka' brought the constitutional solemnities of the two countries kel into signal and striking contrast, nor do we think that, dai upon temperate reflection, a comparison of the rival insti- ?tr tutions will leave us much to repine at on this side of the w> Atlantic. ou The American Congress, according to pure democratic theory, may certainly appear to be more absolutely a ere- the ation of the people than the British House of Commons, for ku the numbers of a constituency determine the numbers of its c0> representatives, votes are taken by ballot, and members are to paid. We do not pretend, indeed, to doubt that Congress ke does give an effective representation of American opiuion. but Congress is not the only power in the State established by popular election. Tho President himself, the head of tw the administration, is aleo appointed in the polling-booths ' of the country, and we have recently witnessed the tlior- >*n oughly-electioneeriDg character of which thia mighty con- the test partakes. The President of the United States does, be- for yond all question, personify the choice of the {people, but the ke . suffrages are given without power of revocation, and they tlx commit the great constituency of the Union tor lour rears ?=i together, on many most important points, to the guidance del and policy of a ' single mau. An American adminlslra<- del tion cannot, except by a solemn and express renewal of po: public confidence, last longer than four rears; but four 'oc years, as regards its controlling authority, it must last, he whatever may be its mistakes, its incompetence, or its per- Sh versity; nor is any opportunity afforded to the public of jec reconsidering its resolution. There is no " appeal to the ev< country." no consultation of "the constituencies," no "want sta of confidence rote" practicable. At tbs appointed period, indeed, the constitutional fabric will be submitted to the people for reconstruction, but until that hour arrires the 1 electoral decision cannot be rescinded. President Pierce j?e might, if he bad so pleased, hare disturbed or destroyed ; ! the relations of the Union with any State in the unirerse, .! against all the opinions of his constituents; but until the W1 4th of this month his authority could not bo impeached nor cu. his policy effectually controlled. The attributes and power W>1 of this great appointment are derired, it is true, in the first 0411 instance, from the voice of the whole community, but when C0J the community has spoken the word the vow is irrevocable, iind for a certain term of years the President and the peo- on, pie are indissolubly joined together. With these institutions compare our own. The office of Prime Minister depends virtually upon the votes of Par- 'm liament, nor could it be retained withont the confidence of the House of Commons ; but from this House of Com- ? mons there lios at any time an appeal to the constituencies, and Lord Palmerston is at this moment challenging the ?ttl judgment of the country as completely as Mr. Buchanan did lost autumn. If the verdict of the constituencies aDI proves to be such us there is every reason to anticipate, his ttn( lordship, as the first minister of the Crown, will represent ^.? the decision of the electors with as much faithfulness as ,'u tha American President. Here, however, the resemblance ?.u ends, and the contrast?as we think to the advantage of 1 England?will be found to begin. Not only do our insti- PJJ! tuiions provide other powers to ballast and trim the vessel of the State when careering under the impulse of popu- , J lar will, but this will, itself, is open at all times to correetion or revocation. Not only can the House of Commons an< be reconstituted, buteveu without reconstitution,and while composed of the same elements, it can withdraw, at brief i notice, that confidence on which the administration relies. It ia underno necessityof waiting for a lixed period, or of endu- ] ring the miseries of an ill-starred union till the appointed hourof divorcoaud release. A voteof censureer waatof con- ,, iidence can be moved by any member in the house, and, if j, J carried, will subvert the gorernmeut. Such a creature as a j j. " dospotic" Minister exists, as far as this country is concern- j, ed, only in tho imagination of Mr. Cobden. Applied to Ameri- j t , can institutions, the phrase might, indeed, be more jnstifia- ^ ble, for there the country stands inextricably to its first vote ; but in England tho offices of government are always ' held during pleasure. The very Parliament which Lord wj( Palmerston will hare to meet, however his popularity to' "dcrht hi^ve influenced the elections, could abandon him us soon as it was tormeu, uuu, n ineie were goou reasons lor j'_r the proceeding, the opinion of the country would support Kj it. The approbation justly yielded to the Premier's past an'( services gives him no kind of impunity or irresponsibility |)u, for the future. His security does not extend to his forth- ^0( coming policy, sxcept in so far as that policy shall con- j^g tinue to receive public approval. The country will not be S|T tied or boiuid to him in any way whatever. He cannot commit us to any unpopular or unpatriotic course. If, instead of despatching such reinforcements to China as will Tl11 place our countrymen beyond the risk of harm, and establish our relations with the Chinese on a safe and respecta- 1 Lie footing, he were to adopt the alternative he has him- tin sslf described, and sun ender the honor of England to those for truculent barbarians, Parliament would terminate his ad- Ku ministration without waiting for the 4th of March, 18C1. A'o The country is answering the appeal of the government, j not as exempting that government from future accounta- on] bility, or as voting it a definite lease of power, but simply ph, as acknowledging service rendered, and accepting it as a wk pledge for more. Wo can only augur the future from tho me past. Lord Palmerston and his colleagues have earned the tht approval of the country by what they have done, and it is ha not only in the hop?; but, what is far more important, on dri the notorious condition that their policy shall continue to ' be satisfactory, that the suffrages of the' constituencies, as bet wc confidently expect, will confirm them in power. hei We cannot but considor that in the balance of those in- of othufinna IVia ami* nf Itritiuli crmtdnm nrpnnnilai'alafl and *? !, we believe, indeed, notwithstanding the demonstrations to nol the contrary which might be offered on paper, that we are lta in the enjoyment of a much more genuine political liberty sys than our transatlantic kinsmen. They stand now commit- ] ted, as regards their foreign policy, to Mr. Buchanan?a nit man of high abilities, no doubt, and unquestionably the wi President of their own free choice; but, though they chose for him, they must also keep him, whereas no electoral judg- tak raent, however strongly pronounced, will commit us to lov Lord Palmerston any further than as regards the approval an of his past acts. If his foreign policy should become pu- tin sillanimous or perilous, weak or wanton, "turbulent" or em "aggressive," in the eyes of tho legislature, he will lose the support at once on which he leans, and the impending verdict of the constituencies will not avail him one jot. If y he should point, under such circumstances, to the sufTingrs . this week recorded in favor of his policy, he would be promptly told that the favor in question, to be worth any- 1 thing, must be continuous, and that, whatever willingness fro to support bim might have been entertained by a Parlia- cifli ment at its first assembling, tho confidence of that body r could only be retained by the same merits which acquired . it Lord Palmerston and his colleagues have, in our opinion, deserved the approbation of the constituencies, and we 1 believe they will obtain it, but they will not be taken for in better or worse for four years to come. ' bei TBS INGUSH ELECTIONS. m0 The Liverpool Times sums up the progress and pros- int pects of the contest in the following paragraphs: led " It will be seen by reference to our election news that Lord John linssell bad the largest show of bands at the city of IiOndon nomination ; that the popular candidates at .kj Manchester, tested by the same standard, were Messrs. nj, Bright and Potter, 20,000 being present at the nomination; L, that Mr. Massey, in Salford, had the show of hands over r Sir E. Armitagc; that the show of hands at Sheffield was in favor of Messrs. Roebuck and Hadfield ; that tho show > of bands at lluddcrsfield was in favor of Mr. Cobden ; that j?, Westminster has returned Evans and Shelley without opposition; that the brave old General Thompson, of anti-' vfl corn law notoriety, has been returned for Bradford ; that Sir James Graham is in for Carlisle; that Mr. Weguelin . has succeeded at Southampton ; and that at Birmingham ,.i the old members wore returned without opposition. , " Lord Palmers ton's personal popularity, which three weeks , ago stood so high, will be tested in this struggle^ and we ] shall soon see whether his majority in the new House of l|R| Commons will be such us to enable him to retnin perma- nQ nent power. At present, to make use of an expression of nR his own, ' he is master of the situation,' and in the course ol| of a fortnight we shall be ennbled to judge whether this advantage can be maintained. New party combinations CAl are certain to arise out of the existing chaotic confusion, i which may ultimately advance those domestic reforms of _.] which the country stands so much in need. To show the J* interest which some of the leading statesmen of the age are taking in the composition of the new House of Commons, Mr. W. E. Gladstone presented himself at Mold on Thurs- col day. avowedly to eject Mr. Mostyn from the representation mf of Flintshire, and substitute Mr. Gladstone's brother-in-law, , Sir Stephen Glynn. The speech on this occasion, like all Ar Mr. Gladstone's, was a great effort, and a strong contest may be expected in that county." 'w" With regard to the latest news from China the same jour- dil nal sayi: " Lord Palmers ton is the most fortunate of ministers. His we star seems to be always in the ascendant Compelled to ofi dissolve Parliament because he justified the course which ml , the agents of the British Crown pursued in China, we now nt to, by telegraph last night, that the Eui|>?ror of China ' approves ae strongly of the proceedings of < oinmUsioner ere h at Canton ae the British Premier himself Not only 1 the head of the 'Celestial*' anxious to conciliate the em itisb, remembering former trouble* in which he was in- 1 Ived with them, but he will have no war. In a word, on ) 'Chinese difficulty' may be said to be arranged by the be* rit of Lord Palmerston ? a (act which cannot fail to tell era on the elections which are now pending. las 'At a moment of excitement like the present, intelligence stirring must have an important influence on the conluencies ; and on that of Liverpool more especially, which ' st feci thp necessity of returning to Parliament the old 'e> mbers who supported Lord Palmerston In the crisis of ?'1 fate, arising out of this very Chinese question." the ENGLAND AND JAPAN. aa( rhe following appears in the Journal Dee Debate : La V circumstance of considerable Interest which lately took r> M afforded the Emperor of Japan au op|?orlunity to de- ' re officially in favor of the execution of the treaties some le back concluded with several Kuropeuu powers. On , i 11th of December last, two English vessels of war, after . ring visited the ports of Simoda and llakodadi, appeared . ore N&ngasaki, but were refused admission by the manrin acting as governor. The two captains, however, ong in their right, penetrated into the port, and anchored J;? thin gun-shot of the land batteries, which remained witht aDy act of hostility against them. ??.< rhe next day they repaired with a numerous escort to i residence of the mandarin, who refused to receive them, I1*' t who, at the same time, sent word that, if they had any nplaint to make, he would forward their representations the imperial court, and transmit to them the reply. This did most scrupulously. The two captains wrote to ?'1i ldo to claim the right of remaining some time at Nanmki, in conformity with the treaty, signed in 1850, be- ro' sen England and Japan. ,' In about a fortnight alter, the Emperor's answer arrived, nounciug that bis Majesty, being desirous of executing , ' i obligations which he had entered into, had given orders CB' the three ports of Simoda, llakodudi, and Nangasaki to open to the vessels of France, itussia, England, and >m' ) United States. Such vessels were to be permitted to ii mere, iu bu (iruYisiuus, uuu tu vrt&uc vu a wouuiu j iued extent The Kmperor, in order to carry out tbat fr0 emanation, issued an edict, which was without delay ;nB ited up in every part of his dominions. The seatusn be- r iging to ths rassela admittod to enjoy the benefits of the ^ atj are not to penetrate into the interior of the country. to ould they contravene that provision, they are to be sub- j ted to an imprisonment, the leDgth of which will be <jet try time lixed by the Kmperor, according to the circum. tj0 nces of the case. me THREATENED WAR BETWEHN SPAIN AND MEXICO. me K Madrid letter of Mareli 21, in the Pays, states tbat ! Mexican affair appears to be entering on a new phase. ltre leems eel-tain that even in the case of an arrangement roa ng made the Spanish squadron will land a force which ve! 11 occupy a point on the Mexican territory until the exe- . :ion of whatever tnny be agreed to be done. This force 8 a tl protect Spanish subjects, whom, it is alleged, theMexi- a. j government is not in a condition to protect on ac- t11' int of the state of anarchy in which the country now is. 8J? rhe Madrid correspondent of the London Post, writing ij the 21st of March, says : . . ' Nothing further has transpired as to the intentions of the " rernment with respect to Mexico. The agent of that reblic has not yet arrived in Madrid,-but he may be ex- i sted this evening, as by telegraph we have heard of his j.j >arturc from Paris. Although Senor Lafragna will not 1 received officially, the government will hear what he 0f, i to say. It is doubtful if anv large military force will prj despatched to Mexico. In the first instance, Tampico ?ot 1 San Juan will be taken possession of by the squadron, ure 1 held until the assassins are punished by the Mexican Bto rcrninent, indemnity granted to the families of the vie- wy is, and the expenses of the war paid. By such cautious 8UI t energetic measures the government will sustain tho ;nity of the nation without incurring the risks of a cam- wjf gn on shore, and a large attendant outlay they can ill 3rd." wil A telegraphic despatch states that the first division of ja], i Spanish squadron for Mexico was expected to weigh chor for the Havana on the 28th. tj|( [Naples corrcaponilvDce of (lie London Times, March ID.] tin rllE RUMORED ARRANGEMENT RKTWMEN NAPLES AND TUE of-1 WESTERN POWERS. [ 'or several days the report has been circulating on the change and in the city tbat the difficulties between the ied powers and the government of the Two Sicilies were, lot arranged, at least on the point of beinj^ so. All that new for certain is this, that a communication was made, octly or indirectly, by this government, to the effect that r was ready to consent to a pourparler on a given basis, is communication would arrive, it was expected, in Paris .. t Saturday night. The basis I have heard mentioned is enlargement of tho Argentine treaty?that is to say, a S.01 der system of transportation is to be adopted, which is ? be baptized "an amnesty," and so his Majesty is to come th clear from his present embarrassment. It is asserted ne{ those wno are supposed to he well informed, that the , ng be<rin? to feel th? xtrema i?qi-'L , 1 would willingly enter again into the comity of nations; 1 t if it is by such a way as is now suggested, it will re it great, msuonor -on uiosc wuo nave wnuarawn irom ? friendship and leave all the elements of discontent and nla ife ns active as ever, because not a single social or po- ?. cal evil will have been removed. I DIPLOMATIC RUPTURE BETWRIN AUSTRIA AND PIEDMONT.? ne( OFFICIAL DESPATCH FROM AUSTRIA. J9r rhe Austrian government, in recalling its representa- m? es from Turin, addressed a circular despatch, setting 1 tli the reasons by which It is gnided, to its agents at the dth ropean courts. A letter from Berlin, published by the det rd, contains a summary of the despatch on this subject. an< According to this summary the cabinet of Vienna is not Mr. ly dissatisfied with Count Cavour's reply to its com- ten .ints of the Piedmontese press, and of the tolerance with hut lich these attacks are treated by the Sardinian govern- the nt, but it sees a new offence in the language used by soo it government on the occasion of the debates which tioi ve taken place relative to the fortifications of Alessan- 1 ia. vai rhe despatch adds that "the Austrian government lias go' lomc convinced that Piedmont seeks to place itself at the ^ id of the revolutionary movement in Italy?a movement the which the success would be the destruction of the Aus- S>? an domination in Italy. Piedmont pursues, theD, a sue licy which not only tends to disturb social order in Sta ly, but even to totally change the European political a" items established by the treaties of Vienna." 1 (n presence of these facts, Austria deems that her dig- m<> y will no longer-permit her to maintain official relations the th Sardinia. Nevertheless, Count Buol, in informing the sta eign courts of the step which Austria has determined to ^ul :e, declares formally that this measure will not he fol- 1 red by others of a more hostile character, and that in fr? y event Austria will avoid, up to the last moment, all up< kb uau wuipiuiuioo tuc mmuicimucc ui prow? ur tr^lC J harrassments amongst the European cabinets. Hr lefl TER FROM CENTRAL AMERICA, CALIFORNIA, fea, tND OREGON?ARRIVAL OF THE MAILS BY THE ? JEORUE LAW. Jj* 3y the arrival of the steamer George Law at New York poi m Aspinwall we have received full files of San Fran- ?s co papers for the fortnight ending March 20. rhe Alta Californian gives the following summary of the ' tnight's news: jit No events of more than ordinary interest have occurred reji our State since the sailing of the last steamer. the rhe weather, upon which California is so dependent for lun prosperity, has been, during the past fortnight, of the I >st favorable kind, both for the mining and agricultural cur crests. And, inasmueh as these two great branches of lustry are the principal sources of our wealth, we may rfidently count upon a season highly favorable to every " artment of business. In fact, every species of labor for 1 lich there is any demand is now being well rewarded in giy s State. We have never before had snch a copious sup- lie ' of rain, and at the same time so favorably distributed a be 'oughout the season. to I The news of the passage of the wagon-road bill has use in received by our people with great satisfaction. era Icnry Bates, our lnte State treasurer, having proved a lem aulter to the amount of $121,000, has since been !m- \ iched, tried, and convicted of the offence, and declared ed ompetent to ever again hold any office of honor, trust, gle Erofit in this State. He has also been indicted, and is aid e proceeded against criminally. Rowe, his accomplice, dee II remains in prison. Comptroller AVhitman has alio cot m impeached for malfeasance, but has not yet bad his I ?! wh It is not to be denied, our finances are in a state of em- the rrassmcnt and confusion, which may bad to a temporary the n-fulfilment of our obligations, but that we shall event- the lly, and we mar add speedily, redeem every dollar of vin r indebtedness faithfully to the letter, no person acquaint- the with the public sentiment of our people on this point wb 1 for a moment doubt. 1 3ince the summary executions of the robbers at Los An- the les, great quiet has prevailed in that quarter, and the em at happy effects are likely to result from these severe but wit 11-timed acts of retribution. The late copious rains give ers lurance of abundant crops of grass, grain, and fruits, the gat ning season, and the prospects of the people were never ire flattering than at present , (fold is reported to have been found on therisland of , larapa, near Santa Barbara, and also on a branch of the n Buenaventura river, 45 milee northeast of the city, near *n< lere the old mines were worked previous to the late gold am icoveries. the All kinds of business have been much impeded of lats in brf ) northern part of the State by 'eep snows; these, however, an( re melting rapidly at last accounts, and will be the means 1 affording an abnndant and durable supply of water for ning operations, thereby infusing additional activity the o every department of business. nsx rbe rumor??l finding of the 100-pound lump at Kucha ek is confirmed. 'arming will be carried ou to a large extent in the north> mining region the ensuing summer. rhe clipper Great Republic, Capt Limeburner, arrived the 9th ult., 91 days from New York, making the fifth t voyage between the two ports. Khe attraets contidbleattention, and was visited by thousands on Sunday t CABSOK ViLLSr. rhe weather has been severe, with some snow in the valthe past winter. The Indians have driven off some the wnitee, who were unable to make pursuit, owing to storms. Phe Mormons are a little more shy of the Gentiles. 1 there is a rumor of their having been ordered to Sail Ice. Phe miners in the vicinity are doing well, loods at last accounts were scarce and dead. UUEAT SALT LASS. Phe News of January 28th says Mr. Uarrish arrived al it plaoe on the 19th from Missouri, which he left on the ,h of November ; reports passing at the Platte Bridge ne old mail matter for Salt Lake ; met at Independence ck Brothers Peramora Little and Ephraim Hanks on iir way east with the mail; they were well and making jd progress. >ver eight feet of snow had fallen up to the 24th of Janry. November, December, and most of January, bavc in remarkably stormy, and many grass ranges have iwed under where heretofore but little snow has fallen me stock has been starved to death, and some roofi shed by the depth of the snow?a good bint to prole shelter and forage for stock and make stronger >fa. Phe department have awarded to Hiram Kimball, esq. Utah, the contract for transporting the mail between lu>endeuce, Mo., and Halt Lake City from the 1st of Dauber, 1956, until the 30th of November, 1800. Sreat efforts are being made to introduce cuttings ol proved fruits and vines into the Territory. oncuoN. 4y the arrival of the steamship Columbia, Captain Dnll m Oregon, we have dates from Portland to the 12lt f hfinur twn wtwlffl liter. Plitt democrats ure moving in the matter of a conventioc beheld iu April for nominating a candidate for delegab Congress. iiuch feeling teems to hare been awakened, and a good il of dheuuion ia going on, in regard to the introducn of slavery into the Territory. The popular eenti nt would appear, however, to t>e strongly against thi asure. rravellerg through the Willamette valley say that then i a great many dead cattle and horses lying aloug tht id, that have died from the eflecta of the late very se e winter. ?UQET Sound.?The Pioneer, published at Olympis tea that fifty-two vessels obtained cargoes of lumbei Keller's mills, Puget Mound, within the last year it the coal mines at Bellinghum Hay are worked bj am; and that the Bteamer Resolute is to be placed or i sound. Phe weather about the sound continued pleasant, and ;hly favorable to vegetation. SANDWICH ISLANDS. We are in possession of dates from Honolulu to February being two weeks later. Prade still continues dull at the islands. In the absenci shipping the demand for goods is light, and confinec ncipally to domestic wants. There appears to be littli kfidence felt iu the approaching spring trade, and dealeri i disposed to make no addition to their stocks. Tin ck in the market, together with the cargoes on the way il form a large supply for all the wants of ths spring and nmcr trade. Phe weather of late has been very fine, with strong tradi rule. Phe King's birthday had been celebrated by all classei th unusual festivities. Fruit trees introduced into tin mda from California and Oregon were doing well. I'here is a rumor that the islands are to be visited duiinf i coming summer by his Roval Highness Duke Constan e, brother of Alexander II, Emperor of Russia, in a line battle ship. i'he past winter in Hawaii, as in California, seems U re been one ot uncommon seventy?tne most, says tin deat inhabitant," of any sinre 18*27. Italu in largi untitles has fallen, accompanied with terrific thuude; 1 lightning. NEW GRAN AIM. rhe Panama Star of March 28th aayi: )ur readers will not be surprised to learn that Mr. Bow , the United States minister, and Mr. Morse, the specie nmissioner, jointly deputed to lay before the executive o gota the proposition of the United States government ativoto the 15tb of April, have been unsuccessfu l t'1* :otiations have been suspended, and that now all furtbei ion in the matter rests with Mr. Buch?nan and lus cabr ltle lJnited States govern nt been refused, but, according to our private advices refusal has been so insultingly conveyed, that there reins but one of the two courses for the United States to >pt?namely, either to be insulted and brow-beaten bj w tiranada, and quietly to withdraw ber claim, or t< >pt that principle of " self-preservation," of which the v President's inaugural spoke, and take by force the Inanities and guarantees that have been denied to her do nds for redress. L'he Titmpo of Bogota asserts in its issue of March th< i that the ultimatum of the United States government nanded $400,000 as indemnity forthel&thof April 1 that this was rejected by Mr. Pombo, and further that Morse was about to leave the capital. Whether th< ma of the ultimatum are correct or not wc cannot state ; we are in a position to assert that both Mr. Bowlin minister, and Mr. Morse are about to leave Bogota as n as circumstances permit, and then all further negotian is broken off. L'he Titmpo considers this a victory, and ascribes its adltnge to the assistance derived by the New Granadian rernmcnt from the reports of the foreign consuls here. rVe are very much inclined to doubt the correctness ol i 'Titmpo'? statement relative to the ultimatum and the )0,000, or, at least, we believe that the payment of thai n forms but a part of the demands made by the United .tea. The Titmpo is assured that $50,000 would covet the damage done. ifr. Morse, it is stated, left Bogota on the 8th of thii nth, but did not arrive at Carthagena in time to meet British steamer for Aspinwall. Mr. Bowlin, we undernd, will leave the capital so as to reach here in May ot le. fliere remains nothing now but to await intelligence m the United States as to bow the matter will be looked sn by the new President and bis cabinet, n regard to other news from the capital, we learn thai Ospina. the President elect, is in parts unknown, having : Medellin, It is said, for Bogota by a circuitous route, foi r of assassination. rhe Chamber of Representatives have passed the third ,ding of the bill for the settlement of the Mackintosh ?tion, and also the treaty with Prance, which was sun ted by the conservative party and opposed by the lib,1s. rhe Senate has read the Mackintosh claim bill for the rd time, and also the new federal constitution bill. The ne has l>een changed from the Columbian to the Granan confederation. The Chamber of Representatives bat acted almost unanimously the proposed troaty to settle i debt due by New Granada, on account of the old Oonbian confederation, to Mexico. 'adre Vigil, of Nicaragua notoriety, has been appointed ate of Mompos by the Bishop of Carthagena. aspimwall visw or walkrb's affairs. rhe Aspinwall Courier of April says: rhe present ap[>earance of Central American matters es assurance of considerable changes of which the pnbgenerally ha'e na ken. We have less doubt than ever tut the success of the cause. But we think the work ia ae accomplished by a much more direct and immediate of the weapons most familiar to the commercial genIs, commodores, and would-be presidents valiantly ding on the boets. Ve believe that Walker has been or is to be approachby both parties principal in the actual outiilue strug, and we are confident he might, ere this, have received and comfort from the enemy's camp, even to their own traction, bat thinks the terms upon which such work ild have been hired did not suit him. 'inally, we are of the opinion that Walker cannot be ipped out by the Costa llicans^Ac., even with all the aid y are getting from outsiders ; that the withdrawal of said aid would enable him to wblp them; that both y and their allies In New York are beginning to be conced of these facts; and that, per consequence, one of se parties, or some from among them, will aid him (or oever may succeed him) even to an early triumph, rhat there are moves now on the board that will finish game in a few months is our honest conviction. The issaries who are continually passing and repassing bin our vision, and the evidence of the presence of othin high places, furnish us convincing proof that the ne is at a very interesting and decisive stage. J It I. 4?,1 4 11 A t track of this road between Wood'* Point (Norfolk) 1 Suffolk will be ready for the care by the 4th of Jnly, 1 that the whole of the first division of the road, (vis thirty miles next to Norfolk,) including the Bast Branch dge and the connexion between the streets of Norfolk 1 Bramble's Point, will he completed In August next, o arrangements contemplate a final finish in time to run cars through to Petersburg (BO miles) in December It. ' * Iv ij.. V WASHINGTON CITY. WEDNESDAY MORNING. APRIL 15, 1867. TO THE READERS OF THE UxNION. The Hon. John Appleton has already announced to the public the circumstances which have induced him to discontinue his connexion with the Union as its editor and proprietor. I am glad to know, however, that his health is 1 solar recovered as that his talents and experience may be usefully exerted in that important sphere of duty to which , he has been called. Having purchased the entire property of the Washington Union newspaper, I shall, to-morrow, commence my duties as it tote editor ntul proprietor. The paper will appear in an entirely new set of type; and it is my intention to L enlarge its size as the demands or the necessities oi ' the future may require. It is my fixed purpose to I spare neither expense nor effort to make it the great 1 central organ of the democratic party, every way worthy 1 of their confidence aud support, and a reliable and ' faithlul medium of communication between the capital ' and the country. Having foe many years exerted my best efforts to bring Mr. Buchanan into the preeidential chair, I 1 shall render to him and to his administration all the sup' port which party ties and pcsoual friendship can inspire. A great crisis in the affairs of the country?a crisis fraught i with peril and danger to the rights of the States and the . permanently of the Union?demonstrated to the national democracy aud the patriotic ]>cople of the country 1 that his acknowledged talents, matured wisdom, approved statesmanship, and long experience, were necessary to their peace and safety, and they placed him, , Willi acclamations, ai me uoaa 01 ue government anu the Dation. He realized at once their hopes and expectaJ tiona by calling to his assistance a cabinet of men combining the rarest qualifications of talents, experience, and 1 statesmanship,?men endeared to the democratic, party by ' all their antecedents; by the zeal which they had displayed j and the services which they had rendered in some of the most honorable oRices of the country, in supporting and j sustaining the principles, the measures, and the policy of - our party. A single month has sufficed to fill every patriotic heart in the land with confldence and hope. Kren J his political enemies seem to respect him. Fanaticism ; itself appeais willing for a moment to moderate its tone; | and the enemies of our peace, of the constitution, and the Union, will not be able much longer to disturb the public i mind by their fanatical shrieks and treasonable agitation. 1 bring to the duties of my position considerable experience in editorial service, no small share of zeal, and a ' faith and devotion to the greAt principles of the demos cratlc party as strong and abiding as I have in the I principles of the Christian religion itself; for the priu' ciples which are the basis of tlie measures and the pols icy of that party are but the principles of eternal truth > and justice applied to the operations of government, and intended to regulate the conduct of man in ? his social and political state. These principles are fully i Imbodied in that impregnable platform adopted and proi mulgated by the National Democratic Convention in June last at Cincinnati. Our political chief, in his acceptance I of our nomination, most cordially approved that platform, - and placed himself upon it. Upon it, with all its issues, doctrines, and policy, he was elected. He reaffirmed it all 9 in his metchleM Inaugural Address, which carried confia deuce and hope into all parts of the country. It caused r the anxious and tho timid to take courage ; the doubting looked forward with resohite faith ; and all good citizens now see in the future the inspiring omens ef peaoo, prosperity, and safety. Upon tlia* piailorin I also stand. 1 I placed myself ibc4? by my vote and my action at the f nir??.cui of its adoption, and there I shall continue to stand, and hv itii nrinninlM untl ita itnlinv I aim 11 rnmtnrt lh? r Union as long as I have an interest in its property or eontinue to direct !? comoc. I am fully aware of the high responsibilities of my posii tion. Its labors, anxieties, and difficulties I fully under| stand and appreciate; but, with unflagging /.eal and unr yielding purpose, I shall go forward in the line of my duty, * adhering to the principles of the party, doing battle in its [ service, and willing to stand with it or fall with St, if it . must be, but ever battling for the right. W. A. HARRIS. ; % ? , THE CONNECTICUT ELECTION. 1 The New York Evening Post is alllicted with as treacherous a memory as its neighbor of the Herald. In its issue , of the 8th instant we find it stated that there was no cause 1 for the tusionista to despond over the recent election in Connecticut, for the result showed that the opponents of * the democratic party were as strong now in that State as ' they were " in the time of Pierce.'' In the Evening Post T of last Monday's issue we find the following queruloiiB ad> mission: " The result of the late Conneotlout election may be turned > to profitable account by the opponents of the administration in that as well as in other States where they are striving l to preserve their ascendency. In a State where a large ma1 jority of the voters are known to sympathize, and at the pre' ceding election to have acted with the republicans, the loss of half their delegation in Congress and a narrow escape Irons defeat in the choice of State officers must, nnder existing cir' cumstances, bo due to something besides the strength of the enemy. And the question therefore arises, To what errors t of policy on the side of the victorious party shall we attrlb> ute their failure to achieve a more complete success'/ These ' errors we propose, in a briaf statement, to exhibit." The Hoaton corespondent of the Post not only lakes the 1 discomfiture of its friends in Connecticut deeply to heart, but, as will be seen from the subjoined extract from his last letter, he evidently despairs of the future : " We feel rather blue over the Connecticut election. We have not been beaten in Connecticnt, but, then, we have won no viotory there. The democrats seem to have a firmer bold of Connecticut than of any other New England State, Coming, as they do, immediately after the Dred Scott decision, the congressional victories of the democrats are a disgrace to the State of Connecticut. Hhe has broken the line of New England. The old excuse of ' sploahy weather' is brought forward, but what li a party good for that can't stand an April rain, and which la ever to be at the mercy of the elements V' i The recent successes of the democracy in Connecticut are ' everywhere regarded not (imply as a local triumph, but as | the beginning of that reaotion which is to redeem the New , England States from priestly thraldom and the domination of fanatics, traitors, and demagogues. The Memphis Appeal well remarks : " This Connecticut election may therefore be regarded as one of the most auspicious events which, as journalists of the dsy, it has been our duty to record for some time. Next to the Dred Scott decision itself, It assumes importance, as showing that there is a limit to which demagogues and wild fanatics may lead astray the prejudices of the people and imperil the dearest Interests of millions. It may now be fairly trusted that the election of Buchanan and the learned and wise decision of Chief Justice Taney will at last ' head' ' the negrophllists of the North, and that henceforth the abolition' ist's occupation's gone.' We hope to ; and we think there is good ground for hope in the signs of the times, and especially in this Connecticut election." We conv the following from the Cincinnati Rnniii?p "We knew from the alienee of the telegraph?always prompt to gire an account af an anti-democratic aucceu? i that the fnaionlata had met with a decided rererie In old Connecticut at the late State election. It turna out that the democrat* have elected two of the four member* of Congress, both being gain*, and that the fusion ticket baa but one thousand majority for State officers. Last fall the allies bad ten thousand majority for President, which shows a democratic ! gain on the popular rote of nine thousand. The gain of two members of Congress is a reasonable reinforcement to the constitutional battalion in the House of Representatives, and make* it certain that the democrats will have control in that body, over all opposition of republicans and southern know1 nothings. There is now but fire to gain in the Month, whteh ' ehange, with several others of a like character, will be rery [I etslty effected." ' ? . I jt THE UNITED STATES AND URKAT BRITAIN. In Another part of our paper thii morning will be found an article from the London Time* of the 2t>lh ultimo, in which a comparison ia instituted between the forms of free government in the United States and England ; the writer, as might hare been expected, arriving at the conclusion that in the balance of the institutions of the two countries " the scale of British freedom preponderates." The loyal subjects of Frederick, Ferdinand, or the Czar, have no doubt a decided preference for their respective forms of government, and are persuaded, possibly, that they enjoy as large a share of civil and religious freedom as the citizens of a republic. We are, therefore, not surprised that intelligent Englishmen, in their admiration of a government which partially recognises the representative principle, and is sensibly influenced by constitutional restraints, should exaggerate the blessiugs which they hare fairly and boldly wou, and we may with much truth add, temperately enjoyed. The Times reasons well; but as its premises are irreconcilable with facts, and betray the'Sheerest igno.anca of the institutions of our country and the workings of our government, its conclusions necessarily fall to the ground. In its comparison between tbe two goverumeuts, no mention ia made of tbe Queen of England or the House of Lords. Their existence is studiously ignored. The government alone consists of a House of Commous and the Premier for the time being ; the Premier, ex oficio, having exclusive executive and senatorial powers and functions. But, argues the Times, the people of Kagland can at any moment revoke this great ]>ower by a condemnatory vote of their representatives in the House of Commons; and herein they possess a larger share of liberty than the people of the United States, tor the latter elect their President for a term of four years, and no matter how rashly or tyrannically he may exercise the delegated sovereign power, there is and can be no redress until tbe expiration of that period. He can, so asserts the Times, violate the clearly-expressed wishes of a majority of his constituents, with perfect impunity, lie can, if he so pleases, disturb or destroy the relations of the Union with any State in the univeise, against all the wishes of his fellow-uitizcns ; but until the expiration of his term of office "his authority could uot be impeached nor his policy effectually controlled." Is the Times aware of the existence of such an instrument as the constitution of the United Slates in which the power and duties of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the federal government are clearly, carefully, and strictly defined ? There is scarcely a school-boy in the Union that does not know that the war-waking power U not lodged with llie President alone, but Is shared jointly with the Executive and the two houses of Congress. The treaty-making power is lodged with the Executive and the Senate ; and so jealous were the Trainers of the constitution in regard to the aggregation of excessive power in the bands of the Chief Magistrate, that the appointing power with which he is invested is not sole, but divided. The President can appoint no person to office without "the advice and consent of the Senate." Prom the very nature of his office, the Preeideut is necessarily invested with large powers; but those powers are so guarded with chucks, restraints, and remedial appeals that it would be impossible for him to commit with impunity the excesses hinted at by the Times. Without the collusion of the Senate, the appointing power could not be used for corrupt purposes. Without collusion from the same source, treaties opposed to the honor or prejudicial to the interests of the country could not he made. Witho"* the consent of the two houses of JJongrew, uo war could be entered into. As the supplies for the support of the army and navy come from Congress, Congress virtually bos control over these two branches of the nalioual defence. It is true that au obnoxious President, unlike an obnoxious Premier, cannot be reached by a condemnatory resolution; but, should be attempt to set the laws and the constitution at defiance, his course can and would be arrested before tbo expiration of his term by impeuchment and trial. Nominally, the executive branch, if it mny he so termed, of the British government, can be overturned every month, if the House of Commons so wills it. But a shrewd Prime Minister, with the immense patronage of the government at his unadvised and undisputed bestowal, and not scrupu loua in it* use, can retain power for a period four times cs long aa a presidential term. Direct and frequent accountability is all eery well in theory in England, but it is not so ia practice, if we have read correctly the history of that country. Sir Robert Watpole was in office some twenty years. The l'elhams were in office for the sanje length ol time. Pitt was in power from extreme youth until a short tiiuo prior to his death. Sir Robert Peel and Lord John Russell were Prime Ministers for a much longor period than a presidential term. England has a constitution and a House of Commons which has some of the elements of popular representation and popular will, and here the parallel with this couutry ceasrn; as the Executive and upper branch of the imperial legislature are hereditary, not elective. We of the United States believe that, under the workings of our free, republican institutions, wc enjoy a larger share of civil and religious freedom than was ever before vouchsafed to any nntion in the world. The Times thinks that we are mistaken, and that England with its tithes and taxes, standing army and standing clergy, close boroughs and hereditary lawmakers, is the favored nation. With such a harmlers belief, which to us savors largely of delusion, we have not the slightest wish to interfere. IOWA ELECTION. Extract of a letter to a genflemhn in thia city from a friend In Iowa city, under date of April 8 : " I am happy to inform yon that we hare carried the city and county in the election on Monday last. " Reno beat Jerome for mayor 14 votea. We elected 8 aldermen ; black republican!, 4 ; tbey having made a new ward out of Lyon'a Addition?making 4 warda. II. Tuttle la elected county aaaesaor. Ceo. W. Clark alao lina a majority forjudge in thia county, but ia probably defeated. " T have no return! from the other countlea; but If they have done like JohnaOn we have oarried the State. TRUST LANDS IN KANSAS. We neglected to call the public attention to the advertisement of the Indian truet lands in Kansas, published in Saturday evening's issue, announcing a change in the (lays of sale of those land*. The Iowa land sales will commence on the ltd of June ; the lands of the Weas, Ac., on the 'J4th of June, and the Delaware lands on the llith of July next. SOMETHING FOR TRK I8MATIC8 TO FONDER OVER. That spirited and ably-conducted democratic journal, the New Haven Register, pnts forth the following seasonable advice: " The opposition preaa takea to heart the loaa ot two congressmen in Connecticut, and they seem to feel especially ( bad over the defeat of Mr. Ferry. He patient, gentlemen ; wait and eee how far better and more acceptable to his district and State Mr. Bishop will till his place In Congress than bis opponent could hare hoped to do had K* been successful. Then you will become reconciled to the event; and most of your party will really rejoice that Connecticut has such an honorable and popular young man to represent her in Congress, whether they acknowledge it or not. How touch better it is to send men to the national legislature who will not belittle themselves and their State by taking a narrow-minded, sectional course, as Ferry, or Garrison, or Fred Douglass would do were they in Congress ? Isn't it about time for the New England States to take a more liberal and just view of our whole oountry and its great future T We think so; and Connecticut very creditably takes the initiative in that movement by sending two sound, conservative. Union democrats to Congress. The good sense of her citizens will more and more approve the change, as time and experience shall demonstrate its propriety." THE FRENCH TRKATT WITH PERSIA. The following translation of tb? treaty bolweeu Frams and Persia liaa been kindly furnished for oar columns from the SUtiatical Office, Department of State, and will an appropriate sequel to the treaty between England and Persia, published in the Union of yesterday : Treaty qf friemlehip and commerce, conclude July 12, lgjj between France and Portia, the nUiJicationt of which uni ezehanytd at Teheran on the 14th of the tame month, licalion ordered in France by decree qf February 14 jgjj and the treaty accordingly imerted in the " bulletin jj Loitn of February 21, 1857,?No. 470. TREATY. In the name of the clement and merciful Qod, His high Majesty the Emperor Napoleon, whose eleralion is like to that of the planet Saturn, to whom tb?IUg serves as a standard, tho luminous star of the ttriuanmm of crowued heads, the sun of the heaven of royalty tfo ornament of the diadem, tbe splendor of standards, "of imperial insignia, tbe illustrious and liberal monarch : And his Majesty elevated as the planet Saturn, the sovereign whose standard is the sun, whose splendor and ma*, nilitence are like to those of the heavens, the sublimemv. ereign, the monarch whose armies are as numerous as thy a tare, whose grandeur revives that of Djemchid, who* magnificence equals that of Darius, the heir of the orowa and of the throne of Keyaniens, the sublime and ahsoiat. Emperor of all Portia. The one and the other equally uud sincerely desirous of establishing relations of friendship between the twu States, have determined to consolidate such relations br 1 treaty of friendship arid commerce, reciprocally advents, geous and beneficial to the subjects of the two high contracting parlies. To this end they havo deeiguated their plenipotentiaries His Majesty the Emperor of Prance, Sletir Nicolas-Prosper Bowrce, his envoy extraordinary and minister plenlpotcu tlary, commander of the Imperial Order of the Legion of Honor, Ac, Ac.; and his Majesty the Emperor of all Persit his excellency Mir/.a-Aga-Khau, his Prime Minister^, Ert* mad-el-Dow let, (strength of the government,) decorated with the star of the Order of the Lion aud of the Sun in diamonds of the class of Amir-Touman, with the green aud red ribbon, the portrait of his Majesty, Ac. And the two plenipotentiaries having met together at Teheran and n. hanged their full powers, which were found in good and proper form, agreed upon tho following articles: Art. 1. From the present date and perpetuallv then shall be sincere friendship and a constant and good understanding between the empire of France and all its subjects and the empire of Persia and all its subjects. Art. 2. The ambassadors or ministers plenipoteutiarr whom it may please each ol Hie two high contracting powers to send and maintain near the. other shall be received and treated, themselves and the entire personnel 01 their legation, in the same manner as the ambassadors or ministers plenipotentiaries of the moBt favored nations are received and treated in the two countries, respectively, and they shall enjoy, in every respect, the same prerogative and immunities. Art. 3. The subjects of the two high contracting partiwtravellers, merchants, artisans, and Others?whether removing from or residing in the territory of either empire, shall be respected and fully protected by the autboritiej u( the country, and all acting under tbem, and they aball be treated, in all respects, as are the subjects of tire most favored nations. They may reciprocally introduce, by land or sea, into either empire, and export tnerefrom all descriptions ofmercliandise and products; and they may sell, barter, or purh->?? the same in all places within the territory of either State. Arc. 4. The merchandise imported or exported by the respective subjects of the two high contracting parties shall pay only the same duties, on entering and clearing, in either State, that are paid on the merchandise and products im punru iiuu ejpuritiu ujr iut: luercuuu us una HUUject8 01 the aio3t favored natiOD, and no exceptional imposts, under any name or pretext whatsoever, shall be levied in one or the other country. Art.. 5. All suite, differences, ami disputes which may arise between French subjects In the Umpire of l'eraia shall be hferred to the jurisdiction and decision of the French consul or agent who may reside in the province in which the suits, misunderstandings, and disputes shall have origins* ted, of in the nearest ndjoining province. Such consul or agent shall take cognizance of uud decide such mutters socording to the laws of France. Suits, difference*. ?" ? suputes between French and Persian sut\i" '8> in Persia, shall bo referred to the approprlats rersian tribuual, where a French consul or agent shall reside, and shall be examined and judged according to equity in the presence of an attorney of such consul or agent Suits, differences, and disputes occurring in Persia between French subjects and the subjects or other foreign powers, shall be examined and judged by the respective ociisuls or agents of France and of such foreign powers. In Franco the subjects of Persia, whether in regard to disputes among themselves or with French or other foreign subjects, shall be placed on the same footing as the subjects of the most favored nation. Art. C. In cnoe of the death of a French or Persian subject in the territory ol < itlier State, respectively, the succession shall descend to the family or partners of the deceased, if any such exist. If the deceased have neither |N?icuo ^iBuinjr j nui tvisuviitirt), ui euucr COuuiry. 83 li? case may be, the property shall be confided to tho manage ment of the consul or agent of the nation of which the deceased shall have been a subject, who shall hold the [unit conformably to the laws and customs of his own country Art. 7. for the belter protection of their respective subjects and commerce, and in order to strengthen the good and equitable relations between the subjects of the two States, the high contracting parties reserve, each to itself, the power of appointing each three consuls. The consuls of Frauce shall reside at Teheran, at Bouder-Boucliir, and at Tauria; the consuls of Persia shall reside at Paris, Marseilles, and the isle of Reunion, (Bourbon.) The consuls of the two high contracting powers shall reciprocally enjoy in the territory of each tho respect, privileges, and immunities accorded to the consuls of the most favored natiou. Art. 8. The present treaty of commerce and amity, cemented by the sincere friendship and confidence whirb prevail between tho two empires of France and i'ersit, shall, with (tod's help, be faithfully observed and maintained by both parties forever; and tho planipotsnl^Uies of the two high contracting powers mutually engsjfe to exchange the imperial ratifications of their august sovereigns, either at Teheran or at Paris, within the space of six months, or sooner, if possible. In faith whereof, the respective plenipotentiaries of the two high contracting parties have signed the present treaty and affixed their seals. Done in duplicate in French and Persian, at Teheran, Julv 12, A. I). 1855, and the 27th of lift month of Chawal de l'Hegire, in the year 1271. z F. BO W It id E, MIRZA-AGA KHAN. I THE NEW ORLEANS ELECTION. ( The Louisiana Courier of the 7th says : " The election for judges o f our district courts, which toot place Yesterday, presented no features of importance bejro?J those showing that the democratic party took no part in it, either by nominating candidates or otherwise; that the terrorists had It all their own way ; that, in a population of sou8 160,000, tho vote was, consequently, somewhere in the neighborhood of 4,000 or 3,000, and that, notwithstanding all this, gross outrages were not wanting. Mr. Kohert Wooldridgt, member of tho bouse of representatives, and others, wers knocked down, but we defer particulars." We copy the following from the Nashville (Tenneasf) Union of the loth instant: " Mrs. A. V. lirown, ber daughter, and others of the (sally, left the city yesterday for their new residence In Washington. It had been tho intention of llov. Brown to visit Nashville for the pur|?oae of attending to some pressing private business, and accompanying his family to Washing!""lie found his public duties too exacting for this, and he wi" not visit Tennessee at present. " We mike this explanation for the information of nit".' who expected to see Governor Brown here this month, as? of those of his correspondents who still address their letten hero. | "We hope it will not be considered inappropriate'"' Nashville paper to olaini thai Tennessee has been as high'T honored by those of ber daughters who have represented bf in Washington society as by ber most distinguished sow " the political circles of the national capital. Our clli'S" will all feel a pride in knowing that in the accomplished wib and daughter of the 1'oetmaster General our State eontisues to have representatives by whom this distinction will ^ sustained." Trocbi.k nv NKBtUBKA^-Tbe Missouri Democrat lear? from a gentleman who recently arrived from Council Bin that the people of the various towns on the river *ho" St. Joseph were destitute not only of the luxuries many of tbe necessaries of life. As the steamer St Hetf paired along eager crowds hastened on board at landing for the purpose of purchasing partions of h*r'1 go that might be for sale. Several persons who *M>' "J with her had provided themselves for snrh demands ,n realized large profit* on their ventures. Ths Dewo^' learns, farther, that four men were shot at PUttsmooth, braska Territory, on Saturday evening, March 19th, hj' orders or hands of the vigilance committee, and that others were banished by tbe same party from N'?hr?? ^ across the river, and forbidden to return to ths TwnW under pain of death if caught. Their offence was f 1 jumping. if"