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"prove all things; hold Hast that which is good."
J-Ll X iii IVXVii; ji j: i Jl Ho
VOLUME I.
THE EXAMINER;
Two DoU-aS per anuam.
, ta Jnim.
PAUL SEYMOUR,
ADPKE5S
To the people of West Virginia; showing
that slavery is injurious to the public
welfare, and that it may be gradually
abolished, without detriment to thi rights
and interests of slaveholders; by Hisit
Rcffkei. D. D., Lexington, Va.
COKCLCDID.
Here, fellow-citizens, we conclude the
general argument; not because we have ex
hausted our materials far from it ;but be
cause you will think we have said enough
for the present. We shall now, by way
of appendix to the argument, lay down three
proportions, to show the necessity of Imme
diate r ion, to deliver our West Virginia
from the growing evils of slavery.
1. Comparatively few slates in a coun
try,' especially one like ours, may da it im
mense injury.
This has been already proved; .but we
wish to impress it on your minds. We
shall, therefore, explain by examples, bow
a few slaves in a country may do its citi
xens more immediate injur)', than a large
number.
When a white family own fifty or one
imndred slaves, thev can. so long as their
land produces well, afford to be indolent
and expensive in their habits; for though
each slave yield only a small protit, yet
each member of the family has ten or fif
teen of these black work-animals to toil
for his support. It is not until the fields
grow old, and the crops grow short, and the
negroes and the overseer take nearly nil,
that the day of ruin can be no longer post
poned. If the family be not very indolent
and wry expensive, this inevitable day may
not come before the third generation. But
the ruin of small slaveholders, is often ac
complished in a single life time.
When a white family own five or ten
slaves, they cannot afford to be indolent
and expensive in their habits; for one black
drudge cannot support one white gentleman
or lady. Yet, because they are slavehold
ers, this family will feel some aspirations
for a life of easy gentility; and because field
work and kitchen work are negroes" work,
the young gentlemen will dislike to go with
the negroes to dirty field work, and the
young ladies will dislike to join the black
sluts in any sort of household labor. Such
unthrifty sentiments are the natural conse-
Juence of inuoducing slaves among th
amilies of a country; especially negro-blaves.
They infallibly grow and spread, creating
among the white families a distaste for all
servile labor, and a desire to procure slaves
who may take all drudgery off their hands.
Thus general industry gives way by degrees
to indolent relaxation, false notions of dig.
city and refinement, and a taste for fash
ionable luxuries. Then debts slyly accu
mulate. The result is, that many families
are compelled by their embarrassments to
sell off and leave the country. Many who
are unable to buy slaves, leave it also, be
cause they feel degraded, and cannot ptos
per where slavery exists. Citizens of the
Valley! Is it not so? Is not this the chief
reason why your beautiful country does not
prosper like the Northern Valleys.
2. Slavery naturally tends to increase
from small beginnings, until the slaves
outnumber the whiles, and the country is
ruined.
How this comes to pass, is partly explain
ed in the preceding remarks.
The tendency of a slave population to
gain upon the whites, may be counteracted
by local causes, permanent or temporary.
One permanent cause is the vicinity of a
free State; a temporary cause occurred ten
or twelve years ago, when the high price of
negroes in the Nuth, caused many to be
sold out of our Valley. The tendency is
stronger also in a planting country, than it
is in a farming or grazing country; yet so
strong is the tendency itself, that it over
comes this check in West Virginia; for with
the temporary exception just alluded to, the
slave population Las been steadily gaining
on the white, in all parts except the vicini
ty of the free States.
W e have examined the census of coun
ties for the last thirty or forty years, in Mary
land, Virginia and North Carolina, with the
view to discover the law of population in
the rvorthern slave States. The following
are among the general results.
When a county had at first comparatively
Uto, tii alar population except
near the free borders gained upon the
whites, and most rapidly in the older parts
of the country.
The population, as a whole, increased so
long as the slaves were fewer than the
whites, but more slowly as the numbers ap-
f W ojumuy. m our v alley, a
nailer proportion of slaves had the effect
of a larger one in East Virginia, to retard
" increase oi population.
the whites in the Eastern and older parts of
utu uiC naves rwam miniArnua na
7 WUJ,U7. popuiauon came to a stand;
when they outnumbered the whites, it de-
cunea. Consequently, the slave population
ha mrAa.X yet -. r if
, vj amuse itseu equally over
we country, rising mora rapidly as it was
ueiow tne white population, and ko-
e i u nen unaa risen above them.
. "uca were the general result. Excen-
lions occurred, but all general rules of this
nature have their exceptions This is nev
ertheless the law of population in a slave
aviate
3. The price of cotton will vrohahh, de
citne more and more, and consequently the
aIu f slaves: then also the law of slave
increase, by which it gains on the white
FVfatwn, xcill operate in West Virginia
wu rutnout tject, unlets prevented by
AO price Of COttOn Kn ramilnJ iV
pnee of negroes in Virginia; and so it must
vwuuiiuc io ao; because slave labor is un-
r-ivmuwie here, and nothing keeps up the
price of slaves but tlieir value as a marketa-
- lu uic oouin. eastern ne
groes and Western cattle are alike in this,
that, ir the maiket abroad go down or be
closed both aorta of .mm. I. 'k k
nd tba woolly-headed, become a worthless
crag at home.' The fact 'U iVat nr v..,
stfnprethrtn must send off, on 'any tenia,'
the increase of their slaves, because their
impoverished country ciinnot sustain even
its present stock of negroes. We join not
the Engli&h and American abolition cry
about "slave-breeding," in East Virginia, as
if it were a chosen occupation, and there
fore a reproachful one. It is no stch thing,
but a ca3 of dire necessity, and many a
heartache does it cost the good people there.
But behold in the East the doleful conse
quences of letting slavery grow up to an op
pressive and heart-sickening burden upon n
community! Caat it ofl", West Virginians,
whilst yet you have the power; lor if yon
let it descend unbroken to your children, it
will have grown to a mountain of miser'
upon their heads.
We have the following reasons to appre
hend, that unless prevented by law, the slave
population will In a few years increase ra
pidly in West Virginia.
1. The price of cotton must fall, and
with it the value of slaves. .
From lS.to.2Q, yeara ago, the average
price of cotton was 11 cents a pound; in
the last five years between 7 and 8 cents.
Had the last crop been tt full one, the aver
age would have been under 7 cents. Every
successive full crop now depresses the price
lower and lower; showing that the supply is
on the whole outrunning the demand. It
must out-run the demand, while the South,
em slave-market is open to lSorthern slave
holders.
From 1820 to 1830, the slaves in the cot
ton-growing States (South of Tennessee and
North Carolina) increased 15 per cent., and
in the next 10 years they increased 51 per
cent. In lwO toe number including those
n Texas was about 1,300,000. The num
ber increases as fast as ever; for u the natu
ral increase of the Southern stock, is added
the increase of the Maryland, Virginia, and
North Carolina negroes, and half the in
crease of those in Kentucky and Tennessee.
Thus the negro population of the cotton
Suites, is going on to double itself in a j
riod of 16 or 18 yetrs.
Now the production of cotton must in-
crease at ttie same rate as the slave nopu
at ion, for cotton and sugar are the onlr
crops in which the slaves can be profitably
employed; and the production of sugar can
not increase taster than that of cotton.
There will be no stoppage for warn of good
and. lexas has enough to produce ten
times the quantity of trw present annual
crop.
But the consumpion of cotton cannot in-
:rease at the same rate. The population of
the countries that consume our cotton, does
not double itself in less than 60 years; how
then con they double their consumption in
lb years, or even twice that period? There-
ore the pnee of cotton must fall, and the
Southern demand for -Virginia negroes must
cease. - '
2. (Tood policy will require the Southern
States, ere long, to clot their markets
against Northern negroes. The natural in
crease of their present stock of slaves, will
increase the production of cotton as fast as
the market will bear. Their short crops
have always brought them more money than
their full crops; showing that it is their in
terest to restrict the quantity within certain
niits. A small excess in the quantity.
causes a ruinous tall in the price, sup
pose the average profit to the planters to be
cow two cents to the pound; then a fall of
one cent takes away half the profit and half
the value of their slave labor; ami a Tall ol
two cents would ruin the business. Good
reason, therefore, had Sir. Bruce to appre
hend that the Southern slave market might,
ere long, be closed; and to urge Virginians
to hasten the removal of their ceeroes to
die South.
But whether it be closed or not, one thing
is evident that the value of slaves in the
market must decline more and more. What
dien?
3. When the Southern slave market is
closed, or when, by the reduced profits of
slave labor in the South, it becomes slut
ted then the stream of Virzinia nerroes.
heretofore pouring down upon the South,
will he thrown back upon the State, and
like a river damned up, must spread itself
over the whole territory ol the common
wealth. The head snrin? in East Viizinia
. 0 w
cannot contain itself; it must find vent, it
will shed its black streams through every
gap of the Blue Ridge and pour over the
Alleghany, tul it is checked by abolitionism
on the borders. But even abolitionism can
not finally stop it. Abolitionism itself will
tolerate slavery, when slaveholders ' grow
sick 8Pd tired of it.
In plain terms, fellow-citizens, Eastern
slaveholders will come with their multitudes
of slaves to settle upon the fresh lands of
Wut V irrinia. JuatMntiwa will b unl
by thousands for a market in West Virginia.
tvery valley will echo with the cry "Ne
groes! Negroes for sale! Dog cheap! Dog
cheap!" And because they are dog cheap,
many of our people will buy them. : We
have shown how slaver' has prepared the
people for this how a little slavery makes
way lor more, and bow the law of slave-in
crease operates to nil up every part of the
country to the same level with slaves.
And then, fellow-citizens, when you have
suffered your country to bo filled with ne
gro slaves instead of white freemen; when
its population shall be u motley as Joseph's
coat of many colois -as ring-streaked and
speckled as father Jacob's flock was in Pa
dan Aram what will the white basis of re-
presentation avail you, if you obtain it!
Whether you obtain it or not. East Virginia
will have triumphed; or rather slavery will
have triumphed, and all Virginia will have
become a land of darkness and of the
shadow of death. ,
Then by a forbearance which has no
merit, and a aupineness which has no ex
cuse, you will have given to your children
lor their inheritance, this lovely land black
ened with a negro population the of-tur-
ings of Eastern : Virginia the fag-end of
slavery the lotttheaorae dregs of that cup
of abomination, which has already sicken
ed to death, the Eastern half of our com
monwealth. . : , '
. Delay not then, wo beseech you, to raise
a barrier against this Stygian inundation
to stand at the Blue Ridge, and with sove
reign energy say to this Black Sea of mise
ry. 'Hitherto iihalt thou come, and no
farther." ; r a
' To ahow tW th itrtinftinn of slavery
monf us is practicable without injustice or
LOUISVILLE, KY.:
injury to any man, we present you the fol
lowing: '
Outlines of a Scheme for the Removal of .
Slavery.
1. Let the farther importation of slaves
into West Virginia be prohibited by law.
The expediency of this measure is obvi
oun. " . . 5 ' '
2. Lei the exportation of slaves be freely
permitted, as heretofore; but with this re
striction, that cliildren of slaves, born after
a certain day, shall not be exported at all
after they are fire years old, nor those tn
der that age, unless the slaves of the same
negro family be exported with them.
When the emancipation of the after-born
children of slaves shall be decreed, many
slaves will be exported, from various mo
tives. The restriction is intended to pre
vent slaveholders from defeating the benevo
lent intentions of the law, by selling into
lavery those entitled to freedom, , and old
enough to appreciate the privilege designed
for them. ouhg children are allowed to
be taken away with their parents and cider
brothers and sisters, but Dot to be sold off
separately (o evade the law.
3. Itttlu existing generation of slaves
remain in tluir present condition, but let
their offspring, born after a certain day,
be emancipated at an age not exceedingly
years.
By tlii measure slavery will be slowly
but surely abolished, without detriment or
inconvenience to slaveholders. No pecu
niary loss can be sustained, except at the
option of the slaveholders, who, if they
think that the measure will diminbih the
value of their aWvea in West Virginia, can
sell them for exportation or take them away,
with . the certainty of making more out of
them in that way, than they could by keep
ing them and their children as slaves in
West Virginia. If they choose to stay and
submit to the operation of the emancipation
law, they have the certainty of gaining more
by the rise in the value of their lands, than
they will lose in the market value of their
slaves, in consequence of the emancipation
law.
Undoubtedly such a law would imme
diately attract emigrants by thousands f-om
the North farmers, manufacturers and la.
borers; who would bring their capital, their
skill, and their industry, to enrich the coun
tryto improve its agriculture, draw out
the wealth of its mines, and make its idle
waterfalls and coal beds work up its abun
dant materials of manufacture. Before the
law would emancipate a single negro, it
would already have added more to the value
of the lands and town property of West
Virginia thanjii -her 'slaves are worth. If
any man among us have many slaves and
little or no land, he can easily profit by the
law as well as others; let him sell
and buy land.
negroes
Will any man argue, that the rights
of slaveholders will be violated, ttecause
those rights extend to the offspring of their
slaves'
Sow the slaveholder's right of property
extends to the offspring of his slaves, so far
as this, that when the offspring comes into
existence, the law at present allows him to
claim it as his. But when the law of the
land shall in this particular be changed, his
right is at an end; for it is founded solely on
human law. By nature all men are free
and equal; and human laws can suspend
this law of nature, only so long as the pub
lic welfare requires it; that is, so long as
more evil than good would result from eman
cipation. When the law of slavery is
changed for the public good, all that the
slaveholder can claim, is that in some way,
he shall be compensated for the property
acquired by sanction of law, and taken
away by a change of the law. By our
scheme nothing is absolutely taken from the
slaveholder. It gives him an option, to re
move without loss, a nuisance which he
holds in the couutry, or to submit, with a
very small loss of value, to another mode of
abating that nuisance. v e say that the
people have a right to remove this pest; and
that our scheme gives slaveholders double
compensation lor what they will sutler
by the measure- We have no doubt that
before ten years, nearly every slaveholder
would acknowledge himself doubly ( com
pensated.
1. Itt masters be required to have the
heirs of emancipation taught reading,
writing and arithmetic; and let churches
and benevolent people attend to their reli
gious instruction. Thus an improved class
of free negroes would be raised up. No
objection could be made to their literary
education, after emancipation was decreed,
5. Let the emancipated be colonized.-
This would be best for all parties. Sup
posing that by zportatioo. onr slave popu
lation should i i twenty-two years be redu
ced to 40,000. Then about 1000 would go
out free the firtt year, and a gradually smal
ler number each successive year. The 1000
could famish their own outfit, by laboring
a year or two us hirelings; and their trans
portation to Liberia would cost the people of
est Virginia 25,000 dollars; which, as
Eopulation would by that time have proba
ly reached a million, would be an average
contribution of two and a half cents a bead.
This would bo less and less every year.
So easy would it be to remove the bugaboo
of a free negro population, so often held up
to deter us from emancipation. Easy would
it be, though our calculations were not fully
realized.
Finally, in order to hasten the extinction
of slavery, where the people desired it, in
counties containing few slaves the law
might authorize the people of any county,
by some very large majority, or by consent
of a majority of the slaveholders to decree
the removal or emancivation of all the
slaves of the ctunty, within a certain term
of years, seven, ten or fifteen, according to
the number of slaves.
This as an auxiliary measure, would be
safe and salutary: because the only question
then in a country, would be the question of
time, which would not be very exciting.
But it would be inexpedient as the chief or
onlv measure: for then thfl people of the
same county, or of neighboring counties,
might t kept embroiled on the subject for
years, and the influence, of East Virginia,
oneratinr on counties here and there, tmcht
defeat the whole measure, by a repeal of the
law,, Lt us move as a body first, and de.
tArmine the main point. Then the counties
miitbt decide the minor point for themselves,
I.t .Wt Vireinis determxnato oe. Ireo on
a general principle. Then let the counties,
SATURDAY, DECEMBER 18, 1847.
if they will, modify im principle, for more
speecry reaei.
.- j f
- Now, fellow-ciSEtna, it is for you to de
termine whether (hi slavery question shrJl
be nsidred, diseased and decided, at this
critical, this turning point of your country's
history; or whether ij shall lie dormant ua
til the doom of Wsf Virginia is sealed.--May
heaven direct jbur minds to the courje
dictated by patriot!:, by humanity and by
yjur own true inteesU , ,
Dr. Eatag m tk I. jaltlralUa t'ua la
(' ; . J. tralia,
' tThe Rev. Dr. Epo, last evening, deliv
ered, at the Mecnari' Institution an interest-
ir:g and able lecture on the' cdavation of
cotton in north-eactiiri .Australia. . The au,
dienco was rather litutod, there rut being
above 120 persons frtsent. Amongst the
auditors, were TliOfliaf Bszley, Esq., chaiK
man of the ilarpif er Chamber of Com
merce;' James AspibQ Turner, Esq.", chair
man of the Manchestet Commercial Associa
tion; Thomas Boothmtn, Esq., secretary of
the Lhameer or Commerce: W. aiorris,
Esq., the Rev. Mr. Manroe, die Rev. Mr.
Girrie, 6xc.
Mr. Bazlet occupisd the chair. He
said that he need not eater into any elabo
rate statement, to prove that an aliundant
and constant supply of cotton was of para
mount importance to the vast multitude ofar
tisans in this district. At present, we received
our supply from very fev uources, and the
principal portion of it was the produce of
slave labor. He did not stind there to ad
vocate any interfereoce villi the institutions
of another country; but be had opinions and
fwlings in reference to the freedom of his
fellow creatures, of whatever color. He
advocated the necessity of personal freedom,
as much as of commercial freedom; and,
with respect to cotton, it wjuld be well if
we could increase the sources of our supply,
and at the same time do it so as to promote
the freedom of humaaity. During the la it
year, we had been suffering from a deficien.
cy of food and of cotton. A new field,
however, seemed to be opening to us in the
near world. South Australia he believed to
be capable of producing, in quantity and
quality, a very important supply of raw cot
ton. Dr. Lang would be able to show that
thti country had produced beautiful cotton,
ami it was most desirable that we should re
ceive a supply from thence. In the infancy
of many gentlemen who are still among us,
and who might be called the patriarchs of
our trade, the United S'.ates of America be
gan the production of cotton; and if such
wonderful results could be produced within
the lifetime of individual!, we might fairly an
ticipate that, in the new field now opened up
to us, and with the intelligence that the world
now possessed, a large supply of the staple
article might be grown for our use. Ameri
ca was not so importact a customer to us
for our manufactured guods as she ought to
be, considering that we took so large a por
tion of her agricultural procucts. He was
informed, on very good authority, that the
exjKMts of cotton manufacurta from this
country to the United States did not amount
to more than lOd. per heai oo the whole
population of the republic. Our expentsof
cotton goousio me ximisnorai American
territories, amounted k abot d per head; but
to Australia they amount to 19s. 6d. per head
per annum. Now, whilst America was ta.
kir.g from us a mere pittance of our manu
factured goods, it wts estimated that the val
ue of the raw cotton alone which we import-
ed from the United ilates was net less than
1 per head per annum for the whole popu
lation ol this country. hue she sells us
20s. worth, she generously takes back lOd.
worth. We could lot interfere with the
regulations of such t country; but, seeing
that intelligence war penetrating the conu
nent of Europe, it nust penetrate to Ameri
ca, and freedom ol trade must prevail there,
as in other countria. (Cheers.)
Vt. Lijiso, who was received with ap
plause, began by rferring to the energetic
and successful efftfs which had been made
by the city of Manchester to rid the coun
try of the food mmopoly which had so long
and so grievously Oppressed it, and said that
it thoved the peqple of this district to
make another etiot to free themselves from
another monopoly equally intolerable and
oppressive, namelj! the virtual monopoly
which the United States possessed ol sup
plying Creat Uritan with cotton. Next to
an abundant su,l)ly ol lood, them was
nothing which tiis country stood more in
need of than an abundant supply of cot
ton, and the trade of this country was at the
prejent moment anguishing and groaning
une'er the enects cl a monopoly in cotton
just as it did recettly under a monopoly in
con. In the on case, the monoplists were
the landholders ol our own country ; In the
other they were ths slave-holders of Ameri
ca. Oh, then, for another Cobden, that
this monopoly, wlich pressed like an incu
bus on Great Britiin, and which in some as
pects was more intolerable than the defunct
monopoly, might h like manner be brought
to an end. lie was confident that we
might tree ourselva Irom vasralage, and
that the means of success were to be found
in Australia. This might seem incredible
at first sight; but tie annals of the country
afforded a case exictly in point. Nearly
half a century atp, the woollen trade of
Enirland was precsely in the same condi
tion as the cotton fade now is, owing to
deficient supply of the raw material. . At
that time, Mr. J. 'M'Arthur arrived here
with a small specinen of Australian wool
of food quality, just as he (Dr. Lang) had
corce with a specimen of cotton wool. Mr,
M Arthur, when he spoke ot Australia as
the land which was to furnish England with
a large supply of sheep's wool, was looked
upon with coldness, doubt, and incredulity
but what had been the result! 1 he quan-
tity of foreign wool imported into Oreat
Britain from all parts of the world during
the past year was, in round numbers, ; 66,-
000,000 lbs. of which not less than 1 one
third, or 22,000,0001bs. was from Austra
lia ; and as the colony doubled her exports
of wool to this country every four yews, or
thereabouts, it would only require about six
yeais more to enable Australia to supply the
whole quantity now imported here.
(Cheers.) When it was considered that
the colonists of Australia consumed to the
extent of 7. 10s. per head of the maoufac
turel goods of Great Britain, it was a, mat
ter of immense eonseouence to us thai such
a nod customer should Increase and multi
ply, exceedingly Cheers.) See how lit-
tie we exported to other ccur. tri to which
free Uada has given us free intercourse. Of
all our manufactured goods, the population
of Russia consumes 7 l-2d per head; that of
the Germiin league, 8 3-4d.; of the French
empire, about la. aL; of the United States,
5s. 6d.; of Canada, 1: 15s.; and of Austra
lia, 7. 10s. per head per arraum.
(Cheera.) .As customers, therefore, for our
produce aid manufactures, every man, wo
man, and child in Australia was worth four
Canadians, 27 Americana, 100 Frenchmen,
and 200 Russians and Germans. . (Laugh,
ter and- cheers.) . Another : result of the
growth of s!!ieep wool's 6 in' Australia had
been the (eduction of the price of the ar.
tide to one-iburth of what it was fifty years
ago. He anticipated precisely the same re.
suits from the cultivation of cotton wool io
that colony. ' There would hot only be an
J B a. -
increase ol the quantity imported, but a re
duction of the price of the best oiialiliea:
for it would be the superior "qualities that
woum chiiJiy be produced in Australia. ,
Dr. Lang then proceeded, as be had pre-
viously done before the Chamber of Com
merce, to describe the territory of Cooks
land, in North-Eastern Australia, or that
portion of the colony which he looks upon
as the future cotton field of Great Britain.
He described its position, between the 26th
and 30th paialleh of south latitude, its
physical appearances, its wonderful salu
brity of climate, its adaptability to Euro
pean constitutions, and its admirable fitness
for the growth of a superior kind of cotton.
worth, according to the present scale of
prices, about lid. or Is. per lb- He con
tended that the habitat of the cotton plant
.i i . -
was in tne ary ana warm regions ol the
temperate zone, such as Egypt and Cooks-
and : that there it flourished best, and not
in the humid and hot atmosphere of India ;
and that the plant was not, as had been as
serted by a journal in this city, a native of
ie terra caliente of Mexico. Having
shown that Cook si and was at every fifty
miles intersected by a river, navigable for
steamboats of one hundred tons, for a dis-
tance inwards of frcm thirty to eighty miles:
the average breadth of the territory, up to
tie range ot mountains which skirted it,
nd which run parallel with the sea, being
about sixty miles he showed that although
about three times the amount of rain fell in
845 at Sydney, ax compared with London,
the normal or regular state of the atmos
phere was to dry that the hygrometer stood
at zero, indicating that there was no humidi
ty in the atmosphere at all. All the pro
ducts of tropical climates might be grown
there, including cotton. Un the banks of
the rivers favorable to steam navigation,
there was a boundless quantity of land ready
or the plough ; and an agricultural popula
tion settled thereon would have advantages
of soil and climate, and means of commu
nication, such as were enjoyed in no other
country on the sun ace ol the globe, and
such as, ne was connuent, would enable
them to compete successfully, in the growth
i i f v 11
of cotton, either with the slave labor of the
United Stales or the Brazils, or with the
free labor of Briush India. There was no
mystery, as he knew from personal obser-
ation, in the growth ol cotton. If a negro
stolen from Africa could learn the whole
art in a fortnight, surely an intelligent Eng.
ish farmer could not be long in acquiring
it. It was an atrocious libel on Provi
dence to say that free labor could not com
pete with slave labor. As to the objection
grounded on the remote distance of the colo
ny, that was a mere bugbear. 1 he distance
was found to be of no account in competing
with the wool growers ol spam and Ger
many, and why should it be in competing
with the cotton-growers of Alabama and
New Orleans? The facilities which the
colonists would have in shipping their pro
duce on the rivers along the coast would
far more than compensate for the addition
al cost of freight. What waa now wanted
was a practical demonstration of the truth
of what he had said as to the capabilities of
Cooksland, and when that demonstration
were given, there was ample means (in the
purchase-money of the colonial lands, set
apart by government for the purpose) for
conveying thither any conceivable number !
of fiuing laborers, and ample lands tor the
locauon of the whole of the redundant popu-
ation of Great Britain ' for the next hun
dred years. He was now attempting to
raise funds for the desired experiment. He
proposed that a corps of one hundred agri
cultural lamilies should be sent out be lore
the close of the present year, under the
superintendence of an experienced cotton
planter from the United states, lhe cost
of such an experiment would be, at least,
5,000; and in the present commercial
crisis, he was limiting his efforts to raise
this 6um by way of loan, to bear interest,
and he was happy to say that their worthy
chairman had commenced the subscription
with XI 00. The government h3d offered
every lacility that como do reasonaoiy
desired in the matter. (Cheers.) In con-
elusion, Dr. Lang showed that this was the
only practicable means of extinguishing
slavery in America, and the slave trade in
Africa. On the motion of the lecturer,
seconded by the Rev. Mr. Monroe, a vote
of thanks was passed to the chairman, and
the proceedings closed. Manchester pa
per of October, 1S47.
We extract, from the recent able and eloquent
pamphlet ef the wis and virtnao Albert Gal
latin, thai portion which is 4Tttd te the eea
ideratioa of the true object and mission of oar
republic. We wish we had room for the whole.
Tht nariM T m Btseklk
M The people of tbo United States have been
nlaced bv Providence in a position never before
onjoyodby nay other nation. Tboy are poaaea
sed of n most extensive territory, with a vary
fertile soil, n variety ofdiina.ua and prodeetiona,
and a capacity ef ustaiaiag n popalatioa great
er, in proportion to ita oateat, than any other
territory ef the same aize on the face of the
(lobe. r . . . .
By a concourse of varionscircumatanees, they
foaod theroaolvM, at the epoch of their inde
pendence in the fell enjoy anoat ef religion,
civil, and political liberty, entirely free from
any hereditary monopoly of wealth or power.
The people at large were in fall and o,oiet pee
eeaioa of all thoa natural rifhte, for which tba
people ef other eoan tries have fore long time
contended, and etill ao contend. They were.
and yoe atill are the aoprerae sovereign, ac
knowledged as tne 0 ay an. r or wo prpr
areiae of these uncontrolled powers and prnril
egea, yon are roaponaible to posterity, to. tbo
world at large and to the Aimigniy Being- woe
has poo red on yon each nnperellalod bleoaiaga.
Your mistion is, to improve the elate ef tbo
world: te be the Model Republic," to ahow
that men are capable of (overaing tbemeolvee.
and that this simple and natarai lorro oi gov
ernment av that alao which eoafora moot happi
ness en all, is productive wf Shar greatest devel
opment ef the intellectanl faculties, above nil,
e-'
that which' is attended with the highest alaed
ard ef private and political virtues and moral
iy.
Your forefathers, the fouaders of the Repub
lic, imbued with a deep feeling ef their rights
aadduliea, m net seriate Irene tne principles.
I be sound a see, toe wisdenv.U)o probity, the
respect for public faith, with which the internal
concorne or the nation were managed, anade
our inetitnbene nn object or geaeral admira
tion. Hero, for the first time, wan the experi
ment attempted with aay preepect ef eueceae,
aad en a large eeeJe, ef e Repreeeutatire Deene
c ratio Republic. If it foiled, the last hope of
the taeaea or monkine; was tost er indeiaiuly
noatnoaodi aad the even of the world ware
taraod towards v. Whenever reel, or ere
leaded apprehensions of the imminent danger
or treating tbo people at large" with power,
were expressed, the answer ever was, "Look at
Ameriea:" -;. J
In their external relations the United States,
before thia unfortunate war, bad, whilal euatain-
ing their just' right, ever acted in strict con
formity, with the dictate ef juatieo, and dis
played, the almost moderation. They never
had voluntarily injured aay ether aation. Eve
ry acqumUoa ef territory from foreign powers
wee honestly winder Ue reeeXI ef treelios, not
imposed, but freely assented to by the other
party.. Tbo preservation ef pea,? waa ever a
primary object. The recourse to arma waa aJ
waya ia self-defence. On ita expediency there
may have been a difference ef opinion; that, in
the only two instances ef conflict with civilised
nations which occurred during a period ef sixty
three years, (17rO to 1846,) the just rights ef the
United States had been invaded by a long eos
tiaued series ef aggreerioae, in nndeniebie. Ia
tbo first instance, war waa aot declared; and
there were only partial hoetilitiea betweea
France aad England. The Ceagreso ef lh
United Slates, the only legitimate organ for
that purpose, did, in 1813, eeelare war againat
ti rent Britain. Iadependentof depredations so
our commerce, sh bud, for twenty years, car
ried on an actual war against the L nited Males.
I say, actual war, since there is new but one
epiaiea on that subject; a renewal el the im
pressment of men sailing under the protection
of our dag would be tanlamoent te a tieelara
tion ef wsr. The partial opposition te the war
of 1M13, did aot rest en n denial of the Ofgivs
sions ef Eaglaad aad ef the justice of ear
cause, but oa the fact that, with the exception
of impressments, siraila. infractions ef oar
juat rights had been committed by Frascs, aad
on the meat erroeeeue holier, that the edminis
Ualioa was partial to that country, and iosin- 1
cere in their apparent effort to restore peace.
At present, all these principles would seem
te have been abandoned. The moot just, a
purely defensive war, and soother is jasu (!!!, !
is necessarily atteadrd with a train ol great and
unavoidablo evils. What shall ws say of one
iniquitous in ita ongia, aad provoked by our
selves, ei a wsr of agtrsseisa, which is now
publicly avowed te be one of intended conquest?
If persisted in.iis necessary consequences will
be, a permanent increase of ear military esta
blishment end ef executive patrensfe; its gen
eral teedency, te make man bate man, te
awaken hie worst passions, to aecu.lem him to
the taste of blood. It has already demoralized
no inconsiderable portion of that nation.
. The general pesce.which has been preserved
betweea the great European powers during ths
last thirty years, may not be ascribed to the
pa reet motives. Be these what they msy, this
long and unusual repoee has been most be a h
cisl to tbo cause of humanity. Nothing can be
more iniurioua te it, more lamentable, more
scsndalous, than the war between two adjacent
republics of Morth America
Year mission was, te be a model for all gov
ernments aad for all other leas favored nations,
to adhere to the moat elevated principle of po
litical moralitv. to apply all your faculties to
the trades! improvement of yoer own ioiutu
tion and social state, end, by your example, te
exert a moral iaflueace most bensficial te man
kind at larse. Instead ef this, an appeal
been msds te yoer worst passions; to cupidity.
to the thirst of aniust aggraadizemcat by bru
tal force; te the love el military fame and vt
false fiery; aad it bsa even been tried te per
vert the noblest feelinrs ef your nature. 7be
attempt is made te make you abandon the lofty
position which your father occupied, to snb-
stitate for tl the political morality and heathen
patriotism of the heroes aad atatesmeu of aati-
iB,,y- ....
I have aaid, that it wan attempted to pervert
evea your virtue. Psvotedee t country, or
nstrtobsa. is n most essential virtue, since tne
national existence ot nny society aepenus upon
it. Unfortunately, our most virtuous dtpo-
Uoasaro perverted, not only by our vieee aad
selfishness, but also by their owa excese. Lvea
the most holy of our attributes, the religious
feeling, may be perverted from that caase, as
waa but too lamentably exhibited ia the persecu
tions, eve i unto death, of these who were deem
ed heretics. It in not, therefore, astonishing,
thst patriotism, carried to excesshould also be
perverted. In tbo enure devotedness to their
country, the people every where end at all
times, have been too apt to forget the d ttiea im
posed upon them by justice tewarde ether na
tions. It is agaas thie as torsi propessity that
rou should be specially en your fuard. The
blame doss not attach to those who, led by
their patriotic feeling, though erroneous, flock
aroend the notional standard. Oa tbo contra
ry, ae asen ar more worthy of admiralMB, bet
ter entitled to the tbanka of their coeolry than
those who, after war haa once Ukea place, act
uated only by the pa rest motives, daily and with
ih etmost aslf-dsvotednoss, brave death and
auke their own live in the conflict agwnat the
.-in.! Minif. I must confees. that 1 do not
sxtsnd the ssme chsrity to those civilians, who
coolly and deliberately plunge the couatry in
to ney unjust or ouoeeeenary war.
W should have nut one conscience; sou
moat haDDV would it be lor manaiiM, were
atstaamen and politicians only a honeel in then
maaagement of the iateraal or externa! national
eaoeras.asthevare in private lire, lhe irre
proachable private character of the rrestceat,
sad of all the roembere of bis administration, is
known aad respected. There ie not one of them
who would notspurn with indignation tbo moat
remote bint that, on similar pre Us ere to those
Jldrd for dismemberine- Mexico, he might be
espabieef attempting to appropriate te himself
hie neighbor's farm.
Ia the total absence oi aay argument urn
iuatif ih war in which we are now in-
nl4. resort has been had to a moot exiranroi
aarv assertion. It is aaid, that the people of the
United Sutea have an hereditary superiority of
race over the Mexican, which given tnem trie
right te aubjugata aad keep in bondage the in
ferior aatieo. This, it ia also alleged, wul be
the meana of enlightening the degraded Mexi
cans, sf improvise- their social slats, and of ul
timately increasing the hsppiness of the masses.
Is it eomoatibie with the principle ef deinoc-
.hi -l ricta eveiv hereditary claim ef
individuals, to admit an hereditary auperiority
of recast Yon very properly deny, that the
ab mb. iodDadent of hie own menu derive
aay rifht or prit Huge whatever, from the nerit
er aay ether social seperierity of hie father.
Canyon for n moment suppose, mei. a very
doubtful descent from won, who lived eee
tknnasnd vaars so. baa transmitted te yen a
.n,;.ni. .r veer fellow aoeat But the An
glo-Saxons were inferior te the Goths, from
-k.m ih. Sa.aia.rda claim to be descended ; and
they were in ne respect superior to the F make
and te the Burgundiane.
It is net te their Anrle-Saxen descent, but te
a variety ef caeaeemoag which the subseq-ieal
mixture of Frenchified Normans, Angovians
and Gascons must not be forgotten, mat the
English are indebted fur their superior insula
tions. Ia the progressive improvement ef man
kind, much more haa been due U religion and
nalituraJ iaatitatioaa. than te races. Whenever
tk Emuii uikii. which, from their
gaagt , are presumed to belong te the Latia er
Sclaveeian race, nave cooqu
.im.l.r ta those of Enrlnnd. there will be bo
traee left ef Urn preUnJed superiority of as ef
these races above the other. At uta ume, m
claim ia but a pretext for covering end juatify
ing aniut aturpatioa and aaboaaded ambition.
Bat edsrKUnr. with respect U Mexico, the
superiority of mce, this coalers neanpenenty
of righta. Among ourselves, the most ignorant,
the most inferior, either in physical or mesial
facultiea, is recognised as haviag equal rights,
aad be Km an eeuel veto with nay one. howev
WW BW WW. IW WW -
u falaead. the Immutable principle that M
. Kua la au tnoae) rssprcw.
one man born with the right of govorniag
another man. He amy. indeed, nsuuire a saerai
NUMBER 27.
jail ae nee ever silvers, aad ae ether ie Ugi timet.
The name principle will apply to aatioua. How
ever superior the Angle-American rac asay b
to that of Mexico, thia gtve the A stances ae
right to infringe upon the rifhte eflh Ufsrioe
race. The people ef the U ailed States may.
rightally, aad will, if thev uao tbo proper
menu, exercise a most beaeSoal moral ia
ee ever the Mexican, aad etho ) enlight
ened nation ef America. Beyond lain they
have ne right to go.
RELIGIOUS INTELLIGENCE.
Fact asorr TsuMKaovuc Previous to
1821; the nrectiee of eettinr sear a da ml
Thaaksgtviag by the Governor, was peculiar to
New England. Ia that year, De Witt Cliatea,
then Governor sf New York issued hlsprecU
asetlen, roeonemending the observance of n dsy
named by him ae a public Taanksriviar. and
ever since that year the custom haa been aana-
ally observed ia thie State en the recommenda
tion ef the Governor.
Nodosal Thanksgrvinrs bavetxea reeemmead-
ed ia two Ustaaeos, visa by f ranoaat Wash.
ingloa, (at the reqaest ef the .first. Ctinml
en the organisation ef the government under
the Constitution of the t ailed dUtss. la 179.
sad by President Madison en fho Paar with
Great Britain, ia ISli. A National Fast was
recommended by President Madison during the
war with Great Britain, aad aaothsr bv Praai-
deut Tyler en the death of General Harrison
Cuairru Uviov A an ruber f nMtinn
havs been held ia New York within n week er
we pest for the Durnooe ef adootia a t.l.a tar
holding a series sf I a ion Mtetimg$ the euauing.
winter. A committee ef arranremenU has ba
appointed. The plan parpoeeo to embrace the
evangelical eharchee ef every creed. Rev. Dr.
Peck of the Methodist c iurch aad Dm. Cox aad
Lansing sf ths Prsbytrtaa. aad several ethers
made interesting add roes en the occasion.
THARSseivmo i Yiaci.vu. A dav sf Thanks
giving it seems haa never been appointed by sas
Gsveraeref Virginia. Some ef the good peopie
or that Mate (perhaps yaakees) likiag the cus
tom, petiUoned the Governor this year to ap
point ch a day. which we did not see fit to da.
The evil has been however In n measure reme
died. In Lynchburg and some ether places,
says the Watchman and Observer, the ministers
met and agreed to observe the 25th ef Nevmbr,
connexion with the other twenty States.
Perhaps next yeas they mav have a State
Thanksgiving.
EaasaxuTieJi or MiaeioMAnrss worn Cm.
On Thursday ef last wsek, saye the PhxU. Ckr.
uosrrser, the Kev. C. C. Baldwia aad wife, ef
Bloemfield, N J., ths Rev. S. Camming ssd
wits, ef New rismpshiro, the Rev. Wm. L.
Kicaards, son of Mr. Richards ef the Sandwich
Islands, aad Miaa Penlman, a sister ef the Re.
Mr. Pohlmaa of Amoy, miesiouariee sf the A.
B. C. F. M.. and the Rev. Mr. Jamas, M. D. sad
wifs, and another young brother ef the Am.
Baptist Board, embarked ia the ship Valparaiso,
Capt- Lock wood, from Philadelphia for Canton.
Gunav Rcroanan Cnxncnsa ntit L'umo
States The annual ayaod ef thie body com
menced its sesaionsia Lancaster, Pa.,oa the 14th
ef October and rleasd oa the 26lh. The origin
of the church in thia cee a try da tee beck to 1740;
it wspread ever the aUloa of New York. Pen nevl-
vaaia,Ohie, Maryland, Virginia. Norih Carolina,
.Hissourt, Illinois, Indiana and Michigan, aad
number "250 minister, 75) coagrefutioos, and
iu.uuu communicants, lhe doctrines of this
church are moderately Caivaawtic, and ita gov
ernment Presbyterian.
Tne Savv-tv or Rsv. 8. H. Calhocv. We
top th press to say to the f needs ef thie ear
missionary brother, that he ie eaie. It waa fear
ed that be bad perished in the collision which
occurred between the steam boa ta Tafiravsa aad
Terns sf, en the Mississippi River, on the mors
lag ef the 19th November, in consequence ef
which in n few moment th Talisman seek te
the bottom. Some fifty passengers, aad perhaps
more, periahed. Mr. Calhoun, however, wan
saved. Ckristim. Wmtehmm.
Stcarr Socirni. The New London Asso
ciation, Conn., at a rocs at meeting, adopted the
following reeeleUee :
M freeze!, That thia body deem it their duty
to meet thie matter with an open and decided
expression of their coavictiens, aad It to highly
improper for memberu f churches to become
member efauch societies."
Chsjstiavs. A letter to the Era sate that
there are about 1,500 churches sad 150,000 cora
mnnicanUof this deaominatiea in the United
Sutea, They are mostly ceafiaed to the free
States but have some eharchee ia Kentucky,
Virginia, Maryland sad North lareJiaa. la
ksnucky among their church there are na
slaveholders, but there are a few In the ether
Stetee.
The Rev. Dr. Brownie, who en account ef
the state of hie health haa relinquished active
labor as a minister of the gospel, haa been pro
vided by the Dutch Reformed churches, to which
denomination he belonged, with n competent
salary for life.
A Universalist Educatieaal Convention was
held at South Woodstock en the 13th Novem
ber, at which measure were Ukea to establish a
literary institution in the county, te be under
the control of Ueiversaliste.
Th smonst received late the treasury ef the
Missionary Union for the mouth ef October, waa
S65 93. Total front April 1, to Oe. 31.SU.
93 94.
Rit. Ckas. Va.v Loon, the elegaat Temper-
once leetarer, died very suddenly at Albany. N.
I., a few days since.
IsrLCKSCK orTiMfinsci Sociitih.
The following statistics from the Albany
Spectator, will interest and encourage the
friends of temperance:
There are mora than 10U,UOO people
n the United States who abstain from the
use of ardent spirits and from furnishing it
lo others; more than 5,000 temperance so
cieties, embracing more than 600,000 mem.
bers. More than 2,000 distilleries have
been stopped; naexe than 5,000 merchants
have ceased to trac in the poison, and more
than 6,000 drunkards have ceased to use in
toxicating drink. It is eatimtded that 30,
000 persons are now sober, who, bad it not
been for the temperance societies, would
have been sots; and that at least 20,000
families are now in ea?e and comfort, with
not a drunkard in them, or ona who is be.
coming a drunkard, who otherwise would
have been in wretchedness and poverty,
and disgraced by drunken inmates; and at
least 75,000 children axa saved (rem the
blasting influence) which tend to make them
drunkards.
Pior. Asassu is Nsw Yon. This
distinguished naturalist has been giving t
course of lectures in the College. Hall of
the College of Physicians and burgeons, to
a very select and full bouse, Scientific
men showed themselves eager to seise the
results of his patient and minute investiga
tions, by a punctual and constant attend
ance. On Thanksgiving day, the student
of the College made him the handsome pres
ent, with appropriate ceremonj, of a silver
box, containing in half eagles the sum of
$230 and a fre paage ticket to Charles
ton, S. C, where hu is next to deliver hia
course of lectures, having junt completed it
here.' 'He deals with the occupants of the
sea as though ths waters had been hia owa
native element.
The joint Suatfot d and London ewmmit.
tees have reported, that they have paid X
823 tor ShAspeaxn's house and the adjoin,
inr property ; and that the aubecript UU
abort afthat amour by 1,400 ; laavifl l
the remTP'tt Labis-
y a. imm wynwi .
