Newspaper Page Text
... .r---i --. V. S$$A. sS V ; I ' I I i N III 1 V . V i k 1 rVU..V VViXVh?.. .Tf J iilLU- ,,, 1LA .ilVli II .1. N ALA iLlLo "prove aiyl things; hold fast that which is good " l III, VOLUME II. THE EXAMINER; is las PeetOSUe. TEHND. TWO COLLARS PER ANNUM. IS ADVANCE, T" BlX COPIES FOR TEH DOLLARS. PAUL SEYMOUR. From the Louuvllle Jouietl. Gsstlimes: I have read witn much attention the editorial article in your edition 0 luesuaj, v- ....,a " Aldioueh I dissent hoin some 0f your views, 1 admire the ability and ;n uhich thev were conceived. The I.mlrti. well studied and cons'.derate, and i worthy Uie attention of thinking men. 1 leve to suoim: to your re flection some tlioughu suggested by your retAJ,Sfirst, 1 cannot but congratulate the friends of emancipation iu Kentucky mat vour views on many vital points corres pond with their opinions. Let me si UiiU "- m . 1 You are not in favor of perpetuating jal-,rv in Kentucky. i ou do not say in so many words that slavery is a social and political evil, but what you do say presup poses that it is every way desirable that slavery should be removed from the State so soon as it can be done with safety to mtir interests. 2. You evidently regard the removal of slavery not only as desirable but as practi cable in piocess of time. You quote Mirmilav to show how it was abolished in Eneland. You speak of the possibility of iis removal by moral causes, as in JJelaware. You, furthermore, propose an amendment to our constitution, looking to that end. You do not regard slavery as a blessing; i,e ither do you deem it to be an immedica. 11; evil, a cancer seated upon the vitals, iriemedialle in all time to come. 3. You do not hold that slavery is, in itself and inevitably, a sin against God. Tbisis the postulate of the abolitionists. Grant this, and abolition, immediate, un conditional, and defiant of consequences, is ii,e dictate, not of fanaticism, but of im peraiive duty. You reject the postulate and abbor the councils of modern aboli tionism. 1 am persuaded that the eman cipator of Kentucky, with few, very few exceptions, are agreed with you therein. 4. You maintain that emancipation should be very gradual. The result will be a ereal revolution in the social condition of our people. Such changes should pro- ct-ed slowlv and cautiously, disturbing, as little as poss.ble, the rights of property and the workings of our social and political svstiims. 4. You suggest that the new constitu tion should prohibit the further importation of s aves. 6. You do not say, but I venture to add. that you regard the question as eminently a djta:ic question, to be considered and adjusted by the people of Kentucky, unem barrassed, by foreign influences. No at tempt on the part of Northern abolitionists or Southern perpetualists to interfere in the sjbject should be tolerated. We want no advice either from New York or South Carolina. So far, gentlemen, you are a) soucd and good friends of emancipation as the soundest and best of them. 1 am most happy to know that your powerful pen is on the side of these important principles. May I venture to infer from your re marks that you also agree with them in thinking it proper at this time to discuss the whole question before the people You deprecate agitation. So do we. But calm and temperate discussion is not necessarily agitation. Fieces written in the tote and spirit of your article are not agitating. As you justly remark, "it is only when discus sion becomes fanatical that there is any real ground for alarm. It ia here that agi tauon begins." Again, speaking of a plan of emancipation, you 687, "it may not be expedient to propose the plan at this time, but there is no mischief in the discussion of it, tt this or any other time, as a simple social question." If I understand these remarks, you see no evil in discussing at this time the whole subject. There is, there can be no mischief in discussion; only let it be deliberate, honest, temperate; let it proceed on the right principle and be conducted in the right spirit, and the high est good will grow out of it. ou do not state whether, in your judg mem, the newspaper press is the proper organ of discussion. But, as you have now used the columns of the J0urn.1l for this purpose, it is perhaps fair to infer that you regard it as a suitable topic for the papers. Indeed, gentlemen, the newspaper press moves the world. It is a new and most powerful element in modern civilisa on. It carried the reform bill and the corn-law bill io England; it set aside roy 7 and set up republicanism in France, it destined to still greater triumphs. In tin country the liberty of the press and of peech are the means by which our free in J"uona re embarrassed and preserved. Am, in Kentucky, pre-eminently, the newspaper and oral debate are the school masters to inform and the lights to guide popular mind. The press and the ump are our true bulwarks. The tongue mightier than the bayonet, and the columns of the newspaper are more formi atle than columns of artillery. I su rgest, t respectfully, that the press cannot be Jlent on this question. You. must either oacuas it or you must rive reasons why you refuse to discuss iu Whether you dere to propose a plan now or to postpone the nole thing indefinitely, vou miut r!.hst 't, for both questions are debateable. , Inow beg leave to examine the main Ption which you take adverse to the Jies o. the emancipators. You dweour S8 the idea of resorting to any direct and poauve efforts for the removal of slavery. maintain that by the operation of 'ai causes, without the aid of legislative Dctmenu, the evil will slowly an5 im perceptibly diminUh and hv. ou iilusu-ate your position by the caws or Delaware mA F.iLj ' moral causes have removed iWr ebere. You must also show that these "uses are at work or likely to be at work 10 A-entUCIV. PermU - . 1.. L- yOW examples. You cite Un case ble M Lngland and introduce Macaulay toll prove that th tyranny of the Norman and English slavery were both abolished with. out agitation, and without legal enactments, by moral causes acting tiilcntly end imoer c'ptibly." To thia 1 reply, first, that the English wavery here adverted to was the ) stem of villanage which anciently pre vailed in Eneland, under Inch white vet. sons were held in slavery. But the ques tion now relates to ntgr slavery. And the example of England is unfortunate for vour arrumenL since necro slavery was atiolished in her colonies, not by mora causes, but by act of Parliament. Arain. what were the "moral causes' which removed slavery in England? Are thaae causes armticable to Kentucky? Let us see. One of the chiif causes was amalgamation the eradual absorption of the inferior into the superior class. Both classes were of the same color and o the same general family, and the process was easy and natural. With cs amaiga- mutton ia a horrible imPOSsiDiiuy. ine other moral cause of the removal of Eng lish slavery was the influence of the Roman . . ... .sua Catholic cierey. It is thua stated by .Ala- caulav himself, p. 22. 23: "When the dyme slaveholder nsked lor the last sacraments, his spiritual attendants regularly adjured him, as he loved bis soul, to emancipate his brethren, for whom Chrisl died. So successfully had the church used her formidable machinery that, before the Reformation came, she had enfranchised almost all the bondmen in the kingdom except her own, who, to do her justice seem to have been very tenderly treated.' I need haidly say that the clergy of Ken tucky are not likely to use the formidable enpmerv ct eliOSUV inumiaauon ai uie death-bed of the slaveholder, nor would o J U . - . ou commend the introduction of such a moral cause. You cite the case of Delaware where you say "slavery haj worked out its own salvation, under the operation ol moral causes." This is admitted. The number of slaves in that State in 1790 was 8.SS7, and in 1840 the number had gone down to 2,605, But in Kentucky the number of laves in 1790 was only 11,830. In 1S4S thev had reached 192,470, being an in- crease of about jzeen hundred per cent: This is not only a slow way of "working out salvation" from slavery, but it shows that the moral causes which hsve been now erful in Delaware are not at work in Ken tucky. We need therefore some stronger measures. Do not understand me as repudiating the influence of moral causes. I rely with high hope upon them. I rely upon the nnuence Ol discussion in oeuaie ana in print upoa the acknowledged eviis oi slavery; upon the social, economical, and moral advantages of emancipation; upon a ust pride in the glory ol the ramon- wealth; upon a wise and philanthropic re gard for the welfare of both races; upon the free spirit pervading our literature; upon the inner life of freedom which animates our institutions; upon the progress of public sentiment in favor of free principles; and most of all upon the general influence ol Christianity, which looks, with undiverted eye, to the triumph of universal and rational iberty. But 1 maintain that an these moral influences will make themselves felt through constitutional provisions and legis- ative enactments. 1 he law ol 1066, even introduced into the constitution, is not sufficient. The number of slaves, instead of dixninishing under it, have multiplied by least 25,000. We need, in addition to some wise and sagacious scheme of pros pective gradual emancipation and removal, plan which shall, as lar as possible, re spect existing rights of property, secure the best interests, orst ol the whites, then ol toe blacks, and introduce the great revolution of our social system by cautious and gentle beginnings. If you should favor the discussion ol the ubiect in your columns, I should be happy to submit a plan of emancipation to your consideration and to explain its probable workings. Not unwilling to bear the re. ponaibihty of what I write, my name is at your disposal; not wishing to appear osten tatious, I subscribe myself by the name of Isqcikkr. From l be LouUtUc Democrat. Plaa ! EataacifMUUM. Gestlkmki: You have my thanks for publishing roy note of the 14th inst., and lor allowing me to exhibit more fully before your readers the plan of emancipation brief- stated therein. J he press is a great power and to one woo wishes to extend his opinions, confident that they are sound, important and timely, it is a great favor to be permitted to express them in a sheet so widely circulated and so influential as yours, r or it not oniy gives mm access to a very large number of intelligent and respectable persons, whom he might not be able otherwise to reach but it also gives him a decent introduction to them. For thou eh you may oppose his opinions, you do say something both for him and them, in giving turn an open held, and them a fair hearing. I do, therefore, highly appieciate your courtesy in this matter, and it shall be my aim not to abuse it. Nor will I object to the most rigid examination to which you may subject my opinions. 1 am in favor of free discussion. One of the ereut ob- ects of my life is to scatter light and bring the truth to view. I have no interest in being deceived none, in misleading others. f you will prove to me that 1 am wrong, I will ; thank you from the bottom of my heart and I will instantly turn upon my steps. I will not be ashamed to acknowl edge my error but will as freely do it, as do now, with confluence and without fear. insist that 1 am right When troth and reason lead, I hope I shall never be afraid or ashamed to follow. I have not known what are your views on the subject of slavery; but being myself, in the old and proper sense of that term, a democrat, the son of a democrat, nurtured in the faith of my fathers, I had hoped that the Louisville Democrat would stand for liberty in every aspect of that sacred and glorious cause; the justness of its name indicated by its course; its influence em ployed to widen out, if possible, the area of reedom; ISor will 1 yet rive up the nope. True, you say, "we do not admit the ne cessity for this movement for emancipation and we do not believe, any plan that can be devised at present practicable or possi- VI- ? -It I"! 1.1 M V. . in inis - lornmonweaiinv uut when remember that sensible and thoughtful LOUISVILLE, men often change their opinions though the simple and ignorant seldom do I can not despair of standing at your side, or lol lowing in your track in the struggle that is coming led on by the blaze of light that shall issue from your press, I ain very free to say that one great con sideration with me in all this matter res pects the welfare of the negroes; and should regard the man who would put that out of view as little better than a brute. But I am just as free to say, that a greater consideration is the weliare ot the white people of Kentucky; of whom, if there were nothing else to be said, there are so many more than of the blacks. 1 he high est honor; the truest glory; the ' surest and most enduring prosperity of Ibis Uornmon wealth; these are the things at which mainly look. Here has been the home of my parents from the early settlement of the btate; here the field ol my fathers best la bors for bis country; here is his grave. Here I was born: here I hope to die; here 1 love to think that my children shall abide for many a generation. For Kentucky then I go, and for Kentucky as a land of white men the "pure white man without a cross.' I am sure it will not offend you, gentle men, if I quote as expressing my views and feelings on this subject, the words of a man, who, though a political opponent, you will acknowledge to be among the first of living statesmen, and of whom you will not deny, that through a long and eventful life he has always stood among the firmest and the boldest friends of human liberty. "God, he says, "who knows my heart knows that love liberty, and ardently desire the freed om of the human race; but I desire the reedom of my own country above all other countries that of my own race before all other races." This is the basis of the plan 1 advocate. n the spirit ot these views, l support a ystem of very gradual emancipation, look- ng to the removal oi the liberated slaves. But it does not follow that sound policy re quires, or that humanity will allow the ab solute expulsion of every colored person from the Statu. I would, therefore, settle the general principle of removal, but I would grant to the Legislature or to the Courts the power to relax the rigor of its pplication in particular cases. Again 1 would no; restrain the volun tary emancipation ot slaves belore the system provided in the new constitution should begin to operate but leave every master free to liberate under no greater re strictions than the present constitution im poses, and every freed man at liberty to go t his pleasure beyond the limits of State, wherever he might find a place. And then I would provide 1. That after the adoption of the new consUtution no slave should be introduced into the State on any pretence whatever not interfering with transient persons but absolutely and forever prohibiting the im portation of slaves. 2. That all slaves born after a riven time (say the adoption of the constitution, or 6uch later day as may be approved,) hall be free at a certain age, (say twenty- five years,) provided they are in the State that time. Ihis will leave- with the master the unrestricted control of the slave, up to the day on which he would go free, f the master so pleased. 1 bis interferes as little as possible with the master's wishes or convenience, and throws wide open the door for his removal of his slave. And, for the main object in view, it is gained when ibe slave is gone. As to slaves now in beirig, or to be born before the given time, there is no interference whatever. Under such a system, it cannot be doubted hat a large part of the colored population would be removed from the State. 3. That all slaves liberated under the preceding provision, as they respectively reach the age of freedom, should come under the control of the State, through the other officers appointed to this duty, and be removed to Liberia or elsewhere as they may elect; the means for their removal and snbsistence for a reasonable time being first obtained by their own labor or hire, when provided by the master or other benevolent persons or societies, as beyond all question would be done in many cases. Such, gentlemen, is a plan of emanci pation, which my mind approves as wise, humane and practicable. It seems to me promise the highest good to the Com monwealth at large, in all future time, with the least inconvenience and injury to be master in this generation, and the ut most advantage to the slave, in the condi tion which Divine Providence has decreed him. It was net proper for me to urge it before a meeting of citizens, who, at my own suggestion, had already referred all the details of this great movement to a con vention which it invited. But it may very properly be presented here for public con sideration. You may be able to offer in. superable objections to it; if so, 1 will cheerfully give it up. I will go into no argument at this time, favor of this plan as compared with others that have been proposed, or in an ticipation of objections agaiust it. This communication is already longer than was intended. The pressure of other indispen sable engagements has left me no time to make it shorter. I am, very respectfully, WM. L. BRECKENR1DGE. Louisville, Feb. 16, 1849. Califralaaa4 lb Caw thai Ot Craaat. The discovery of Uie contents of Cali- ornia puts us in mind ot a circumstance which occurred to a cowkeepet within our own knowledge, and though it may appear strange we can answer for its truth. The man had for a long time struggled against adverse fortune, and, as not the least, the milk from one of his best cows turned out bad; it became unusually thick and yellow, and was by him pronounced to be bad, and unfit for use. The loss was most serious, but at length after some weeks had elapsed, and pailfull after pailfull had been cast to the dogs, he discovered that his cow gave forth cream instead of milk. The dis covery made his "fortune. Thia circum stance, on a small scale, is a type of Cali fornia. That which was hitherto esteemed to-be mere worthless rubbish, has turned out to be the richest of its kind. A con tinent ' of eold. instead of a continent of chalk and clay, gladdens the fortunate pos s eaaon. Herajth's Journal, KY.: SATURDAY Ulctcal Marrey f Mat. We anticipated much from the adminis tration of Gov. Crittenden. His qualifica tions were of the highest order. He had been prepared by long service in various onices ol the government of bis country for all the liberal, enlarged, and elevated duties of statesmanship. With a fame as broad as the Union, lie came from his place in me oenaie io adorn Uie xuxecuuve chair of his native State. The first act of hit administration displayed the rich treasures ol his long ana varied experience. His message was a monument of the wisdom and virtues of its author. It was cot con fined to Uie usual and technical, routine of State legislation; but was replete with sen timents of national interest and importance. and enforced visws and recommendations to develope the resources and promote the greatness of the Commonwealth, quite as essential as the ordinary peljce and com- merciHt regulations. Such was the policy wluetf su nested a Geological survey of the State. Unthink ing minds cannot perceive the wisdom of appomtirg an officer to travel over the State, to look at its surface, examine iis stone., and it may be, turn over a little of its soil. 1 hey would regard it as useless mummery promoted by superstition. But science ould delight in such an enterprise, because "It finds tongues ia trees, books in the iunninr brook, Sermons in stones, and good in every thing." Nature is a great text book, and at the same time its own commentary. Blind chance docs not control its operations. l'hey are the results of an allwise contri- ranee, and disclose to th studious and thoughtful mind their owq harmony and beauty. The earth is now no longer re garded as merely a blank waste of matter, a solid mass of clay for men to tread end docks to graze upon. But its structure, its external appearance, its rcks and sands, are subjects of interesting investigation which lead to wonderfuj tru'hj V,-The farther and more diligently ihese researches are prosecuted, the more astonishing will be the developments disclosed. They will throw great light on subjects of intense in- lerest to man. Geology is no longer a thinir of conjec ture and speculation. It is a science. Its discoveries have established its truth. To explain tie internal foimation and structure of the earth from its external appearance, and through the knowledge thus obtained dispel the obscurity or confirm the truth of ustory, and aid many other sciences, are the services which it renders to mankind. When applied to our nob'e State, none can fully foretell its advantages. Some of its greatest riches may be yet unrevealed. A ague idea pervades the minds of the peo ple that our mountains are the depositories of an abundance of mineral wealth. As one as they remain in their primeval wil derness, untrodden by any but the hunts man, their treasures will b valueless. Who can tell what a scientific Geologist might discover in only one year's diligent exploration. Fountaira of wealth might be disclosed in the discovery of minerals or other substances, wh'-ch would add in calculably to the gTeatntas and properiy of the State. Our landi may bo tilled, the plwugh may run its furrows through the soil, and for years it may be adorned with cultivated vegetation. Yet evmi then its properties will not be filly known to its ow ner. Because he has not studied the science which will inform him. New and more profitable modes of :ultivation, a bet ter rotation of crops and iicreasod fertility of the soil, might be the Ksults of a care ful examination by a skiful G!ologist A great light might be thrown upon the science itself which would 'x;nefV; the whole world. Other States have been rrettly bene fitted by attention to this sibjert. It is a poor economy which denies to us similar advantages. Every farmer in the Com monwealth is interested in t. Every cit izen should feel its importance. We be- ve a yearly appropriation siould be made for the purpose. If not successful at first, t will ultimately redound to the wealth and honor of the State. Yet the small sum of $ 1500 is denied by the legislature for such a useful object. Maystjuu Eagle. - Abaat CaaLIraa, Jke. Some days since, we 'clipped' an article from some one of the Pittsburgh papers, intending to publish it entire. e have the article, but the name of the paper is forgotten.-The statistics and suggestions are worthy of consideration. , The latest ecological accounts of coal formations, show the following square miles in extent: In United State, - - - 133,133 Great Britain, - ... 11,859 Spain, - ... 3,408 France, .... 1,719 Belgium, - 519 Britiah American Frovicee, - - IS.UUU Total square mile, - 168,636 Other countries have coal, but the area is not given. The quantities mined in 1815 were: In Belgium, 4,960,000 tone. 3,245,907 do. rruaala, France, 4.141,617 31,500,000 659,340 4,000,000 do. do. do. do. Great Britain, Austria, America, about, - Total tons of coal, - - 48,506,564 To show the increase of consumption in the State of Pennsylvania alone, we may slate that in 1820, the anthracite coal trade commenced with 365 tons, and in the suc ceeding 28 years it has increased to more than three millions of tons per annum, giving, in 23 years, 19,519,133 tons. Now one great use that ia made of this coal is the manufacture of the important article of iron three tons of coal being necessary to make one ton of iron. . Up to 1846. we have an account of 48 anthracite furnaces, making 9 1,687 tons of iron, and using 275,061 tons of anthacrite coal, besides the immense amount of coal used in the conversion of this iron into rail road iron, plate, axles, &c, and other manufactures. The investments for the . .-j iois ..easy. coat and iron were esumaieu, m loiu, follows: , In the mining of eoal, &c J " Manufacture oflron, Inveetmenta. 26,856,000 23,921,960 Making a total Pf - $50,777,960 This was the state of things when we MARC II 3,01849. were using our own iron and coal, as we conceive according to the lawa of nature uuuer me protecuve tarin oi we have no means of ascertaining what is the exact amount of miury sustained under the 'benign' influence of the Secretary's tariff oi 1946, but it must have been very great. for we are continually informed of furnaces going out of blast, and of rolling and slit ting mills, and other iron works stopping, because the business has become unprofi- laoie. .... The truth is, end it must be the convic tion of every candid mind, that the coal and iron of the Ucited States was not placed where it is by tho laws of nattrre, that we should let it remiu n there and import coal and iron from Europe. . But the learned 5-ecretary says we must do so; and why? Because the vicious political institutions of Lurope cheat the masses out of a large por lion of the value of their labor, and undl they are so defrauded ia the United States. we cannot profi' ibly manufacture any of the raw materials with which hatnre has endowed us. We submit tliene views in all confidence, satisfied that what Mr. Walker calls free trade is nothing1 more nor less than low wages, for if interest and wages were as low here as bad laws make them in Europe, we should hear m more of Mr. Walker or his free trade; for then he would be com pel led to be satis lied to allow us to manu facture for ourselves, which would put an end to the interminable dogma that na tions should buy where they can buy the cheapest Ta Wafcaaa aa Erie 1'aaal la Ia41aaa. . The Trustees of the Wabash and Erie canal, in Indiana, have made their annual report to the Legislature of that State, from which the Toledo Blade gathers the fol lowing: ' The work from Coal Creek to Terre Haute, which was put under contract little n;.:2han a year since, is now so nearly complet rl, that the water will be let into die canal, to the latter place, by the first of next month. From Terre Haute to Point Commerce, forty and a half miles further. the work was contracted in May last, and it is believed the distance w ill be ready for navigation in the fall of 1849. Another letting was had in November, for the con- strucuon ol the work trom f oint Lorn, merce to Newberry, seventeen miles furth er. There has been paid for construction. during (he year ending on the first of De cember last, the sum of 1 341,953 16. The present force employed on the canal ia 1780 men, whom it is expected will be employed during the current year. There remains seventy-two miles, from Newberry to Pigeon dam. to be put under contract. to complete the entire line. For the pur pose of carrying oa the work agreeably to the plan of the Trustees, a call has been made upon the subscribing bond holders, of twenty dollars upon each bond, to be paid on the first day of February, 1849, and the balance of the advance of 800,000 will be called in during the ensuing year. The tolls and water rente of the finished part of the canal, for the year ending on the first day of November, amount to 1 146,148 90, being an increase over the amount of the previous year of 1-0,1G6 19; the expen diture for ordinary repairs, superinten dence, &c, amounts to 134,883 64. A heavy expenditure for extraordinary repairs has been incurred, but lor the deficient wheat crop last year, and the early fall rains, which rendered the roads impassable. The canal has been navigable the whole season from the State line to Coal Creek, a distance of 1 89 miles. The whole amount of receipts, from the first of December, 1847, to the fiirt of December, 1S48, is 9727,877 01. Disbursements, for the same period, $459,004 72. Leaving a balance of $263,872 29. Appended to the report are tabular state ments of all the articles cleared at different places on the navigable portion of the canal, from which we extract the follow. ing, as the total number of tons cleared from each : Fort Wayne, tons, La Gro, Loganeport, Lafayette, Covington, 42,610 10,048 21,076 74,479 9,629 Baal GalltaraU. The Expositor, published at Independence, Mo., contains a letter written by CoL W. Gilpin, in relation to the overland route to California. It conveys information of much interest to emi grants: Jacksos Coubtt, Mo., Jan. 8, 1849. Gentlemen: Independence, now for twenty yeais the emporium of the com merce or the prairies, possesses peculiar advantages as the point of rendezvous and final embarkation for emigrants going to the Pacific. Independence recommends itself from the unlimited abundance of supplies to be had at all times, their excellent quality, and adaptation to the journey. The habitual annual departure and arri val of emigrants and travelers, has created a body of skilful mechanics and all kinds of complete manufacturing establishments in every department ol the trades, com bined with stores filled with supplies for all wants and tastes. Here may be had the small tough horses and mules brought from California, Mexico, and the Indian tribes of the mountains and prairies, as well as the horses, cattle and mules of larger size and good blood, raised upon the prairie grass of the settlements. The only road practicable for wagons at present, from the States to the Pacific, is the one through the South Pass, beyond which it branches uear the aait iase; me ngni hand fork descends by Snake river to the Columbia; the left hand traverses directly west through the Great Basin of lligh Cali fornia, crosses the Sierra Nevada by the sources of Salmon Trout river and the Rio de los Americanos, descending the latter to the Sacramento, and down it to San r ran cisco Bay. These roads, which only four years ago were uncertain, difficult and dan gerous, are now permanently established. and sale. Ibe largo ana prosperous 'i , nt v,. frtn. t tfei SU OVWVIUVUI VI . awwa-a Lake affords a central point to rest and re emit. I Families traveling with horned cat tie accomplish the trip in one hundred and twenty days, and, If judicious in the man agement of their animals, at no expense but the small cost of provisions and groce- ries, so excellent are the roads, the climate and the pastures. The following table of latitudes and longitudes shows the directness of the routes and the distances: Latitude. Longitude. inaepenaence, 3U vi 94 South Pass, 42 29 109 Mormon City, 40 26 112 N. Helvetia, Call., 39 40 120 34 Astona, Uregon, 46 19 J2t 30 These roads are, therefore, direct and straight, only excepting the deflection into the South rasa; the distances, roughly esti mated, being 1,850 miles to San Francisco, and 1,950 to Astoria. I have stated 120 days as the length of .1-- m w me journey; due parues oi young men. having packs and good animals and guides. may easily reach the Sacramento in forty. nve or nlty days; nor need such confine themselves, to the wagon road, but may take the route of the Arkansas, or by Santa re. Indpendence has been the point selected for the departure of the militarv and ex ploring expeditions to Oregon, Mexico and ualilornia, both before and during the war. and of their return and discharge. Other points higher up the Missouri, as Weston, St. Joseph, and the Mormon settlement nesr Council Bluffs, have occasionally been selected by emigrating parties. These places have all the disadvantages of being on the eastern bank ol the Missouri, and, as yet, far behind Independence in the abundance and cheapness of supplies. The maritime country on the Pacific ex tends along the ocean from San Diego to Vancouver's Island, and is confined be tween the snowy ridge of the Sierra Ne vsda and the beach. Its average width ex .1 m . - - ceeds 150 miles iu length 1.200. This Sierra Nevada is the prolongation of the Andes of Chili, Peru, Columbia, Central America, and Mexico preserving all iu characteristics unaltered, of gteat heighf. volcanoes, volcanic rock and lava. Itia grander here than in South America, be cause, receding from the coast, it is accom panied by this maritime region, which gives room for a series of fine rivers the Bona- ventura, San Joachim, Sacramento, Shasty .1 T-t tW , river, me riameth Utnpqua, v allamette, Columbia, Puget's Sound. Ibis whole region, therefore, abounds with the same mineral productions as Span ish America, whilst it has its own grand excellencies for commerce, agriculture, both arable and "pastoral, infinite fisheries, for. eats, internal navigation and position be tween the valley of the Mississippi and China a delicious and tranquil climate and sublime scenery, make this incontesta bly the finest new country of which the human race has yet anywhere possessed uen. Yours respectfully, W. Gurxx, b Messrs. Sam. Rimlston, Sam. D. Lu cas, Small wood Noland. VaaaJttaa aT aha Sfeaala aC Ylaaaa. We have been favored with the subjoined extract of a letter from Vienna, dated De cember (th, 1843: "Mutism is the order of the day, even at the theatre. It cannot be said that order does not reign in the Austrian capital. It would be wiser to allow the popular voice in matters mdifierent to condemn or ap plaud. Absurd prohibitions show the want of moral strength in a government. One good enterprise has been projected by the minister Schwartzenberg, it is the founds tion of agricultural schools, and of colonies - a. " for the poor; this design deserves encour- agement. Austria possesses vast tracts un occupied, and which only await the hand of man to become available to human sus tenance. If in these waste places govern- ment should establish centres of reception lor laborers in health, utensils for labor. accommodations in advance, and intelligent superintendence, such provisions would do much for the extinction of mendacity and popular discontent, without resorting to the odious means which are the scourge of England, cf Holland, and of Switzerland This passage refers to the poor laws of these countries. "Vienna contains multitudes of indigent people, who might be advantageously em ployed in agriculture. Iu whole population is reckoned at 380,000; five thousand are supported by public funds; fifteen thousand subsist upon casual charity; one thousand are thieves; two thousand are presumed to live by gaming; twenty-thousand subsist upon precarious labor, while a number nearly equal are employed upon the public works. The prisoas contain about six thousand, the mines in the vicinity, employ fifteen thousand men wretchedly paid, and perhaps one thousand find a miserable live lihood in sundry insufficient ways, not de signedly dishonest; ten thousand are under the vigilant eye of police as suspected per sons, and there are not leas than ten thou sand drunkards; there still remain eight thousand honest laborers, very poor, and ten thousand petty traders who would be J glad to exchange their condition for one of certain resource. The fertile steppes of Hungary, 'now of no benefit to the proprie tors, or to the country, might, by means of this surplus population employed upon them, disembarrass Vienna of part of this burden. If only a half of the one hun dred thousand men, women and children. who rise up in want every morning, and lie down without hope every night, were detached from the present inhabitants, it would go far to the re-establishment of the Sublie tranquility and security, fsr to the iminution of vice and misery in Vienna." elf Pry arara. The success of individuals in life is greatly owing to their learning early to de pend upon their own resources. Money, or the expectation of it by inheritance, has ruined more men than the want of it ever did. Teach the young men to rely upen their own efforts, to be frugal and indus trious, and you have furnished them with a productive capital which no man can ever wrest from them; and one which they them, elves will not feel disposed to alienate. VetaeaTa war. The necessity of exactitude in legal La strumenta was never more cogently shown than in a case in England, in which an eminent conveyancer, the lata Mr. Butler, accidentally omitted a single word "Glou cester," in drawing the will of Lord New. burgh, 'which deprived a lady, the intended devisee, of estates worth about seventy , thousand dollars a year I WHOLE NUMBER 90. RELIGIOUS INTELLIGENCE. MiasioMABite to CAUroBsia-The follev Inf letter U the Rev. Dr. Berriaa. aad ktea, wer, have beea handed ia for Micatioa. He anxiety of the religioae eomnaaalty ie aatarallj awakened by the cireamataMea ander which, theeoloniaaiiea of California la beg,., A d!ea priaiagU that qaarter of a commuait y of men more intent ea aiakiag thai fortaaaa than eatabllahinc chnrchee. A plan ie oa foot tot making a coUecUoa next Seaday la Ua Epiecopal chnrchee ef thia city and of Brooklyn for a mission to California: Ftkmarf 10, 1343. Mt Dxa S:a: I have nut been iaforaMd thai a movement la makinr In New York to eetaW Man a mfaaioa ia California, f which yo are at uie neaa. A beet tea daya aiaea I neat a eoaamaaicaliaa to the Christina Witaeao, at Bootoa, ea the eaa aabject. I rejeiee la all thia. The ahaaviii r th eh arch ia all qaarter ie wonderfeJ ftorieaa. . I trmat that amonr aa we shall be able to da somethiaf henerebl to the ehueh. ael to man and acceptable ta Ued la thia treat eanae. Very truly aad respectfully years. Rev. Dr. Buuuam. Niw You, Feb. 13th, 1343. Jfr Dft Sir; I have aeldoa been mora gratified, than by the epoataneoiu approbation ipreaaed in year letter, of the meveraaat la Now York in behalf of the church la Califorata It was aeaaonable and refreshlnc- amidet the eeld- neaa and diaconragement which thia Indepen dent action haa mat with ia aaaay qaertera hera, to a degree which wae bat little expected when the first stepe were Uksa. There wae ooma reaeoa to apprehend that the eonrce from which it sprang might indispose certain persons to anite wilh as ia the meaeare, even thoagtt the object of it were approved; bat we did not look for so strong aa opposition oa the part of others, with whom in general we were accustomed to think and act in perfect harmony. Indeed, the thought of awakening hostility to it. by a eao- poeed interference with the operations ef the Do mestic Committee, had not even entered mr mind.antil I had actually learned that each the fact. So far ae I was personally con cerned ia the origin of this movement, I had bat one simple object in view, the desire of doiag good ia a quarter where it wis so much needed, and of saving the chusch from the reproach aa dishonor which it would suffer from iu negli gence and eupineneaa, when tle public miad was stimulated to euch activity and enthnalasai in the mere pursuit ef worldly things. My course through life has. I am inclined to believe, been euiEciently quiet and unobtrusive to shield me from the imputation ef vanity ia the matter; and the phantom which haa been raised np by the fears of an excited imagination as furnishing a different motive, I am very sore wae never presented, even la a more pleasing hape, to the minds ef etbera. la truth, it wae considered by all who enga ged ia the measure, that the spiritual deetitatioa of California was one of the moot extraordinary occasions for the exertion ef Christian benevo lence that has ever occurred among as; that a great work called for great efforts; that the at- moet we could hope to do even with the most cardial co-operation oa every side, would still fall very short of the waste ef those who were famishing for the bread ef life; that all which we could accomplish by an independent, ardent, energetic actioa, would only be carrying out more faUy the designe of the society Itself; that the committee would still have ample scope fur its benevolent labors; and that the bounty ef many would probably be drawn out in this way, while it might be waaUag towarde aa associa tion which haa long been familiar to all, and which, from n variety of causes, baa lost In u measure the interest it excited upon iu first establishment, even ia the minds el many wha had been among its wannest supporters. Such, my dear air, were the circumstance by which those have been iaflneneed, who hove been forward ia thia matter; aad I am diepoeed to think, if they were generally known, that they would not be regarded by candid and un prejudiced mi ads as furnishing any greuad for cl lmor and reproach. . Yours very respectfully aad truly, WM- BERRIAN. Of the oejsct In view, being the resterauoa eT the Bishop. AGRICULTURAL. It gives as great pleasure to call the attsaUon of our readers to the Important move ef the "Ohio State Board ef Agriculture," which we copy from the Ohio CnlUvator, a paper, by the by, published at Columbus, and exclusively de voted to the Interests of agriculture and Its kindred pursuits, edited wilh muck tact and ability, aad deserving the patronage ef all cul tivators of the sod. There is no point ia the West so saay ef ac cess to those varied Interests ae Cincinnati, and we feel confident that ear citizens will net dis appoint the just expectations ef friends abroad ia n hearty welcome, and an ample provision for their comfort and co-operation. Already ear Horticultural Society has appointed a rooimlltsa to confer with the State Agricultural Commit tee. No doubt the other interests sought to bo united ia this Western ExhibiUon of Skill aad Art are fully prepared to act ia concert. The object k not to merge these Interest la one, but to act unitedly holding their exhibi tions at the same time, with all tho anion that to consistent with separate organ lea Uoa- thereby affording the greatest possible convenience aad Inducement to cultivators, artisans, planters. pomelogisU, stock growers and visitors to unite, (rem abroad, as well aa these at home. 47acie mati Cos. Okie StaU Arrinltwtl Fmr-It will be i by tho resolutions of tho State Board of Agri culture, that the first Ohio State Fair is appoint ed to bo held at Cincinnati la September next. Thia place was selected mainly becuuee of tho facilities for accomodating a crowd of persons, aad the convenient men no of see ess aad tra as portation which It possesses. As competition will be invited from adiolninr Statee, it is expected that much fine stock, aad a large attendance of farmers wiU he present from Kentucky, Indiana, Virginia, Jtc; and as wo have a goodly number ef readers ia those States, we should bo pleassd to hour from some ef thesn ia regard to this point Tho citixene ef Cincinnati aad Hamilton county will have placed apoa them a largo share of tho responsibility of devising and carrying out such a liberal system of arraagamsnta aa will make the Fair creditable to their city and to tho State. Wo have full confidence that they will net bo foand wanting ia liberality or la personal effort when the time arrives for thesn to give and act. A committee of tho State Board will meet ia Cincinnati oa tho first ef next month, to coaler with smears ef the Hamiltoa county Afriealtaral Society, Cincinnati HorU cultural Society aad Mechanic laetltato, 1 regard to urrengesnente lor tho r sir. The committee to whom was referred the mat ter ef ssleeUsg the place for holding the Slat Fair next fall, reported la favor of CUelaaau whereupon It was seJssa, That th first Ohio 8 tote Agricul tural Fair be hold at CUctonaU to the month of September next; also , Bess feed. That Messrs. Oast, Strickle aad Lap ham bo a committee to moat la Claeiaaatl ea tho first of March next, for tho purpose of making oat tho list of ptiswlun, aad eonmv ring w ita the officer and managers of th Ham-. Utoa Coaaty Agricultural Seeety, tho Claeia aatl Horticmltarul Society aad the MetbaaiceV Institute, la regard ta taa necessary nrruafa- meats for the fcir the parti alar tiaw place moans of eefraylof ei peases, sW- F-