Newspaper Page Text
THE GARDEN ISLAND TUESDAY, SEPT. 25, 1917
ROAD MAINTENANCE ON KAUAI
' Following is the paper read by
J. II. Moragnc, County Engineer,
before the Sixth Civic Convention:
tf there is anything of real value that
I eon write in regard to maintenance of
roads it will come out in a plain ittatv
ment of inci in regard to the up keep of
the water hound maradain roads of the
County of Kauai for the lant eleven
years.
The County of Kauai has never at
tempted to keep their improved made in
a high Rtate of preservation, hut they
have tried to make them last until ail
principal roads are improved.
Between the wiae pohey of a high Htute
of maintenance and the neceosity of add
ing to their mileage of improved roads
as rapidly as possible Kauai has taken
probably a halfway stand.
It has always loen the intention of the
Board of Superviirn to liegin relniilding
or re-surfiu'ing as m us the rincip:d
roads were improved.
Macadamizing was stHrted on Kauai in
190G, since wiucii tune it has gou on in
accordance with the amount of money
available and by the end of this yi-nr
1017 all of the main road and several of
the laterals will have mim unproved
The County will tln'ii lie financially
ready to rebuild at their leisure in the
order that rebuilding ia most needed and
to maintain tne remiut stretches in a
high state of preservation.
During these eleven years of gradiitg,
bridge building and macadamizing it has
. been no easy task to keep the already
macadamized roads in fair condition
Surface oiling was tabued over aliout
three fourths of the mileage which three
fourths had to foe kept without the use
of oil.
Tlie water bound macadam road is
considered out of date, so anything 1
may say in regard to the upkeep of same
mav also be considered out of date
However, other counties may in future
have a few miles of less important roadB
of this type and it is to be hoped they
mav derive some benefit from this paper.
which is intended to explain how the
roads were kept.
When additional macadam was laid in
1907 it was found in order to prevent
raveling of the service it was necessary
to wet the surface everyday during dry
weather. Constand wetting proved ex
pensive and soon there was more road
built than there was water cart capacity
to do the wetting. There appeared to be
some binding quality lacking in the sur
face rock that was applied, especially in
places. A very little dirt was strewn on
and wet down : the result was the im
mediate binding of the troublesome
parts and the water carts had much less
work to do.
-The practice of applying a little dirt
l surfaces that were slow to bind has
been kept up and it is apparent that the
rizht amount of dirt rielitly applied is a
good substitute for the lack of binding
ingredients in the surface aggregate.
It was soon found that constant care
was reauired in order to prevent a grad
ual loosening of the surface rock. It was
necessary to remove all dislodged particles
of rock everv dav and sprinkle with
water at least every three duys during
drv weather.
A cantonier was put on each' two mile
section and was required to patrol his
section daily, pick oh" by hand all of the
dislodged rock and spread a little dirt on
spots showing signs ot loosening.
A cantonier for each two mile section
with a little cheap dirt added is not ex
pensive. The reduced cost of watering
will more than account for the wages of
mntonier.
. The services of a cantonier or patroll
man in the maintenance of all newly
constructed roads couid not have lice
disiieiised with. If Kauai deserves an
credit for the manner in which thei
roads were kept before oiling, it is un
nnwtinnnhlv larire v due to their can
tnnier service and a little red dirt. The
nlmve methods of upkeep applies to the
newlv macadamized roads, tor the first
runr nr turn of their pxistailCC
When thev were a vear or two ol
(according to locality) it was found that
the Bervices of the water wagon na
Wn c-iiduallv dispensed with or ahnosi
dispensed with, but the cantonier and
me reu cure are nun uu uvjwu.
first tieriod of a vear or two the can
tonier had practically no dislodged rock
to remove tor the next mree or unit
vxnri hut ha did throw on a little
dirt here and theie in places shewing
signs of loosening. During tins stage
t.li cantonier spends the greater part ol
his tima in clearing drains and keeping
down the vegetation along the roadside
When the road wan four to six years
old (according to locality ) nearly all o
the top or smaller rock had worn away
and the o. z or intermediate course i
rnelc was nlaiiilv visible, still then' w
not ax'reut deal of dWodifed rock for
' year or so yet but the wear continue)
nner panicles oi me msn-iiiiu- mm
vL-vro wedied ill between the laruer No.
rock wore away faster and left the larg
TM-k Tirntniilmir : this process of wearin
if allowed to continue would soon rende
th mirdure roncb and disagreeable
travel over, beside the No. t stone would
become dislodged to a great extent
From the lieiiinning of this staize ai
from there on in order to keep the roa
in (air condition and to prevent rani
deterioration it was necessary to provide
an ai tilicial surface. Other than oil th
lu-Ht thin? used as an artificial surfai
was dirt and sand mixed. Aliout a qan
ter of un inch of dirt was strewn on ai
immediately afterward about the sail
amount of coarse sand was applied and
best rcHulta "btaned when' water waii
added. So long as this dressing could Ik
kept on the mad in the right quantities
there was no apparent wear ami the ser
vice was good, but it proved exjs'r.sive. A
heavy beating rain would come and
wash the roads almost bare ot the dress
ing. Still there was some of the coarser
sand and dirt left, wedged lietween the
protruding stone, holding them in place
for some time Ui come. Dirt alone ap
plied from time to time, lefiire sanding)
fact still a Tear or two ionm-r is re-1
nirett lor the reason that the oil should
never lie applied until after the water
ound macadam has Ix-en in use for at
ast a vear. durini uhipli tiinp t1m mud
should lie kept in Bood condition bv thp
use of a water cart and the cantonier, ai
hove outlined, for th first tu-n VKr
riod. This period of use of thu mm!
icfore the oil is applied Is allowed in
order that the macadam slab may take
nto its interstice or Imve driven into
tlieiu by the trallic as much as possible
f tllP fine Particles of titilvi.rized rock mid
hist in order to render it, ns near as tins.
ole to the consistency o f a concrete
ah. At this stage the mas is almost
impervious to water, likewise to crude
oil.
Too much oil in the interstices of the
lacadam not only acts as a lubricant
hilt also prevents all small unrticli-M of
iihi ana oust irom entering.
ii on is applied on a newlv maca-
amized roml, the oil "soak in somewhat
water into a sponge, and besides the
iste ot oil. great harm is done to the
road.
About eight years ago surface oiling
as started on a small scale n Kauai
roads: it was gradually extended to cover
ii the main road in Waimea District
nd a few miles each in Koloa and Lihne
Districts.
The intention at first was to oil all of
the main roads in all districts but after a
w miles had tieen oiled in Koloa and
Lihue, the practice of surface oiling in
those two districts was strongly protest
ed against on the ground that it render
d the road dangerous in ramv weather.
The result was that oiling was discon
tinued and most of the roads already oil
ed were spiked up and re-surfaced with
coarse sand and afterwards kept in re.
pair by means already deserilied. Con
sequently, the older roads in Koloa and
uhue Dsstncts are badly worn in place
and are expensive to keep in a fair state
of repair.
There has recently been a change of
sentiment in regard to the dangers of an
oiled road and it is now the intention to
gradually oil all roads not too badly
worn to recover a good surface by the
use of oil.
Oiling of the older stretches of road
was begun in the spring of this year 1917
and is being continued as fast as the oil
can be secured.
The road has been in use for from
six to ten years, the finishing course of
stone had all worn away, the second or
ntermediate course was also considera
bly worn and the individual stones of
that course were protruding, causing a
small roughness of eurface.
After throughly washing the surface
( if not already clean ) right down to the
bare blue rock the oil was applied by
hand and broomed as thinly as possible
over the surface. The area covered by u
barrel of oil on this thoroughly solidified
old macadam, was surprisingly largi
the small roughness of surface caused by
the depressions lietween the protruding
stone affords ample friction to pi-event
skidding
On some short stretches where the
road has worn too roughto recover an
agreeably smooth surface by use of oi
hot asphalt is nuslied over the snrtace in
s thin a coat as possible and while still
hot coarse gravely samt or preferably
crushed rock screenings is dashed on in
liberal quantities and' left to lie driven
ito the asphalt as much as possible by
the trathc.
In spite ot all that can be done as a-
bove deserilied, for the first lv years,
pot holes and slight depressions will ap
pear and it has lieen found that the
ea lest and tnof t enective way to deal
with them is to apply an asphalt am
crushed rock.
Tne depression is first washed or swept
tree ol all dirt or dust; it washed it must
have tune to dry, then it is flooded W'tl
a thin coar ot not aspnait the larger
sizes ol crushed roc is ttien applied be
lore the asphalt cools and tamped to an
even surface slightly lower .than the sur
rounding suriacc of the road, the surface
of the newly applied rock is then scarce
ly covered iiot tlooded with hot asphalt
and liefore the asphalt has had tune to
cool crushed nick isereenings or course
gravely sand is applied and hammered
down to the projier surface with tampers
The Wahiawa grade in Koloa District
was re-surfaced early in lillti. The road
was spiked up and about 2 inches of
new rock .added. The No. 2 was rolled to
an even surface; a little No. .1 orsniallt
rock was thrown On evenly with thovels
an rolled as to drive Jt into the in
tcrstices of the larger rock, hot asphalt
was then applied m as thin a shift a
possible, taking care not to push a,iy
ourts of the suriace. Additional .o.
rock was immediately dashed on b y
hovels and rolled in belore the asphalt
had tune to cool, then the suriai-e was
finished by adding and rolling in a little
screenings.
In this caso the a"phalt was used in
the same way that it is used in the con
struetion of the so-ealled asphalt Maea
dam, except that me quantity used was
much less and a tiller was used in the
No. ' before the asphalt was applied.
The tiller of smaller rock was used in
order to solidify the mass, and in order
that less asphalt might answer the pur
pose. The county road department construct
ed a quarter of a mile of asphalt inaca
d.un street paving for Makawefi Planta
tion, extending from the county road to
their mill. On the job the filler .'was
rolled into the No. 2 and the asphalt was
applied sparingly, as on the Wahiawa
j grade deserilied almve, and a sealing coat
I of oil alone was later applied. Alter the
road tiad been used lor a tew week m
Courses For Recruits
At Camp Dodge, Des Moines,
Iowa, there will be one of the larg
est cantonments in the United States
where some 45,000 men will be
gathered for training. Arrange
ments are being made to give these
men the benefit of special education
advantages while there.
After the first few weeks of get
ting into shape the men will have
at least a couple of hours a day of
leisure which they can use to great
advantage in building themselves
up educationally. Even if only 10
per cent of them take advantage of
this opportunity it will nevertheless
form a very impressive class.
Presumably the very best . facili
ties will be given such as these men
may never have had before, and it
is to be hoped that the great majori
ty of them will take advantnge of it.
scaling coat.
The question ot the cantonier system
in the maintenance of roads is a ques
tion tiiat has been thoroughly discussed
for the last few years, all agree that the
ystem is good if carried out properly.
In the upkeep tf Kauai water bound
macadam roads where oil was not used,
the surface could not have lieen kept in
a smooth and consequently lasting con
dition without the cantonier. The
trouble with the system is to secure the
services of intelligent men who are also
. .. .-. t 1
industrious; tne two goou qualities oo
not seem to combine frequently enough
n the labor available.
Probably the liest and checpest way to
take care of the up-to-date roads of to
day is by the services of a regularly or
ganized repairing force, consisting of a
foreman who should t expert in the art
of repairing and otherwise maintaining
any type of road that may come under
us charge, so tar as doing the actual
work is concerned. He should be allow
ed to select a sufficient number of lalior
era skilled in this class of work and the
workmen should lie supplied with all
necessary means of transportation, all
suitable tools and other equipment for
repairing the various types of pavement
and the necessary materials to be used
n the work. The results would no uoupt
lie surprisingly good and economical as
well. Such an organization 'is in con
templation for the County of Kauai.
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Hawaiian News Co., Ltd.
Bishop St. Honolulu '
VEN
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The Newest Method
Bread pans
Tie plates
Custard Cups
Casseroles
Shirred egg pans
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1.2 ") ea
1.00 a
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HONOLULU HAWAII.
order that a filler composed of the grind'
ings caused by the wheels of vehicles
might lie driven into the smaller inter
stices of the surface finish. Before ap
p'ying the oil the surface was washed
clear of dirt and dust and sufficient dry
n.g of the surface, but U'foreall moisture
hud disappeared, the oil was applied ill
as thin a coat as possible, no filler of any
id was used 111 tins sealing coat and
au'iiln, served to hold the rock in place the oil was allowed to stand two or three
mid provided a fairly smooth suriace. i days in order to dry belore turning on
t i ..I .. -..(!:.. TI..1 n...l. '.!...;..;....
much easier on mini urcs men me nine
macadam.
The simple methods described ulsive
relate to the upkeep of macadam roads
without the use ot oil or asphalt but ii
the roads were kept up priicrl.v under!
these methods the expense would U'grea-I
ter then it would to keep them in a much
better state of preservation by t h e
method of surface oiling. :
It requires a year or two to proierly
couulruct a surlW' oiled macadam road,
the trallic. 1 lie result oiitaiinni; today
mi both the Wahiawa ami Mukaweli jobs
:s hiirhly satislactnry and it is prohall
hat all reconstructed macadam roads of
Kauai will !e bound with asphalt ia the
manner deserilied.
On steep grades where skidding Is
likely no oil sealing coat; w ill he usM
but on level stretches and lighter grades
the sealing of oil alone will be used in
order to extend the life of the macadam
far beyond what it might be without thu
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HOTEL UHUE
(The Fairview)
Twenty-to elegant rooms
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Three Airy Cottages
Cuisine unexcelled in country
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W. H. Rice, Jr., '
. Proprietor
WAIMEA HOTEL
Waimba, Kauai
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Breakfast
Ltmcli
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$ .50
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FRANK COX, Manager
THE BANK OF HAWAII,
limited
UHUE BRANCH
Lihue, Kauai, Hawaii
Deposits are received subject
to check. Certificates of de
posit issued payable on de
maud. Loans made on ap
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Iuterest paid on Savings De
posits. 4 per cent on ordi
nary and 4 ier cent on Term
Deposits. Ordinary Savings
Deposits will be received up to
$2,500 in anv one account.
Safk Deposit Roxes for
Rent $2 and $3 a Year
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Mail Orders filled snme day received. We pay the postage I
Manufacturers' Shoe Store
1051 Fort St.
Honolulu
