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WRIGHT'S
(Ivn-itcH Bte.e.sEjrr aerovlke. DevExieDe03,FRc'l Njk.JMMUUi" iSsoOSsSeffi?!
oR.vtt.t.E. Jw JLJlL (wSSkt: p
' WatGKT f- ' 1 X X- ff (CCWKIGHT. 19C3. 3Y TOE .CV YOR." MriMirw'
(COlWtfGin, 1908, DY THE NEW YORK HERALD CO.) - TrWTW - - ? "H . J, YOK"x '"'"la C07-J
AnRUdHtemd. I T
- fg Zf I ? pf ) Jj 94 .
u The II u.1 1 o t'l n lns bare to the
world,, thu hitherto well-kept secret
of the mechanical construction that
made possible the successful flights
of Oolllo and Wilbur Wright a.
(secret destined perhaps to provo as
potentially vital In tho history of
civilization an was that of Watt's
llrst steam engine oi of Pulton's olo
mentary steamboat.
Reasons which for jears have caus
ed tho Wright brothers to guard to
Jealously the mystarles of their aero
planes arc not longer bo compelling
as they onco wore.
Their rights, duo to priority of in
vention, In so far as they can bo le
gally guarded, are now falily well
protected by letters patent Issued in
Prance and In other countries und
by a caveat, filed In tho United States
patent olllcc, before the expiration of
which time they oxpect to bo in a
position to tuke out Inter patents
covering further Improvements.
It Is propel' to Btate, thorofore, that
the technical diagrams reproduced
with this exposition nro photograph
ed from tho original drawings of the
Wright brothers now on file in the
Patent Ofllco of tho French Republic
and that the technical descriptions
accompanying them tiro accurate
translations of the 'material placed
on file by the Wrights themselves In
the samo bureau. Application for
letters patont, of which applications
of the material placed on Olo by the
Wrights themselves In the same bu
reau. Application for lcttors patent,
of which applications theso docu
ments form a part, weio made by
them In Prnnco on Nov. 17 nnd 18,
1907, und patents numbered 384,124
and 384,125, respectively, were Is
sued to them on Jan. 27, 1908.
For the benefit of the scientific
mind, for the engineer, the experi
menter, or the patent lawyer, who
may prefer to any effort at simplifi
cation tho opportunity to study the
actual drawings, as fllcd in France
by tho Wrights, together with their
own technical description thereof,
the 11 u 1 1 o 1 1 n here npponds their
data, both written und ill awn In do
detail. Following this more technical nnd
Involved description, tho lender will
And It necessary to lefer, constantly
to'tho figures numbcied 1, 2, 3, nnd
4, respectively, all of which form in
tegral parts of the drawings as filed
on a single sheet In tho French Pat
ent Office.
According to tho official dcscilp-
tlon tho Wright flying machlno "Is rled by brackets (12)' on tho lower
composed of thin surfaces of aoro-!wlng. The drum (10) Is fitted with
planes superposed. There can bo ono a handle (13), and It can bo held
or several of these, but tho Wright stntlonaiy on tho Bhaft (11) by
machine, ns built nt present, Is made means of n brako consisting of a
of two." Scientifically expressed, splt collai (13) fitted with a set
"tho lateral extremities of theso scrow (15), by the shaft (11), can
'planes muy lecelve at tho will of tho be regulated.
operator changes which modify tho "A single cablo can be us,ed, but It
angle of Incldenco under which each Is pioforablo to mount auxiliary ca
of them Is presented to tho ntmo-jbles (16) alongside (6) at points sit-
7ER0PLANE CONSTRUCTION: HOW FLYIN
sphore."
In. .plainer terms, while theso
planes remain alwajB parallel, they
may bo curved by tho action of tho
operator so that tho twin surfaces
change their angle to the wind. The
technical description of the drawings
represented by Figures 1, 2, 3, and
4 is us follows;
"Nos. 1 and 2 nro the planes. No.
3 Is u sttucturo of strong wood or
mct.il, which is covered with linen
( I ) to form tho planes,
Theso nlancs
In. .plainer terms, while theso . . V cf
aro to move In tho direction to tho.e1ses of the upper wing correspond
atmosphere. The two planes aro sep
arated by upilghtsoi stanchions (fi),
which aio rigid from ono end to tho
othei. They tiro fastened to the
planes at their upper and lower ex
tremities by universal joints. So,
whllo thoy keep the planes parallel extremities and to the auxiliary ca
nt all times, they do not prevent blos 10) anu yy H these cables to
them being twisted spirally In unl- tno corresponding wings of the aero
sou. At tho front of tho raachlno Piano, thus producing the desired de
aro rc-enforcing cross wires (u), (formation of tho rear edges of the
which, with tho stanchions (0) hold wings, and preventing them becom
tho front part of tho machine per- lnK distorted between the outer ex
actly rlgl'd. Tho front of tho wings troinlty nnd the hinge,
is intended to Lo hold unchanged at "A second cable (17) Is fixed at
all times. Tho desired flexibility of each of 11b ends to the wings of the
tho wings is confined to the rear, 'lower plane, preferably near Its rear
where it Is controlled by a vory In
genious mechanism.
"At the middle of tho machine are
fore nnd lift wires (c) which keeped wlth tho ,ower lane u "mains
tho whole of the center of tho struct- tnut llke tne cable (0)- Tbeso two
uro rigid. Hut botweon the stanch
ions which Lepnrate tho wings at the
rear Micro are no stiffening wires and
none extends foie and aft at the ex
tremities of tho wings. These ex
tremities (or wings) nro flexible at
tho tear nnd tho structuro Is articu
lated at tho limits of tho rigid cen
tral part. The parts of the framos
extending bevond this control part
thorefore form n pliant framework,
and are held in any desired position
by a wire (6) running from the up
per end of the tear stanchions at the
extremities of tho wings thiough
guldos or pullovs near tho confer fix
ed In tho lower wing or piano.
"This can be done by means of
small bearings (8). Theso wires pull
in the direction of the greatest length
of the wfng. This tmction can be
applied to them by means of an aux
iliary wlro (2a) fixed by its extrem
ities to cablo (C) nt a point (6a)
nnd (Gb) Included between guides
(7) nnd ro-dlrccted by n suitable
guldo (9) to a dium (10) mounted
on n shaft (11) carried by brackets
(12 on tho lower wing. Tho drum
(10) mounted on a shaft (11) car-
BVKN1NO DTJLLBTIN.
OFEt.ce . ys Tfcorc
(CQPYftlGHT.
uated near tho guides (7) and to fix
tnem to tne pirts of the lateral
lug, preferably near the rear edges.
"The length of the auxiliary cable
(If!) and the method of connection
with tho cable (C) and with tho up
per wing nro such that a pull exert
ed en cablo (C) is transmitted to Its
corners. It patses by guides (18),
fixed to the upper plane.-and Is of
such length that when It Is connect-
cnDies (u ana ill inus act as stiffen
era to tho framework. Tho cable
(17) Is preferably fitted with auxil
iary cables (19), operating In a sim
ilar manner to the auxiliary (16) of
cable (6).
"The rear central part of tho
frame, with re-enforced cables (a),
and the rear pait of the lateral wings
form thus, 'with the stanchion (5),
the-guldcs (7 and 18) and tho cables
(6, 16, 17, and 19), a funicular sys-
tern, rigid and at the same time pll-
able to another position, which per-
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IMHiiifc. i Vf i TTnP'flfWfi FJrTHjTf Tfr MfflruMi
HONOLULU. T. II., SATURDAY, OCT.
. " l'; x A
specrncATiOKS tiled in
1908. BY" THE NEW YORK HERALD
All Rights Reserved
mlts the regulation of the rear cor
ners of tho planes, at tho baitio time
preserving tho characteristics of a
rigid framowork.
"When the drum (10) Is turned In
order to move cable (6) to the left,
thus drawing downward the rear lat
eral right-hand part of tho upper
wing, tho corresponding part of tho
lowor plnno Is slmllurly lowered be
cause of tho rigid connection through
the stanchions (S). The downward
movement of this part of tho lower
plane caused by cables (17) serves
to raise tho rear loft-hand part of
the lower plane, nnd by means of the
stanchions (5) raises the correspond
ing part of the upper wing.
"This communicator simultaneous
ly a spiral twist to the wings of the
two planes. In thus turning the ex
treme rear part of the wings around
axes lying In their primitive plane
tho operator forces them to presout
variable angles of Incidence to tho
air, the side presenting tho greater
angle of Incidence bolng obliged to
rise under the greater pressure re
sulting from tho action of the air on
this part, whereas tho side offering
the smaller angle of Incidence falls.
"This nctlnn permits tho aviator,
by regulating tho tingles of Incidence
to maintain the lateral equilibrium
of the machine, but this aition tends
to make tho machine turn around a
vcitlcul nxls, because the Increasing
angle of incldenco offers to the air
n greater resistance to forward move
10, 1008.
PRCWBD UP .TO
the trehck
PATENT
CO)
ment and permits the part of tho
aeroplane having tho smaller angle
of Incidence to move ahead at u.
greater speed than tho part having
the greater ungle of Incidence
"To counteract this effect a ortl-i
cal rudder (20) is plnccd ut the tear
of tho machine, movablo on a shaft
mounted between the arms (21). At
tho lower end of this shaft Is n fixed
pulley (22), around which paKscs ft
wire cablo (23), permitting tho mil
der to exert a pressuro on the sldu
of the machine on which the wing
olfcis tho smaller angle of Incldenco
to the air. A turning movement can
bo pioduced only by a combination of
forces acting In different directions.
The Inertia of the machine may bo
ono of these fqrees nnd tho pressuro
on the vertical rudder plnccd behind
tho center of the machine may bo
tho othoi.
"In tho construction of the ma
chine, ns hare shown, tho inortla of
tho machine Is combined with tho
forces produced by the pressuro of
tho wind on additional vertical sur
faces, consisting of a rudder placed
In front of the centor of the mnchlno
and of a fixed surface, preferably sit
uuted In front of tho center of grav
ity of tho machine However, this
arrangement Is not IndlspenB iblc. mid
a satisfactory couple muy bo obtain
ed either by tho combination of two
rudders or by n combination of tho
single rudder nnd a fixed surface.
"This construction Is represented
'exSAHl
In the .llngiams nnd conslbts o( a perturbing action of tho wind forco
second vcitlc.il .udder (24), whose on tho rudders without bclug too
shaft Is mounted between tho nrms stiff for tho opo.ntor to work.
(23) ut the fiont of the machine. I "A horizontal rudder (JJ) Is pro
This rudder nlso tarries at Its lower Killed nt tho front of tho mnch'no.
extiomlty n pulley (26) mound 1U thnft canlcs a pulley 33.
which acta a wire, which Is profor- mound which runs a tablo (34),
ably the samo which governs tho rehr wlilih passes to tho drum (3u) jilac
rudder, this who being crossed so ns td on tho central platform within
to turn the rudders In opposite ill- reach of tho operntor s hand. This
lections. Tho fixed plane U7) can judder Is regulated like the others,
bo mounted on tho nuns (2B) which nt the will of the operator,
hold tho fiont i udder. It nets with I ' Instead of ntalntnlnlug tho oqulll
the mildew and In tho caso whero brlum or tho machine by tho spiral
ore Is more cfl.ctlvo than the other torron of tho roar parts of tho lateral
helps, by icslstnnco to tbn lateral wIiifs. mo tail obtain tho samo result
movement, tho weaker rudder to b bonding tlm fiont part of tho
form a turning couple And It ono of v.lngs, In which enso tho rear edges
tho rudders Is disabled, it forms with of tho planes would bo mndo Indtf
tho other n turning couple acting in fnrmablo An neroplaiio formed of
ll.o tame Election ns before
. , , .
HiCfcO iiiuiieis nro m u.- ..neu
from n drum which operates tho oth
er mechanism nnd theso drums mo
to be fcldo by side and with their han
dles udjolnlng, so that tho opeinlor
limy, If he dcsiris, work both to
gether "The reslstunto of the nlr would
not. keep tho rm'ders In equilibrium
In nil positions In which they might
bo pi iced In maneuvering them
conictlmcB tho pressuro of the nlr will
facilitate their opeintlou for tho n.l
ntor: some times It will make It hard
er. It Is to do a way with this dlfll-
culty that the friction brakes lwo
been Introduced between tho hand
levers and tho Holders Tho brakes
aro regulated mi as to tnko up the
I
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DI3THIBUT0HS.
'iWtm f:n,hi&.,kkk
11
,on - thito, oi nn number or planes
cm be cqulllbrlnied In tho samo way.
..,!,, ,i. i.,.h ,in ,,
aim at the lateral equilibrating of
iicioplaucs I) j spiral torson of their
supporting planes. In a general way
Itn object is tho equilibrating of
thct-a machines by the combination
of horizontal surfaces, which enn bo
j placed at variable angles of Incldenco
on. tho right anu lert siucs ot me ma
chlno mid bv vertical rudders and
surfnecs. Tho form of construction
Is subject to variations Ono wing
could bo raised mid tho other fixed.
The foim or construction could be
fuithcr nrled by having the rudders
between tho upper ntul lower planes
ut tho sldca of tho machine. Instead
of In front and behind, the method ot
their operation to be tho samo."
4 x 'l
