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F-Vf - w- ,C' jSlr EVENING BULLETIN INDUSTRIAL EDITION: HONOLULU, T. H 1909. system consists of twenty settling tanks, having a capacity of from twelve to fifteen hundred gallons of juice each, together with proper exhaust and live steam heaters, lim ing tanks, etc. For Altering the scum from the settling tanks there are twelve presses, each hav ing Ave hundred square feet of Uttering surface. Evaporation System. The evaporator Is a quadruple effect, having a capacity of fif teen hundred tons of Juice per twenty-four hours, reducing it soventy-flvo per cent In volume. Vacuum Pans. Tbcro aro three vacuum pans, each of twenty-five tons capacity, or ono largo pan, of fifty tons capacity, and one pan of twcnty-fle tons capacity, one of the pans being used for the low grade pro duct. Those pans, together with their equip ment of syrup and molasses tanks, aro located on the third or upper floor of the factory building. Crystallize. Kor the further treatment of the sugar, after it leaves the vacuum puns, there Is a battery of twenty crystal llzers, each being of Biimclent capacity to hold the contents of the twcntylhu ton pun. Tbcso are placed on the second floor, Imme diately below the vacuum puns. Centrifugals. For drying tho sugnr, after delivery from tho crystalllzers, there are twenty centrifuguls, each forty-two Incites in diameter. Theso centrifugals, which may bo either belt, wnter or electrically driven, as may be preferred, with their equipment of mixers, conveyors, dryers, ele vators, bagging bins, etc., aro placed be tween tho ground floor and tho second floor of tho factory building. Condensers. For condensing tho vapors from the pans and evaporators, all of which aro operated under a vacuum, and for tho removal of tho uncondcnsablo gases, a cen tral condensing plant Is Installed, which consists of a condenser for each of tho pans and evaporators, and an auxiliary conden ser from which tho central condenser vacuum pump takes Its suction. Electrical Equipment. For auxiliary pow er throughout tho factory, for running cane unloaders, revolving enno knives, driving tho crystalllzers, conveyors, elevators and machlno shop apparatus, and for lighting tho factory, an electrical plant of ono hun dred and fifty kilowatts Is Installed. Water Supply, Tho nccessnry water sup ply will approximate flvo million gallons per twenty-four hours, and can bo supplied either by gravity or by a pumping system. Sugar Chemist's Laboratory. A complcto sugar chemist's laboratory Is Instnlled, with all tho necessary apparatus, for a thorough chemical control throughout tho different processes of manufacture. Machine Shop. There Is a complete ma chlno shop, equipped with lathes, drills, planers, plpo cutters, etc., and tho necessary hand tools, so that ordinary repairs may bo expeditiously mado. Pumps and Piping. In connection with tho abovo machinery there Is a complcto equipment of pumps and plpo lines, through out tho building, for handling tho juice, syrup, molasses, water service, boiler feed, etc. Building. All of this machinery is con tained In a steel framo, corrugated Iron building, of specially heavy construction, Tho boiling houso Is three stories In height, tho clarification department two stories, and tho milling and boiler houso department ono Btory. In tho mill room a hoavy crnno spans tho full width of tho building, and has a traverse of tho oxtremo length of same, bo that tho heavy mill rollers may be readily handled for adjustment and repair. Cost. Tho cost of a factory of tho abovo dimensions would bo about $650,000. Other sugar apparatus has developed along tho same lines as tho extraction ma chinery. Tho Weston Centrifugal, Invented by D. W. Weston In Honolulu, was flrBt used in 1852 at Makawao. It was run by man power, and tho first machlno wus such u curiosity that throngs of Huwulluns came to watch Its operation, and It Is stated that school boyB would como every iflernoon and run tho machine till night without pay. and would dlsputo their turn nt running It Very many Improvements have been made In the centrifugal slnco that time, but the original Idea has remained tho sumo. Hydraulic attachment to tho mills was adopted nt tho time of tho 5-roller mills, thereby very largely Increasing tho extrac tion. Vacuum puns wero Introduced In 180.1 with double and triple effects in 1878 and mild presses catuu In generally about 1880. Cultivation. Improved methods of cultivation followed hand In hand with improved sugur machin ery. Very early attention was given to tho planting of tho best seed, and there wiih much discussion in tho early meetings of tho Planters' Labor and Supply Company as to tho rolatlvo values of seed from plant cane, from ratoon cano or from tho tops of either plant or ratoon. A great ileal of attention was given to tho best varieties of cane to plant, Climate and soil conditions varied so much In different localities, or even upon tho same planta tion, that a variety of cane which might do well nt a low elevation would give a small lold nt a higher elevation, and so while I.nhalna cane was the favorlto cano for many years, and still remains so, In favor ed localities, other varieties wero tried and are yet being tried and experimented with. should be added to render the best service, constituted n subject of equal Importance. Examining 8olls. When tho Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Asso ciation established Its Experiment Station In 1893 there began a systematic examina tion of soils both on the plantations and in tho laboratories, together with the col lection of data ns to rainfall and tempern- Mill of the Walluku Sugar Company at Walluku, Maul, Modern Sugar Mill. A Type of the Agricultural Implements. Improved agricultural Implements havo been brought Into use, steam plows wero first Introduced about 1880 or 1882, and various kinds und makes of cultivators and horse-plows camo into use. Tho Invest ment of tho plantations in agricultural im plements, most of which come from tho United States, reaches a very largo sum, and tho up-kcep and replacement of such npplluuces Is a continual expense. For many years tho principal method of transporting sugar cano from tho fields to tho mill was by ox-cart or mule teams. As lute as 1882 thero wero only eight planta tions that used steam railways for trans portation. Recent Information of the mileage of steam railways on plantations is not available, but In 1905 there was a total of 534 miles of permanent track owned by the plantations, 88 locomotives and 7796 cars. The Investment In rails and rolling stock Is thus very considerable. Many labor saving devices for use In cul tivation and harvesting havo come Into gen eral use, but nothing has yet beon Invented which will mechanically harvest the cano. Cano loaders aro in uso on somo planta tions, but they do not greatly reduco tho cost of tho operation. Fertilizers. One of tho most important fnctorB In the matter of Increase of yield duo to Improved cultivation. Is tho uso of fertilizers. Fertilizers wero first used on the plantations hero In 1879. In tho Hilo dis trict it becamo apparent thnt tho soils wero not yielding as well as they had, and In that year various samples of soil at Onomea wero sent to New York nnd analyzed, and ferti lizers composed largely of sulphato of lime wero recommended. From this tho question of fertilizer grew. With tho Intensive agri culture practiced In theso islands In the cultivation of sugar cano, and whero rota tion of crops Is not followed. It becamo a very important problem. Owing to tho wide diversity of climate and soli conditions which characterize tho sugar lands of the ture, which has been tho basis of much of tho fertilizing thut has- been donu since that time. It Is due In a very great measuiu to these Investigations of tho con ditions of each plantation that the fertiliz ers used lu ono district aro so different from those used In another district, aud that thero Is a constant tendency toward high grade fertilizers which are specially pre pared for tho plantations wheru they aru to bo applied. Tho amount of fertilizer sold In Hawaii has increased tremendously, as tlio follow ing table will show. Thu custom house re ports from the year 1885 to 1888 show the following Imports: Year. Pounds. Tons. Value. 1885 2,050,089 1,025 $ 30,568.92 188G 2,747,952 1,374 3C.1C2.80 1887 4,140,297 2,070 52.302.7C 1888 5,970,271 2,988 100,879.20 The sales of fertilizers fur thu past four years by thu two fertilizer companies operat ing lu Honolulu lime been as follows: 1904 11,732,470.00 1905 1,974,235.00 190G 2,300,023.00 1907 2.383,195.00 Authentic figures of tho amount sold to the plantations by fertilizer companies In San Francisco aro not to bo obtained, but closely estimated at about $75,000 per an num. In addition to this, ono sugar agency Imports approximately $100,000 worth of nltrato of soda per annum. Great Irrigation Systems Developed. Irrigation: Irrigation by Mountain Streams. When the growing of sugar cune was first started on these Islands tho plant ings wero made on tho windward sldo of thu Islands to take advantage of tho ralnfull, nnd It was not until somo years after tho Inception of tho Industry that It became evident thnt tho rainfall was not regular enough, excepting In somo fow plnccB, to produce tho best results In cano culture .,-, ,, -," '.V7U ' it' Territorial Public Schoolhouse at Lawall, Kauai. The Kalaheo Homestead School. country It becamo manifest that thu subject of fertilization was one which uiUBt bu work ed out In largo measure for each Individual plantation. Not only must tho needs of tho crop be taken into consideration and weigh ed with relation to the quantity of plant funds stored up In tho soil, but tho form In which thu various fertilizer Ingredients and heuco tho first attempts at Irrigation were accomplished by damming up tho streams and leading tho water out by means of ditches to tho head of tho cultivat ed lands. Ono of thu most striking features in con nection with Irrigation und tho conserva tion of mountain water Is the extraordinary productiveness of some of the Island water sheds. The Walhee shed on Maul, with nn area of about four square miles, yields u dally minimum flow of 17,000,000 gallons, und the Olokelo shed on Kuual, with un nren of about eight square miles, yields a minimum flow of 40,00U,000 gallons, and u mean flow of 70,000,000 gallons In 24 hours Kach of theso water-sheds Is particularly and favorably situated fur precipitation with brush covered steep slopes aud with almost daily rainfall. Nearly all tho Hawaiian streams respond very quickly to rainfall, rising and falling quite steadily, while those with a good dense brush covered water-shed hold the volume In streams almost constantly above u certain minimum. The first ditch for thu Irrigation of cane was dug nt I.lhuc, Kauai, nt u cost of about $7,000 ill tho year 1857 Thero wero no en gineering difficulties. The results wero dls appointing nt first, due to thu Ignorance- lu applying the water, but later oxpoilenco made t.lhtto on eof the bust paying sugar plantations In tho islands. The Hamakua Ditch. In 1870, under the Inltlutlvu of It. P. Iluldwlu und S. T. Alex ander, n company wus formed to bring wu ter from the windward slopes of llaleakala to the Haiku, Pala nnd Grove ltnnch plan tations. The ditch was 17 miles long, with a dally capacity of upwards of forty million gallons. It Involved crossing precipitous gorges up to 450 feet in depth, Inverted syphon riveted pipes, of a diameter of forty inches being used. The Hawaiian Commercial Ditch. The next "big ditch" to bo dug was Into the samo territory, but below tho Hamakua ditch. It was financed by Claus Sprockets and engineered by II. Schusslcr; was thirty miles long, with a dally capacity of fifty million gallons, discharging at n head of 250 feet. In 1900 this ditch was Intercepted near Its head and supplemented by the Lowrle ditch. This ditch has n dally capac ity of sixty million gallons, und delivers water onto tho cuuu fields nt an elevation of 450 feet. The Walhee Ditch. Several years later tho Hawaiian Commercial Company built n ditch from Walhee to its cano fields, reach Ing almost to Maalaca Hay, about ten miles, from which an average dally How of 35,000, 000 gallons Is obtained. The Makawell Ditch. No further develop ment In ditch building took placo until tho establishment of tho Makawell plantation in 1890. This ditch was over fourteen miles long. Including 7,040 feet of 40-Inch riveted steel syphon pipe; 1,013 feet of tun nels; 14,018 feet of flume five feet wide by forty inches deep, nnd delivers 35,000,000 gallons per day at an elevation of 450 feet. Ditching After Annexation. With tho ex ception of a short ditch from Maunawlll to Walmanalo, with a dally capacity of 4,000, 000, thero was little ditch construction un til nfter annexation In tho Bummer of 1898. The Olokele Ditch. Tho Hnwallnn Sugar Company (Makawell) added the Olokele ditch to Its water supply In 1902-04. This ditch Is thirteen miles long, through an In accessible congeries of gorges and preci pices, of which eight miles consists of tun nels, seven feet high nnd soven feet wide. It lias a dally capacity of 00,000,000 gallons. The Koolau Ditch. In 1903 tho Hawaiian Commercial Company nnd tho Maui Agri cultural Company combined to extend their old ditch through Koolau and Into tho No hlku district. This reglou is ono of tho best watersheds In tho Islands, but Is such a tangled maBs of deep gorges that It had been previously deemed unavailable for economic use. Tho samo engineering tac tics were adopted, however, that had proved so successful at Olokele. Although the ditch Is only ten miles long, it crosses 38 valleys, requiring that number of tunnels through tho dividing ridges, tho shortest being 300 feet nnd the longest 2,710 feet long. The total tunnel length Is seven and one-halt miles. Tho tunnels are seven feet high and eight feet wide The ditch has a dally capacity of 85,000,000 gallons. Extension of Hamakua Ditch. Coincident ly with tho construction of the Koolau ditch tho Hamakua ditch was extended to meet It and tho old ditch enlarged, to a capacity of 60,000,000 gallons per day. The total length of the ditch, from Nahlku to Klhel is fifty miles. The Honokohau Ditch. In 1903 the Pio neer Mill Co. constructed a ditch from Honu kohau through Kuanapnll, Maul, a distance of thirteen and a half miles, of which throe nnd a half miles Is tunneling, It has a dully capacity of 30,000 000 gallons. This plan tation has also mado n number of small ditches and done much tunneling for water In tho adjacent vnlloys, with great success, one 2,000-foot tunnel, nt nn olovatlon of 2,500 feet, having produced a dally flow of a million gallons. The Kohala Ditch. Tho Kohnln Dllrh Company, nn Independent water company, has completed a ditch from tho Kohala mountains through tho Kohala district, furnishing water to tho several existing plantations, with expectation of Irrigating n largo additional dry area toward Mahuko na. Tho first section of this ditch, about 1