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VOL. 28. NO. 32.
ACAO can profitably
be grown on only ft
small area of the
earth's surface. The
limit Is 20 degrees,
both north and
south of the Equa
tor, but water
takes up a large
share of this nar
row belt, leaving
merely a slice out
of America and of
Africa, with the
near-by islands, for
consideration. Prac
tically one-half of
the year's crop comes from seven
republics of Latin America adding
to this th*e amount grown in the de
pendent countries of America, it is
evident that the Western Hemi
sphere produces every year the larg
er part of the world's supply. The
list is again headed by those friend
ly rivals, Brazil and Ecuador, on op
posite sides of the continent, but
both south of the Equator they al
ways contribute a generous propor
tion of the annual crop, and lead or
follow one another closely, with
commendable perseverance through
the decades. Among the American
republics, third place in 1911 must
be yielded to the Dominican repub
lic, although Venezuela usually holds
it.
Thome, San (or Sao in Portu
guese) Thome, according to some
atlases and geographies, is not to be
confused with St. Thomas, in the
"West Indies it is a small island be
longing to Portugal, and lies only
166 miles from the African coast.
The area is but 400 square miles,
yet the cacao production is enot
mous, and Thome cacao sometimes
sets the pace and price in the mar
kets. Africa, it would seem, has
risen rapidly in importance since
the beginning of the twentieth cen
tury, for the Gold Coast, the Cam
eroon (Kamerun), and Fernando Po
have since that time become pro-
^EPS IN FRONT
1It aims to publish all the news possible.
8It does so impartiallyr wasting no words
3Its correspondents are able and energetic-
ducers. Fernando Po, by the way, is another in such toothsome
small island, of only 780 square miles, not far
from Africa. It was once Portuguese, but is now
Spanish.
The British possessions have become remark
able producers of cacao in recent years. In the
West Indies they include Trinidad, Jamaica, Gren
ada, St. Lucia and Dominica in Africa the Gold
Coast and Lagos, while in the far east is Ceylon,
which seems to specialize in crops that appeal to
the unalcoholic tastes of the modern.
The principal constituents of the cacao bean
are: (1) alkaloids (2) starch and sugars (3)
albuminous matters (4) cacao butter, together
with various mineral substances. The alkaloids
are complex organic substances which are re
sponsible for the stimulant effects of cacao caf
feine is one of them, but appears in lesser amount
than in coffee or tea, and there is a variable quan
tity of theobromine, which is not very unlike caf
feine starch is present in the proportion of about
7 to 10 per cent, while real sugar (glucose), at
least in the bean'Itself, shows only about one-half
of 1 per cent, although the starch may be con
verted as preparation of cacao advances albu
minous matters about 8 to 12 per cent fats, of
which cacao butter is the essential, from 45 to
something over 50 per cent the mineral sub
stances are phosphoric acid, potash and magnesia.
Other analyses may be found or made, yet for
practical purposes this statement is accurate
enough. There Is a delicate substance called
"cacao red," which is a coloring matter, and this,
with theobromine, is said to give to cacao its
characteristic taste.
Such proportions of nutrient Ingredients are by
no means a perfect food. It may be shown that
100 parts of cacao nibs contain heat givers equiva
lent to 132 parts of starch, while the flesh form
ers present amount to about 17 parts or in other
^erms, one pound of cacao nibs is more than
equal in flesh-forming constituents to 1 pound of
lean mutton chop, but a pound of cacao nibs can
not be eaten or drunk at one timeit would be
quite indigestibleso that no argument can be
based upon its theoretic food value. The amount
of cacao butter, however important in itself, is
also of little service in this connection, although
it has other and much higher values in com
merce it would therefore be wasted if reserved
for food alone.
The great advantage cacao has over similar
substances, where also experience fails to sup
port theory, is the fact that, in the form of choco
late, where the fats are retained, the palatabillty
and assimilability of sugar mixed with it are very
much enhanced. Not so many years ago the drink
called chocolate was thought to be a reckless
dissipation for one who had no regard for his
or her,stomach. To indulge in chocolate candy
was quite as pernicious as to eat tomatoes, and
with quite as much reason. Tomatoes were once
declared a poison, but today they are considered
a very wholesome vegetable. Chocolate was once
an exotic and bizarre. drink, told about by trav
elers who had ventured into Mexico or Spain, but
today it is even ordered In the sick room, and,
at least in the form of ca,cao from which the fata
have largely been removed it Is considered both
digestible and nourishing. Candies and pastry
with chocolate were practicaly taboo to well
brought-up children, and the adult who indulged[
In Central America and Mexico the breakfast
food of the inhabitants from prehistoric times has
been a preparation of Indian corn with the
produce of the cacao tree this is made, into a
porridge called Tiste," which is agreeable to the
taste and nourishing, for a long Journey can be'
made upon it. In some factories it is admitted
that 60 per cent of their chocolate is composed of
sugar, and that they really sell sugar flavored
with chocolate instead of chocolate flavored with
sugar the sweeter the article the better it la.
liked, although the purchaser Is paying two"
prices for his sugar and is not getting what he
asked for. He is buying what he wanted, never
theless, a sweet chocolate, and the rule ft thus
..Imuran if illjli 11II I
morsels was ridiculed as a
backslider from the lusty diet of red meat and
potatoes, on which his pioneering ancestors had
grown strong.
What a difference the scientific study of
dietetics has brought about. Sugarthat is, car
bohydratesis now acknowledged to be a normal
part of human food in certain circumstances a
necessary part of it, and any way to get sugar
into the system so that it will be agreeably assim
ilated is to help nature to accomplish her proper
ends. The carbohydrates are the accessory in
gredients supplying energy to the body above that
which may be obtained from the proteids. The
harder the physical work an individual performs
the more proteid must he eat, and up to a cer
tain point the less sugar does he require but in
ordinary life the individual requires a dietetic
mixture of proteids, fats, and sweets, while un
der conditions in which muscular tissue has been
rapidly exhausted sugar has the faculty of restor
ing energy quickly, and therefore of making the
heavier foods accomplish better results. The
starchy foods like potatoes are useful in all dieta
ries, but when immediate results are sought, sugar
must be used.
Sugar is all right in itself, and commercial
statistics show that abundance of it is grown and
consumed. Yet plain sugar in a dietary will not
invariably be acceptable to the human animal he
must have his taste as well as his logic satisfied,
and nothing makes sugar so agreeable as a due
proportion of chocolate added. Ask any child
what kind of candy he likes best, and the almost
invariable reply will be "chocolate candy ask
an adult what kind of cake he prefers, and with
a somewhat ashamed remembrance of youthful
days, when to indulge in cake was a seldom per
mitted but frequently clandestine luxury, the an
swer is "chocolate cake." The schoolgirl makes
"fudge" as a proud and self-popularizing accom
plishment the soda-water fountain would go into
bankruptcy if the chocolate sundae were with
drawn from the list of attractions, and a chocolate
eclaire would be a common cream puff if the
brown layer were scraped off the top. Chocolate
candy is in some cases one of the first of solid
foods offered (of course only under the physi
cian's orders) to the convalescent from typhoid
fever and some armies supply the men in the
field after a severe march, or those exposed to
the exhaustion of the tropics, with chocolate
candy, by no means for the sole reason that it
will if only for the time being overcome, their
homesickness, but for the very dignified purpose
of meeting their dietetic wants by introducing
sugar mixed with chocolate into their systems.
fi^Mm^^S'^'.^^
'H&
ST. PAUL AND MINNEAPOLIS. fflNNySATURDAY: ^AUtHJST 10,1912.
proved that the cacao product is one
of the best known associates of
sugar.
As an inhabitant iof ,^he polar re
gions craves a fat of some kind, and
as another in the tropics enjoys his
fruits and his hot peppersboth na
ture hints in regard to dietso the
inhabitant in the temperate zone
consumes sugar and is unharmed
thereby, providing that there is no
Overindulgence. That explains why
so much sugar is carried from the
tropics to the north it is a food
necessity. It explains also why the
manufacturers of cacao and the
chief consumers are in the coun
tries where no production is carried
on. Proximity to the consumers is
a recognized rule in manufacturing.
The United States heads the table
of cacao users, for the, people num
ber the most, but in proportion to
population this country takes no
more, than its share- Germany,
France and England consume an
nually considerably quantities of
cacao, but Holland and Switzerland
use an amount far in excess of their
inhabitants.
Figured out in pdunqfe per capita,
the importation of cacao, for it
amounts to that, is quite striking.
IWJmm wJChe. United- Stetesl usj% akout one
year for each innsroitantr Germany
about three and two-thirds pounds
France, a little over one and one
half pounds England, about one
and one-fifth pounds Holland, al
most nine pounds Switzerland, a lit
tle over five pounds and Spain not
quite six-tenths of a pound. Much
of these quantities go into the prep
aration of cacaos and chocolates to
be used for beverages, but an ever
increasing total is manufactured di
rectly into sweets, dulces, and bom
bons, thus distinguished according
to the nationality of the people, or
what is called candy in the United States. The
United States imports quantities of cacao, choco
late and confectionery from European countries,
and itself exports quantitiess abroad, its markets
including every country in America, even those in
which cacao growing for export is an established
industry.
la may be prophesied that the time is coming
when the supply of cacao will not equal the de
mand. While there are untouched areas in Latin
America, in Africa and the East Indies, yet this
area is rather sharply defined and by nature lim
ited. It is not so extensive as might be guessed
by merely looking at the map, for the climatic
factors of temperature and humidity must be
favorable, or else the tree will not bear for com
mercial profit, although within a few miles of suc
cessful plantations. Probably America has larger
resources of virgin land than the rest of the earth,
and will always hold the lead in production. This
should surely be the case If improved methods of
cultivation and transportation increase the yield
and the profit from the crop.
The area for cacao production,,as has been stat
ed, is limited, while population iB growing at a
rapid rate, and in addition the value of cacao is
becoming recognized with greater clearness each
year. As is the case, therefore, with other great
staples of the worldfor cacao must now be con
sidered an agricultural staplelike meat, wheat,
corn and cotton, the price is slowly rising as a
larger food supply must be gathered for the
world's needs. By the middle of the century the
result may be expected that the supply*will be as
proportionately meager in relation to population
as it at present appears to be ample.
Existence on a cacao plantation can be health
ful and pleasant it is a tropical life, but the sur
roundings may be made thoroughly agreeable, and
the reward can surely equal the amount of energy
expended.
Much scientific study has of late years been
given to the botanical characteristics of the cacao
tree, the methods of propagating it, its diseases,
and the best manner of shipping and marketing
the crop. Since the success of- the valorization
control of coffee in Brazil, plans have been pro
posed to valorize in Brazil, and Ecuador also, so
as to prevent violent fluctuations in price and to
give growers some sense of security concerning
values. The outcome of the plans can, however,
be of only temporary commercial significance.
The essential status of cacao in the world's food
supply is bound to become progressively more im.
portant.
KINDLY MEANT
I I
Mrs. JenkinsMrs. Smith, we shall be neigh
bors now. I have bought a house next you, with
a water frontage.
Mrs. SmithSo glad! I hope you will drop in
some time.Everybody's Magazine.
AS TO AFFINrTIE8.
"Do you believe that for every ""man in the
world there is a certain woman! who is his real
affinity?"
"No. There are some mot ^ho would now
consent to be henpecked by anybody."
Defective Page
Archaeological Remains of Im
portance Found in Peru.
Region Near Lake Tltlcaca Excavated
and Tombs Are DiscoveredBody
of Princess Buried 8,000 Years
B. C, 18 Recovered.
San Francisco.Archaeological re
mains of vast importance to the crit
ical historian and anthropologist and
which contribute valuable new evi
dence, if not an entirely new theory,
upon the origin and history of races,
are being unearthed in Peru by treas
ure hunters and scientists, according
to Charles R. Kehler, an American
mining engineer, who arrived in San
Francisco a few days ago from the
land of the Incas. Mr. Kehler has
just completed a mining survey of
the region south of Lake Titicaca,
and while prospecting near Arequipa,
his Indian workmen discovered a
number of small tumulii, which proved
to be the tombs of people of an an
cient race.
The bodies had been embalmed in
the same manner as the Egyptian
mummies, and the tombs contained,
many statues and idols of immense
Interest in historic anthropology. One
tomb contained the mummified re
mains of a princess in an excellent
state of preservation. The body was
found in a sitting posture, with the
feet drawn up under the thigh and
the hands folded across the breast.
The body was wrapped in a long cloth
of the finest linen, in which had been
woven pictoral and hieroglyphical de
signs. The body was adorned with
a heavy gold breast plate, necklace,
wristlets and anklets, and carried un
der each arm a golden vase. One of
these vases was the deceased's cocoa
bowl, in which a quantity of the pre
pared cocoa leaves and lime still re
mained.
Professor Hiram Bingham, who is
at the head of an exploring expedi
tion from Yale university, has made
several similar discoveries, but what
is considered more important than
the treasure recovered is the finding
of a number of idols and images
which-throws hitherto unknown light
upon the customs and physiological
peculiarities of the people.
The tombs discovered near Are-
They belong to a pre-Inca race, either
the Chiapas, Sauaseras or the Hua
Ilas. Among the interesting images
brought north by Mr. Kehler, one is
of a god which bears a striking re
semblance to the early Coptic reliefs
found at Knossus, in Egypt. This
Idol Found Near Arequipa.
statue is about two inches in length
and Is made of equal parts of gold,
silver and copper, and is of exquisite
workmanship.
Another image recovered to which
attaches especial interest is the figure
of a man-god, the physical character
istics of which coincide with those of
the mummied bodies. It.also bears a
marked resemblance to the Egyptians.
The curved nose, running straight
from the forehead, eyes and thick
lips, are closely like the sculptured
heads which have been recovered- of
Tahutmes III., Princess Nefert and
of early Egyptian kings in limestone
at Karaak.
These images, together with the
methods of .embalming, the art ob
jects and household and industrial
Implements, it is believed, give strong
grounds for concluding that the civili
zation of the Egyptians of the historic
period and the ancient Peruvians came
from the same source, or that the
Egyptians got their civilization from
the Peruvians.
Navy Forming a Radio Corps.
Washington. The navy has be
gun the formation of a corps of ef
ficient radio operators. Under an or
der issued by Acting Secretary of the
Navy Beekman Winthrop the assign
ments of wireless operators are to be
permanent and the men must not, ex
cept in cases of emergency, be shifted
to other work..,
love for Children Halts Suicide.
Payetteville, N. CThe love for his
two little children, left orphans by the
death of their mother, caused Splvey
Bullard to change his mind in re*
gard to committing suicide as he hung
in space over a 65-foot chasm. Ho
called for help, and was rescued when
HOLD BIG FESTIVAL IN PERU
Holy Week la Celebrated by Religious
ProcessionBeautiful Floats in
Parade.
Lima, Peru.Semana Santa, or Holy
Week, is a week of preparation. Booths
dedicated to different saints are erect
ed and arches built at intervals from
the church to the foot of the Calle de
las Palmas, or Street of Psalms. On
Saturday the arches are decorated
with fruit, vegetables, live fowls, kids,
etc., and everything is got in readiness
for the great day, Palm Sunday.
Early Sunday morning the few re
maining things are added to the arch
es and the procession leaves the
church, taking its way to the booth at
the foot of the street, where they re
main for the faithftti to make their of
ferings until between five and six at
night, when the procession again fdfrns
at this booth and is accompanied by
soldiers, the band and a crowd of
people.
After they form there is a song by
the musical professor or singer of the
church, music by the band and they
start slowly, all carrying palms (young
Gathering for the Festival.
branches of sugar cane), in their hands
and waving them. All the music
played during this time was dirges.
On Friday night was the great event
of the week, the great procession, be
ginning at ten o'clock and headed by
three men, one of them carrying the
crown of thorns the second, the nails
which nailed the Lord to the cross
the thusdrr#fe\cock. that crew --This
trimmed and lighted containing the
image of our Lord so painted that
blood appeared to be on the forehead
and face. Very realistic it looked in
the semi-darkness.
Next was a float containing the Vir
gin Mary beautifully dressed in pur
ple velvet trimmed with priceless lace
and jewels, her long train held up by
angels. As the streets were dark only
for the lights on the floats and torches
carried by the crowd, who were all
dressed in black, and the procession
moved so slowly, appearing to mark
time and swaying from side to side,
they were more than two hours going
around two blocks.
On reaching the church the floats
were put within to remain till the res
urrection at 9:30 o'clock Saturday
morning. No train whistled, no bells
rang, no teams were in the streets
from Thursday noon. Even the chil
dren were told not to talk, for "the
Senor (Lord) is dead till 9:30 o'clock
Saturday, when the image is restored
to Its niche in the church and the
Lord is risen.Christian Herald.
FIND THE SECRET OF LIFE
Savants of University of Pennsylvania
Produce Guinea Pigs With
Serum They Make.
Philadelphia, Pa.Following up the
research experiments performed at
the Rockefeller institute in New York,
pathologists of the University of
Pennsylvania have completed a series
of tests which are amazing.
The scientists have found It is im
possible to produce animal life artifi
cially. The work is still in the experi
mental stage, but female guinea pigs
have been impregnated by an artificial
.solution, simulating the normal animal
Erich
xcretion, and from this there- has
en produced the true animal embryo
has grown to normal size and
been born as the result of this treat
-ment.
It was found a solution of water, 80
per cent, salts 12 per cent, and an acid
similar to the malic acid that is found
in certain forms of vegetable life,
would cause human tissues to grow.
When the fact was established, then
the men of science were ready to pro
ceed with their comparative animal
tests.
Several female guinea pigs were
Isolated so as to preclude the possi
bility of their impregnation by natural
methods. This solution was injected
and three of the animals gave birth to
guinea pigs, but they were consider
ably smaller than those born in the
natural way. Two of these artificially
produced pigs died,, but one is still
living.
Prisoner Escapes From Train.
Boston. Shots were fired in the
crowds at North station when C.
H. Dennison, a United States prison
er being taken to the naval prison at
Portsmouth, N. H., broke from his
guards, ran through the train, and es
caped. No one was injured.
Trip Cost $72^)00.
Madrid.According to a letter re
cently discovered at Palos, Spain, it
cost Columbus $7,200 to make the voy-
$2.40 PER YEAft.
FALLS AT
Writer Describes Wonders of Yo
semite by Moonlight.
Had Thrilling Experience When H
Ventured Back of Waters to Ad
mire the Dim V^led Grandeur
of the View.
Mr. Muir tells of an exciting ad
venture that once came unexpectedly
to him when he was enjoying the
Yosemite fall by moonlight.
"A wild scene but not a safe one,"
he says, "is made by the moon as it
appears through the edge of the
Yosemite fall when one is behind it.
Once after enjoying the night song
of the waters and watching the forma
tion of the colored bow as the meon
came around the domes and sent her
beams into the wild uproar I ventured
out on the narrow bench that extends
back of the fall from Fern Lodge and
began to admire the dim veiled
grandeur of the view.
"I could see the fine gauzy threads
of the fall's filmy border by having
the light in front, and, wishing to
look at the moon through the meshes
of some of the denser portions of the
fall, I ventured to creep further be
hind it while It was gently wind'
swayed without taking sufficient
thought about the consequences of its
swaying back to its natural position
after the wind pressure should be
removed.
"I was in fairyland between the
dark wall and the wild throng of
illumined waters, but suffered sudden
disenchantment, for, like the witch
scene in 'Alloway Kirk,' 'in an instant
all was dark.' Down came a dash
of spent comets, thin and harmless
looking in the distance, but they felt
desperately solid and stony when they
struck my shoulders, like a mixture of
choking spray and gravel and big
hailstones.
"Instinctively dropping to my knees,
I gripped an angle of the rock, curled
up like a young fernn frond with
my face pressed against my breast,
and in this attitude submitted as best
I could to my thundering bath. The
situation was quickly realized. How
fast one's thoughts burn in time of
stress! I was weighing chances of
escape. Would the column be swayed
would, ix come yet closer? My fate
"seemed to depend "on a' Breath"of
'Idle wind.' It was moved gently for
ward, the pounding ceased and I was
once more visited by glimpses of the
moon. But fearing I might be caught
at a disadvantage in making too hasty
a retreat, I moved only a few feet
along the bench to where a block of
In Camp on the Yellowstone.
ice lay. I wedged myself between the
ice and the wall and lay face down
ward until the steadiness of the light
gave encouragement to rise and get
away.
"Somewhat nerve shaken, drenched
and benumbed, I made out to build
a fire, warmed myself, ran home,
reached my cabin before daylight, got
an hour or two of sleep and awoke
sound and comfortable, better, no\.
worse, for my hard midnight bath."
TWO BOYS WHIRL ON SHAFT
Yell Till Machinery Stops, and Then
Escape Alive at
York, Pa.
York, P^.Caught by a belt in the
Kochenour flour mill at Mount Wolf,
Gilbert Beattie and George Knuedsen,
boys of the neighborhood, were badly
injured and only escaped death
through the prompt action of the
miller in shutting down the machinery.
Both boys were whirling upon the
shaft when their cries attracted at
tention. The Beattie boy had one arm
almost torn from its socket, and his
companion was severely bruised.
Girl's Long Swim.
London.A six-year-old girl, Freda
Pickett of Market Harborough, Leices
ter, swam across Dover bay from the
Prince of Wales pier, a full half mile,
in nineteen minutes. The child is
three feet tall and slight in build.
She uses a breast stroke.
Ground Glass in Their Food.
Gilbert, La.-rDr. P. B. Womble dis
covered an attempt to kill him and
his family when he found large quanti
ties of ground glass in biscuits served
at dinner, and also in the sifter and
4
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