2 CONDITION OF THE JEWS TO-DAY THEIR POSITION IS THE LEADING NATIONS OF THE WORLD AFTER CENTURIES OF PERSECUTION. ZIONISM WILL NOT SOLVE THE JEWISH QUESTION. BT RARRI MAT'RICE THORXER. I was Bitting one day last September in Rome before the Triumphal Arch of Titus, which the Rorflan Senate had erected to the con of Ves pasian in honor of his victory over the Jews. "With intense interest I studied the bass-reliefs on the Interior. There was the hero of it all — Titus, sitting on the triumphal quadriga, driven by the Goddess Roma. The seven branched candlestick and trophies taken from the temple were here represented. And there were the cap tire Jews bringing up the rear of this triumphal procession. I noted their bowed heads and de jected countenances. But something about these prisoners of war made me feel they had been vanquished In everything but spirit. Despite their lot, they looked proud as a Maccabean, serious like the Moses of Michael Angelo. The day was fast fading, yet I lingered on the •pot. for everything here was rich In historic associations. Yonder stood the Colosseum, ¦which once ran red with the blood of thousands of Christian martyrs, who died for the religion the Jews had given them. In the distance rose the dome of St. Peter's, symbolising, a* It were, the spirit of Judaism triumphant over pagan Rome. Further on lay the Appian Way, along which came "the little Jew" Ft. Paul, a prisoner. to Rome. The Forum stretched before me — I could see the Roman populace assembled; I could hear their shouts of Joy at the news that Jerusalem hail fallen. Near by was the hill on which stood the palace of the mighty Caesar*, those halls of splendor and crime now crumbled In ruins, the hiding place of bats. Yet that very day had I not seen near the Portico of Octavia. In the old Ghetto, the same race that had fought mighty Rome? It Is strange, this story of the Jews; it Is dramatic. Interesting and pathetic. THE DISPERSION OF THE RACE For thousands of years this race, whose history Is bound up with that of nearly every nation of antiquity, has survived. On the monuments of Egypt and Assyria we find them. Cyrus and Alexander knew them, and the story of Jesus and Christianity. Mahomet and Islam forms also part of the story of the Jews. And what are they doing to-day, the descend ants of the captives sculptured there on Tituss arch? Scattered all over the earth, we find the Jews to-day playing a more or less Important role In the destinies of the nations among which they live. Fully three-quarters of all the Jews of the world, or about eight million, have found their permanent abode In Russia, Austria and the Balkan States. In Russia the Jewish question Is not merely one of religion and economics, but also of race and nationality. The whole fabric of Russia's power Is built on a racial, national and religious basis, uninterruptedly developed for many centuries. The introduction of . a heterogeneous Jewish element into Russian na tional life was bound to meet with a violent repulse from the sovereign autocratic power, as well as from the people. The only European country (excepting Turkey and the Netherlands) which during the Middle Ages gave the Jews sufficient breathing space was the former king dom of Poland. When, with the partition of Poland, this great and solid mass, constituting almost one-half of the world's Jewry, became subject to Russia, the latter had at once to irrapple with a question for the solution of which it was less prepared than any other civi lized country Hence the adoption In rapid suc ression. on the part of the autocracy, of such extreme and diametrically opposed policies as was that of enforced assimilation under Czar Nicholas I on the one hand and of cruel ex clusion under his recent successors on the other. In Asiatic Russia there are forty-seven thou rand Jem's, chiefly descendants of such as have beer, settled from time Immemorial In Caucasia and Bokhara when these were still In the hands of ancient Scythians, Persians and Mongols. Being indigenous long before they came under Russian sway, the latter power Is wisely treat- Ing them on an equality with the other natives of its comparatively recent acquisitions. In •trange contrast to Its conduct toward the Jews of Holy Russia proper. IN SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE. It was under the guiding spirit of Disraeli's diplomacy that the recognition of the independ ence of the small Danublan principalities, creat ed by the treaty of Berlin in 1878. was con tltioned upon the full emancipation and enfran chisement of their Jews. While Servta and Bul garia, with their twenty thousand and five thou sand Jews, respectively, faithfully carried out their pledge In granting them equal rights the forty-fourth article of the Berlin treaty re mained a dead letter In Rumania. There antl- Eemltlem Is assuming its acutest forms. Its organized movement started aa early as 1802. on the alleged ground that rich Rumanian Jews did not contribute toward the raising of an army to fight against Turkish supremacy. Tr Greece, too. the situation of the Jews Is unsettled. Modern Pan-Hellenism Is a hybrid creature, born of a dream of its devotees to re vive ancient classic Pan-Hellenism, originally fathered by English liberalism for commercial and ideal reasons, and subsequently aided and abetted by Pan-Slavists who have learned to look upon it as a useful and helpful annex to their own Imperialistic aspirations. Two of these elements, the classic dreamers and the Pan-Slav let partisans In Greece, are decidedly anti-Jew ish, whereas the Anglophiles are more friendly disposed from combined motives of expediency, Justice and humanity The six thousand Jews of Greece (the majority of whom live in Corfu), are politically enfranchised since 1849. In Austria-Hungary, owing to the noble spirit and enlightened mind of Emperor Joseph 11, the emancipation era began to dawn for the Jew* as early as 1783, a decade before the outbreak of the French Revolution. In that year Joseph II abolished the ' Lelbzoll." an ig nominious poll tax. universally extorted from Jews in mediaeval Christendom to brand them as pariahs and outcasts With the early demise of the Emperor and the beginning of the reac tionary movement In Central Europe, following close upon the Napoleonic era, the political lib eration of the Jews was suspended until 1867. when their last disabilities were removed by the co-operation of a liberal government and a popular representative Diet, though already in 1848 an Austrian Diet, created and moved by the revolutionary wave of the times, had elected a Jewish preacher. Josef Manhelmer. as its president. TREATMENT IN* GERMAN STATES. -, We turn now to the classic home of modern anti-Semitism. Germany. By virtue of her cen- | tral position, »he was. In respect to the treat ment of her Jews, influenced favorably by the politically more advanced French and English people* and unfavorably by her semi -civilized Eastern no-lgnbora. Of nearly one-half million Jews In Germany, two-thirds live In Prussia, and by far the greater proportion in the quar- j tern formerly belonging to the kingdom of Po land. It was from these quarters, including the present provinces of Posen. Silesia and Prussia proper, that th« progressive Judaism, inaugu rated by MDtri Men3els»ohn, drew its vitality , and gained its impetus. It la rather strange that often among Jews a higher intellectual nnd spiritual life has gone hand 1n hand with polit ical oppression when such was not immoderate enough to crush out all national hope and in tellectual vigor. For th» West German Jews Frankfort-on-the- Maln had beon a religious and intellectual cen tre for several centuries. Many an embryo BGrne or Heine first saw the light of day. and breathed his last in the Frankfirt "Judengasse." as ha* many a renowned mediaeval Corypheus of Talmudlc lore and Jewish learning. The revolution of IR4R brought also to the Frankfort Jews a br»ath of freedom, and most of the Western German States and principalities ad mitted them to citizenship. Prussia soon fol lowed the example of South and W»st Germany respecting her Jews. Between IWM> and IW>9 Frederick William IV and the later Emperor William I removed all Jewish disabilities, and In the German imperial constitution, largely framed and consolidated by Jewish parliamen tarians, among whom Lasker was most con spicuous, there was left no trace of the medi aeval legal status of the Ghetto Jew. However valuable to the Prussian dynasty in particular, and to political German imperialism In general, the services rendered by Bismarck may have been, to higher German progress and culture the Russophile attitude of his policy. with its anti-liberal and narrow Protestant clerical spirit, provd a serious obstacle and hindrance. It opened the door to anti-Pemit lsm. spreading from Russia and Rumania over Austria and Germany, counteracting the tide of liberalism that had pwept over Central Europe from the west, and even investing the Occi dental strongholds of advanced thought with its retrogressive and barbarizing tendencies. Ftlll. the agitations of the Stoeckers and Ahl wardts are fast losing their hold upon the Ger man people at large With the disappearance of Bismarck's personal prestige, true German culture and spiritual advancement once more is asserting itself, and now bids fair to regain tr.e influence it lost with both people and gov ernment since the advent of anti-Semitism In the eighties of the last century. ENGLAND A HAVEN OF REFUGE. As to so many other heretics, so also to the Jews England has be^n an ancient haven of lefuge. Under the mild and popular Anglo- Baxon rule, a considerable number of Jews (exceeding ten thousand In 1200). had made their home in Great Britain, and lived In peace with th»lr Christian neighbor* The Norman-French and their Papal coadjutors bnught with them the Continental epidemic of persecutions, and fair Albion became Infected. In 1290 the cru sade against Jews reached a climax with their total expulsion from England, to which the "peculiar people" were not readmitted until almost four centuries later under Oliver Crom well. Though placed on the same footing as Catholics and other Dissenters from the Estab lished Chur«*h. they were in their economic, so cial and religious pursuits left in peace and al lowed to work out their own salvation. And coon we flnd them recovering the foothold they had lost through their expulsion by the priest ridden Edward I, and asserting themselves in th» social and commercial life of the people. The career of Sir Moses Morteflore <17**4- IKM) particularly exemplifies the assertion and rise of Jewish influence in modern England. The Jews of England were practically emanci pated by popular consent long before Parlia ment gave Its official sanction thereto. Ben jamin Disraeli HftOß-'Si), though baptized by his father when still an infant, never failed to take pride jn his Jewish descent, and public English opinion, far from resenting this pride, honored and respecte.l him for his racial fidelity. After J»ws had held minor municipal offices in important English towns, Mr. Solomons was fleeted in UH, the first Jewish Lord Mayor of London In IWR th* last political disabilities against the admission of Jews to Parliament were removed, and in IKA3 Baron N. de Roths child was raised to the first Jewish peerage in England under the name of Lord Rothschild. Great Britain and Ireland now contains about one hundred thousand Jews and some fifty thousand more are scattered all over the Eng lish colonies. Outside of Cape Colony twenty thousand Jews have, during the la«t few dec ades, settled In South Africa, especially in the Transvaal and Orange States They are chiefly Russian-Polish Jews. Anglicized in the London Ghetto, some of whom have made Immense fortunes in the diamond fields and gold mines. I EMANCIPATION IN FRANCE. The recent antl-Semltle movement In France te merely th» bastard child of the Franco-Rus ; Btan Alliance which, while still In Its embryonic state, lent a new impetus to the waning feudal clerical Influences still haunting the French na tional consciousness. In their mad assaults on the all-victorious liberal forces of the republic, these reactionary Influences are fast upending their vitality and losing whatever ground is etui left them among the ever decreasing ad herents of French medievalism. Of the seven ty-two thousand Jews who live In that country we find two-thirds in Paris. Though one may sometimes observe In Paris to-day "ft baa leg Julfs" written on the walls In public placM, It would still require the recurrence of many a Dreyfus affair before Jewish gratitude could forget the glorious part France has played In the deliverance of modern Israel from the mediaeval Ghetto with its misery, degradation and outlawry— a. hous» of bondage far worse than that of ancient Egypt. The first Jewish emancipatory laws In Europe date from the great national assembly of the revolution un der the leadership of Mlrabeau (1780-fll). fol lowed up by the Napoleonic epoch. Since then the Jews In Franc» have socially and politically become thorough Frenchmen and have played an Important part In national affairs. They have rapidly risen to political and military careers, occupying positions in the civil service and the army quite out of proportion to their small numbers. Under the regenerator of France after the Franco-Prussian War, I>»on Gambetta (1838 •B2). himself of Genoese Jewish extraction, Isfac Adolph Cremteux acted as Minister of Justice. He had held the same portfolio in the provisional government after the flight of Louis Philippe in IB4S. He was an ardent professing Jew. who, In conjunction with Moses Monte- More, founded the Alliance Israelite ITnlverftetie. an International Jewish Institution for the edu cation and betterment of the condition of the Jews In the -civilized countries in Eastern Europe. Africa and the Orient. Since 1848 French Jews have been members of the Cham ber of Deputies, Life Senators. Cabinet Min isters and generals In the army. In the de pendencies. Algiers and Tunis, where about eighty thousand Jews owe allegiance to France. French anti-Semites have recently made use of the religious fanaticism of the native Arabs and Moors to stir iip anti-Jewish feeling, But the French Government Is suppressing an agitation which might ultimately arouse racial and re ligious animosities against its new supremacy. IN OTHER EUROPEAN LANDS. Modern Italian science, literature and art count many a Je,v among their prominent rep :sEV~i«>±iK ,/AILY TRIBUNE, SUNDAY. ATKUJST 25. 1901. resentatives. and In the political field, too, Italian Jews have signally distinguished them selves as economic and financial reformers. Conspicuous among the latter is Luzzatti, Italian ex-Minister of Finance, whose eminent ability, skill and Integrity have won for him the universal confidence of all political parties and factions In the Italian Parliament. The history of the emancipation of the Jews In Italy Is correlative with that of Italy's po litical unification and its own spiritual emanci pation from the sway of Papacy. The enfran chisement of the Jews followed step by step the ad\-ance of the former and recession of the latter. Tuscany and I>omnardy set the example In breaking down the walls of tfceir Ghettos and liberating their Jews In 190 ft. Naples and Sicily soon followed in 1W»1. Then came the turn, in ISflfl. of the Ghetto Vecchlo In Venice, the re puted home of the much maligned Shylock, and, last of all. Rome itself, the Holy See. the centre, for a millennium, of religious persecutions and spiritual thraldom, opened the gates of its dingy Ghetto. In all of Italy's dominions Jews to- day are in possession of all civil and religious rights and liberties. Of its fifty thousand Jews the majority live In the northern and <»«ntr,il parts Switzerland. Belgium. Holland and Prandl navia have ne*n largely Influenced In the treat ment of their Jews, numbering about 125,000 In all, by their mightier BtlghsOW, Austria, Italy, France and Germany. These minor countries, having often themselves been victims of oppres sion at the hands of the greater powers, had been taught the 'esson of toleration sotnswhai sooner than th>> rest of medlieva! Europe, so that their Jewish population, particularly that of the, Netherlands (about l«»t.<»»», attained their freedom at a comparatively early date. Unfortunate Spain, the birthplace of Jesuit- Ism, once the home of Jewish and Arabian poets and p.ires. had been turned Info the dismal stillness of a churchyard by the body and sou] crushing policy of the church. Its Alma Mater, to which It has so long sacrificed Its best and highest interests. After Spain had lost nil of her glory and had been compelled to cede suc cessively the bulk of her world empire to her bitter enemies. Portugal, Holland, France and England, she appeared, at last, to awaken from her stupor, and since IW>S a new liberal spirit is gradually asserting Itself.' It wan In that year that the decree against the admission of Jew*, In force since the age of Torquemada, wag an nulled. Since then about 2,. r »00 Jew* have made Bpaln their home, coming mostly from Portugal, whither, owing to Its smaller commercial and industrial opportunities, but few Jews have been attracted. Throughout Spanish America, whither Jews could more easily repair and live unmolested by the Church of the homeland, over four thousand have gradually formed commercial settlements and appear to prosper. Upon the planting of the United States flag in the Philippines, both Anglo and Spanish-American Jews seized the favorable opportunity of Installing themselves. At present they constitute a community at Ma nila already amounting to a few hundred souls. Satan In the disguise of St. Torquemada, when he sowed the storm of the Inquisition In the Spanish Church militant, little li*.aglned that four centuries later Jews would Invade Spanish dominions amid the victorious shouts of "Hall Columbia." CONDITIONS IN THE ORIENT. And now a glance at the Jews of the Orient. "Whatever atrocities the "Unspeakable" Turk may have committed against his rebellious or seditious Armenian. Hellenic or Slavic: subjects or vassal States, he has always treated the Jews under his sceptre with humane consideration, and never denied them a shelter when knocking at his doors, stripped of their all and hounded to death by mediaeval Christendom. In the flour ishing era of, the Oaman regime Jew» held bi24-'74) as Duke of Naxos. The Jews of Turkey enjoy the same privileges of representation in the Divan, or Imperial Council of the Porte, as the Greek and Roman Catholics, although they have no power ful foreign Influence to back them. The present Sultan's Jewish sympathies ar.? well au thenticated, and may be testified to by the two Jewish Ministers who have successively repre sented the I'nlted States at Constantinople since IW*7. Nevertheless, the three hundred thousand Jews of the Turkish Empire, whereof about two fiftha live in the Eur >pean part, have econom ically and spiritually degenerated simultaneous ly with the decay of the once so energetic and promising Mahometan power. The extension of French and English influence over North Africa has been a strong uplifting power also for the Egyptian Jews, who had long suffered by both Christian and Mahometan fanaticism. To-day they are commercial}- very TIIIT COAST SIRVEY YACHT BAGR& Now at work on the Hudson River acthr* and serve as valuable agencies to the civlllzatory missions of the great European powers In North Africa. They number about twenty-five thousand. Palestine, th<» land of ancient Israel, the bat tlegroun] of th»» bloodlesi raHi! and religious ¦w.irs known In history, prase ntl a deplorahls picture, also. In repard t>> its Jews. Having tlm" and again bsen exiled from and forbidden I - to their native country by Invaders and mnquerors of almost every rare and nationality. only fort) thousand ar. 1 BOW found upon their ¦nclenl mother soli Christian religious Jeal- Ottsl**, ev*n more than Mahvnetan, have been ar.d Still are «t Wofk perpetuating the stag nancy In the development of a strip of land that appears to have no earthly value, nor to be of any material Interest to any but Its own or'glna! Inhabitants Their economic status Is of the very lowest. We see there about twenty t\o thousand huddled together In the dirty Jewish quarters of Jerusalem, wasting their llf»" In i'He religious lip service, and supported. In a way. by the charity of pious Jews from nil over the world. But since IRSO a change OVER TFTE DRAUGHTING BOARD. On the after deck of the Eagre. for the better Is being effected through the rise Of the Zionist movement, that received Its chief momentum from Russian persecutions. The progressive Jewish element UMrjbj Introduced Into E'aU-stlne at once began to cultivate the. land that had lain waste for centuries. By the aid of Jewish philanthropists whose Interest had been enlisted in the growing movement several agricultural colonies have been called Into life. They contain at present about four thousand so Us. originally hailing from Russia, Rumania and Oalicla. The seventy thousand Jews of Arabia. Syria, IftfopotMßta and Persia live in a precarious state, which is being relieved by the gradual advance of European civilization Into these oacc glorious homes of ancient culture. The same Is true with Morocco*! two hundred thou sand Jews. Much cultural work is being done then* through the educational efforts of the Alliance Israelite Unlverselle. In the middle of tho last century about thre* hundred thousand Jews, called Falashas. most likely descendants of Jewish-Arabian tribes that flourished before Mahomet, were discovered among the natives of Abyssinia. Again, some Jesuit Tilsalonarles chanced upon a ftw hundred native Chinese Jews at Kai-FVng-Fo, the ancient and now to be rendopted capital of the Celestial Empire, in the Hoo-Nan Province. But for the efforts of Anglo-Jewish residents at Shanghai In rescuing this castaway remnant of Israel It would have fast become extinct. LIBERALITY IN THE WESTERN WORLD. And now let us follow the wandering Jew Into the New World. Through the philanthropic efforts of Baron de HAnc.h the republic, of Argentina hits grown Into considerable slemlflcance to the Jews of Russia. The Jewish Colonization Society, founded by h'm and endowed with his millions, has since th» eighties succeeded in transferring about ten thousand Russian Jews to the agricultural settle ments in Argentina under a special contract with the government. The gr-»at difficulties of Importing large numbers of so radically foreign an element into the sparsely settled country appear to have been overcome at last. and. ¦ r»cent reports are to be trusted, the Russian Jewish farmers are becoming rapidly acclimated In Argentina, and are doing good work In de vf>!npinp: their new homeland. The status and economic position of the Jews In the United States peculiarly reflect the feat ures of the westward march of progress. Of the one million Jews in the United States one third inhabit New-York State; Pennsylvania and Illinois have about ir?O,or when their na tional unity was rearing Xl dissolution COSMOPOLITANISM t »R NATM >NAM3M" The Jews of to-day are lacking many of the advantages necessary for their national regen eration. Their very cosmopolitanism stands In the way of their nationalism. Instead of having given a centre, a solid geographical and politi cal foothold, whence the movement could draw its \'ltal powers and where Its efforts >f unifica tion could converge, there is given a large num ber of politically and Beographlcally disconnect ed sections of a circle held together only by an historical and spiritual central force. The ever potent Issue of "To be or not to be." it would seem, resolves itself for Jewish nationalism Into the alternative of either a narrow uncompromis ing and self-absorbed spirit, indifferent to other and larger world interests, the assumption of an attitude of selfish national egotism on the one hand. or. on the other. th-» final and irrevocable adoption of a policy shaped by the iron logic of Its history, a broad all harmonizing Ideal cosmo politanism, ready even to suffer national anni hilation if necessary for a world's redemption. Xcto-3frocn d&ufr!i»emrnts. if£W/yy&^ Monda^Sept 2, on which day, „- ... from 6PM to 11 P.M., the Public will beaffoT-cLed, , an, opportunity to inspect • Our Beautiful New Home. l£ ffiorvughly fireproof, "Perfectly Appointed^, A Monument to Enterprise . Up to August 312* we griphlc survey extends from shore to thore th« water being traversed by a launch or a whale boat In parallel lines at given distances asm and soundings taken at short intervals and can* fully recorded. The same territory Is then ton. ered as carefully at right angles, with ooundnss at equally frequent intervals. The map oftka survey Is. therefore, divided into small squares with the soaindlngs noted by red dots and th» depths and character of the bottom accurately noted. It is plain that by this method the only obstructions that can possibly escape discovery are such as are small enough to Me wholly witMa the parallelograms bordered by the crossed lines of soundings. The topographical part of the mfc consists In accurately determining the contour at the shore and the altitudes of its sky Use for A given distance Inland, and of the Muffs bordering the water line at all points. The Eagre will remain near Os»lning another month or more, and will then again go South for the winter, continuing the- survey of Porto Rlcaa waters for a distance of elarht miles from Us beach until next summer. Visitors to the st's generally comment before leaving it upon h*r orderliness and scrupulous cleanliness. She a) » pplck and span as any private yacht in the waters about this city. She Is 1» feet ovtr ail. 10 tat beam, and has a draught of 9< 3 feet. Two new steam vessels are under constrnctiet for the- service — at Port Jefferson. Long Irhzt. and the other at Shooters' Island. J 2CriD-.3er.Bfn dbnertisemrnts. A^kfcMSve. orzfer -foprthis week.. ¦^gry „ WtaleOerive ha.Oe to carryover with Usui i&soiurffeit; Building tyvffill+be transferred