ytaWT r j Vi > 83WttB 33 W8flnHMoBPMMnWflNJT W 3p IRpHF f frv
1 11 ci11r W r v nir1rjqr r pnr rrqr y YUVr JVU rv IJ J2 aliT THTTHE IHTg
g THE SUN SU SUNDAY SEPTEMBER 28 1002 i
sow YEW NEWThe HOOKS HOOKSThe OUKS OUKSThe
The lewhti FnoyolopinllB FnoyolopinllBThose FntcJop FncycoptdtaThn dla dlaThOll
Those Thn who Inspect the th second volumo voum of of7A of1hf oflh
7A 1hf Itifiih Jetr h Knryelopadin Punk A Wag Wagnails W WlI Wagtuilli
lI nails llI Co II will find fll1Illl1 In it confirmation of the thegeneral thegflwral thegntraI
general npproval nppro commanded cmmandlll by Its Il predn predncossor prl pridicoor
cossor or In a notico notc of th Lhn Initial InltLI volume we wepointnd weIJQIIIIOI 0 0PQIIIOI
pointnd PQIIIOI out Uw tl principle prnclplo on on which the work workwas workva
was va 1 to 1 1 > 8 compiled complll There Ther has hal boon Lln no nomaterial nonarlal nornfrrlil
material narlal departure dlputur from tho thO thov principle prnepi on onthe 01 Oilthf
the th part par of Ui tt thi editors Ilo in i the volume before beforeu roro roroU
u and tha th judgment Judlmct discretion dlcrto literary lltoraryfCleieney Itorary Itorarylacncj literaryefeiticy
fCleieney lacncj and learning loaMII exhibited by thu thucontributor thocJtrlhutorM thuot4trjbutorM
contributor cJtrlhutorM deserve delrve high h IJh IJhThe h comninndHtlon comninndHtlonThf commnndutlonThl
The Thl subjects ubjt liero her Iler treated trtod l begin lgi > with withApocrypha withApecrb withApocrypha
Apocrypha Apecrb and iid end with wih Benaah 1InMh tho thoname thoIln thoiiarne
name Iln of a I CabolUt Cbal of the thl early Iarl part pa of tho thorUliUHinth thoIht theeIIt
Iht eIIt rUliUHinth < entli nth century ontlT Among Amlnl the many my top toplot topfC toplea
lot fC of Interest Intfrt to nonJewish readers rPdor we wewould wewoiid e eould
would ould direct diret particular prlou attention alntlon to tf t thoe thosediscussed thoeudnr thoettiMlIMtd
discussed ucilar udnr suoh IUM headings hfldlgs as af n Apo Aposlacy ApotICY ApotLicy
lacy tICY Aramaic Aramlo Arabia Aabia Aragon Argon Ari ArianNni ArlAnl Arilitll
anNni Anl litll and Mliroolona Aristotlo rlotlI In II Jew Jewish JuwI JewIbIs ¬
IbIs I h JJtsrature IJtrltul Assyria AMya and Id Babylonia BabyloniaAstrology BabylonlaAstrology ahlonla ahlonlaAtrololY
Astrology AtrololY and ad Astronomy > ronomy Auto Alto da daFd d dF ciaFo1
Fd F Fo1 Bad 1r and ad finally fnI The Thlilautilul ThlilautilulIn Beautiful BeautifulIn
In JewUh JII1 IJtoraturo IJtoraturoA IJterlur IJterlurjrlt lJteraturogrtt
I
A great jrlt dinl AI of ff f research r alh I embodied Imholod in intin II Inthi
tin 1 nrtlcln arlcl entitled ltdeI Apostacy ApMtc and aniittt Apos Apostates ApOMtllt ¬
tates tllt from rrm rein Judaism Judlm by Dr Ootth Ooth1 Gutthil > > ll and andDr andDr andDr
Dr Kolilor Iohlr Thu Th authors point rnInt out Olt that thatIhotorms thlt thltIh thatthe
Ihotorms Ih the tlrlU trin which hlrh wthava Wt hao quoted which of ofroiir otror ofroUro1nro
roiir roUro1nro onro far taken tlkl directly dlrtly from thu tIl Greek Greekant Grlk GrlkAm Ortkaru
ant uwil III in I 1 Maccabees Iacah the theanii Scptunglnt ScptunglntFind HptlnRlnt HptlnRlntRnd
Find Josephtw Jo plll to designate 1 llnato desertion dll cieiertiondesrtcrs rtn and anddeserters anc
deserters dfMrtr from th tho faith tBlh of Uraol Ira Tho Thospostnoy Th ThAIO TbRloPtnoy
spostnoy AIO tACY of the th high priest Jon to which whichreference whlhrtlrfno whIchreferiice
reference rtlrfno In l made IlrO LM II II 1 Maccalioes laccabci filled filledtho llil llilthl filledthe
the thl Jewish Jrwjh peoplo with wih horror and ali hatred hatrednnd halrlll halrlllInl hatrediiitci
nnd Inl his hi fate K flrw IPrvd > rved < JIM a n 1 warning warnln to others othersThe oth othhl othersTIi
The TIi hl outspoken hostility ho llty of tho Syrians Syrianshowever 1ylam 1ylamhow Syrianhowever
however how II r under undtr the Soleucid Heuci monarchy monachy to totho totho toI
tho I ho law 13 of HIM thl t he 0 < od < xl of Israel hrll1 proved If Ifdangerous I isc iscdargrou < M Mdl
dangerous dl rou to tho thl th Jewish pooplo than tho thoallurements th thalurmlltl LitaiIuronwrit
allurements alurmlltl offered olred In Alexjuidria AIxlu1lr by Greek Greekphilosophy Gftk GftkphloophY GreekphIlosophy
phloophY philosophy nnd nd suhseciuontly Ruh qucntl by Hoinaii Hoinaiipomp Homa tomanP1
pomp and power 1lr In tills thl city ciy there was wasevolved WMeohl wn wnevolved
> evolved eohl a tendency tlndnoy to break away awn from fromancient trol fromancient
ancient Jowlah Jowfh customs nnd and nd to take a wider widerview whlrIew wldrview
view Iew of life Ir Orfttz in 11 his h HUtory ltory of the thoJewn thnJIWt theJowi
Jewn JIWt maintains 1lntaIIM that the thl third book bok of ofthe ofthe ofthe
the Maccabees lac4hcf wan wa M written rltlu for tho purpose purposoof purpOo purpOoof
of protecting proh thIR against aRaln t tho many may examples examplesof Hnmplt
of npostncy npOtncy presented pl nlld at Alexandria Allxadrln in the thntime thotlml thetime
time of Caligula Cldljua Tho destruction d tucton of the theTempln th thTpmplo theTmpIe
Templn by Titus not only Increased tho fol follower tol10lrl follower
lower 10lrl of Paulino Paulno Christianity ChrlMtllly but gao gavognostic gaonoMtc gavegnostic
gnostic noMtc sects Ict on a opportunity opport uniy of winning winningadherents winningBdhrentR Innln Innlnadhprtnll
adherents adhprtnll among discouraged dlMcourR1 Jew JOWI When Whentbo Whentho Whenthe
the last efforts IIort at rebuilding rthuldlnR the Ternplo Ternploand Tlmploanc Trnpleand
and the Jewish tate ended In disaster dlS ter and andIn andIn andIn
anc Intl
In the persecution Pr eculon of the JOWB JOI who observed observedtho obervtd obervtdth ohervecIthe
the th Mosaic Law many mllY of tho new Christian Christianconverts Chr Chrb4lzuiconverts tla tlaconvtrtl
converts convtrtl from tror Judaism Judn m became utamo informer informergainst Intormprl Intormprlgaln informersagaIntt
gainst galn t their brethren hfthrNl In order ordlr to Insinuate Insinuatethemselves In indnuatotliemelvv lnuato lnuatothemhlllnto
themselves themhlllnto into tho favor of tho tIl th Roman HomansAH Homas HomasA RomanA
AH A a typical n apostate port at n who from being a ngreat aIrMt agreat
IrMt great expounder of the law IIW had hccomn hlro an anopen al alopn anopen
open opn transgressor t ml grl or a teacher tlachlr of false tal I doc doctrines coc cocItinll doctrifles ¬
trines Itinll and a seducer dur or betrayer 1myor of his hi co coreligionists torliginn1Is 0 0flglonl ¬
religionists flglonl t the t hn Talmud singles ingl out ElUha ElUhabon Fl Elishahen ha haIln
bon Iln Abuyah known n nH Aher Ahlr changed changllnto changllntoa into intoanother intoanother
another a nol hr one on HI 11 iIi4 Gnosticism Gno t lclm made maco him hima
L a c determlne < prmln1 < l antagonist anlalonl t of the th law at the thevery thewry thevery
very time 110 when Roman persecution prfullon tested testedJewish trltPI trltPIJewlMh testPilJewIh
Jewish loyalty loyalr to the utmost Itmoll On tho thowhole thowhnll thewhole
whole whnll however howntr the relations tllatlon between the theapostates thoapltatl theapostates
apostates apltatl and the faithful observers obllrvtrs of the thelaw tl thelaw
law remained nnmlnl tolerably good until lnt 1 t tho ho fourth fourthcentury touth touthIntlr fourthcentury
century Intlr A P when hpn the Christian Chriltian Church Churchhaving Churh Churhhalnl Churchliaing
having halnl become hcro preponderant prppndlrant In the Ih Ilomnn IlomnnStnte Homn HomnStntl flomanState
State Stntl directed dlftPI tho zeal MI of her converts convertsagainst convtrs convtrsajlllnt convert8againt
against ajlllnt their thtlr former brethren brethtln While lle tho thoSynagogue thoSynagoRue theSynagogue
Synagogue was Wa wa prohibited prohlbltf from admitting admittingproselytes admting admtingproflytl admittingproselytes
proselytes proflytl all al possible plble honors honor were ere con conferred cn cnfCrl conferred ¬
ferred fCrl upon upn Jewa that joined Jolno tho Church ChurchAn ChurchAl ChurchAn
An Al apostate nptatr Joseph by name a former formermember fonnerllrber formermember
member llrber of the Sanhodrln Snhrdrln of Tiberias TlblrlB was wasraised wasraised al alral1d
raised ral1d to the dignity of a Comes ComM by the theKmperor thefmpror theEmperor
Emperor fmpror Constantine COltantlnl In reward for hi hiapostncy his hisaptacy hisapctacy
apostncy aptacy That many rny Jews abjured ahJurf their theirfaith theirtalth theirfaith
faith only to escape cap tho pennltlcw JMIIC enaItics prescribed prescribedfor
for transgressions tran rHiol of the Jewish law la I In Inferablo Inflrable inferable
ferablo flrable from a decroo dctP of the Emperor Empror Area Arearilus Are Areadius
rilus dh demanding dtmanclnl an investigation Ine > IRaton of each eachapplicant Mchapplcnt eachapplicant
applicant applcnt for admission aIIIlon into tho Church Churchas Churchal
as al a to his hi moral and ali social standing ItandlnR In Inthn InI Inthe
I the th Bywntine DY7ntno Empire under Leo UO the Isau Isaurlan bauan Iaunan
rlan nan an attempt atompt was WW made A forcibly to con convert convert on onvlrt ¬
vert vlrt the Jews JewI and many mn of them thtm became becameoutwardly bame bameoutwar becameoutwardly
outwardly outwar ly Christians Chrilta1 while whie secretly Iretly cretly oh obforvlng ohfrlnR ohserving
serving frlnR the Jewish Jewlh ritos rlM It Is I ii pointed lntll out outIn outIn outitt
In tho article artclo before us that tlt to none non of theso thesowas thp thsewa o of
f was wa al the term apostate ap8tatn applicable applch10 In tho thostrict thol thestrict
strict Itrct senso Inlo of the word wor Neither Xllther would wouldIt
l It be correct corret to enumerate in the list l1t of ofapostates ofapltatl ofL
L > apostates apltatl those tho Jews JOWI of Spain Franco Irne and andother al andother
1 other countries countrlol who at one on time tme or another anotherdropped anotherI anotherdropped
dropped many Talmudic statutes Itatutpl but later laterreturned lalerI laterreturned
I returned rtturnld to the fold having meanwhile mMnwhlert mMnwhlertmalned meanwhileremalned re remained ¬
malned followers tolower of the law Ilw of Moses 101 The Thoname Thenamo Thename
I name apostate l Ilcnmo became > ocnmo a term of bitter Liter re reproach rt rtproach repreach ¬
proach when baptized baptize Jews used ul their theirpower thei theirpower
power to malign malgn and Injure their former formerbrethren formerhrfthrtn formerbrethren
brethren hrfthrtn pwer It Is I an Interesting InterltlnRI but not notperhaps nt notperhaps I Iprhap
perhaps prhap surprising fact that many of the themost themost themost
most rigorous rl orouf Spanish Spanlh Inquisitors lnluilorl were weredescendants werodltndantl weredeseenciants
descendants dltndantl of convert cOnerlrd converted od Jews JewsToward JewI JewsToward
Toward Islam from the outset tho Jews Jewstook Jewl Jewltook Jewstook
took an n attitude atituc0 somewhat Imchat different dltcrrnt from fromthat fromI fromthat
that which they adopted 1lopt d toward towar Christian Christianity Chrltlan ChrltlanIty Christianity ¬
ity It I Is II well wel known knowl that a number numbr of ofthe ottho ofthe
I the Jews in Medina were tre among lmon I the first firstconverts firstconverts rt rtcnvct
converts cnvct made by tho Prophet himself himselfThe hllll hllllThe himeifThe
The Jews while they tho rejected rtJottd Mohammeds Mohammedsclaim Mohammedsclaim lohanmos lohanmoscaim
claim caim to prophecy agreed agl11 with him In tho thofundamentals thot thefundamentals
t fundamentals fundamentall of his hil faith In the twelfth twelfthcentury twclth twclthOntury twelfthcentury
century Ontury many mal enlightened tnlahttn1 Jews JOWl joined joinedIslam Joinedt joinedIslam
Islam Ilam owing partly party as 1 Irfltz thinks to tothe tothe tothe
t the degeneracy degeneray which Eastern FAlter Judaism Judaismhad Judailm Judailmhad Judaismhad
had experienced exprltnrl and anl partly prtly to tho wonder wonderful wonter wonterfulsuCJ wonderful ¬
ful fulsuCJ 8UCOW8 attained atlied by tho Arabs Arabil In becom becoming bom bomInK becomlog ¬
InK a world power Whrn the Moslem Moslemfanatics MoslemranatC Moslemfanatlea
fanatics ranatC known si a Almohados AlohadO Unitarians Unitarianswept Unitran UnItariansswept I IeWtpt
wept eWtpt over Fez and ad southern uthern Spain Spai no nochoice nochol nochoice
choice chol was left to most mOlt of tho Jews but butthe butthe butthe
the adoption adopton of Islam Illam or death d ath Many Manyof
of them thor consequently onMquontl submitted submit to out outward outI outward ¬
I ward all conversion cnlflon Unlike Unlke tho apostates a Otat0 to toCllrlstlanlty toCHristanity toChristianity
Christianity CHristanity the apostates apstatt to Islam Ila ex exhibited e cxhiblted ¬
hibited hlbltli no great Ireat animosity almoltr toward towar their theirformer tholrformer theirformer
former brethren Tho reason rtaaon for thto thtodifference thbdlteeno thu thudIerenoe
difference dlteeno of temper tempr Is II undoubtedly uodoublely to t l be betoud befotMd > e efoiMd
foiMd toud In the comparative toleranc tolerance which whichas whch whchA
as A a a rule Mohammedans Mohammedan had shown show to tho thoJews thoJtws theJewa
Jews Jtws I IWhat
u IIWhat
What wo W was the relation rlaton of tho Aramaic Aramaictongue Aramaictonluo Aramalotongue
tongue tonluo to t the Hebrew language and litera literature ltem ltemlurt Uterature ¬
ture lurt This Thil question qUfton Is examined tamlno in i the thabook theLk thebook
book Lk before hroro u us by Dr W Bachor Professor Professorat
at tho Jewish J6wllh Theological Seminary Sminary In InBudapest Innliapt inflhllapest
Budapest nliapt but a 1 consideration conIderaton of thn Ara Aramaic Aramlic Arantaio ¬
maic mlic versions ersloll of tho Bible Dble Is reserved rsro for forthe lorthe forthe
the third tllrd volume of this Encyclopedia EncyclopediaProf Encyclopdia EncyclopdiaProto
Prof Bachor points poit out that of all ni Semitic Semiticlanguages Smlto SmltolanRla Semltiolanguages
lanRla languages e the tl Aramaic Arlmalc Is II most mOlt closely closelyrelated closelyrlatNI closelyrelated
related rlatNI to tho Hebrew and forma with wih It Itand Itand itand
and possibly with wih the Assyrian lyrln the northern northerngroup norther northerngroup
group Jroup of Somltlo mltlo lenguages ItnguaRe In spite 8pl of ofthl ofthl oftIii
thl affinity amnlt Aramaic was wa 1 regarded rglrdl by tho thoancient thoalclflt theuiclent
ancient alclflt Hebrews Jobros OH a a foreign lorel < n tongue tonguennd tonguetd tongueand
and td a hundred hundrd years roaT before btor tho Babylonian BabylonianKxlle Dahylonlln DahylonllnBxle flabylonianExile
Exile Bxle It was W understood only by people peoploof poplo poploor
or culture culur In I Jerusalem Jlrllpm Aramalo never nevertheless netr netrthtleu nevertlelesR ¬
theless thtleu wax wa destined dOltnld to become bre Israels Israelsvernacular brall Israelsiornaciilar
vernacular ornacllr tongue tonluo but before Ilfor this thl could couldcjornn cul couldeome
cum about It was WA necessary ICary that th thnational thMlonl the thenational
national Mlonl Independence Indpplndnc should Ihoulll bo L destroyed destroyednnd dtroyl
and that considerable ldrrablo section of tho
nd cn IIt01 peo people pr peol ¬
l pie should shoull b j be removed nmlovlt from their homes homesIn h oml
In Palestine latll How low long lonl the process prO of ofAramnlzntlon ofh
h q Aramnlzntlon Aramalaton lanteil Is I not known hut butbout
t I bout the year jllr W 1 Q B C Aramaic Arnlalc makes makesIts mall1 makesUi
Ui Its appearance apparnlO in Jewish literature literatureTho Itornturo Itornturo11u litoratureThu
Tho 11u author lutor of Chroniclw Ufcca U a source
l11ruuc 8 8tl
tl
In i whIch not only oily documents dolllnt concerning concerningtha cncnln cncnlnthe
the history hltory of the th Second Hend Temple Ttlplo nre nr re reproduced rrprduc reproduced ¬
produced prduc in tho original orlglnu Aramaic Amlalc but the theconnecting th thconnltlng 11wconnecting
connecting connltlng narrative nratln itself I I t N I written wrlll In InAramaic II inArainAle
Aramaic rnAll In th ti time 1m tint of AntlochuEpiphany Anllchl Antlochu AntlocliusEpIphiuie
Epiphany Eplphlll tho th I he author althor of lt the lu I Ii Hook 1ulk of ofDaniel otDanIel utDaniel
Daniel begins IIIM hi hL his narrative In II Hebrew Hebrewbut lhTw lhTwhut Ilhrwbut
but who WI inn hi h Introduces Intrduti lot 10IILCIs tho th t ii Babylonian Babyloniansage 1Ihyloniun Iialtyloiitittisages
sage 1 and scholars shoarl a as speaking Aramalo Aramaloto Allalo Allaloto
to the tl King lilli he hI continues cntnuel his hI history hl tory In InAmnmlc In4tflfluIC
Amnmlc 1 mllo The Thl employment 1I1110Yl1nt of tho two twolanguages t Ilanguages 11
languages ln uagl In the tht tlteiuu Blbical 11bl11 book hokl would of oflt ofIII of1telf
lt III 1telf lf Indicate that the th drcl tirciss Irll n In II which whichand wlMhald whichand
and ald for which tho documents IOlllltl wr written writtenwere wrlln wrllnWt1 writtitere
were Wt1 ere blllngual bllngual Prof Prlt Hacker 1acklr recalls fal HIM HIMfact t tliuutaut h htaot
fact that in iI thn t th hl time tlm of the thl Second Temple Templeboth 1111 1111both Tmllboth
both Unguiges lnguljs were Wf in common COlmOI UM II to in inPaltvitlne il toPalestine
Palestine Palltlll th the Hebrew Jlhfw In the t h academies academiesand acn ncadtmltsand lh lhad
and ad in I the thl circles cr 1 of th the learned Ilrll the th Ara Aramalo Aralalo Aramale ¬
male lalo among smon the tht lower clashes cia elas In the th Inter Intercourse Intlr IntlrOIN laterOOtlNk ¬
course OIN of dally dlv life It The Aramaic con continued Iln Ilntlnul1 rolltinUtd ¬
tinued to spread III d and all bocume LUII the custom customary customI customary ¬
ary I popular popuar Idlum l lul though not lot to the th com complete 101 101pletu coinPlete ¬
plete exclusion lcuslon of tho hebrew ItLrw Rvcn vd0 on In Intlioso IntIO inthose
those tIO field IIH however when Hchntw Hemw re remained roo remaineci ¬ I
mained mle the th dominant lomlft tongu it was Wa deeply deeplyInfluenced dplyInllenr deeplyinfluenced
Influenced Inllenr by Aramojo Proto Bacher 1acher has hasno tils tilsno hasno
no doubt that It was WI in 11 Aramalo Amlalo that Jo Jophua JOphu Jsu Jsuphus >
phua phu wrote his hi book on thu Jewish JewishWar Juwl JewishVar h hWar
War beforo Iloro ho wroto It in irwk That ThatJosophus ThatJUfphu ThatJwophus
Josophus used the th Aramaic Amlalo is II pronounced pronouncedevident prlounc vronouneedevident
evident Ident from trol from the r rtIOI reaon anon ho ht assigns aolln namely namelythat laley laleythat namelythat
that he hi desired llr to tl make lako tho first INt attempt attemptIntolliglblu nllmpt nllmptIntolglble attemptIntolUgiblu
Intolliglblu Intolglble to the Parthian Babylonians BabyloniansArab 1lhylollllM 1lhylollllMArh lbihylonlansArabs
Arab Arh the lows Inw living Ihllg beyond uyond tho Kuphru Kuphrut Iuphra IuphraI
t I Lus s and tho lnh Inhl ln1usbtants uitants > of AdUbonp dOnl Tho ThonldeMt ThooldMt TheIllest
nldeMt literary Itiry monument munulplt of the Aramal Aramalzatlon Armal Armalzutlon Ararnalzation
zatlon of Israel would Iw h the Targum TaljuI the theAramalo thl theArainaio
Aramalo Armalo version rlon of tho Scriptures SrlptuTI < s were it itnot It10t itnot
not 10t that this thl received its It I final fnal revision revisionin T1lon T1lonIn
in a somewhat onllwhat Inter la r nge Igl tug According Aeordlnl to toProf tllprr toIrot
Prof prr Bacher chfr it could ul1 not 10t have been long longafter IlngIdtcr kugafter I
after Exas J la day dl that tha tho niKwixIty f lt mado 11110 It Itself hIf It54If ¬
self If felt for the supplementing Mlpplclcntng of tho thopublic thopublo tltcupublic I
publo public reading of the Hebrow lthf text xt of Scrip Scripture Srlpturo erip eriptore ¬
tore In tho hvnagogiio nagoRlo by a tranlation trnIaUnn of ofit ofit ofit
it Into tho Aramaic rmall vernacular ralllar Just as asthe af asthe
the thl translation Irn lnton of the Scripture lt IAon lcsoiu > son for fortho rortho fortho
tho benefit hnett of tho p < > opln ° ll ° assembled nmhltiln in tho thosynagogue thoyalo thesynagogue
synagogue yalo uo had to bo 0 In II Aramaic Arlalc w s > alt nl ad addnsmM adtf addresses
tf dresses dnsmM and am homilIes homllp hinging hhljllg upon upn tho thoScrlpturo thoRcrlptur theScripture
Scripture Rcrlptur had to Ix I In the th saute Ialt language languageThus lanIUall lanIUallThu languageFhus
Thus Jivus Jlou and his hi nean nal nearest > t diwiples dillpl s Ipokl Ipoklrnlalo slmkcuAranuale > okti oktiAramalo
Aramalo rnlalo and Ind taught taulht In It although nlhuulh prob probably prolahly probaI ¬ I
ably aI > ly they were wer also conversant cnwNnt to a certain certainextent certainextent rtln rtlnexlnt
extent exlnt with Cireok CireokWhen GreelcWhen rt
When tho Second Honc Temple was wal destroyed destroyedand c1 lro pd pdand
and the thl last remains rtmahll of their thllr national ntlonallndo Inde Indepomlonco lint lintpitlerico
pomlonco 111111 had perished IwrlMhtI tho til th Jews In Palestine PalestInoand Ialltn Palestineand
and Babylonia had become IUlo almost ah10Mt com completely complttly coinIIetelY ¬
pletely plttly an Aramaic Arllalc Artunaicspeaking i Iaklni > eaklng people Jlple Jlplemll A Asmall Auuniuit
small mll section frctlon of lt tho Jows JOWf spoke Greek Greekhabitually Ortk Ortkhabiualy reek reekhabitually
habitually habiualy and In the Arabian Mabiln peninsula peninsulathere Inln jeuiiisuu1atiter ula ulathef I
there thef wore w < r Jewish tribes trlht that spoke Arabic Arabicbut AmIhut Arabicbut
but the Ihl former tormtr tended trncll to succumb Ilccumh to Chris Christianity ChrlMtlanly hrls hrlstianity ¬
tianity tlanly and tho latter Ilttr in the end to Mam MamAramaic I IlatnAraniatc lal
Aramaic Armaic was tho language lanRua t of that majority majorityof Irljori
of the Jewish Jewl h rae me > which was wa of historical historicalImportance hl lulitoricalimportance torl < al alImportan
Importance ns al retaining rttllnlng and developing developingJewish ctwloplnl devclouingJewish
Jpwl Jewish h law and tradition tmdllon In II the th academies academiesof acadmll acadmllof
of Palestine Pallltlno and Babylonia hylonll which after afterthe artrth aftnrthe
the th destruction clptructlon of Jerusalem JtruNn became lcall the thefoclof thotol thefoci
foclof tol foci or ofJcwlsh Jewish intellectual Intlfctuall life tho Aramalo Aramalolanguage Ma1 Aranuniclanguage 10 10lan
language lan ual was 11 not slow In penetrating 11llrtlnl and andeventually andoIntual andeventually
eventually oIntual brcimo uecune tho th t1 medium medlul of debates debatesnnd dlatIM dlatIManr ileluntesand
and anr lectures Ioturl Tin Fit h use UlO of any Inr tongue tnnlu hut hutHebrow hutHehrow hutHebrew
Hebrew for prayer prIr wo wn for a time tim opixjwd opixjwdbut OPIIIIhut OiPOStlItiut
but in tho thl end Aramalo Armllc was wa cm cmployed uiiupleyedl I Iployfl
ployed ployfl to n certain INta11 extent even I en for forthis forthll fortiuis
this thll purpose purI For more than a thousand thousandyears Ihouland Ihoulandyrl tluousndyears
years yrl Aramaic Armalc remained rlmalnll the vernacular vernacularof rnacularot
of Israel IIm1 until unti the th conquest of tho th Arabs Arabsproduced Arll ArllprOuC trabsproduced
produced prOuC another anotllr linguistic Inullc change chln e By Bytho ly lytho flythe
tho beginning hllnnlnl of tho th ninth Ilnth century A I IIn D DIn IIn
In districts l trlct where the thJlw theIrws Jews had har previously previouslyppoken prlou lreriOtlhlYspoken ly lypken
spoken pken Aramaic Aamnlc only Arabicspeaking ArabicspeakingJews
Jews Jew were to bo found Arabic Indeed Indeedas Inded IndedI
as I tho dally daly language of the tll lows now nowheld nowIlh nowlucid
held Ilh sway throughout throu hout north nrth Africa Arlca and andSpain Inll InllHpaln andSpain
Spain Thenceforth Thtntrorth Aramaic Armaic lncamo Il0am in a acertain artaln acertain
certain rtaln measure mlMUre a second Ieonrl holy tongue tonguonext tongul tongulIJt tonguenext
next IJt to Hobrttw In tho religious rclllou and lit literary lt lterlry literary ¬
erary erlry life lte of lt tho Jewish Jtwl h people Especially Especiallyto E Iclay Iclayto
to the th Tnrgum Targm or Aramalo Armalo version rlon of the thoScriptures theSriptures theScriptures
Scriptures Sriptures did tho religious rljloul sentiment Ipntmfnt pay payhigh 1m 1mhigh parlutgh
high regard rtgard even Icn after the thl It work had tlII coawfl coawflto cus1
to l ho > o useful 11lrul as a vernacular eracular translation translationof trlklatlon trlklatlonot
of the Hebrew Hpbmw original orlKlnl and had itself Islf como comoto comoto comeId
to Id require fulro translation trnslation Tho use u of Ir tho thoAramaic thoArrlc theAramato
Aramaic Arrlc as I a literary Iterry language lanRlRo was wnf revived revivedin flwd flwdIn
in tho socalled ocale 7x 1har > hnr which became tho thomost thomOlt themost
most mOlt Important textbook of the Cabala Cabalatho CnlJla CnlJlathn aialathe
the Butt nhlu of mystical Ylt11 speculation puaton Beforo Beforoleaving IwforoItavlni fleforoleaving
leaving Itavlni this thll topic we should houlc note nolt that thatwhile thatwhlo thatwhile
while the Palestinian Talmud and tho tiu
whlo Palrltlnln tl Baby Babylonian Bal Babylonlan ¬
Ionian Talmud contain cntain tho most abundant abundantand ahundantald aluundantand
and ald Important remains rtmaln of tho Aramalo Aramaloliterature Arlaio ArlaioItertuo Arantaicliterature
literature Itertuo neither 10lth r of these tht compilations compilationsIs cmplatol
Is II entirely an Aramaic Aramall work A Alar Alarproprion largo largoproportion largeproporilon
proportion proprion of their materials is I couched couchedIn cOlchld cOlchldIn
In tho New Hebrew Hlhrew which hlh had hallun undergone undergoneAramaic undergoneAramalo lrgonu lrgonuAraato
Aramaic Araato Influences InfluencesThe Inluen d dThe
In InThe
I
The relations relaton of the thl Jews to the ii Arabs Arabsarn Araharn Arabsare
arn expounded Ixpoundtd In oviral articles nrtdl respec respectively rsc rscthply respeetively ¬
tively entitled enltlt Arabia Aahln ArabicJewish ArabicJewishPhilosophy Arhlcewlsh Arhlcewlshphlolophy AralulcJewishPhilosophy
Philosophy phlolophy Arabic I lnluajo Langtuage inguago Among AmongJows AmongJOWI AmongJews
Jews JOWI Arabic rhle Literature of the Jows Jowsand JOWMand Jowsand
and Arabic Philosophy Ihlolophyla PhilosophyIts Its Influence In unco on onJudaism onJudaIm onJudalstn
Judaism JudaIm In connection coruu ctlon with tho three threolastnamed throlaltnmed threeinstnamed
lastnamed laltnmed articles artcM should Ihould bo b read the thoarticle theartlclo lii liiarticle
article by Dr A Loowenthal IOwtnthal on Aristotle AristotleIn
In Jewish Jewl h Literature LiteratureIn Llcrturl
In the article atcln on ArableJewish Philoso Philosophy phloso phlosophy PluilosopIty ¬
phy Prof Ludwig Stein Stoil professor Jorl IOr of ofphilosophy ofphlolphy ofphilosophy
philosophy phlolphy nt tho University Unhpiy of Bern Bernoattributes Jtrn Bernattributes
attributes atributtl the thl cold col and almost hostile hostileattitude hOtlo hOtloatiude hostileattitmie
attitude atiude of Judaism Jldalm toward towall philosophy philosophyto phlo ophy ophyto
to the fact that every cry religion rlllol based hnd upon uponlaw uponInw uponlaw
law Is II necessarily nlCIrly authoritative aUlhorltatvo in Its It I utter utterances uter uteranC utterances ¬
ances anC Other religious T1plouI systems Yltml had to tothink tothink tothink
think out for themselves thlmwhts a foundation for fortho tortho forthe
tho world in Judaism JudllHm one was M ready rrad to tohand tohand tohand
hand An account acount of tho origin orRln of tho thouniverse thounlvt1 titounIverse
universe unlvt1 was a posited Illd at tho very ery beginning beginningof h llnllnJ
of tho Hebrew Bible Dble Moreover Iolotr of nil nilancient al allancient
ancient religions relplonf Judaism was wa tho only onlyoptimistic onlyoptlml8tc onlyoptimistic
optimistic optlml8tc one on Thin It rain Ian to pass passthat sassthat I
that their thtlr faith rlith sealed 1111d for tho Jews JIW all al tho thosources thofQurCM thesureesi
sources fQurCM of philosophy phlolophy Tho aversion aellon of ofJudaism ofJudalm ofJudaism
Judalm Judaism to philosophy phlolophy Is I exemplified txemplfpd In the thoclrcumstanco thnclrcuttnr thecircumstance
circumstance clrcuttnr that when hen Jewish Jtwllh Hellenism HellenismIn Hllenllm HllenllmIn
In Alexandria AI Xndrll evolved not only fitful Itul stars starsof starsof tMI
of small lal magnitude mnpnltude but also allo a great Rrtat and nndenduring andnncurinK and andenduring
enduring nncurinK luminary luminry In Ihllo Ihlo It was wa B rudl rudimentary rudlmentar rudlmentary ¬
mentary mentar Christianity that thlt blossomed hlOomNI forth forthIn rorthIn forthIn
In response rcpnlo to tho JewishHellenic JnwhJtIIolc doc doctrine doctrine doetrlne ¬
trine of tho Logos JuclaUm Judalm remained rlI1nNI en entirely el ciitirely ¬
tirely troly uninfluenced unlnlulntd by the Phllonlo Phlonlo philos philosophy phio phioophy philosophy ¬
ophy A proof of this thll lack of Influence InfluenceIs InlhwncoII
Is II that tht Malmonldes Maimonldtltho Maimonicleatho tho solo 1010 Jewish Jewllh philoso philosopher Ihlolo ihllosOphor ¬
pher of tho Middle Ages Ale who had a full fullappreciation tul fullappreciation
appreciation apprlaton of the historical hiltorlcni sequence Stqulnc of ofhis orhil ofhis
his hil faith falthImew knew as a little Itl of the existence existenceof exltcnr
of Phllo Phio as A a of tho works orkl of Josophu JophIS Ac According Aocoring According ¬
cording coring to Prof Stein SItln all al medlaival molll Ju Judaism Jualsm Jodaism ¬
daism remained rtmolncll In Ignorance IRnornco of Phllo Phlloeven Phio Phioeon IhUoeven
even Ibn Jablrol whoso hol relation relaton to Plato Platowas PintoM lititowM
was M Identical Idlntcal with wih Phllos phloI not suspecting suspectingthe
the existence of the thl Alexandrian Allxan rlan thinker thinkerIn
In the th article Irtlclo on Aristotle Aristote In Jewish JowlshLiterature JowlhLleraturo JewishLiterature
Literature Lleraturo Dr Loowonthal Lowtnthal assorts that thatalthough thatalthouRh thatalthough
although earlier frler Jewish thinkers were werounquestionably Wlreunquestionably wereunquestionably
unquestionably acquainted ncquliltod with wih Arts Artstotlort ArIHtoto Mi Mitotion
totlort toto philosophy phlolphy Abraham Ahrham Ibn Daud DaudWIO
1160 was wal the first Irlt Jewish philosopher phlolopher to toacknowledge toaklowlotgt toacknowledge
acknowledge aklowlotgt tho supremacy of Aristotle Arlstotlelanlsm Ariltotle AriltotleIlnlsm Aristotleianiem
lanlsm Ilnlsm From his hi time tmo until untilonl long after that thatof thatof thatof
of Malmonldos 1lmonl ol 11351204 13S120H Aristotelian Aristotelianphilosophy Arlstololan ArlstololanphloOophY AristotelIanphilosophy
philosophy phloOophY occupied the foreground torrgrould of ofHebrow 01Ifhrw ofIlelurew
Hebrow Ifhrw thought thou ht only on I again to yield Its Itsposition Il Itsposition
position lton gradually Iratual to Platonism PlntunlHI under uldr tho thogrowing tl tlgrow1IR tlu tlugrowing
growing grow1IR Influonco InOInl of the Cabala It is iscertain II IIcrtain Iscertain
certain crtain that hut for the wrvlcos ItrlIC of the thnJewish IhoJfwlh theJewish
Jewish translators tranMlatol of Aristotle tho mental mentalculture mlntll mlntllculur mentalculture
culur culture of tho Western Wtpr world orhl could scarcely scarcelyhavo larclyhao scarcelyhave
have taken tuktl tho direction which whch it did take Uikoand tlO tlOad takeand
and ad certainly Cralnl would not ut have proceeded pracC ld at lt
the rapid rate rail which hlch was wal made pos posthrough Jlble Jlblethrough possible possiblethrough
through tho lit agency nglny of the Humanists lumanlstf and andof andot andof
of tho Renaissance Rflal < lce The ArabicJewish ArabicJewishphilosophers ArableewlehIhlo ArabicJewishphilosophers
philosophers Ihlo opherl worn wer tho Humanists lulanlsts the theagents theagent theagents
agents of culture culur ctuitureof of the th Middle MiddleAges Ages Agt They Theyestablished Theyeltablshn Theyostabhislued
established eltablshn and ald maintained Ililltalno a bond bnd of union unionbetween unionltwen unionbetween
between ltwen the th Arabic A philosophers physicians physiciansand
and poets 1tl on 01 the one hand hane and nne the lAtin LntlnChrlrtlan ItlnChrltlal lAtinChristian
Christian Chrltlal world on al tho other Such Jewish Jewishthinkers Jewhthlnkpr Jewishthinkers
thlnkpr thinkers and Iml and scholars Iholrs as n fablrol Mat MaimonldeM Matujuorildes lal lal101I
monldeM 101I and 1111 Crescas CrtlaR not only Illumined IlluminedthoMi lullnlll lullnllltho Illuminedthor
thoMi thor nwters mIIT of Christian Chrlstlnl scholasticism scholasticismAllxrtuM IeholaltlclHI uchoinuticisinAlisrtuus
AllxrtuM Albtru MagniiM agnu and Thomas homn Aquinas CUIII but buttheir huttplr louttheir
their tplr light IKht has ha ixnetralod Illetratl1 deeply deply into tio tiophilosophy tll tllphlosuph tueIluilosopiu
philosophy phlosuph of modern 10cllrl times 1ls tint Leibnitz Leibnitzspeak Ilhnlz Ilhnlzk Leibnltzspeaks
speak k with wih no 10 little Itll rocpect r Iol of Malmonldos Malmonldosas lalmonldlsallot
as allot does Spinoa Spllnzl of Crescas lrlao Dr Loowentlml Loowentlmlremind IoIwtnlhnl IoIwtnlhnlrllld loewentlualrenuiwis
remind rllld us UI ii thot the Arabic Arhlc expounders lxpuudtr of ofAristotle otArltotlu ofAristotle
Aristotle leavened 11 1Inl1 his hil views Ie more morl and andmoro and10ro andtutor
10ro moro with wih wit It monotheism 1010thIMI uulOitlt iteisin and ali thus thul t through throughnow thrl t hrotigitiues h hIV
now IV Interpretations erluret ations and constructions constructionstho cnltrucloll entst rulci kuius kuiusI
tho th I ito heathen hlatlln character of his hl philosophy philosophywon phlolUlh phlolUlhWR
won WR uts gradually Jralualy refined nl away awa With Wih nil nilthe al allt
the th t hi attempts atluptl at t eznpts however of Malmonides Malmonidesand lalllllclll lalllllclllII hal iuiotuiles iuiotuilesand
and II of his hi siiccestor fUellnr levi 1011 bn II CIr Jcrson erson on to toharmonlo luhlrmonlz tohuarmoni
hlrmonlz harmonlo Judaism Ju < ll m and an Arlstotollanltmi Arlstotollanltmithey Arlltotlallll
they could not lut fall fiI to awaken in discerning discerningminds dllernlng dllernlngmild discerningnutods
minds mild tho conviction conlctol that such endeavors endeavorsblurted endtavors endtavorsltalttd endeavorsbtnrttd
blurted ltalttd from rrOI wrong ron premises premisesThe prtmlsl prtmlslThe premisesThe
The extent IJIlt to which Jew have contrib contributed contrlbIhd contrihiitttt ¬
uted Ihd to Arable rult literature ItNntul will wi bo found In Indrilled Incut indcuted
drilled cut d in 11 an ni article artco by Prof H hirsch Hlrschfeld Irlch Irlchftld hirschfeld
feld ftld A number nlmlJr of Arabic poems pO11 and prose proseworks pr prwlrks proseworks
works wlrks on 01 tho ho subject of Mleslttlres htlllltnl arc arccredited aroorfold arecredited
credited orfold to te Jewish Jpwl h authors luthoT What Wha will wllur wllurprl stir surprise stirprie ¬
prise prl l mnny pornons IIrHons no fewer ttwr than t fortylive fortylivetBl torYIt fortythvetales
tBl tll tales > M In the Arabic collection coUclon entitled Intll1 Oni OniThousand OIHhou ns nsfluotusand
Thousand hou all and all Ono 011 Nights Xh ht have ha been beentraced h1 lueentraceil
traced t ract to a Jewish J I h editor lior of n 1 Caireno Calrtl 11 tdi tdiLion ll lltlon
Lion ton and < M I V Chain hau Iuauritt 1 In in a recent fcent treatise treatisehas tfat treatisehau
has t11 that fifteen In Inserted Inurtd
suggested u frtlc other othr were Wf ¬
serted rtd though thoulh not written writen by h him Among Amongthornbio monl moiu moiuthe
thornbio the mblo taU taks n attributed nlrihlhd to toJfwlh toJewish Jewish authors authorsnro aulhoT
are arf the th Story of All Al Cogla tho Story of ofAhdnllah Ir Ir1llllh ofkiuirulhutlt
Ahdnllah 1llllh Hascan lallan of Bnssorah Blsorah and andThe Ind IndTho andThe
The Seventh nth Vnyago oyage of lt Sindbnd Hlulhad In tho thoInsorcolled tho1I theiuusorchleii
Insorcolled 1I oClld Prince rlnlo the Pen lerl transforms transformsfish tranlrorm tranlrormsh
fish sh of different ditrtnt colors colorf Into tho former in inhabitants Inhailantl inhabitants ¬
habitants hailantl of H I city ciy the thl yellow 010 fish h being beingturned heln helnturnld beingturned
turned turnld Into Jews Je because blau o the th Jews JIW of Egypt Egyptwore Elypt Elyptorn Egyptwore
wore orn yellow Ilow badges hadlrM owing owlnp to tho pact pactmado pactmad pactmache
mad with wih Caliph Calph Omar OnH niar M 1 De D Cloojo Cloojohas 00cmlies ojl
has hallntendrd contended that t the th framework frlework story of ofthe ofII
the th II Arabian Arlhlal Nightstho Xllhtthltny story which makes makestho makl makeshue
tho Queen Qupln Shnhrazid avert ar her execution executionby excllon excllonh
by h I telling tlllnl tales talet for one thousand and anI I ono ononights 01 onenights
nights Is II substantially Ilhltanlnly Identical Idlntcal with wih thnt thntof thntor tiuttof
of Esth E th er erTho
1 Lv LvThe
The Th article urtllt on Assyria AIhra In this thl volume volumoIs 01110 01110II
Is II by b Dr J Frederic rPIprlo McOurdy cCurcl Professor Professorof Irorl or
of Oriental Orcltal Languages L1nuaRI In tho 1nlvorslty 1nlvorsltyCollege lnllty tnivershtyCollege i
College Cully Toronto and that on tho relation rtlation of ofAssyrlology otAIyrlolol ofssyriology
Assyrlology AIyrlolol to tho Old Testament Te tlllnt by Dr DrI
I M I Price Prie Professor ProtlMOr of Semitic Hmllc lan languages JI Langulagus ¬
guages Ila and Literature IIIratuf In the th University lnltr lt of ofChicago n ofCiuicngo
Chicago Chl < no Dr Price Irlo shows howl that In the thoknown Ihnknown theknown
known cuneiform elnitortn documents columlntl relating relatlll to toAssyria tntho tous7iut
Assyria us7iut tho names nnwf of ten Itn kings klnp of Israel Israeland Ira1ald Israelarul
and ald Judah have been hpln identified IdntI pc Thus Thuswo Thul Thuswe
wo learn Irnr from one of theso thl documents documentsthat Iloumntl
that at tho Battle Jath of Karkar Iarkar S51 5 B BShalmant I C CShalmal7r C CShalnianezer
Shalmant Shalmal7r Shalnianezer 7er II had to face tlC among amol othr otherWestern othrWthr othrVestern
Western Wthr forces torc 2001 2 chariots Ihlriot and lOnoo lOnoomen 10010 10010ml lOfltwnwlI I
men ml of Allah Ahahor of Israel lIrt The Th Old Testament Testamentdoes Ttarnl TtarnldOI Tstarnentdess
does dOI dess not ot mention this I hli II hatl battle nor lor give 111 any nnyintimation 11 anyitutirnatlon
intimation Intlmalon of Its I disastrous dlltrou results rtul The Thesame Th ThMme Thesame
same Assyrian rlan king klnl In his hi record of a cam campaign eutnupaign < 11 ¬
paign patjn prosecuted twelve years Iar later says saysAt la lat saysAt
At t that time tlll I received rrpItt the thl tribute j of the theSyrians thl thu thuSyrians
Syrians HrllnM the th Kidonians and al1 of John JIII the thl son sonof 10 10or sonof
of Omri OIU Prof Irt Price Prie suggests IUII tl that Jehu Jehutho JpII Jebuuitue
tho th son Ion of Omri Orrl was waluld used in the sense lno of ofsuccessor orIuccIor ofsuccsor
successor IuccIor to Ahab Allh on the thl throne throl tiuroonof of Israel IsraelIn IIrall IIrallII IsraelIn
In II the th latter latpr half of the thl eighth century centuryB tntury tnturyD
B C Tlglathplleser Tlglathplfr III Il recounts rPunl in an anextant anxtant anextant
extant document duumtnt Nineteen Xlnlhon II district trlctl of ofthe otth ofthe
the th city et of Hamath lamath together tOjlthtr with lh the tht th towns townsIn t011 townsIn
In their circuit crcui situated on the th sea Il of the thopetting thetlnR thesetting
petting tlnR sun un Ithe the Mediterranean MlllrrnranJ which In Intheir Inthllr intheir
their thllr faithlessness ralthlllsntA had Joined Arariah A7arah I Irestored Irltorll Irestored
restored rltorll to tho lIt territory terriory of the Land Lanl of ofAsshur orAf8hur ofAssluur
Asshur In another alot her cuneiform clneltorm fragment fragmentit trlment trlmentIt
it isrtatodthnt is stated that thlswasAzariah thIMwl t huhsvas Azarah Azariah thoJudonn thoJudonnIn thJudanJ732
In J732 732 73 B C C C tluisarno thllal the same Assyrian King Klnicaptlf captured capturedDamascus captuurjDamascus
Damascus Dama u nnd mode mldf Samaria feel his hil ven vengeance wnIlanc pn pngeance ¬
geance Ilanc One of the Lii Kings KlnR1 records rconll records says saysPekah ly lyPlkah saysPlmlu
Pekah Plkah their King IlnR they overthrow oerhrow oven lurew Hoshea HosheaI loha lohaI
I appointed over them thnr In a list of petty pettytributary pety petytrlh11nry pettytributary
tributary trlh11nry Kings In of the east IaMt coast of tho thoMediterranean tho1tltlrranlan timMelherraneuun
Mediterranean 1tltlrranlan Sea n Tlglathpllesor Tlglathplqr III IIImentions 1 IIImentions I
mentions mlnlOnM Ahuz of ofJudah Judah The next ItXt definite dcflnitostatement delnln delnlnItntlrnt definitestnteinnt
statement Itntlrnt relating to tho Old Testament is isfound Isround Isfound
found In the th > records fordf of Sargon Hlrlon II 1 who Is Ismentioned II ismentioned
mentioned mpntonl but Lit once OICO in tho Old Testament TestamentIn
In tho first frlt year ar of his hil reign 722 i2 B C CSargon CSrlon i iSargon
Sargon Srlon says y Th e I city Samaria Snmlrln I deceived dlcIlwo
27290 2720 of its I Inhabitants Inhnbltanll I carried away awaycaptive Iway IwayCI awaycaptive
captive CI pt 1 but the remainder rlnalndpr I allowed alowld to toretain torttlin toretain
retain rttlin their possessions According AcordlnR to tohis tohil tohis
his hil own ow account nrunt aecountnsvell as well w1 as n that given ghtn In Inlhe InlheOd the theOld theOld
Old Od Testament tho depopulated dtppulate territory territorywas tlrlory tlrloryrepopulated territorywas
was repopulated by the th Importation Imprlatlon of ofpeoples otpoplls ofpeoples
peoples poplls from tror several feral foreign torlln countries countriesThis count countriesTluis riM riMThl
This Intermixture Intlrmlxluro of ft Flrangt strange range races racel with withIsraelites withIsraelites lh lhIraelt
Israelites Iraelt belonging to tho northern norlher king kln klndom ¬
dom formed rormll the basis of tho later lattr Samari Samaritans RamarltaU Saniatitans ¬
tans taU Sorgons HlrjonR eon on Sennacherib Stnna < htrlb invaded invadedPalestine InadlPalfstlno invadedPalestine
Palestine Palfstlno In 701 BC Bt and ho has hMItt left a record recordof tord tordof
of th tluo campaign Ho says IU that ho over overran olr olrra overran ¬
ran ra the land of Judah captured fortysix fortysixof torylx torylxof
of lt IM Its strong et rong fortresses rortrlI1 and carried arrll off 01201 01201Cpth 200150 200150captives 2tiocaptIves
captives Cpth Sennacherib asserts aAtrf that Ileo Ileoklah Ipz Ipzklah Ilezukiait
klah King of Judah sent lenl tribute after afterhim arterhim afterhUn
him to Nineveh No o mention mrnlon Is made mid of ofany orany ofany
any disaster cl ltlr Although Alhoujh this thll Assyrian King Kingreigned Klnl Kingrehgtutsi
reigned 1 twenty t ent years Ylal thereafter thlreattr ho reconls reconlsno
no nl further movement 10rmcnt toward the West WestExar WIt WItr VcstEsar
Exar r Iladclon Haddt who cun ho ruled from trm IWl to MW 1 618B MWB
B I C mentions mfntlonl Manasseh LnaAh of Judah In a alist alt alist
list lt of twentytwo vassal IMI Kings Klnll on the theMediterranean tl tl11Uerranmn thuiMediterranean
Mediterranean 11Uerranmn cOMt and tho next Assyrian Assyrianooverclgn Assyriansovereign
sovereign 1 e rei I Assurbanlpal AMutbalpl enumerate Inumtmtt > the thevaino theao thesalad
salad Jewish Jewilh King In his hil list Ilt of vassals vaswilsWith vassalsV1thi a8ll
With Wih tho fall fal of Nineveh of course CI tho thocontact thocntct thincontact
contact cntct of Assyria AIra with lh Judah como to a aclose 1 ftcles
close closeTho clol clesii
Tho ii flI articles artcl on Babylonia Bibylonia nnd tho pro prolonged prolon prolouugsd ¬
longed lon pl and nn < Important relation rtlaton of the thl Jews Jewsto JOWl Jewsto
to t that country occupy OUI corno Iomo fourteen fourteenp tOlrl fourteenpages < n npalf
p palf pages ge of if f thl this encyclopedia they aro con contributed eontiltuItPl on onnlhutd ¬
tributed by hProt Prof It o W V Rogers HOKr of the Ih Drew DrewTheological Drt DrewTheological
Theological Thl01011al Seminary llnT and by Dr S S Krauss KraussProfessor Krau KrauProrIor KraussProfessor
Professor ProrIor In tho Normal College Coljo at Buda Budapest Budat Budspest ¬
pest t After Atr summing IIlming up what Is II known knownfrom knownfrom knowitfrom
from the cuneiform Inscriptions Inlcrlptonl of tho thoearly thf thiearly
early history of tho Euphrates FuphmlM Valley aley alloy and andof andot andof
of tho territory trltry between the th Euphrates Euphratesand Fuphrltt
and the Tigris llrl Dr Rogers HogeT directs dlrlll atten attention atn attenlion ¬
lion 101 to tho references reflronC to this region rellon In the theBlblo thoBblo theBible
Bible Bblo Ho reminds mlnll us that In some om pas passages pal pa pasates ¬
sages Alf of the Old Testament Tttamflt tho land of ofBabylonia otIlblonla oflhahyhouuin
Babylonia Is called calId Shlnnr while hl In tho thopostexlllo thopltcxle thepostexihio
postexlllo literature It Is I called the I hn
pltcxle Illratur I II sled Land Landof IAld IAldof Iaiudot
of the Chnldeans Clllla In tho historical hlltorcallokl books booksof
of Israel l rll Babylonia labylnnla Is If frequently rrfunty men mentioned Iwn Iwntolll mentinned ¬
tinned tolll though the lack lark of a clear distinc distinction dllnc dllncton distinotion ¬
tion ton between bt1n tho city ciy and the country
Is sometimes omltmf puzzling plzzlni In tho poetical poeticalliterature potlul potlulltrtur poeticalliterature
literature ltrtur of the Jews JUI Babylonia plays playsan playan
an Insignificant InslRnltcant part but it fills fl a very Iry
largo place piaN In tho Prophets Proplltl In the num number numhtr numher ¬
her htr and importance of Its Il references rlrprrnctl to toBabylonian toahylonlan toBabylonian
Babylonian life Ifn and history the Book Bok of ofJeremiah ofJrmlah ofJeremIah
Jeremiah Jrmlah stands slandl preeminent prmlntnt In Hebrew Hebrewliterature lhrew lhrewIItraturo Ifelurewliterature
literature IItraturo But for this thll thi Hebrew lthrew docu document clocunient ¬
ment Irnt little lttle would bo 0 known klon of Nebuchad Nebuchadnezzars Xehuchad17zarl chuuciuadnezzars ¬
nezzars 17zarl campaign campaljl against aRall t Jerusalem JerusalemDr
Dr Kraus IrauI In his hil article arlCle poInts pln out outthat outthat outthat
that tho earliest arlelt accounts acountl of the Jews Jewsexiled Jt J0w5eiltcl
exiled Ixlld to Babylonia are arl derived dtrl1 exclusively exclusivelyfrom Ixclulltly Ixclulltlyfrol
from frol tlje tlt scanty ranly details dptnl of the Bible 1111t He Hedo le ledO II IIdoes
do dO does > s not regard fRnrd as al entirely entroly trustworthy trustworthythn tnlltworthyIho
the sources Iourrt from trol which an n attempt atlmpt has hasIxvn hA hasixon
Ixvn made tBlin to supply lpply the thl deficiency ie doncy of In Information Intorlalon infornuat ¬
formation torlalon fornuat Ion Only this thll t hi much luch ho ii considers considerscertain considerscertain onlidorl onlidorllrlaln
certain lrlaln namely n1n1ly that thlt tho descendants CItIlpl mtf of ofthe ottho ofthe
the DavtUlu house hout occupied Oulcd au exalted exale
position pOlton among amonl the Jews Jt dwelling dWIInR In Meso Mesopotamia Mesoimtamia 110 110polamla ¬
potamia It I was only onl after atr Alexanders Alexandersconquest Alexnderl Alexandersconquest
conquest conqulst of tho Persian Perlal Empire that ac accurate accurnto accuirato ¬
curate data concerning conctrnlnR tho Jews beyond beyondtlm IlyondIho beyondthe
the Euphrates tuphrtl reached rachll tho Western Wrtlrn World WorldTho WorldTh WorldTltu
Tho Th Jews evidently ovldenly contributed contlhuttd to Baby Babylonias Babylonla BabyIoWa ¬
IoWa foreign rorllln commerce commtrce which In the thepostAlexandrian theloIllxnlrlan theflostAlexandrian
postAlexandrian loIllxnlrlan epoch pOh was Wa centred In InSeleticla InSllucla InSelcuicia
Seleticla Sllucla and Ctesiphon Devoted as 11 they theywero thytro theywere
were tro to trade however howtlr tho JCWH Jcw In Baby Babylonia Dab Babylonia ¬
lonia 1011 did dil not nt shrink lhrlnk from handicrafts handicraftsand hnndlcrntl hnndlcrntla
and a 11 It Is II certain that there tlrl were In farmers farmersamong fnnlprM fnnlprMa fariuterssuutong
among a 101 I them The prosperity pr ply of the tl tit Jews Jewsin JWI JewsIn
in II thl region rl lon was wal attested by b the hand handsome handMm handsonic ¬
some synagogues Iynngolt1 and colleges lllgl that thlt they theyerected thlYtrlted theyerected
erected trlted 1Ii In 11 view Iew says aY Dr Krnuss Irau of ofthe orIh ofI
the Ih I It undoubted ul oubhol fact tac that t the th t he Jewish in inhabitants Inhahlnnt Inhabitants ¬
habitants hahlnnt ofdJabylonla ortabylonll were WIr of purer purr racial racialextraction racal racaltxlrcton racIalextraction
extraction txlrcton than thal the Jews of If Palestine Palestinethe PaltIIt lalestinethuu
the tIl former considered themselves thenlII espec especially ellIC ellIClul espeelally ¬
ially lul after Ittr the th fall rai of Jerusalem Jn alp1 as the thegenulnu t ht htnuile he heguuiuiiiu
genulnu nuile Israel Ifrl and alII a tel their t differing clllrllg tradi traditions tradltlon I raditlons ¬
tions and alc customs CUMIOI as of higher authority authoritythan nuthurl authorityt
than t those thOn t hues of If tho t Ie homo hllo country clultr It I I t is iswell I Iwtl 1well
well wtl known knowl that the thl Babylonian nblonlan Talmud Talmudbecame Fahiuttulhwscaine llluci llluciIame
became the dominant dOllnnnt authority nuthorty for flr modern modernJudaism mudlrn mudlrnJlllann nuolernJUifliiui
Judaism JudaismIn Jlllann Jlllannhi
In the protracted struggle Iwtween b tfn tho thoPnrthhins tllo1lrthhl1 tteIartluianu
Pnrthhins 1lrthhl1 nnd nd tho Homans ola the tll Jews Ilw of ofBabylonia ofllaluylonla f fJabllnla
Babylonia Jabllnla naturally nturul fltt urally sided l11t with wlh w it Ii tho tlU t lie former formertheir turnlr turnlrHllr forortheir
their Hllr protector It Is II said that the t lit Par Parthian lirthiutit Ir Irthiln ¬
thian thiln kings klngl elevated l1tnte1 the t hl prlnivs of the theExile tb tbJ Ii Iisiie
Exile J siie lp who hio till Ii I iii then t lieu hud been I sen little IUI lttt ho more morethan 11 11than niorethan
than mere Ipr collecton lllctor of revenue 1 Illl to I ho hodignity hul ii iidignity
dignity l nlty of lt rent fnl princes priH The ho Babylonian BabylonianJews 1allIoIII 1allIoIIIJIII flahlOluiitiIews
Jews JIII were wlro by b mi 11 means 1an so well WIl treated treatedunder trelllt trellltunlr treatedtinder
under unlr tho t hue StvMiinid Hrilllil monarchs lcnlr iii uiarchs < l by I iy whom whomtho wlom viuiintiuc i itho
tho old rellKlon rtlllol of tho Magi la 1 wa a ns revived revivedNevertheless nJhII nJhIIXertllllA reviviIXerthitless
Nevertheless XertllllA they sere wrl better Itcr oil a as is n nrule I Iril aruth
rule ril ruth under ulhr tbo Kassanld Halauld kings In s than thal they theywere Ihty Ihtyprl theysere
were prl after n ftlr the 111 I hi conquest of cf Persia Iflla by h the theMotloins t tielleuuis h hlmIIIII
Motloins lmIIIII when tho th brilliant brilnlt era n of tho thl iii Jews JewsIn JWAIn 1vsIn
In Babylonia laloull ciime 1n1 iuuuu to an n end 111 uu I After Atr A ft r rnl rnlhlnlail 1 mihiflic1ui
hlnlail ncademies founded In Alexan Alexandria AI
ncadlhl were Wlr II catu catudna nn nnerla ¬
dna erla Kalrwun Inlrwul Cordova Collova and alli porhap porhapNarlioone pt perluaparhoone ap apXarhoone
Narlioone Babylonia lahylolla lost lo t Its i cent lll nil rl im importaneo il ilIklrtncI Iuutsrtauucti
portaneo IklrtncI for Judaism Jueall The last 111 goon aon or orhead orhlad orhead
head hlad of the Babylonian Blhylonlan Academy clhm at Hum Humdied Hundll1 Stir Stirdied
died dll1 In 1031 t0 A D I The lh Kxilarchnte tlarlha bad badto Ind Indto lundto
to IK I > suspended nbout 010 110 A P 1 i but it itmust i itniuit
must mu t have l IWI Isen > een revived Hi1 later for there thereseems thf thfIml tIterSP10i4
seems Iml to have ha been In nn al Fxilnrch Exinrch In or o near nearBagdad Ilr IlrJ hearflagdnul
Bagdad J datl In 1139 11 I 13 A D I Benjamin Jljnmln Itcuuja of Tudela Tudelatoward Tudlla Tudllatownrd Iuiiolatown
toward town rd tlm t ho end Iul of o I tho th t Ii twelfth t wtI ft Ii cvnlurv cvnlurvfound 111 itt un untound U rv rvfound
found 7000 70 Jews Jel In Mosul 11 nl on the th Tigris Tigrisopposite TlgrlMoppolito rigrisopposite
opposite ancient Ninexeh inl Ih and Intl at their theirbond tllr tllrhoafl tiucirhead
bond was l a 1 deeceiidnnt d Ildant of David nlI Alxiut Alxiutthe Iklut Ikluttho iuotutLiii
the same Aan timo tmu another alothor traveller trnler Petliahlab Petliahlabrecords 1lhnhllh 1lhnhllhmrd Itlialuiahrvooris
records mrd that tha the tl1 Jews Jltln In Bahylonla lived 1III In Inpeace iiipears
peace pae and anc that tho lit Caliph CIlph demanded Icnlmllpfl no notaxes 11 11taXl1 ii iitaxes
taxes taXl1 from them The Thl Mongol 101111 destroyers destroyersof dt troI troIor
of tho Bagdad Caliphate nlphaln showed themselves themselvestolerant theI111 theI111tolrant t heuuiselvestolerant
tolerant tolrant toward tonr both Jews J and Christians Christiansand ChuristIauuanti hr tal talald
and ald exempted Ixempll the tlo priests rilt of all al religious religiousfrom fI ruhiglouusfront II
from trol the j pol iohl > oll tax Tutu TII Jews Jl of Mesopo Mesopotamia Mesopotamia I Itamla ¬
tamia passed uast a 1 under undlr thin control mltrol ut the theOttoman th thOto lItOttoman
Ottoman Oto mal Sultans HulnM in 11 1531 A D I and anc but butlittlo luuutlittle
little 1110 trustworthy tMMt wort h information Inrormltlon concerning concerningthem lnlrlll coiuceroipgthem
them tllm them during dnrlnl duriuu g the th t hi subsequent IlhquInl centuries lntlrl1 Is Isobtainable I Iohtalnahlt isobtainable
obtainable obtainableThe ohtalnahlt ohtalnahltTh obtainableThe
Y
The Th article Irtkl on UI I > It Astronomy Astronom is I by Mr MrJoseph MrJoeph Ir IrJoph
Joseph Jacobs formerly President Inldnt of the theJewish thpJewllh theJewish
Jewish Jewllh HLtnrioal ILlnl11 Society HW t of cr England EIland and nndthat AII andthat
that on Astrology A troloY by Dr K 1 Kohler KohlerKahbi Iohlr IohlrIIhll Kohhrflabbi
Kahbi IIhll of Temple 11111 BethEl Ilh1I New IW York ruk After Afternoting Mtlr MtlrnOlln Afternot
noting nOlln not Ing that tbo th t lie Talmud allll subscribes Inlrl to the thegeocentric thtocIntrir I It Itgeocent
geocentric geocent ocIntrir tie conception of r the I hue unlvrrs1 unlvrrs1Mr 111 111Ir Ilnh1NMr
Mr Ir JacolH recall rpCI that as Into lat us 1714 171 tho thoJewish thoJrwloh tlucJewishu
Jewish a ast tronomer trnmlr David Daic Niotoof XIto ioto or I London LondonItl londonstill < omionstill
still Itl held hll1 out against n aln 1 the I Copornloan Irnl < nl nltlI sys system systent ¬
tem tlI No o claim clain is il maim macn that t the tIl lii Jews JWI In Inancient Inandlnt Inancient
ancient andlnt times t in tin or during durln the t hI he Middle lcdl l kkil Ages Agesmado AII Agesinmie
mado 11110 any Important Imprtnnt contributions contrlltionl to the thoscience th thIitnco thescience
science Iitnco of astronomy nFtronolY On tho other nthtr hand handalmost handalnot bandnhrutost
almost alnot all ni the tables tahl used d by r astronomers astronomersnnd ntronolcr ntronolcrane astrortouuiersand
and ane navigators naI ator were Ir their work and 1111 they theyintroduced thp thpIntrodn1 theyintrodtuecd
introduced several rl improvements Irrtlwntl In as astronomical aMtrolomlnlln a atrouontlcai ¬
tronomical instruments inst trument Abraham Zacuto Zacutobon cuto cutoIn o ohen
trolomlnlln
bon Samuel Hmnll was WI Professor of Astronomy Astronomyat ItroIOI ItroIOInt i
at Salamanca Hlamana and afterward Irtprlrc Astronomer AstronomerHoynl st trolllr trolllrUnal runoruuer runoruuerRoyal
Royal to t 0 Emanuel Jlunutl of Portugal Iort ortulal uugal who pre previously PT iuiciushy ¬
viously had l 111 been > eon advised by a Jewish JIIIh as astronomer al altronomlr asI ¬
tronomer tronomlr I Itabbl 1t1hhl Joseph Jolh Veoinbo inhu a pupil pupilof pupi pupilof
of Zacuto as to the th projift of discovery discoveryput dlIotr dlIotrput
put l efore Ifof > him by Columbus 41IUlhu who In carry rurryIn carrying ¬
ing In ing out tho I lie project made Iat use 1 of t 1cutol ACUt acutos acutosAlmanac 0 0Alnuanac
Almanac Imnnal and Tables The Th ilti most loot re recent r rcnl recent ¬
cent epoch of astronomy alironomy logins I III with Ith a agreat Rrpat agreat
great rpat Jewish Jewllh name that t of Sir William WilliamHerschel 1111 111111lhl iihiain iihiainherschel
Herschel 11lhl whoso Jewish JIIh origin is I acknowl acknowledged nlknowlIlld acknowledged ¬
edged Illd by his hi biographer hllrpblr Ills 1 discovery discoveryoftho IIowy IIowyorthf discoveryof
oftho orthf of the planet Iunl Uranus trnu his hl catalogues catnlont of nebu nebu1m nlhu nlhult nehutIs
1m lt and clusters cu ttT and his hil systematic f matlc survey surveyof un unot
of tho heavens hlan completed ompleh by h his hi son > John Johndeserve John11rn JohinlN
deserve 11rn lN + rv e to lx I > clashed daNI by h Mr lr Jncolis Inoll among amongtho alolK alolKthl amongtite
tho thl great Rrlat exploits Jplol in the tIl history hltor or ofatron ofatronoiny f astron astronomy ntron ntronomy ¬
omy Since Hllc Herschels Hlrclwlf tlmo tll tim no very mem memorable 111 111orhlo untnorahhe ¬
orable orhlo service has ha been htl rendered tndlrt1 to as astronomical al altronomlcal astroitomical ¬
tronomical science lenco by n Jew though t hU1 h no noless noless
less 111 than fourteen routn asteroids aHleroldl were Wlrn located locatedbyHol locat locathy locatedby
byHol hy 1 Ii OullMhmldt Golulsehtinkit < lschmldt182Bfl 18268 861 mat at a time tlrl when whentho whentho whenthe
tho discovery d < otry of an asteroid ltlrold was by no nomeans nomea nomeans
means mea so f easy tWY a task talk rs r It I now Is while whlloW whln whlnW whilev
W v Beer Br 17071SW 707t r th tl I rother of Meyerbeer Meyerbeer Meyer 11elwal ¬
beer was wal tho first r t to draw nn accurate accuratemop nccumtf nccumtfrap accuratemap
mop rap of the thl moon Wo W e add that tlat the thl pres present r rcs rcsent < s stnt ¬
ent tnt director dirtor of the thu Paris Parll Observatory Is Isa II IIa Isa
a Jew JIW namely nan1ly Moritz lorlz Ix lfw > ewy the thlllvntor thlllvntorof Inventor Inventorof
of the covdt or dhow telescope tlltlo by h which whichtho whichthe whichthe
the stars Itarl may laI l > o observed without wihout landing landingtho lnllnl
the neck ntk kick and without wihout leaving laln tho thoobservatory thoohralory thutuobscrvatory
observatory observatoryDr ohralory ohralorynr
Dr Knufmann lnurmann Kohler the Ih Author luthor of tho thoartlclo thoartldo tintarticle
article on astrology nltrololy assorts rt that tIter thf were wereno Wlr Wlrno wereno
no Jewish Jlwloh astrologers altflo Irl either tlhlr in tho th I lie Holy HolyIand Inl InlJml holyLand
Land or In Babylonia Bahylonn and that the th art arttogether arttORfthfr arttogether
together with Ith those IhoM who practised prn < tlffd It i itcondinned was wascondemned wal wallndmld
condemned lndmld although nlhnugh nit bough the th t he reality ralt renllt v of n nscience RIIInlo ascience
science IIInlo of the til stars tnr was l as al fl little Ito questioned questionedby fltlonp
by tho Jews JWI ns n by lu the rest of tho world up upto UI upto
to tho seventeenth etnllnth century lntur Tho Thu parables parablesof IlumIle IlumIleor
the th Talmud bear witness to tho
of hlr Itl preva prevalence promItnco prevahence ¬
hence Itnco of tho MM 1IIr In astrology atrolo y among tho thoJews tm tmJIW thuJews
Jews Thus Thul wo are aT told in tho Talmud Talmudthat Tnlmmlthlt Tahmutithat
that thlt Jethro Jlthro advised adI 1 Moses OIlM to select lllot tho thomen thomtn themen
men mtn whom whon ho lui wished IIh I to cooperate r rlo with withhim withhim ih ihhim
him 9uy by means rlan of the th mirror Ilrror Into which whichthe whichthl whichflue
the thl Kings Klnl arc accustomed nI tomll to gaze fazI Again Againwo Alaln Alalnwo
wo read rwl a 1 ruler nllr sentenced entcnlrfl a I man mln to death deathby ttlth ttlthby deathby
by fire rt but when hrn ho It prctIc1 lXrCeiVed XTceivcd by h menus menusof IlnR IlnRof tutluitRof
of astrology t rolo y that the thl condemned man manwould lan lanolld manwouuld
would olld beeel hllt a daughter dallhlor destined lltn1 to lie liecomo 1 become
como 010 the thl Kngs KhIR wife lr ho said fld this Ihll man manmust lal lalmUMt manmust
must luSt 1 saved for his daughters taulhtpr sake sakeAccording saktAccording kl klArrordln
According Arrordln to tho Lii Talmud Talll It I was WA duo chi to the theart Ihl Ihlart theart
art of astrology ntrlo y that tho wife wl of Potlphnr Potlphnrlearned Potphar PotpharItar1 Potipharlearned
learned Itar1 that she hn was a to have haI a son by byJoseph byJOIlph byJoseph
Joseph JOIlph and It was wa for this thl reason rtalon that she shoregarded sheregarded h hrljordllr
regarded rljordllr him with wih favor It 1 was M nn error errorhowever Irror Irrorhoeer errorhowever
however for the I he prognostication prolnolt ntlon referred referredto r < rlrTd
to her htr dal laughter hltr who subsequently puhqupltly Ix1 Ix1came 1 1caml becant
came caml cant Josephs wife Notwithstanding XotwihtnllnR such suchproofs luch luchprof suchproofs
proofs prof of tho prevalence of l belief 111 > In as astrological a atrolollcal astrologlcal ¬
trological trolollcal science clne there was wal but one teacher teacherof tllchr tllchror
of the Talmud Samuel Salllll of Babylonia about aboutA
A D 250 2 who became Ilnrp nn adept arrpt In Inaotrlpr Inaotrlprami astrology astrologyand astrologyanti
and oven otn ho says la y Torah Torh cnnnot go o to together toRethlr together ¬
gether with Ith the art that t studies Itudls glitch tho heavens heavensA
A form tor of astrological IMtroloplnl superstition uprstltlon which whichlong whlhlong whichlong
long persisted rbltl among nmOl1 the tl lii Jews JeI and Ind still stillsurvives stillsutrvies UI
survives 8IrI among amonl uncultured Incultlrlo topics II0JIl is tho thoselection tho1lon tI tIselection
selection 1lon of propitious propl lOls days dnYI On Joshua Joshual Jo Joshuahen hua hualn
l ln > on Lovis tablets third century A D DIt 1 I IIt
It Is 11 stated ItllCI stilt ccl that I men born Ior on Sunday will willbo wi Ill Illho
bo ht distinguished dl tnulhCI on Monday prOM to to an anger al anger ¬
ger on Tuesday T ldny rich rll h nnd sensual MnMlal on Wed Wednesday Wedne etI etInesday ¬
nesday ne da Intelligent Inlelcnt and enlightened rnllht < nd on onThursday onThurlclay onTltursday
Thursday benevolent hllolunt and on Friday Frdayplol Fuldaypiouis Fuldaypiouiswhile pious piouswhllo
while whie those tho Imrn Ir 1mm on Saturday Raturda are It destined destinedto tllnrd tllnrdto destined destinedto
to die on that day dayThroughout dayThroughout dayThroughout
Throughout the middle mlidl ages RII tho art of ofstargazing orItarjazlnl ofstargazing
stargazing Itarjazlnl or prognostication prnoltlcatlon was a prac practiced prc prctl prnctired ¬
tired tl by Jews Coming Comlnl from the East Eastas Eatal Easta
as al a they thlY did they were IT looked upon M I heirs heirsof hlIT heirsof
of the Chaldeans lhallral and probably prohlhly for this thisreason thlArraln thul thulreason
reason rraln were regarded by tbo th Occidental Occidentalworld CcCdontal CcCdontalworl ecidentalworld
world worl as al exports In astrology alrlo y A thorough thoroughknowledge thorulh thorulhlowlcdGe thoroughknowledge
knowledge lowlcdGe of astrology Is I exhibited tlhlultcd In I the
Cabala and aI Dr Kohler Kohl r gives gil a long list Iit of ofmedk ofrllal ofinedbeaI
medk rllal inedbeaI > vl Jewish Jflh astrologers utrologlf sat rologers Malmonldes Malmonldeswas lalmonllfI lalmonllfIA
was A a the only high Jewish authority luthorl In the theMiddle theMilldio thusMiuldhe
Middle Ages Agl that tllt opposed oppMt astrology vtrlog ener energetically fJtr fJtrKelcaly energcticahly ¬
getically Kelcaly In spite of the references rerlrenlS to it itIn ItIn itin
In the th Talmud Tal lud he denounced denouncd it a u a disease diseasenot dl diseasenot
not a science denc a tree trlf under undr the shadow shadowof hadowof
of which hlch all al sorts rts of superstitions luprtltlone thrive thriveand thrheand thriveand
and which must bo I uprooted uproted in order to togive togIve
give 11 way to the thl tree trl of knowledge knowlldl and 111 the thetree thetrl thetree
tree trl of life lte Even now no however howlpr although althoughmodern alhough alhoughmnlllr althoughnuisiern
modern mnlllr science denl has W abolished alllhld astrology astrologya a trologya
a survival of tho th old liellef 1llf may ma lx h lsi > traced tracedIn tracld tracldIn
In the lie Jewish Jcllh custom cutor of rejecting certain certaindays Ipnll rertainclays
days daln In the hue week or the month for weddings weddingsor wl lnld lnldor
or new II ventures venturesWe enlirel enlirelW
1 1v
We W v havo hay grouped Krolpld together togltr for notice noticotho lolc noticetInt
tho articles headed IWldtd Arngon Argon Arlanlsm Arlanlsmund Arlnlr Arianismand
und llnnelona Ulnlona because bcaIM taken lakl collec collectively cohiectitl olN olNtlnI ¬
tively tlnI throw thro considerable l light
they lJ erahll lrht on onthe onth onthe
the th jwsltlon lllllon of thu Jews Jew in Spain during duringthe durn durnth duringthu
the th first flot fifteen Ithen centuries of tho thu Christian Christianera Chr > tlnn tlnnm
era m It In well 11 known 1111n that hunt in contrast contrastwith lntrlt lntrltw1lh contrastt1tiu
with the orthodox Church tho Arian was wasdistinguished wal wasclistlutguulshuod
distinguished llhtngulhd by tolerance tolpnllo and Ind by mild mildtreatment mid midtrutn1nt mildtratnuent
treatment trutn1nt of the thl adherents arhrunt of other othfr sects sectsDr sectsDr ltf
Dr S 4 Emits IrauH tho 1 Ii author of tho t liii nrticlo nrlclo a rt ide on onArinnlsin onArlallll onArlanisuut
Arinnlsin Arlallll thinks thlnkf thnt the buperlor bUJIrlor toler tolerance tolerml toterancu ¬
ance ml of that tllt form of Christianity hrlktllllty Is L trace traceablo trl trlahl tractable
able ahl In some 101 degree cJf to certain lrtlin jKilnts of ofagreoniint ofIgnunnt ofngreomnt
agreoniint Ignunnt betwoeen the Arlun doctrine doctrinennd doctrinenull
nnd 111 null I Judaism Judal Isrit Fur example Ipl tho tIl t hut Insistence InsistenceUK InlttI I rusist enct encttuluhi
UK ulll tuluhi > ii tht th t lu suliordlnntn util ubordlnatl sru I mat 0 relationship TlatloI1hlp rehat Ion 411 I of the theSon th thon t hut hutSout
Son on to the tlt Uolrlthrr iodfnther Is I much luch nearer Icrr to tothe toth tohut
the th hut Jewish Jlwlh doctrine tJtrhl of the 11 m lie Messiah than t It ItIs I itp
Is I p to t the Ii conception if t tho t It full ful divinity divinityof llni
of the I II he Son enunciated iutttnciat 11 < ald id by h the th t I in Nlcene Council CouncilIt
It I Is i certain lortlin that ns I long 11lg ns n the lii VWgothlo VWgothloKings IlgothioKn iMlgotItiuKlng
Kings Kn i of Spain 1 Iniuu In II remained Arian the tIl ti Jews Jewswere JIW JIWr Jewuwere
were r well w1 treated in the lit Ihorlun Jrlan Peninsula Peninsulaand Plnln PenInsulatin llu lluInll
and Inll tin I liocanv itcea nv an In Important impJrlll I nuprt aut element rtll of thn thnurban thl t he heurban
urban urhal population 1II111alon They 11 ill formed in the theVisigothlc theIJothh I he heisigotlule
Visigothlc IJothh realm rtall a distinct IItlct nation Iltiol enum enumerated unuuuuuu nll ¬
erated u rat cii In II ofltdal Odal documents IIUCIIllt u loch initts by I the thl m ha side illt of ofthe oftho oftItt
the iotliH HomaiiH Ho 11 I > Ollk reeks and 11 Syrians Syriansas Syriansasstuchu
as 1 asstuchu such u < h they were wr In the thl main rlinupllxaltl rlinupllxaltlIho uponexnctly uponexnctlytho tipout exactly exactlythu
tho thu saute 11 footing fOltlll as the hut others othersIndeed othtr othtrJllpfd othershioietl
Indeed Jllpfd tho t h hbu ruling nll Visigoth I hotl so 10 long longas
as a hey tln I adhered adhNt11 a cihtre I to I o Arinnlsin Arlnlilr A may 1m hula have havepreferred haoth lua luapruterrd
preferred the th Jews 11 to the thl lie Catholics Catholl for fortho tortho forthu
tho latter wero WIT politically Jltllnlr Homin and andlikely andlikely
likely 111 therefore I to t 0 side ll with wi I the t thu lu Byzantine ByzantineEmperors Unlnt hlyzuumutineFuutjwrOrs Inl
Emperors EIIrr in their t endeavors pltn vlr to t 0 recover recoverascendency Io recoveraseentlehtty r ra
a ascendency In tho thu West 111 There Thlm Is evidence evidencethat vIuIencethat ldnC
that marriages larrlnlf l hetweii > > etween twI1 Arlan Arlal Christians Christiansand Clrllal hrist
and Ild Jews JOWI were wr not lnt Infrequent Infrfllnt and Ild it I has haseven hn hnlel hasLCil
even lel been assorted that the t hI Jows Jewf at one onetime on oneline
time Ihnl and In 11 certain rtnln parts of Spain Hpail exer exercised ezerciscd nr nrcllt ¬
cised cllt somo om sort of jurisdiction over tho thoCatholics thoatholc thu thuathiohics
Catholics atholc On the other hand the th laws lawsof laHot lawsof
of the Ito Visigoths IIIRol hM formulated tMlulah1 under lndfr Bee Beecared Hoclnrlc Iteceared
cared lnrlc A D SS4I IM1 S4t and alil hU hi successors Mlcceorl after aftertho artertll aftert
tho tll t ho Vlslgothlo 1llothlo islget hi Kings and al1 tho th nobles 10111rf had hadIMTOIIIK 1111 haullecouu I
IMTOIIIK 1 > OIUI converted to Catholic Catholc Christianity Christianityglvo Chrtlanl Churisttanttsgive
give 110 evidence eIllnr of n most mOlt rancorous rancoroul feel feelIng tlpl tlplII feellog
log II against nlalnft the th Jews JOlj and ald tho enactments enactmentsfor enactmpnltor
for tho jrsecutIon Irltcut Ion of Israel Ilm1 present 1 > 1 lnl a astriking I astriking
striking contrast < ontrWt to the former happy happycircumstanced happycrcumtanl happycircumstances
circumstanced crcumtanl of tim tlo Jews In the tll Vlsl Vlslgothlo 111 111uthlo isl islgothic ¬
gothic uthlo realm rllln realm There fllr Is II reason rrlOI to believe liellevothat 1110 1110that believethat
that tho tlp lit bitter Ihtr hostility ho tliy provoked proklcl among amongtho IIunn IIunntIl amongthu
tho tIl Jews by the persecution Jllcutlon which they theysuffered tluI tluyttfferui
suffered I I Itr I after the 1m Vlslgolhlo I IIhlo Kings In 1 had hadadopted hada hadadopted
adopted a ptld hue Atlmnnslnn hnnnlal creed crld accounts accountsfor aCMuntror accountsfor
for tin til I bit otherwise ut iuert bc inexplicable Inxplcbl inex Idkmibli rapidity rapidityof rphty rphtyor v vor
or tho t he conquests conllt of if S Haln > aln by t th ho Arabs Arh and andMoors ail ailIoorl amlMoors
Moors Ioorl most mOlt of tho fortified rorlnl1 cities lllf In which whichth wiich wiichtl whichthin
th tl thin Jews JWI were Wt numerous nur rol and all powerful powerfulbeing powerftutisj rrll rrllIjl
being Ijl isj mu g surrendered sit without wihoul wit buouut a blow blowThe hlowTh I uhuwThu
The Th article arllll on Aragon AraRol Is 1 written writen by byDr h hDr h hDr
Dr Morit lnrlz Knyserling la r1ng of Dudni Judalt Ituuclapest > cst the theauthor th thIlthor thuauthor
author of A ii I of the hue Jews
Ilthor History ory Ihl t in Por Portugal Por Portuugal ¬
tugal tu al So o long IOII AS a the rule of tho lii Moors Moorslusted Moorslstd oorl
lusted IA tdll In the province Ifvincl < > f Arngon ArRonlt It did dil not notend notpn1 notemuti
end until Intll A D 1118 118lho I I 15I tho Ii Jews Jf1 wero free freefrom tnntrom freefrom
from persecution and extortion xlorton For about abouttwo alolt aloltt1O abouttwo
two centuries thereafter the thu I
t1O cflturlof thoroaClr industry industrywealth Ildutr Ildutrwenlh Industrywealth
wealth wenlh and lnd learning 111111 of tho Anigoneso rlgontp ragonese Jows Jowssicured Juwsstctureci
sicured flrfl for them tlNn tbo thu protect protet MI ut and favor favorof favorIhlr favorof
of their Christian Cr1tlan sovereigns orllln Ijon Jollldr Pedro II IIof Hor hiof
of AriiKon r on mortgaged rortlagd to his hi JewUh sub subjects silljects uh uhjlII ¬
jects jlII the llu greater Iratlr portion rtol of > s possessions possessionsnnd
nnd 111 revenues Tfnll Under ldr Pdros plrof son lon and alI suc successor Il Illor u uc ucessor ¬
cessor Jalmo Jahl I Hurnnmed HUra1111 cl I Comiuis Comiuistndor onuul onuultUllor ouuuuuistador
tndor thn th I lie political poltllal pout Itah nnd Vcal nh question questionof lulon lulonIf luiest ion ionof
of If the th hue hews JWI in Arngon Arnlon was wal an 11 t nviablo 1lalll one oneJaime on oiulaime 1
Jaime I 1 Issued 1 u1 the til following rolowln ccreo Ifp All AllJews AllIcs 1
Jews Iw and nll Saracens Hlmn dwelling dllln In our olr domains domainsInMong domnlnl dontainsbelong I
belong 1lonl to the th King litn and nrrvllh ni art llh all al their theirpossessions thtlr thtlrIntr theirpossessions i
possessions under Intr the th Kings llll special FplalprQ FplalprQtltlon pro protection ro rotection ¬
tection tltlon No o Jew could coul lifcoiro a bondman bondmanto hon man manto
to any an nobleman 10ileman nor could cOl11 jews JlWI Iw I ls called calledserfs cald caldIrr calhlserfs
serfs Irr even 111 of the th It King lll Ivvnuso according accordingto 1ordlngto
to tho th t In law they tley t hnii Inl lull 111 I Ii Ii liberty JIrt hihxrt y of move movement 100 1001nt nioveuuueutt ¬
ment 1nt except that t they th I could coul 1 not 10t change changethe chan chanthe cltnngchue
the hue city ciy of their nbodo wlholt without the th Kings KingsjxTnilssIon lilngl Kingsprnulsslon
jxTnilssIon Iwrml lon They Tho were wT uru allowed a 1011 to take tnkofour tnknrour takefetir
four denarii dlnarl per ptr pound ns al weekly interest interestfor jnlrl inttrestfor t trorlolny
for rorlolny monny lent Itnt nlxiut abolt M E 6 IHTcent 1rCnt reent j Irlnur Pr > or annum annumFrequently nnnuuuFrequtntly
Frequently however tho th King would ould ro roleaxi reIaMu
leaxi 11 all al debtors of tho Jews JUWI from from their theirobligations theiroIIRatlon theirobligations
obligations oIIRatlon and declare the th debt void voidUnder voidVinier old oldUndtr
Under Jaime I I Jews JtWf not only owned houses housesand hoot houalli hootno1
and alli estates tstat nnd were permitted 11rmltl1 to follow follownrglculluronnd folow folowargleulurnl followargiculiureanti
nrglculluronnd argleulurnl < tradeandevtn trldt and eVln to farm the theroyal therO11 thusroyuti
royal rO11 grist grt mills mi but many honorable honorhle admin adminUtratlvo adlin adliniHtratlo adotirutstrativo
Utratlvo posts pO tf were rro open to them thor When WhenJnlmo WhenJlll0 buen buenJalinc
Jnlmo Jlll0 conquered COlllulrell Majorca lajorcl ho was n attended attendedby nttndd nttnddhy
by nn o Israelite lIrllte private secretary ltar another anotherJew antllr antllrJ anotherJew
Jew J wan I bend bailiff bllt and 111 royal treasurer I r rrr of ofAragon otArgul ofAragon
Aragon Argul other fthlr Jews JWI wero wlro bailiffs halt In Sara Saragossn SnrnOM Saragosuet
gossn OM and Barcelona Iarlon Popo 101 Clement 1n1nl IV 1 IVin
in In vain aln requested fqltld Jaime to romovo rloo Jews Jewsfrom Jewl sewsfrom
from frlm from nil 11 public puhlc ofllces oOcrl But Jut Jaimes Jalml son sonPedro senPedro on onPdro
Pedro III Il so it o far yielded hldpd to tint stormy stormydemands ItorlY ItorlYdlnnII stortoydeunaruis
demands dlnnII of his hil Christian subjects ns ni to todicnHj todon tolcns
dicnHj don that t no In Jew JIW should thenceforth thenceforthoccupy thtnclforth thtnclforthOcul t hamucuforthtocciupy
occupy Ocul the position llllon of bailiff bailiffTho ha haihitlIlttt I 1
Tho great Jfat ixrcocutlon of tho hue Jews In i
1301 which lxgnn In Seville Hvlt spread lJfad to totho toth tothiui I
tho th northeast lorhtalt of the th peninsula 111nlull and andolly se severely sivorvly ¬
verely olly affected nlclld tho Jews JOWf of Aragon and nndCatalonia andCatnlonla amid amidCatalonla
Catalonia Entire Enllr communities Clllnlle such as asthoso n asthose
those thol of Valencia altlca Lorlda and ant Barcelona Barcelonawore Jnrclona Jnrclonawor
wore wor wiped wlPI out olt thousands tholll of Jews JOII were weroslain wrr werelaImu
slain 11ln antI ane 100000 1000 went WOII forced torcid nominally nominallyto nUllnly nUllnlyto
to embrace 111Jrr Christianity Chrltlnlt Tho Fit h largo num numl nlm nlmhor numher
l her r of pseudoChristians pfudorhrl tan or Marano larno was wasmaterially WMmateral wa wamaterially
materially materal Incnased IncnIt1 twenty yean ao later laterTho Ilter IlterThl hutterThe
The Thl rich rch Mamno families famlt of Saragossa Saragossaand HaTioMa HaTioMaand
and other Aragonesn Am ne o cities cltltl attained Ilalnld in influential Inu litflutential ¬
fluential u < ntl1 positions p llons In tho Comics CorI In public publiclife puhlc puhlclto putuhiclife
life lto and at tho Court curt of King 1lnRJunl KingJuao Juan II II and andoften nl1 nl1oten souloften
often oten Intermarried Intorlarrled with wih aristocratic Irltortlc fatal families tarl fatallits ¬
lies 111 anti aUI even In with wih thin Infants Iltanta The TheJews TheJewl ThisJews
Jews Jewl of Aragon who remained remalnec faithful faihful to totheir tothlr tothiclr
their religion rllion however howotr were WT very cr harshly harshlytn hafhlytlRte1 harshlytreated
tlRte1 treated tn aled during dlrlnR the th last century Cntury of their theirsojourn theirtJoum theirscjrnurn
sojourn In the thl it province provlnC After Ator the th death deathof deathof
of Junn II I In U7B 147 Aragon rRon passed ppd under underthe underthe underthe
the rule nil of Ferdinand who married marr d let IsaIxllu 1l lethsuhha I
Ixllu Illa of Castillo 1tlr and thenceforward thnltorward the thohistory thehlHtory thehIstory
history of tho thu Jews of Aragon was WA practi practically prct praetlcally ¬
cally caly Indistinguishable Indl tlnlulhabo from frnl that of all alltho al allthe
tho other othlr Jews of Spain SpainDr Spin SpinOr SpainDr
Dr Moritz lorlz Knyserllng Iay rlng who Is I also al ho o the theauthor thealthor Ito Itoauthor
author of tho th hi article Barcelona
althor atll1 on Barclona re recalls f rccalhs ¬
calls cnll that Ihlt Judah the hit favorlto florlo of Charles Charlestho Charltl Chiarlesthto
tho Bald settled In h the Catnlonlan
nlld Iluld Cltalonlll capi capital caplInl capItal ¬
tal hU h arrival Irrlml Mng 1Inl announced InnounC1 to the theInhabitants IhoInhlhltant theInhabItant
Inhabitants Inhlhltant by a letter IItlr from t the ho h Kings Kingsown King Kingown
own 011 hand In II the time tmf of Count COlnt uint Ramon RamonBorengucr Rmon RmonBrelRuer IlanionIJeremuguor
Borengucr BrelRuer I 103505 03 the thl thu Jews JOWt of ft fierce Barcelona fiercelona mJ mJlon ¬
lona lon were er already nlreay landowners landowllT Among Amongthorn Amongthor Amongthem
thorn thor Is II mentioned m ntlolf1 a certain ctraln Reuben Rubn who whohad whohad whohind
had an n estate Islate nt lt thin foot of Monjulch This Thismountain Thi Thismountain
mountain which is II near ntar tho sea a and andIs andII aniIs
Is II al 110 also o called lltd Mon Judalcus Judlcul Monjulch Monjulchwas lonJalchwal
was wal used Illd as allrly asearly early a I tho middle rlddlf of tho ho tenth tenthcentury tnthNnlury tenthcentury
century Nnlury A D 1 I as a cemetery IHrlery for the thl Jews JewsBarcelona JIW JIWIarclonn JewsBarcelona
Barcelona Iarclonn early Inrly grow rw to hue one OlO of tho most mostImportant mo niostImportant t tImporlant
Important mercantile rNcnll centres cntr of Europe Europennd Fllrul Fllrulanlllti Eutrupenod
nod anlllti its commercial commercl11 code cods became 111 tho foun foundation rOln rOlndaton fouundatiort ¬
dation daton of modern 10dfr maritime mnrltlno law lawThn II ItiwThe
The hp part taken tlk1 by h tho t hI hue Jews JWf In the t h bun bunpuimtsloti ex expansion x xpn ¬
pansion pn > lnu of the t it city lly it V has h1 not lnt l wtt > on fully fullyworked fuly fulywurkrd fullyworketi
worked out hut hit I ett It Is I it Indicated Indlmll by I uy a 1 silo siloccnelon suitCCIulOZi uo uoctlol
ccnelon ctlol of important 1111ruut JcwUh Juwlh financier fICIlrl
An Arab historian hl orln called calId the Jewish com community cm cmmuly community ¬
munity muly of Barcelona llona a community crtnunlt of ofprinces ofprln ofprinces
princes prln I and nndlrlstortl aristocrats It I Is I certain crain that thatthe thatthe thatthe
the Jews Jewl of Barcelona Brlona paid in direct clct taxes taxesmom t111 taxesmois
mom mT than h half lf of all al that was Wa paid Id by h the theJewish theJewbh theJewish
Jewish communities ommunltlel of Ar Aragon orgon gon For Forlong a along along
long time the thl Jews of the Catalonltn Cat lIon Ia capital capitalcontinued capitalcontinued
continued contlnued on good Io terms tlre with wih the thl Chris Christian Crb CrbtLn Christan ¬
tian tLn tan inhabitants Inhablata of the city cty In A D
1237 a Jew JfW was wal Bayle II or Mayor Iyor The Thefriendly Thefriendly hO
friendly frlllly relationship ceased cald ceased with the I he grow growing irowIlg growhug ¬
hug Ilg Influence Innulnc of the th priesthood prleatho In 13U 13Uthe 13 13the 1348the
the mob 10b plundered pluder Jewish Jewilb hou hoU house and andkilled andklcd andkilled
killed klcd a score 10n of the tb Inhabitants Inhablatl but the thenobles th thnoblls thenoble
nobles noblls and nnt prominent citizen ciluM espoused espousedthe tapu epousedtheJewisttcauseanddispeuiqtj PI PItht
the tht theJewisttcauseanddispeuiqtj JewUh Jlwth cause caUe and ad dispersed d p 1 the rioters riotersIn
In 1391 however during durng the gnrat Ilat persecu persecution precu precutOI persecuiou ¬
tion tOI iou which hlcl begin bg at Bevflle Bvie to which whichWB whichWI whichwe
WB WI have Ie referred ferd thus thf Jewish Jewlh community communityof cmmunity cmmunityot
of Barcelona Brlona was wasannihilated M annihilated anlhllt d Xo promises promisescould proml promllul promisescould
could Induce Induc the Jews to settle Ile again In Intho Inhe inthe
the he city Even Ien now although althou h there thlre are areIn ar areIn
In Barcelona Brlonn a 1 certain raln number numbr of Jews Jewsfrom JfWI Jewsfrom
from rrlm France FralC Germany Cirmany and ad th the United UnitedStates UndStattI UnitedStates
States StattI they do not form a community communityand cmmull
and hove haI not erected Ted a house of prayer prayerThe prarrU
U IIlhe
The 111 nrliclo artcl headed htadf Auto da tl Ft Fo F the thename thenale hue huename
name nale given Rtn In Portuguese Portupul to the thl public publc an announcement annuulmlt annuuntemeutt ¬
nouncement nuulmlt of tho t thu hll guilt guit or innocence InlOnc of a aperson 1 aperson
person pr801 accused ncu1f1 lx before > foro the Inquisition Inquisitionwhich Inqulliton Inqullitonhlch InquisitIonwhich
which hlch was WI followed roluw111 in case CRil of conviction cnicton by bythe b bthe bythe
the punishment punhhmelt of the th condemned lndemnl Is I con contributed contribll contrhbtited ¬
tributed tribll by Prof R Oothel lotthell It I scents seemnthat IPlml scentsthat
that tho th earliest tarll t record rPrd of the thoburning thehlllni theIuurning
burning hlllni of Jews JIWI at an auto da d f It relates relatesto rtlatl
to that held In Troyes on April Apri 21 I2M I2MThe 1M 1MThl l25Slii
The Thl lii execution eculon called lle forth strenuous Itrenuoul pro protests protests ¬ I ItetM
tests from King IlnR Philip Phip the Fair Most of oftho ofthu I Itho
tho thu Information Inrormtol concerning concrlnp the relations rllaton of oftho orthe ofhue
the hue Inquisition Inlullllol to Jews JPWI refers rrfprf to Spain SpainPortugal 1plln 1pllnPnrtllnl SpainInrtuguuh
Portugal Pnrtllnl and their colonies colonlel although there thereIs thtre thtreII
Is II no doubt that Jews JII suffered utlrl at the hands handsof handIf
of If iho I hiu tribunal trlJnal In 11 Italy Inl and lnr especially tI < laly In InVenice InII Intmtks
Venice II tmtks during the thl sixteenth IXtNlth contury ntlf In InSpain InSpain InSiniit
Spain auto were wprl ere held hll1 from A D 1 I UW lR and andin anllInPortnlaCer antilii
in InPortnlaCer Portugal after 1531 1531 The Thu Holy 10ly Office Orlo was wasestablished wal wasstabhihiI
established etablllld In America Arfrlca in 1569 159 The Th lost lostauto laitauto
auto held In II Portugal POltugal took tok place pa at Lisbon LisbonIn L hon honIn
In I73u 131 but as aslalely a lately as al Aug 1 1829 l82 an auto autowas auloW autowas
was W celebrated lIhrted at Valencia In which ono onoJew on onJuw oneJew
Jew was nl burned hurl alive alv It should bo re rememboml nlelbeT innuemiuberuti
memboml lelbeT 1 that tho thu custom cUllom was that the thepenitents theInllntl theiemuitents
penitents Inllntl were first rt strangled trnglll and then thenburned thienhiurned IPn IPnhurd
burned hurd while whi the th impenitcnts Impnlcntl or those th who whorefused whKrefuused ho horfull
refused rfull to renounce their religion relgion were wtre cast castInto calt caltInto castInto
Into tho ho flames lall alive alve Prof Irot Gotthell GoUh11 finds findsIt tndl findit
It I impossible ImloM lhll to computn the number numhtr of ofJews otJWl ofJews
Jews JWl who met mlt their thplr death at at the many manynutos manyaulM manyautos
autos da ca fe t ft In Spain and Portugal but it i Is Isknown hiknown Isknown
known that many thousands tholland8 perished prl lltd by h hhurlnR
burning hurlnR A list IMt has been complied cmplld by b
Adler Aclr of 0448 Jewish Jwllh victims ltlml of the In Inquisition Inqulsllon Inqulsltion ¬
quisition qulsllon the names namll and fates of whom ho can canbe canbe an anhI
be hI ascertained IcNtalncd from Iror tho RelaclonfH UIII < onfl of ofonly 01onl ofonly
only onl 115 II out of 464 40 autos aUlol da fe1 fe1which r which are areknown areknown areknown
known to have taken tlkfl place pIle between 14S1 14S1and 1 14hnnuh 1 1nnd
and 186 186There
11 1lI 1lITiter
There have been hefl great Irt4t Jewish musicians musiciansMendelssohn 11lllil1 mutuisiciansMendeIstolun
Mendelssohn endlll > hn Mnyerbeor 1ftrbr and ad HaleVy Halhy
for example There Th have ha 1 been blgrfat great Jewish Jewishpoets Jlwleh JlwlehptH Jewishpoets
poets for instance In tanllell hems Why have hA there therenever Ihlrl therenever
never l hxen > ocn great jrat painters palntlrl ainters and In1 sculptors sculptorsamong sculplorl scuhiutorsamong
among amonl the Jews JWI This Thl question lurHtlo prompts promptsus Ilromptl romptsus
us Ul to examine larlno with peculiar Jlcular interest Interplt the thearticles tht thuearticles
articles nrtldl1 on the Attitude At I ud of Judaism Jldalm Toward TowardArt ToardArt TowardArt
Art and on The Tht Beautiful nutllul in Jewish JewishLlternture Jlwllh JlwllhLierailf JewishLIterature
LIterature Lierailf They are contributed rntrlbulpd by b Prof ProfImmanuel ProlIrmalwl ProfIinnuaniiul
Immanuel Irmalwl lienzinger Iwnzinglr of Berlin Brli University Unhersly
by Dr Ir Knufmann Iaufmaln Kohler Iohllr and Mr J E EEisonMein E KElscnstein
EisonMein EInfteln of New Xl York and by h Prof E t tG Khirsch
0 hirsch lrlh of tho th University of Chicago ChicagoAccording Chlc4RO Chlc4ROAcordlng ChicagoAccording
According to Prof Bonzingor lJnzllgr It was M the thereligion theUglon therelIgion
religion Uglon of the Jew that thlt precluded precucld the thefull thisfoil
full tlll development dolollot of the art of sculpture sculptureand Ioulpt ure ureand
and confined conlnod It within lhln narrow limit lmi In tho thomoct thomOt themost
most mOt ancient aclnt time tmP when graven rawln Images Imageswero 1111 ImagesWere
Were er not as yet It proscribed prOcrlbcd the thf technical technicalability t technIcalahulhity cl1lcnl
ability ahmt to make them artistically nrltcaly was wllaok wllaokInR lack lacking lacking ¬
ing and ad when whln In later periods prIOI tho requl requisite requllo requlsite ¬
site lo artistic ar I tc skIll ki might havo hl been bln acquired acquiredfrom aClulrll aClulrllfrom acquIredfront
from others nthlr images imaRt were forbidden lorbddtn The Thepercistwit Thepri Thepersistemit
percistwit pri tllt fight ght of the t he Prophets Pro hltl against againstImogen a againstimages anet anethnal
images hnal < was Wt as waged WIRd with wih such luch success SUCI that thatin thatIn thatin
in tho end pnc not only o was al any representatIon
of tho 110 thu Deity 11 it forbidden forhlccln but even the tlt por portraiture portralturl pertraiture ¬
traiture tralturl of living being helngl In general gentral man manor manor
or hrnst 1lft Such n command commnd as that of the thaDecnloguo theIlcllo theIecnlogtun
Decnloguo Ilcllo ln would have ha 0 been hltn Impossible Impossibleto IlpOlble IlpOlbleto
to a nation Illon possessed of such ueh artistic arttle gifts giftsas gltl gift giftas
as al were wert the Greeks Orlkl and was WI carried clrlM to Its Itsultimate Is Isultlmah Itsultimate
ultimate consequences conlquenCtHal as today 10cByln In Islam Islamonly Illam Illamonly Islamonly
only becauso hecus the t hue people poplo lacked lakPI artistic arlMtle Inch Inclination Incl InchnatIon ¬
nation naton with wih its Icreatlve itscreative creat ive power ptr powerand and ad format torrltho torrlthoIlallnatlol formative formativeImagination ve veImagination
Imagination Ilallnatlol Flue 110 glyptic Ilytc art Rr was practised practisedamong practlso practisedamong
among tho tht hebrew Jehruw in remote rlmote antiquity alllulty
They hcemed ttmld to have been bMn taught how llo to toengrnvo 10Ingro tociugravo
engrnvo Ingro on precious stones tonIs by the Ca Canaanltes Canllp Canuuuuites
naanltes nllp who In their turn tur h had d received receivedtho rItdth receivedtutu
tutu th art ar from tho Ito Phoenicians lhQnlclan The Hebrew Hebrewand Ilbre Ilbread Ilehirewand
and ad riwilclan PICnlcll coals 1111 resemble IFlmbo each other othervery othtr othtrtr othervery
very tr closely coI in shape 8hap script and orna ornamentation ornamllatlon ornantentation ¬
mentation mllatlon The ornaments orlmlnts include de devices co ci civice ¬
vices 8 of Phoenician Ph nlcla origin such luch as II the thepalm tht thepaInt
palm pllm leaf Itaf a garland garlad of poppyheads poppyheadl or orpomegranates orpomegranatlA orpomegranate
pomegranates winged wlngl spheres epher eta lto and andthero ad adthr andthere
there aro also Egyptian devices deJe such as asHathors MHalhorl ashiathors
Hathors Halhorl Insignia Iallia and ad the lie eye Iye gf Osiris OsirisOf OsirIso OsirisOf
Of o metal Iptal work among Imong the ancient acllnt Jews Jewsthero Jewsthlm Jewstiter
titer thlm aro no 10 remains extant lxtanl Sculpture Sculpturein RCllplurl
in stone Iton hardly existed nt all nl among them themIvory thol themIvory
Ivory hor and 1111 wood carving on the other otherhand otherhand
hand were practised by them from ancient ancienttimes ancienttime
times timesTho
timeTutu
Tutu development of painting as well wellas wellas
as of sculpture was obstructed among the thoJows theJews
Jews by their religion to which according accordingi
to Bonzlnger ami and Delltzsch should be beathiest
added a defective sense of color Attempts AttemptsIn
In the direction of painting however are nrofound arefound
found In the earliest times In the custom customof
of decorating with colors Jar jars vases and andarticles andarticle
articles of uf a similar character In every everycose everycase
case however the painting amount to tobut tobutt
but a simple form of ornamentation by bymeans bymoult
means of colored hues In which geomet geometrical goometricoh ¬
rical figures predominate with parallel parallellines parahlelhoots
lines and lines at right angle zigzag and andwaving andwaving
waving lines all forming a sort of band bandaround bandaroutntl
around the nock or body of the vessel vesselProf esselProf
Prof Bonzlnger asserts that In the Old OldTestament OldTestament
Testament painting U not mentioned mentionedHo meat loned lonedlie
Ho holds that when Ezekiel speaks of ofmen ofmaca
men portrayed upon the wall the Images Imagesof imageof
of the Chaldeans portrayed with mar mermillion marmIUIon
million It Is not painting proper that Is Isreferred Isreferred
referred to but probably outline drawings drawingswith drawingswith
with a colored pencil the contour being beingthen
then filled In with color colorDr
Dr Kohler tells us that after the Tal Talmud Talmud ¬
mud exorcised authority moro rational rationalrules rationalrtihes
rules were ere followed In interpreting the thelaw tuelaw
law prohibiting Images In view of th thfact this thisfact
fact that as a rule only carved figures figuresor
or statues were objects of worship the theprohibition theprohibition
prohibition of thin Decalogue was not ap applied applied ¬
plied to Images not projected It won held heldthnt huehdhunt
hunt portrait painting was not forbidden forbiddenby
by tho law As a matter of fact however howevertho howeverI
tho I he spirit of the Jewish faith was fur more morepotent morepotent
potent than the law In putting a check checkupon ehuecicupon
upon pictorial as well as upon plastic art artTho artThu
Tho Thu same spirit would deter I tttu ho modlmval modlmvalJow mcdiavalJoy
Joy from runt Imitating the paintings of Jesus Jesusand Jesusanti
and the Virgin of the Apostles and the theMints thestlnts
Mints which In the Christian Church Churchtended Churchtendeuh
tended In his eyes to produce a relapse relapseInto relapseInto
Into Pagan Idolatry Nevertheless paint painting paintIng ¬
ing was practised to n certain extent among amongtho amongthin
thin Jows of the Middle Ages ABPWhile AgesWhuihe
While It was a rule not in n decorate the thewalls thewalls
walls of tho synagogues with figures lost lostthe hostthus
the devotion of the worshipper should 1 1distracted ito itodistracted
distracted by thin sight the doors of hue thosynagogue huesynagogue
synagogue and tho hue Ark worn frequently frequentlyornamented frequentlyornament
ornamented ornament ed with wit hi representations rujuresentat tons of nni nnilimb nniutals
limb among which the lion was a favoritt
subject occasionally also of blrrls and andvnakrs andsunakeus
vnakrs and of if plants juch n Rut flower and andvines endvines
vines In all cases where fear of tIibtnu tIibtnuworship
worship by nonJews wp wes > excluded hhera hheraminded
minded rabbis saw no reason for prohib
King such ornamentation MIPI vliera > AH rig
1ts lit would discourage d hacotu rage it nltogeihrr ut It geu iucr if
home utensils cups anti lamps u f r
Sahliath ft and festival test lviii days rercoccisiinilr were nrrasinuiIt
In the Middle Age despite in inopinion t he tidy tidyopinion
opinion of rabbinical authorities
with figured designs Platters paintI paini l and
Inlaidtable co coersrnutjrjuIrr1t vcn embroldi > it g 1 r
birds and fishes wooilen vessel fdc d HI
figured were In common use Th wiT na f
the houses of the lie rich were someiii sottuOIuorated 10 10ornted
orated with paintings of it old Te > t tscenes
scenes and on the outftldo 11511 secular I IHH IHHwere u uwere
were portrayed Portrait
painting U uni uninot
not common was not unknown iimnns t u
Jews Jew of normally lernuutlu In tho Ito eighteenth centur centurwhile tituur tituurwhile >
while in Italy It existed as early earh ns tin Ii4
fifteenth hi Especially Especla fly was tm the t hue Hliiininatiiil Hliiininatiiilof iiluuiuu Inst t ii iiof
of manuscripts and the t hue nrtistie turt it Ic binding tint liuug f
books carried to great proficiency by Jews Jtnswhun
whun ho probably acquired the hr art from the themonks thusunonks
monks According to Ioky many of llm llmgoldsmiths t its itsgohdsmuiit
goldsmiths Its of o f Vriilcu who cultivntcd cult i aIed tin tinart t lut lutart
art of carving Jews
were Of
recent year yeargreater cutrs cutrsgreat
greater great er nttenilon attrnu ion has been ild i hi to t o the t I it sub u I ¬
ject of JewMi rroleMriMicnl nit uu I rsferinlly erialiy
Inee the I ii
AngloJewih > riei exhibition IuIiIt ion
of 1M7 1M7Prof 1M 1MIrnf
Prof E < Ilirwli l f tlrj
InteresliiiK ioterst I ii g article uuru lilt on ii The Ii IlcauMful ltc ii u fit I in i a
Jewish Literal tire uur concedes uiat I luau n t lici
Jews cnnnot be h niif eiI to < > have hui eimnliwd tiut
fruitful thought i t Ie hjHCMitiir siteuuiui I u ii r rof
of the beautiful rimt field Ml i ii hu
Inheritance lnhuerita cu iii < if the t hi lurks ilimuli i I u i u u ii n i IS s
deemed probable that thir t iuipiiW m
hIs t domain von > renivHl u t I from fri flu ilie I it itsrluto A Asyrian
syrian eivKizallon ci vi Izut It lu IVcf 1 c f llirsr h i irslu t fl u I
Reiiann distinction I 1st I oct h n t hut while tu Idle Uautv Uautvwas I a tum v via14
was the Ito preiKxupaiiiil iuuu of i hut r rrighteousness rsu k ti tirIg1tteouso
righteousness is thai t luau of t ili u lu HI 11 tr trpoints j jpoints >
points out however huut evuu idat I nit one cult tuiuM Ii uiit mid
In the t hue Jewish Jest bit Aristotelians A rit ut oh ii its nctaily ii u u Iy Mai Maimonidcs i intoitiulcs
monidcs indications of nn nppn s ii I n f fthe tthu
the thu kntitlful and nd be I iiinisi ilint t hit id ab absolute ii ¬
solute denial I to t tu tho t hut Jewish 1 tv ihu initi < l f 1 Im Imcapacity I i icuu
capacity cuu pacit y to I o appreciate it t nrd tu ii niii i u I i iIaui lie
iHaiillful Iaui tiftu I should shiou tld be h rvURnlrd mchga t ed t il u I lunil n I Irooni > r rroom
room of prejudice Tho Ilus voilmiary i t uuurv uuurvJutdaluit f
Judaism does nor laek terms i iuit
the hut bcnuty of the body luoI as wclU ihni i ti 1 t iim iimsoul t I Isoil
soul It Is certain that ihe Iii nn of urnn urnnmtntlng rutuu rutuunintiuu
mtntlng nintiuu g the t I ut body was highly lu developed developedamong t I yr I Iamong
among the Jews nt n comparmively hiupuruut iuh early earlyperiod arh arhperhtsl
period Tho third I huh rd chapter chum p t u of Isaiah I a in ii shovs shovsthat s hi iv t thint
that the I hue boudoir of I lie ho Hebrew wntimii wntimiiwas s tutu a awatt
was well provided with I lie it things so sodeomod
deomod needful to rnhtincn iiIuaui her charm charmEven thinriuEven
Even during churl mug nnd after a fi e r the t hut MaeialHiiu MaeialHiiustruggle lnc uii u u uitt
struggle itt when n violent inltmu t reaction raut lou H set > I in inagninst i Ii Iiagnimust
agninst Greek customs Including Inch uuull it g the t lic ciiltuit ciiltuitof ruth tot totof
of the lie Ixxly there Is abundant evidence ovitleuu Hint Hintphysical hunttih3shcai
physical lnuty I eautty both Iuut U In men and women womenwas vouuuutwIts
was regarded as n distinction to gain which whichwas whuiciswas
was worthy of the nnibition of the Ii l hoti hotiNor > ost ostNor
Nor did d Id tho hue art of heightening hehghuteiu iuug ihe I h natural naturalcomeliness tin t u ru I Icomeliness
comeliness of man or woman fall Into disuse disuseduring disutsoduring
during the Talmudlo era Fondness for forbathing forhathimug
bathing was mnde the t hi subject of special specialnotu uptciainot
notu not in tho thu case of no less personage tItan IhnnHUM tItanHillel
HUM The use it of ointments the attention attentionpaid tutudntiuupaId
paid to the t hu toilet t litt of f the t I it bride hriu I on her day dayof t layof
of joy the ornaments which are deemed deemedIndispensable deineulIndIspensable
Indispensable to woman the recorded recordeduse
use of artificial cosmetics to Ixautify the thneyebrows theeehur
eyebrows eehur wus or the finger nnils the Ii famines faminesascribed fuithneascribed
ascribed to women for fine garment nnd nndfln nnlfine
fln fine surroundings In preference even to toluxurious toluixtidotus
luxurious food fcodthescu theso anti ninny similar similardetails ImIIircletaihis
details scattered throughout I Tnlmudio Tnlmudioliterature in Intutlle Intutlleliterature
literature go far to disprove disliro the lie popular popularassumption ioputhnrassiuntuption
assumption that there her wir flt > a lack of ap appreciation appredation ¬
predation for or physical beatify among th thJews thin thinJews
Jews Womans attractiveness Is her herbeauty herbuauty
beauty said the hue fair maidens of JeriiFaleni otJertisalemujat JeriiFaleniat
at their gatherings on tho thu hills on o the 15th 15thof ithtof
of Ab and nt tim close of the lie Day of Atone Atonement Atoitenuent ¬
ment In fact according to Prof Hirsch Hlrschtho Hirschlie
tho lie Jews hnd a standard of jiersoiinl beauty beautywhich beautywhich
which was largely their own ownTho tnvnflit
Tho flit acrostic aerost it praise IiraI of thtgoori the good housewife housewifelrtues luouisuwlfslrtutei
lrtues in Proverbs throws some light on onthe ciithe
the i ltuhinr > ouli r disposition clisposit Ion of the lit JowWi mind mindIn mniuutlin
In this thi field Still St lit moro lolling lure thn thndescriptive thutideserilutit
descriptive niljcctlves adject lves tool similes of tli tliSonc t litt litt4ongs
Sonc of Solomon Dr lllrsch holds tliiit tliiitthere t hutI
there I U good reason for to r saying that t luuti in tlm tlmestimation I I u uestintntluul
estimation of the Jews uriii IiMli tku It i It ItBiblical >
Biblical period nnd flu ui lint of ti f the u I t Palestinian PalestinianTalmudlsts l iii Iii ii iilalflhtlhISts
Talmudlsts physical lx lsautty < ntity conformed in intho int
tho t he requirement s ubich I ilchu we know k miov from to ul tm tmArabian u I it itrahiari
Arabian Nights Ni glut t were mnsidcrei I uitsiiln I inciM inciMpensablo I uuii uuiiisnsahule
pensablo by tbo I hue Arabs A rahs M e < > learn irni i tu i iii iiiconnection iteciitnectlo
connection ii with w it Ii tbo I hutu Rabbinical fltulul lit nnvili1 nnvili1lion jut t tmmmi
lion of SarnhV ndvcntun > in lcy ryu i iuttatti A Astated
stated that In areordntico act ninoct witli tju lu Pt M na namltiV i u umitt
mltiV mitt words In thi Song of Sii S tu I Ior lark larkor
or dark complexion va t as onsideivl to todetract ucdot
dot detract ract from from it beauty hueauut v Tho hair hui i vorn v ti liUli liUliand I 1Ii 1Iianti
and coiled buck was regarded ns n nn eiivixn eiivixndevice tlt ifl ifldevice
device to Increase jnrsonnl mtra aturuoti <
while the eyes of the liride tiuie If > nriia a d dsoft l lsoft
soft were held to lie 1 sufficient ami to fr frher frsu frsuher < >
her from the hit neco miecots y > of resorting resort inu t tl iiitr iiitrornaments er erorruatneiut
ornaments Ono On of the thu wiys to t allure n nwouldbe awouldb
wouldbe suitor anil to Inflame Iii pnsi iii iiiwas > n nwas
was to plait this hair ChlldUnrinc e m mknown utiknowit
known to 10 detrimental to the iii nuwlii > s sof I Iof
of tho lit italy The llu matriarchs Saiaii f r rexamplo rexaniplopreservecl
examplo exaniplopreservecl preserved their t l tiuui nmy o I n nUomiso i ilsctntuse <
Uomiso they t long remained mum lute I cjiililli cjiililliTlm ci ill I l lThin <
Thin desiro dcci ro to tu u have Iurt Ixnilllfiil lsnuit ifiul children childrenken ti tiken
ken among the hut women of Israel and andvarious uitlvaneti
various devices hnvo IHCH recorded recordedhaving as ashavIng
having l hsomu > eon employed Citih hIuytM I by them to t u incnin incninplUh uu ci u uph
plUh ph Isi this t his end eiuu I Itnlibl huh it ii lohaiiaii Iuuhuau ia mu IHP I uu uupalm N NI <
I palm > ahn renowned for to r his long ltui g and fliwnij fliwnijward fl u uIssarti
ward was so deeply Impressed wiib ii Ii In Inown u uown
own beauty that ho used to sit for hours hoursby huuiuiby
by the portals of tie bathing hut Iulmug establish establishments stuu tuljIi tuljIimnemuts ¬
ments In order to Impress the t lit women wild wildhis t It It Ithis
his appearance anti thus Influence the thu luuki luukiof lookaof
of their expected offspring offspringWith offspringitiu
With itiu a reference to tt the assertion list thntthe t listthe
the Jews are dMltulo d stlt itt of n Mnnj ntu of tlm tlmboautlos tluubeauties
beauties of nature Prof Hlrsch submitthat submit uilituitsthat
that this thii very feeling Is It evinced In almost almostevery ahtututeery
every line of thus Psalm whllo the hue descrip description dcscrlptlomus ¬
tion In the Book itt f Job anti many mans grnphlo grnphloImlles graphlnsindhea
Imlles In the writings of thn Prophets Prophetschallengn Prophuituschallenge
challenge comparison with the best pro produced ro roducod ¬
duced by the Homeric poets It Is acknowl acknowledged acknowledged ¬
edged however thnt the t hue Jewish Jots Ithi sens sensof sniussof
of the its Ixnutlet iueautl of nature diffeis from fromthat ruin ruinthat
that of the Oroeks In so far as It responds respondsrather rispomelsrather
rather to the thu majestic totality of tho thu nut nutTerse tuiiiverse
Terse than to the thu charm of details It ls lsnot Isnnt
not the Individual star nor the thu particu particularized partluuulsrivd ¬
larized flower ncr the local sunset thct thctInspires tinitInspires
Inspires the Hebrow singer to articulation articulationIt
It Is it rather the heavens considered us usthrone II IIthrone >
throne of God the mountains regarded regardedas
as melting under the touch of His e 1 1the
the earth beheld In tho thu throes of n nordained wI wIorttaintMl
ordained destiny and similar gonerii nt ntpreclatlon i ipreciatlout
preclatlon of the sublime and rxal eald ealdaIpecta d dajpecU
ajpecU of Gods handiwork that uncof uncofthe iuiupe iuiupethe
the Jewish bard to sing At tho stmo stmotime tatnetime
time Homers description of the hut U iss trU trUmny trite tritemay <
may be paralleled by that of the thu an in inth iiiexpess
th Proverbs ProverbsProf
Prof Hirsch expirs expess es a duiht whether whetherIn
In architecture tho lit Jews can 1 credit I Iwith Iwith
with tnvt n Ive genius The Bible iiiiiI seen seento
to Indicate I dlcat that whiMv eof a of the u hue bulMig bulMigart
art they had they had lerlved from their theirnMghlwrs luIrneighutors
nMghlwrs this lMvrnlctanH W o t observu observuthat itoye itoyethnt
that the present volume of tum Dm Eiicv1 Eiicv1rield Iuet i ir
rield r in where we should naturally nettuurni s stot >
for Itcontalns It cOntflifl no ad article C rtlel on JeiMsl Jut at I Itectutre
tecture W S are referred to th ante cr1 t tentitled sentitled
entitled Altremnr and Mewilt tt uSt uStteture Ani Anifuture
future In America In th fir firof irs ii iiof
of thU thuI work anti in various urn art ut i M Mwill u uill
will ill appear In micwdinK vhi vhijKciHlly S dl dlI
jKciHlly I sclti lhy to tho t hoe e on undent di I uuint euj Ul jjvj j
synagogues
C
fin si sifpje SIi
siv
i v v v1ie
fpje 1ie Ipiu Ipiuihlnit lpphIuug
ihlnit ihlnitthe hIuugthe
the theI thechulsa I It
t tralliin tralliinf
f rhino rhinoIt chulsaIt
It was wasthat sa sathat
that tho thu re reouth reuhi
outh uhi Wnl Wnlho
t ho het heff1 women womenfrnnchlsed
t frnnchlsed frnnchlsedpilstnke
ff1 pilstnke nistnkt 11 11tb i ir
r tb et > t recolv recolvof rectlof
of tho Nat Nntltralla NattraIls
traIls state statehouse stat statI
I house of tr trby t tby
by thin Cro1 Cro1bill rtu rtubill
bill to tho thoGo thuutF
F Go ovtruuuuie ovtruuuuiethmit ve rumen rumenthat
that thev thutvno r rno
no iiinioiiit iiinioiiitelected lIIlheuthtelectel
p elected by bywhether
whether whet hew lit litIn t I Iin
In tho thu Par ParNow Pui Puiitw
Now South Southchlseotio Stuitldust
chlseotio chlseotiocan dust tutu t tcan
can vote nte nteL ft fturo
L lire This Thisstates lhutttEtates
states to c cTlm c cThu
Tlm Thu lett lettthat luttthat
that In VI VIIs
Is Incorpo Incorpoalready lnuturjualready
already ha hahouse hunhouse
house nni nnipassing uuuuupassiuig
passing th thyear lbyear
year Thl Thland Thuiand
and Tasnu Tasnureason Tatunreausuit
reason for foras furas
as their wr wrof w wof
of Aust mil milrnenilxrs mlParhlutnuen
rnenilxrs rnenilxrsParliament
Parliament Parliamentthoso Parhlutnuenthosi
thoso thosiF bodi bodiTho
F Tho Ilit lett lettBlon luttFlon
Blon of th thnecessarily
necessarily necessarilyCouncil necttssirllI
I Council of oftt t tas
tt as now wi wibehind wbcuitioti
behind us usgo tusgo
go Into th tha thua
a M iiiUr iuuulsrmeet iiiUrmeet
meet Ings tug tugit I IIt
It Is n aa ease easefrom
a s sfront
from Austi Austiour ktustour
our sldo sldowith slut slutwith
with fho fhonient fleumenu
menu In Inthat t tthnt
that dead deadFilch tltatluteIu
Filch n hi hiolder
1 older ohtltrtut coun counAn
An ncco1 ncco1of 11CC 11CCof
of I ho roc rocIn rtsin
In Mollxiur MollxiurIt Melbouiit
It will In Ingate I Igate
gate from fromSulTrnge troutt
t SulTrnge C CD
D C C f flectured
lectured Ir Irplnco I Iphaci
plnco on onby I Iby
by Sir SIrthe Vt Vtthe
the Comm CommCan CoiuutnCami
Can woo wooof we weof
of the im imour litour
our Cabin Cabinhonor aid aidhonor
honor of a aKay aay
Kay ay lint lintto liii liiito
to the thu tilt uttipublic tiltptuhuIic
public or t tbo <
bo caught caughttho caughtthu
tho thu womei womeiwould utouituwottid
would it Ix Ixo I Itti
tti o ilraw It Itphoiild I Ihuouuhul
phoiild hu huino
ino 0 shoii shoiiEmbarrni sioui siouiEmbarra
Embarrni Embarrnimiiuld EmbarratuuiIuj
miiuld the thethe hue huethut
the crowil crowilpoling rowtl1st
poling 1st hug for formeelliiKM forI
meelliiKM meelliiKMsmallest I mugs mugsptiuutihlst
smallest smallestSlates ptiuutihlstStat
Slates Stat wh whIf wl wlIf
If thoMnj thoMnjcomo thut thutliii
como liii n su suIlls S Shub
Ills official officialhand ofiltia ofiltiahuanuI
hand rus rusclose rut rutclotu
close of hi hicorner iiictruuer
corner to It ItIIt t tTho
IIt WIth WIthIhue
Tho He HeUtah littJtahu
Utah ha haorcupyliu haOCuiiylii
orcupyliu OCuiiyliiblock
block 1 1Jnnrkeil I IInarkisi
Jnnrkeil Inarkisifor t tfor
for Ihe lii pi pivho i ihto
vho hto has lu luTed i irode
rode Ted nil n nto
to 0 bo prt prthls prhuius
hls heart heartrionny httuurtdo
rionny do atty thli thliwns lii liiwatt
watt no mit in inliquor tuuliquor
liquor nut nuttho a hi hith
tho th police policea
a Kiimptiu Kiimptiuprepared
prepared prepnrttinutmnluem t tnumber
number of ofwere o oWert
were inniU inniUWoman iuunilonutin
Woman WomanHeartW onutin onutinIleutmt
HeartW HeartWMen Ileutmt IleutmtuItn
Men uItnthu T Tthe
the thu One Out V
2 oclock oclockwns oelockns
wns ns held heldWHHHhes hellCjisfshuts
WHHHhes Cjisfshutsthu I ItJn
thu tJn hiishn hiishnously huuuIuotuuhv
ously hoi hoiright Itorighut
right mine mineTho niirurut
Tho rut SI SIIdaho stIthahto
Idaho wai waiOn nuOn
On the t hut eve eveIlepilblicai rc rcRu
Ilepilblicai Ilepilblicaidelegates Ru p u I I in indelegu
delegates delegatesgramme delegu its
1 gmatuiuiuin gramme grammeIn
In n socli socliIon
tiori Ion one onento in ingatus
gatus nto pr prtnl Pr1ttutt
1ttutt tnl < > SH SHtlon Sittino
tlon and andEveryt tututiEeryu
Everyt hln hlnously liiiouusly
ously
In Denv Denvcrnllc Ihutscratic
crnllc Cli Clilarge I Ilarge
large par parThe IbuirThit
The roon roondainty run rundaInty
dainty re retables mu mutiulttt
tables jii jiiand iiianti
and tho I it II IItho Iithu
tho thu one oiu ci cithe C Cthu
the thu fact fnettkah t ttlcal
tlcal natii natiicourso miatuCourtc
courso of ofthe ofIL
IL I I Ithu
the thu rent irrentus rentills
us In ih ihother thuother
other Slaj Slajyenrs Sn Snynrs
yenrs for for1wondrsti forwontlrst
wondrsti wondrstiwomen wontlrstWuiiuitu
women nn nnSw ur urgootl
gootl Sw < lias liasnow huuounow <
now in ml sin sinIhnl shuthiut
Ihnl IIIIN Iusuutiurut I Ithnt
thnt we it ai aiim ii iius
im us usrIght i irlKhtfnllv
rlKhtfnllv rlKhtfnllvfit rIght fully fullyitt
fit tin iii prli prlit iri iriritulim
ritulim ut utto
to t plelHe plelHeever
ever sulle suuttuus < i iOf
us S Iitil Iitilof
Of III 0l 0lto nitto
to purify il t ts
V s inns innsHtiile tutu tutuhtitl
Htiile htitl unil unilRl
a Rl > Illlll W WlllilllO we wehtuituot
lllilllO llf llfwhom tutwtunutu
whom oui ouieleeljnif ottt
eleeljnif eleeljnifBllll
t Bllll lie in int nil nilftsslnnnl
t tesIttiualAmuot ftsslnnnl ftsslnnnlAnother
Another AnotherBtep Amuot hut
Btep 501 with withhim tIuhthint
him the thu thutitiui gi gimillions
titiui m Jun JunmnIIhttuns
millions mnIIhttunsto o oto
to The Iii Iiigram 1 1grnl
gram nliit In Inwhen I Iwhuemi
when the thewere thu thuwm
were wm fie fitt l lthem
them t that thatto I huiuttt
to tt study 1 tithe titheuriultrhiu I IUnderlie
Underlie uriultrhiuIcuil tl tlIcnl
Icnl illesti illestithreo uhttusttitren
threo or orweek orweek
week weekThis weekThis
This ThisJefferson ThisJefltruoui < >
Jefferson
4