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IBBSlJwLT LAKE THJliLTN3 SUNJDAT ASt . . . I "The women who become rulers or conquerors are noted in histoiy for their ruthlessness and irrational cruelty. Such was Tamyris, Queen of the Massagetes, who kept the head of her defeated enemy, King Cyrus, in a bag by her pillow." This picture of Queen Tamyris is by A. Zick. By Professor David Edgar Rice, Ph. D, (Columbia) the Famous Psychologist. 11 HE -failure of the Chicago po I licewomen to handle the re cent strikes of women there calls attention to some of the most fundamental principles of the psy chology ot sex. We should pay heed to the remarkable discoveries then made before more serious mistakes occur. gB The ten policewomen were ap- fjm pointed "because it was believed that they would be more gentle and lact- Iful In handling women in the streets and other places. It was -believed that a woman could lock up a rioting woman just as a mother would take a daughter home. As a matter of fact, the policewomen used more violence with their sex than an or dinary policeman would have done. Tt was believed that law-breaking women would yield more peaceably to officerB of their ovn .sex than to men. As a matter of fact they re sisted the policewomen more fiercely than if they had 'been policemen. The policewomen were chosen on account of their weight and muscle. One of them, Mrs. Anna M. Morrison, was an accomplished heavy-weight lifter. Two of the policewomen, Mrs. Anna M. Louches and Mrs. Mary A. Boyd, made themselves particularly 'unpopular by their roughness. The two policewomen charged into a crowd of striking waitresses out side Henrld's restaurant, on Ran dolph street, and, after a hot fight, arrested six of them. The police women had practised the well-known "policeman's grip" on the arm, and they used it with excessive force and temper on their prisoners. The waitresses complained that "they treated us a lot worse than the men cops." There was a general demand among workingwomen for the aboli tion of the policewomen. As a result of this disturbance the Chief of Police said that the two women "cops" would be transferred, and let it be understood that the Science Explains the Failure of Chicago's B If Policewomen Alongthe Very Line Where Jt II They Were Supposed to Be Most Useful KKSmKtm system of female policemen was a failure. From the Chicago case and others which I have observed I have come to tho conclusion that two psycho logical rules are in operation. In the first place tho woman is instlnctlvoly accustomed to seeing a man in the place of public power and authority and reBents seeing a woman in such a place. It is an instinct as old as the race, and arguments cannot re move It. I know that many enthusi astic suffragists even would never tolerate the idea of a woman Presi dent. In the second place, a woman put in the place of public power and au thority lacks the physical superiority that belongs to a strong man and that carries with It sentiments of self-restraint and fair play that have grown up through ages In the physi cally stronger and fighting sex. Nevertheless; knowing that she is appointed to exercise physical force, she does It hastily and Irrationally. In Buch acts her greater emotional excitability also plays an important part. The most advanced supporters of the emancipation movement main tain that there is no good reason why women may not engage in every line of activity now open to men, and it must be admitted that in many instances they have estab lished their claim. Perhaps the most conspicuous of their achieve ments has been the excellent service they have performod In connection with juvenile and female offenders. Certainly the rigors of the criminal law In its application to- these offen ders have been wisely and justly tempered by the sympathetic inter est that only a motherly woman knows how to give. Theoretically the idea of police women for women offenders seems a good one. 'Certainly a woman is in better position than a man to under stand another woman, and in con flicts -between disorderly groups and the lav mutual understanding and sympathy are helpful. What was the element of the altuation that was overlooked, bo that the theory broke down when an attempt was made to put it Into practical appli cation? The police authorities are inclined to believe that the explanation lies In the fact that the women lacked the physical strength to back up their authority when the necessity arose Cor their malting a show o'f force. To remedy the defect they are plan ning to give their policewomen a stiff course in physloal training, including instruction in jiu-jitsu. Undoubtedly this is a partial explanation Where a fight 1b imminent there Is no re straining force quite so potent as the consciousness in both parties to the encounter that a decided advantage lies with one side or the other. To the stronger party this assur ance ot superior strength brings with It a certain degree of poise and re straint. Upon the weaker side it has a sobering Influence that tends to bring passion under the sway of rea son. This is the argument on which the nations of the world justify the Increase of their armaments in the Interests of peace, and it has its ap plication to the situation we are dis cussing. Physical strength Js instinctively associated with the male sex, just as physical weakness is naturally re garded as an attribute of women. When pitted against the bluecoat3 the striking girls have an intuitive Bense of their inferiority in the mat ter of physical force, and, notwith standing their resistance, they really expect to be controlled. After the first strong outburst of fury has spent itself they aro likely to yield with comparative complacency. With the policewomen, on the other hand, they feel that they are contending with their equals in the matter of strength. Their chances of success ful resistance are therefore good, and they keep up the fight. Resentment at the thought that they are being coerced by women who are appar ently their equals and who should naturally be their allies lends an nddltlonal Impetus to their fury. But there is yet another and more fundamental reason why women aro not likely to prove successful in this particular field of activity. This is to be found in tho well-established fact that women are physiologically more irritable or excitable than men. That is to say, they respond more readily and directly to stimuli, Whether physical or psychical. The question need not bo raised hore whether this Ib a mark of in feriority or superiority. If any one is disposed to raise the question, tiro answer is that it is neither. It Is un fortunate that the matter of relative superiority is implied In almost every discussion of differences of the sexes, for it is just this impli cation that prompts so many femi nists to maintain that sex differences do not exist at all. The fact is that differences do exist, fundamental and immutaible differences, and the only wise course is to recognize their existence. i This point is so vital in the pros- ! ent day discussion of the woman movement and so much overlooked that we feel justified In going just a little out of our way to quote from a recent article by -Miss Ida Tarbell, a woman who certainly cannot be accused of being an "old fogy" on the question of wornan's place in modern life: "Doing a man's work in a man's way almost invariably means for a woman self-consciousness, friction, self-suppression. It in costly to society and to 'the individual, for it means at least the partial atrophy of powors and qualities peculiar to women and essential to tho harmony, the charm, and tho vigor of society. Her differences are her strength. Their full growth com pletes the human cycle. To sup press 'these differences is to rob not merely her individual life, but tho life of the world of its full ripeness. There is a grave need, in this country particularly, or lifting the suffrage debato from the narrow lines It has followed, stripping it of false assumptions and of impossible claims, and centering It about a woman more nearly typical than the melancholy figure which so far has served it. Woman is not asked to prove her equality to -man by doing in his way the things he does. She proves it by doing the things for which she is fitted and which the world need3 from her." This greater excitability or affect ability of women, which is perhaps the characteristic bv which she dif fers most from man, Is the source of her greatest weakness as well as her greatest strength. Women as a class are noted for their tact, for their ability to sense a situation Im mediately and to adjust themse'Ires promptly to varying conditions. Their intuitions -with respect to im portant problems that are incapable of logical analysis are more likely to bo accurate than those of a man. These are a few of the advantages accruing from this heightened sus ceptibility. On the other hand, this same qual ity tends to a certain degree of In stability in life and conduct. When woman occupies the place of physical force she Is naturally apt to be more violent and cruel than man. History contains innumerable instances of this, from Jael in the Bible, down to the female furies of the French Revolution and the Com mune. Cleopatra and Catherine the Great were examples of it. Legend, tells ua of Tamyris, Queen of the Massagetes, who treacherously slew her chivalrous opponent, Cyrus, King of Persia, and kept his head In a bag . by her pillow as a memento of her I triumph. Women are more likely than men to act hastily, to form snap Judg ments, io confuse means and ends, and, to resort to tears when logic falls. Physically, it shows itself in a greater tendency to spasmodic effort and more rapid exhaustion. Experi ments Tvlth the dynamometer show that women tend to reach their maximum power at the first effort, while men more often only attain their maximum power at the second or third effort. Now it is just these characteris tics that disqualify women from cop ing successfully with situations that policemen are so often called upon to face. The police officer need not be a man of exceptional intelligence, but qualities essential to his success are those of patience, poise and de liberation, as well as promptness and certainty of action. And it i: Policewoman Anna M. Morris at Her Morning Exercises. just these qualities, on the other hand, that nature apparently has de nied to women. There is still another reason why female offenders are likely to fare better at the hands of the regular bluecoats than at the hands of the policewomen. This is to be found in the" instinctive respect that men, on the whole, have for members of the opposite sex. There are those who assent that this characteristic , of men is rapidly disappearing, and this may to some extent be true. However, there still are to be found many men who will yield ready compliance with the rule of "women first" in case of shipwreck, and there is even an occasional man who will give up his seat to a woman in a crowded car. We can not eo One of the Ten Chicago Policewomen on Duly inJl Regulation Uniform. M readily eradicate a feeling that is as old as the race itself, and police men do not differ widely from aver age men. Even when called upon to use force in the suppression of dis order caused by women, the average policeman will use no more violence than is necessary to accomplish his purpose. The female officer, on the other hand. Is not subject t compunctions. The female oS is to her merely a violator- law whoso authority she repiw and whose majesty she mustW cato. i For these reasons, then, CnCB experiment seems deatlned torn in failure. ijl I The Alarming Possibility of a Wireless Wave Zone Where SMps Explode Like Bombs! XTRAORDINARY dangers to life and" "H health are said to have arisen as a result of the powerful wireless tele graphic waves that are now flowing un ceasingly around the world. Franck Duroquier, a French electrician and. wireless expert, has called attention to some of these dangers. He Bhows that the wireless or Hertzian waves produce large sparks between pieces of metal placed close together.. These phenomena may occur at many places within the in fluence of a wireless station. The sparks aro capable of setting fire to gases and other inflammable material. . The disturbances are greatest at points I midway between two important wireless I 6tations. Thus ho found that tho spot J where the steamship Volturno mysterl-1 ously burned was midway between the stations of Cllfden. Ireland, and Glace Bay, Newfoundland; that Cardlif, Wales, where r. disastrous explosion of coal gas recently occurred, was midway between Paris and Clifden, and that Toulon, France, where three French battleships have blown up, is midway between the Eiffel Tower, Paris, and Bizerta, the great irireless station on the Mediterranean, William Marconi, tho principal Inventor of wireless telegraphy, ha3 announced a now device that appears to have an im portant relation to these experiments. He has invented an electric lamp that can bo lighted at a diatance of six miles by the wireless current. Mr.. Marconi says that this experiment may be the forerunner of the application ' I of the wireless waves to power, lighting and heating currents. The mere faot that the wireless can light lamps at a distance appears to prove the possibility of ignit ing inflammable substances at the same distance. Itf. Duroquier, the French expert re ferred to, has gone "deeply into the rea sons why the wirele,ss waves cause fires and explosions. Electricians, he says, know that the sudden discharge of an electric spark i3 the source of a radiating energy ' capable of producing at a great dlBtance upon devices called "resonators" powerful vibratory movements, which in turn will produce other sparks. This phenomenon was observed for the first time by the famous German physicist Hertz by means of a thin metallic disc placed in an iso lated conducting field. In the first place M. Duroquier points out, they have made use of this curious prop erty of the electric spark in England to blow up from a distance the hull of an old warship. The details of the operation have been kept secret by the engineers because it may have great importance In war ope rations, but a similar experiment can be carried out by any one with very simple apparatus. Fill a glass globe with a mixture of two parts of hydrogen and one of oxygen and VOITD aiijwtic JSgillli I QCEAI3 mJ The Steamship Volturno Was Burnt Up Midway Between the Wireless Stations of Glaci iiay and Paris and a Distinguished French Electrician Argues That the 'irelesB Was the CauBe. Cbpyrlg-ht, 1014, by the Star Compai olose it with a paraffin plug. Through the plug pass two long steel needles with sharp and polished points, which almost touch one another in the interior of the globe. Then connect each of the needles to two long wires, which you pass to the earth or suspend on posts In diametrically opposite directions. If you make this experiment on the day of a thunderstorm or if you operate in the neighborhood of a wireless telegraph station you will not have to wait long be fore an inductive wave will produce a spark, from the ends of the needles, ignite the gases and cause the glass to blow up with a loud explosion. It Is easy to under stand that if a large quantity of gas were gathered in an enclosed space an explo sion of tremendous violence and destruc tlveness might be produced in this way. The experiment of the British Admiralty is perhaps the first one in which the Hertz ian waves have been used Intentionally The Little Bomb That Will Explode Spon taneously Near a Wireless Station. A Steel Needles Leading Down to the Gas. C Wireless Waves Coming from Di rectly Opposite Stations at an Equal Distance Apart. A. c ' A c y. Great Britain RSshte Reserved. for purposes of destruction. M. Duroquier, however, believes that this ship was not the first one destryoed by electric reso nance, and ho believes that more than one great disaster may be attributed to this cause. He has found that the accidental repeti tion of Hertz's experiment has become quite common on account, of the great number of resonators which aro now scat tered about along the paths covered by the electric wave. It is only necessary that this accident should occur in an in flammable medium to produce a great dis aster. 'An Atlantic liner may be burnt up under a thunder cloud or within the in fluence of a wireless telegraph station if merely a few steel chains or a box of nails happen to be left in the overheated air of a coal bunker. A warship may be blown up if some of the shells aro placed close togethfir in a badly ventilated ammunition magazine. To blow up a dirigible balloon it needs merely an Imperfect contact or a narro w slit in the metallic armature of Its covering. A disastrous explosion of gas In a coal mine may occur if a little coal dust separates the steel car from its rails in the mine. "When the Hertzian waves meet'the con ductive bodies of these chains, shells, me tallic frame work, rails and cars, they pro duce by induotion alternating currentB which give rise to the dangerous spark at places where the bodies make an imper fect contact While making experiments at an experi mental station in Touralne, France, ho often observed that the most delicate in struments on hia receiving table were put out of order when the station at Rochefort and that at the Eiffel Tower, in Paris, were transmitting simultaneously. HeW that ho could obtain an explosion filled with gases, as previously dew at such times. After noting these OA studied the position of his laboratjj, the map with regard to the two othj less stations. He found that it V exactly an equal distance from Rof and Paris. tf He fchen looked for other places m map where interference of wave powerful wireless stations raiSotiJ dangerous zones of resonance. xHB! astonished to find that the middle pq a straight line connecting the Eiffel , in Paris, and Bizerta, the largest m wireless station on tho NorUl..m coast, marked exactly tho site of tM port of Toulon, where throe Frencw ships have been blown up with gre of life under very mysterious cm stances. m He then found that the middle pom a line connecting the Eiffel Tower Cllfden, the important station on tn coast that sends wireless message tne Atlantic Ocean, was exactly ov coal mines of Cardiff, in Wales, J were recently the scene of a dis and fatal explosion of coal gas. JM He next observed that the mldal&m of a line connecting the Elffol TpweMj Glace Bay, the principal American less station, marked the exact spot 1 tho steamship Volturno recently M flro under mysterious circumstance He recommends that persons wor&m carrying on business in the viclnM wireless telesrraph stations should. keeping Inflammable or explosive rials or allowing inllammablo gases cumulate in collars and other inOT