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THE NORTH-CAROLINA, STANDARD, August 10, 1853. ., ,- - From the Richmond Knquiror.- THE PACIFIC RAIL ROAD TVe publish below an article from' the Washington Itttfpn upon a subject which id ikstlned to engross Terr much of public, attention and probably to tlicit a more elaborate discussion than has been giv cn to any political question foT many years. ;" " " ! It is unnecessary to say that this journal is hostile to tho appropriation of federal funds, for purposes of internal improvement, To concede such a nght,.to the federal government, especially m the case of so stupendous an undertaking as the Pacific Ilailroad, would be to give up the principles for which irgima lias contended since tho day of the elder Adams. It would be to authorize a system of expenditure, and to open tho door to a system of extravagance and public speculation," sufficient to undermine the integ rity of any government that ever existed. It would fix and perpetuate that loose state of public morals, and that magnificent system of gambling on public i ESS? TStous evils j over Dredicted by the bitterest ana most cxiru.iK;iui over preu.iv- j .,,,.,, denunciators of the policy of internal improvements by the general government. The road proposed is indeed of vast importance to the country. It -will be more than 2,000 miles long. It will cost $50,000,000 and probably $100,000,000. But the Union now contains nearly 12,000 miles of completed railroad ; which has cost nearly $300,000, 000. As much moro of railroad is projected and in course of construction, which will cost as large a sum as that has cost which already is completed. Those roads arc the creatures and this vast sum the product of individual and municipal enterprise. - Who shall set limits to American enterprise? "W ho shall say that the people who have built 12,000 miles ' of road cannot build one thousand miles, without the aid of tho Federal Government? Who shall say that the individual and corporate resources which have furnished $300,000,000, may not furnish $50, 000,000 or $100,000,000 ? The plea of necessity, urged in favor of making this great work an enterprise for the federal govern ment, is not valid. It underrates the enterprise of the country. Missouri has commenced the work and will carry it single-handed far beyond her bord ers. The single city of St. Louis has gone earnestly into the work, and already provided for continuing it through half of the great State of which she is the capital.. . Texas has bogun the work from another point, and as if to shame the doubters of American enterprise, English bankers have pledged capital enough to car ry the road past the remote western borders of Tex as. -' The work is already in active progress from two points. Soon it will be commenced at its western terminus, and California gold will be sure to con struct it from the Pacific as far eastward as California extends. But for the high sources from which that other pica in behalf of its construction by the Federal Government its importance as a military road pro ceeds, the plea would be unworthy of serious notice. Wo lay down the general proposition, that any such work can n vcr be constitutionally constructed by the General Government for a military purpose, unless the immediate urgencies of actual war require its use for the transportation of troops, before individual or State enterprise can have time to construct it The work is already in good hands. It is alrea dy in the safest and most efficient hands. It is in the hands of the people. To turn it over to the Gen eral Government, would be, even as a measure of e .. conoiny, in either time or cost, the most deplorable policy. Of all the organizations in existence, that of the Federal Government would be the least efficient, tho most extravagant, the most dilatory, and the most indifferent to the impatience and convenience of the great public. . To leave it to the auspices of the Federal Government, would be to subject its very incipiency to a contest, respecting the terminus, a northern anil southern controversy, as angry, as dan gerous, and as protracted as the great controversy upon free-soil. If the road were built with public funds, and become a national work, it would be the means of a thousand and one pretexts for anuoyance and aggression upon southern citizen?. It is bad policy to create any more national, any more p.irtner ship property between North and South than is ab solutely unavoidable. Whilst sympathizing with, and approving the main view of our correspondent, " Blue Itidgc," in Thurs day's paper, we do not sympathise in his apparent animosity towards the administration. Industrious ly as the effort has been made to prove the sentiments lately uttered by individual members of the admin istration as a body, we arc not as jet convinced of the fact, much less that they desire to make this mammoth scheme a branch of their policy. We be lieve that will not be the case. If the monster scheme receives such high and influential endorsement, as a national measure, that will not change the views of the Democratic party of the school of strict construc tion. They will oppose it, manfully, earnestly, to the last . . From tho Washington Union, July 23. " Thb Pacific Kail Road. The public mind has been directed for several years, with increased in terest, towards the gigantic proposition to connect the Atlantic and Pacific oceans by means of a continuous rail road. This tondency has received a fresh im pulse from the favor with which the enterprise was adverted to by two members of the Cabinet on the late visit of the President to New York. These in dications of Executive favor have called out com ments from tho press in different quarters of the country,' from which we are able to form some idea of the condition of the public mind on tho question. Our observations have brought us to the conclusion that, whilst there is a respectable minority opposed to the enterprise as a government measure, there is a decided majority ready to sanction the general pro position of a Pacific rail road ; but that this majority is so well divided as to details, that it can scarcely be said with any degree of certainty that there is a majority for any specific route of a Pacific rail road. -.- Whilst we have been the advocate of the proposed enterprise car since Whitney brought the subject before the country, we are constrained to admit that the .obstacles in the way of its early consummation are so numerous and so serious in their character, that we indulge no very sanguine hopes of seeing it carried into successful execution for many years to come. . If the proposition could be received and acted upon, free from the embarrassment of collate ral, political and geographical considerations, its in trinsic importance would command for it such a con centration of public sentiment as would insure its prompt adoption and its early accomplishment. But in our judgment it would be impossible to conceive a. great national project which would not be sur- rounded with fewer embarrassing incidental issues than this of connecting the Atlantic with the Pacific States by, rail road. Without regarding its attain- 1 mcnt ag impracticable, we think that a glance at some of the obstacles in the way may be profitably consid ered by those of its friends whose convictions of its vast importance have made them sanguine of its suc cess within a reasonably short time. It is a- safe, and sound rule, that whenever Con gress is looked to for aid in any enterprise, the first consideration, should have regard to its conformity with constitutional power. There are politicians, and they are not a few in number or deficient in a bility, who meet the proposition at the threshold with a denial of its constitutionality. Those who have arrived at this conclusion are actuated by fixed convictions based upon settled principles of constitu tional construction to which they adhere with rigid tenacity, and from which they can never be reasona bly expected to depart ... Wo set them down as fixed opponents, upon which no process of reasoning that hereafter be adopted can make an impression. -We think they err in making a wrong application of sound principles. Without professing ourselves to bo cither peculiarly strict or latitudinous construc tionists, and with a frank admission that we do not profess to comprehend, with the exactness of scien tific " definition, the meaning of these antagonistic terms, we have been content to form our opinion on the question upon what we consider the natural, common-sense, mode of construing the constitution tho mode by which we suppose the intention of the constitution is to be most certainly reached. Upon this rule of construction,- we are satisfied that Con gress has exactly the same power to appropriate the public revenue towards the construction of a railroad to the Pacific that it has to build fortifications to pro-w- Pac-tOTritory from Invasion or aggression. conclusion upon the conviction that hIE Pwh Paciflc wU1 unsafe, and lia u Jl either by foreign invasion or by domestic revolution, without the means of transporting speedily to the lWiuc.th necesry' ... htilitary material, both of men and munitions, to pro tect our territory and preserve the Union in its full strength. In other wordsy we regard tho Pacific railroad as necessary for . our. defonco as a goverq- mon, nd that the power of tho government to pro ' vide for its defence in this mode is as clear and cer tain aa it is to provide, for the erection of, fortifica tions to protect the city of San Fincisco. .; . The constitutionality of tho proposition, in" our opinion, is not to bo worked out upon any refined, hair splitting distinctions as to express and implied ' powers, but it stands fully vindicated upon the plain power of self-defence, in obedience to the obligation to protect the several States, applied to the equal'y plain facts that a rail road connexion with the Pacific is necessary for our common defence, and that such connexion cannot be secured without aid from tho Government. The constitution authorizes Congress to raise revenue for the common defence; it guaran tees to every State protection against invasion or in surrection. Armies, navies, and fortifications are the more obvious means by which these obligations mw- . .. . ; -r . . i ; Vi it,tni nnf follow that thev are the onlv legitimate and docs not follow that they are the only legitimate and constitutional means. California is entitled to me nrotection of the federal arm to secure her against danger from without and within. How is this pro tection to be nrovided? Can it be done effectually by stationing largo armies and erecting fortifications on the 1'acinc coast? That may be possioic ; anu ho it might be wossible to increase our navy to such an extent as to protect her from aggressions from abroad but looking at the actual condition of the State, its location on the saaboard, tho inadequacy of its popu lation to renel a foreign invasion, its immense dis tanee from the militia of the other States, and the character of the intervening country, we cannot sup nose that any one would deny that a railroad would furnish a more certain and reliable means of protcc tion and defence than the standing army, navy and fortifications, all combined. Indeed, we do not see how we can give to all the circumstances their full consideration, without being forced to the conclusion that a railroad to the Pacific furnishes tnc only per fect fortification to .California. Let us not forget, whilst our federal government is bound to protect the just rights of every citizen in any quarter of the srlobe. and to this end may lawfully command tne entire military and naval power of the Government, so also, does the obligation to protect tnc estates at tach to every square foot of territory of every State : and under tin's broad national obligation, Call fornia can rightfully demand effectual protection, Congress nia" answer this demand by standing arm ies, or stationed naval force, or by fortifications, or bv all combined, if they are necessary ; and upon ex actly the same principle a railroad may be resorted to, either singly or in combination with one or all of the other modes of defence, if necessary for the end to be accomplished. The power, then, to give the proper aid exists in Consress. if a railroad to the Pacific is necessary for the common defence and for the protection of California; and it is necessary, uiv less it can be shown that some other means of defence and protection may be equally effectual. We have stated the circumstances which convince us that the army, navy and fortifications are less effectual, and we can conceive of no other means, unless we arc prepared to rely on securing the benefits of a railroad through Mexican territory, in connexion with water transportation, as a means of common defence and protection to our Pacific possessions: but this sii gestion could hardly deserve a moment's considera tion as a permanent reliance for defence and protee tion. Our mind, therefore, reposes confidently on the conviction that there is no constitutional obstacle in the way of an appropriation by Congress ; and in reaching this conclusion, we feel perfectly satisfied that we arc standing firmly upon tho principles of constitutional construction laid down bv the 'straight- cst sect ' of Democracy. It is not to be overlooked tliat upon any route proposed for the railroad, the great difficulty in the way of its completion is to be found in the passage of its main trunk through territory not yet erected into States. So far as its passage through States in concerned, it is scarcely necessary to say that no question of constitutional power would be allowed to embarrass the enterprise, as those States would at once, and gladly, remove all difficulty growing out of their claim to exclusive jurisdiction. In that view the question of constitutional power becomes still less embarrassing, upon the doctrine which has been main tained by the most eminent of the State Kights states men as to the full power of the federal government to construct roads in our territories. It is, as we un dcrstand, upon considerations of this character, that the constitutionality of the Pacific railroad, as a meas ure of defence and protection, is maintained by both the distinguished members of the cabinet above re ferred to, and especially by the Secretary of War. In considering the proposition, we cannot well over estimate the weight of those circumstances in the actual condition of our possessions on the Pacific which strongly invite foreign aggression. It cannot be supposed that our population on the western slope of the Rocky mountains is insensible to this danger, and that they are not fully alive to the claims which they have under the constitution to ample protection. We should betray an inexcusable ignorance of hu man nature not to know that the neglect of the gov ernment to provide the means of the protection which their situation requires, may result in a feeling of dis affection and alienation which might seriously endan ger the continued harmony and integrity of the con federacy These considerations are of moment in determining the facts on which the constitutional ex ercise of the powers of the government must depend, We are satisfied that they arc well calculated to fix the conclusiveness of the position on which we rest the constitutionality of the proposition for govern ment aid to the Pacific Rail lload. But it does not follow that because there is no con stitutional difficulty in the way, there may not be oth er obstacles deserving of attention. e have sugges ted that there are such obstacles, and on these we shall make a brief comment in another number of our paper. ' The Union justifies its departure from strict rules of construction, and illustrates what it calls its " nat ural, common nene mode of construing the constitu tion," by maintaining the necessity of the road as a means of " common defence." We had supposed if there was an impossible ground on which this meas ure could be rested, it would be this very ground of "common defence. We had supposed if there could be a construction, wider than any other from that of common sense, this of treating the Pacific Rail Road as a means of common defence, was that one. When we look in tho Union's article for the common objects of this common defence, (that is to say common in regard to the whole Union,) we see but the single specification of San Francisco city ; or, at most, the State of California. Suppose the road were in fact necessary for the eqiccwl defence of San Francisco, or of California, does it thereby, under a " natural common sense" interpretation of the con stitution become necessary to the " common defence ot the confederated States ?" As to all the States but one in the Union ; as to all the territories but one belonging to the Union, this road would be as use less for military defence as guns and fortifications in the moon. There is nothing shown in the Union's article, there is nothing existing in fact or within the range of possibility, to make this road a means of common defence to all the States, or to make it, at best, any more than a means of especial defence to one single State of the Union. We will not stop to show the meaning of the ex pression, " common defence" as used in the Consitu tion, by adverting to the circumstances of the country,- and the events transpiring in the world, at the thne of its enactment It is sufficient merely to al lude to that severe struggle which was referred to by this very term " common defence," from which the States had just emerged, the like of which they could only hope to emerge from successfully, again, by a like united effort in common defence, to that which they had just made. Jf California were so situated with reference to the great powers of the world, as to be immediately lia ble to an attack and invasion of such a nature, as could only be repelled by the combined military pow ers of the whole confederacy,' and this invasion were probable and imminent ; then this, argument would possibly apply in favor of this new and mammoth measure. But California 13 more remote by thous ands of miles from the sources of danger, than, from , the sources of defence. . She already, too, possesses a population equal to her protection in any possible emergency. The, imagination may. -indeed picture possible dangers to which her seaports might be sub- jected from foreign fleets, as well as possible accidents to Prevent timclvsuiwir from .hfth ki unit . lanH jart pf the laboring in building up. this argument of i " common defence. " , But tho Pacific Rail Road is too Veavy a project to be borne , upon the wings of the imagination. It is too costly an undertaking to be made-, the specific for ; improbable dangers, and the solace for idle and feigned trepidation. ; No t remonstrances have come up from California to the' government, complaining of dangers, probable or pos sible. : No demand has been made for protection by the objects of this new-born anxiety and solicitude And none will be more amazed and thunder-struck at the new and ingenious pretext f-r the measure proposed, than tho bold, intrepid men of California. They fear no enemy. They cower at the thought of no hostile fleet They quake at the apprehension of no invading foot of unfriendly gun. They do not demand protection, and they would scout the proffer, even of such a measure, upon such a pretext. . The argument in favor of the Pacific Rail Road, as a military work, has not tho merit of candor, and is not urged oona jide. That is at last the objection to it ; and which it cannot possibly withstand. Col. Ben ton rests the project on no such sham justification. He is too plain spoken and straight-forward for that. He calls the road a "highway, " and "highway" it is intended to be and will be. It will be nothing else. " Military road " it is not intended to be, nor will be, nor can bo. It will be a " highway, " a thor oughfare, and nothing else, Troops may rass over it : military stores may be transported by it: but these will only be incidents of its existence, and will no more be the object for which it will be constructed than they have been the objects for which the 12,000 miles of railroads already built in the Union have been constructed. It would strike the plain-thinking, plain-speaking framers of the Constitution, with a great deal of sur prise, if they were alive, to hear this railroad, ol continental dimensions, classified among the imple ments of war, which they intended to authorize the procurement and manufacture of by the General Government, in that plain, straight-forward, intelli gible instrument It is a wide departure from the simplicity and directness of the old republican hab its of thought and speech, to call a railroad, and such a railroad, a inilitary work. It is in sad con flict with all commercial notions and all ordinary uses and purposes of railroads, to hold out the ob ject of the great work proposed as peculiarly milita ry. This attempt to invest the monster project with a military character, is contrary to fact, contra ry to intention, contrary to possibility, contrary to common sense, contrary to every principle cither of the strictest or the most latitudinous construction, and contrary to that direct, blunt, practical sentiment of the American people, which despises subterfuge, indirection and palliation, which makes them march right up to any object, look at it without spectacles, and call a spade a spade, and a shovel a shovel, in defiance and contempt of what enthusiasts, hair splitters, dreamers or romancers may say to the con trar3'. It will require a great many speeches, and an immense expenditure of sophistry and rhetoric, to make the sensible, practical American people re gard this road as any thing else than what Col. Ben ton calls it : a higuwav, a people's road, a continen tal thoroughfare : and we can only commisserate the deluded statesman who undertakes to prove to 25,000,000 of the most shrewd, practicable and im practicable people in the world, that it is any thing else. We pity the honest men who are striving to persuade their own honest minds to accept and to support so monstrous a delusion. The measure proposed for the National Govern ment is evidently one tend'ng to centralization and consolidation. If the people or the Democratic par ty in the United States, are prepared for such a charge in the federal policy, they cannot inaugurate the grand innovation more felicitously than by the construction of the Pacific railroad in the manner proposed. If such be their determination, let them change the constitution, so as openly to tolerate it, and not rely upon forced constructions and artificial interpretations for an excuse for doing that which is contrary to flic spirit and letter of that instrument. Kichmond .nquirer. Parson Browxlow's Opinion of Harriet Beecher Stowb. The redoubtable Parson is out upon Harriet alter tne following laslnon : " This long-tongued visionary woman, and calum niator of the South, is now in Europe, where she is being lionized by the haters of American mstitu tions, and Republican liberties. Siie is the daughter of old Lyman Beecher, a Presbyterian minister, and has two brothers who are ministers of the same church. Her husband is also a minister, and at pres ent, we believe, is a .Professor in Andover College. They are all Abolitionists, bth male and female, and the lying book styled Uncle Tom's Cabin, is believed to be the joint production of the entire family, man ufactured for the occasion, and as a means for rais ing the wind. Her Ladyship, it is well understood, is the most talented member of old Lyman's family. But, merciful God! she presents to the world the most hideous physiognomy ever gazed upon by the eye 01 man ! bhe is as ugly as Original Sin an abomination in the eyes of all civilized people 1 A tall, coarse, vulgar looking woman stoop-shoulder ed, with a long yellow neck, and a long peaked nose through which she speaks an abomination in the sight of Southern negroes, who instinctively turn up their flat noses at the idea of using the nasal organ to aid the organ of speech. A daguerreotype of her Ladyship, which we have seen, sours the stomach of a southern gentleman ; but lay aside art and present the reality, and a big black negro is affected with the intensest horror ! Pigeon-toed, with a big foot and ankle, added to her long broad sides and flat chest and other personal charms, she may pass through southern negro kitchens at all times, without im pressing a rude negro man that he will offer the in dignity sometimes offered to white women, who trav el beyond their proper limits ! Rcms of the Mormon Temple and toe Icarians. A correspondent of the Dover (N. H.) Star, under date of June 17th, gives some interesting facts in relation to the city of Nauvoo, Mormonism, c : Before the temple was burnt, it was nearly finish ed. Aow, all that remains is the end facmg the riv er, and this is seen for a few miles back in the coun try, and at some distance on the river, below and above. It was built of limestone ; the outside hewn and carved, exhibiting some of the most beautiful figures that I ever saw made on stone. The location for the city is considered one of the best on the river. It is on a point of land formed by a great bend in the river, overlooking quite a portion of Iowa. A considerable part of the city is below the bluff, yet is so high that it is never inundated. I he present number of inhabitants is about 3,000, and there is but one evangelical meeting, and this is the Metho dist. The Catholics have a meeting in the place. The ruins of the temple are not the only ruins. Many of the brick houses in the back part of the city are deserted, and the remains of many burnt houses continue upon the grounds. Had the Mormons, even with then humbug, conducted a little better, this, would have been a great place. Most of the villages in this county were under their control. Joe Smith s widow has married, and lives in the city. She and her husband keep the Mansion-IIouse. Her oldest son is about twenty years of age. They have no fellowship with Mormonism. Boynton, who first preached in Maine, as a Mormon, and induced about thirty families, with their innocent children, to leave my native town, has for twelve years been an anti-Mormon. Yet Mormonism is still flourishing. A few miles below, thousands are now encamped, preparing to emigrate to the bait lake country. Most of the Mormon sufferers have been women and children. The temple site is owned by a company of socia lists, called Icarians, mostly French. They number about 400, publish a weekly paper in English, and are infidels. I visited their building had an inter view with their President They are noted as be ing peaceable and temperate. They all dine in one room ; yet every man has a separate room for his family. The Crystal Palace during the past week has im proved very much. Many foreign contributions have been received, unpacked, and placed in their proper locality, besides large additions that have been made to our own department The number of persons who have visited the Pal ace, since it was opened to the public, averaged over 3,000 a day. The amount of contributions towards the erection of the Washington Monument up to Sat urday evening was about $1,000.' '"-y " Among the recent additions to the .American de partment of the Crystal Palace, we-noticed the Lord's' Prayer, engraved in old English, on a - gold dollar, and on a three cent piece "in . italics,Vby Mr. Over nough, of Philadelphia: r' T --'J FT' ' ' ' - ' - ' :Ct Mk t MM W.i'M jWMl-WC If -i ;5'-. . SCHEDULE OF PREMIUMS - . Tf 1t Awarded at the Firtt Annual Fair of tht Korth Giro-'' 7 t " U 1 C . . " una own xyrtcuwuru owieiy, :; .: . i " "PARTICULAR SUBJECTS AND PRKM1CM9. t Branch I. Moperi??ienf4. For each of the eirht best ex periments, or series of experiments, on any of the following subjects, a premium as follows : . -- : 1. Effects (in profit or loss) of the usual mode of sa ving corn fodder, by stripping tho green blades and cut ting the tops, . . .: $20 a. Cost and effects of sub-soil ploughing, under differ- 20 . Action or non-action oi nme as manure, anove tne full of the tide-water rivers of North Carolina, on differ ent soil, - i . , . 20 4. Action or non-action of gypsum, below the tide of high-water rivers, and on soils resoectivelv .orieinallv rich and originully poor, and on the latter, after as well as before their being made calcareous. 20 5. Cost and effects of bone-dust, (or phosphate of lime,) as manure, 6. How late, in reference to the growth, the Inst tillage (by plough or cultivator) should be given to corn for its best product; and whether the said last tillage should be shallow or deep, 7. Best series of comparative experiments in the culti vation of corn, 8. Benefits and products of guano, compared to costs ; to be tested by not less than three different experiments. 20 20 20 made under circumstances more or less different. 20 9. Benefits or profit of preserving or applying human excrements as manure, whether prepared for safe at dis tant transportation, or otherwise, out the whole oneration iu ue in iorcn Carolina, lft. Tho marsh mud, or swifmp muck, or peaty soil (either kind to be accurately described and characterized) as muuure, in compost with lime or other matcriuls, or otherwise. 20 20 11. Value of charcoal as an aid to fertilitv. 20 12. Value of sulphate of barytes as manure, especially iw ciovcr, 20 13. luUacco. Culture, cost and profit of cultivation, and comparative effects on production, from different aisiances ot planting, modes oi priming, topping, tc, comprising at least three dinerent experiments, 14. Cultivation and comparative feeding value of rye. 80 10 Branch II. Essays or written, Communications. For each of the best hre on any of the following subjects, a premium us ioiiuws ; J. On improving and enriching poor Iaml whether natural!) poor or naturally rich, or good, and subse quently exhausted by severe cropping, $30 2. Un draining, 20 3. On rotation of crops, 10 4. On the accumulation, preparation and application of stock yard and stable manure, 5. On the " green sand " or gypseous earth of lower 20 North Carolina as manure and the facts and causes of effect or non-effect. 20 6. On the properties and value of the Southern pea (or "cornfield pea" of any variety, ) and the culture thereof, whether for saving the peas ripened, or plough ing under the growth, green or dry. for manure, ana as preparation for wheat, or other grain crops, 20 . un inc comparative proms oi planting and tarming, and of the two combined improvement of land being considered, 20 Bhaxch III. Best Farming in 2Torth Carolina. Having reierence as mucn as may dc to an tne territory oi tne state. Honorary testimonials for the best twelve farms, which have been managed to greatest benefit and profit in reference to the following great objects of cultivation : improvements of sou iertility ot production increase ot larmmg capital sufficient annual profits, and general arrangement and pro cedure tending to best secure profitable aud enduring re sults. Greater superiority in one or more of these requi sites any compensate lor acnciencv m others. Branch IV. For the best product averaered to the acre. of each of the following crops raised in 1853, on a bona fide mrm, ana tor an entire sunt ot tke turm according to its usual or designed rotation a premium of $20 1. liest averagu product of ludiun corn. 2. " " wheat. 8. " " clover. 4. " " tobacco. A premium for the best average product of each of the following crops, of $10 5. Oats. 6. I'eas, (Southern or cornfield,) either among corn orscp- unur, in gruiu or in green manure, 7. Sweet potatoes. 8. Irish potutoes. 9. Turnips. 10. Carrots. 11. Parsnips. 12. Pumpkins. For the largest yield on an acre of the following crops, each a premium of - $10 13. 1 obacco. 14. Corn, (not less than 100 bushels per acre.) 15. Wheat, (not less than SO bushels per acre.) 16. Hay, (clover or grass, not less than two tons per acre.) For the best varieties of the following crops, to be raised. and samples exhibited by the individual raising them, a pre mium of $5 17. Corn. 18. Wheat. 19. Tobacco. 20. Oats. 21. Clover and grass seeds. 22. Turnips. 23. Parsnips. 24. Carrots. 25. Pumpkins. SJ6. I'eas. Branch V. Lite Stoch xhibiieJ. HORSSS. 1. For the best thorough bred stallion, 2. For the second best thorough bred stallion, 3. For the best thorough bredmare, 4. For 2d - " " QUICK DRAUGHT AND SADDLE HORSES. 5. For the best stallion for quick draught, 6. For 2d best " " 7. For best brood mare, " 8. For 2d best " " 9. For best stallion for saddle, 10. For 2d best " ' 11. For best brood mare for saddle, 12. For 2d best " " 13. For best pair matched horses, 14. For 2d best " " 15. For best saddle horse, mare or gelding, 16. For best pair of draught horses, 17. For best team of draught horses, not less than 4, 18. For best 8 year old colt or filly, 19. For best 2 year old colt or filly, 20. For best 1 year old colt or filly, HEAVY DRAUGHT HORSES. 21. For best stallion for heavy draught, $30 15 15 8 $30 15 15 10 80 15 15 10 15 10 15 15 20 15 10 8 80 4. r or Zd best 15 23. For best mare for heavy draught, 24. For 2d best " " HULKS AND JACKS. 25. For best jack, 26. For 2d best jack, 'St. For best janet, 28. For second best jannet, 2!. For best pair of mules, 30. For best team of mules, not less than five. 15 10 SO 10 20 10 20 80 CATTLE. Short Horns or Durham and Hereford, three years old and i pwara. ,1 For the best bull, $30 2 For 2d best " 15 8 For 3d best " 8 4 For the best cow, 80 5 For 2d best " 15 6 For 3d best " 8 Short Ilorns or Durhams and Hereford under 8 years old. 7 For best bull between 2 and 3 years old, $15 8 For 2d best " " " 8 9 For 8d best " " " 5 10. For best bull between 1 and 2 years old, 15 11. For 2d best " " " 8 12. For best heifer between 2 and 3 years old, 16 18. For 2d best " ... 8 14. For best heifer between 1 and 2 years old, 15 15. For 2 best 8 Devons and Aldemey, over S years old. 16. For the best Devon bull 3 years old and upwards, $30 17. J-'or 2d best " " 15 18. For Sd best " M 8 19. For the best Devon cow " 80 20. For 2d best " " 13 21. For 3d best 8 Aldemcys same premiums as Devons. Decons and Aldemey s under 3 years old. 22. For the best Devon bull between 2 and 8 years old, 15 8 23. 24. 25. For 2d best For 3d best For the best between 1 and 2 years old, 15 26. 27. For 2d best " - For the best Devon heifer between 2 and 8 years 8 old, 15 28. 29. For 2d best " For the best " 8 between 1 and 2 years old. 30. For 2d best " " Alderneys same premiums as Devons. Ayrshire and ITuUteins, over 3 years old. 81. For best Ayrshire bull 2 years old and upwards. $30 82. For 2d best " " 15 83. For 3d best " " 8- 84. For the best Ayrshire cow " ,. 80 85. For 2d best 15 86. f or 3d best " g Holsteins same premiums as Ayrshires. Ayrshire and Holsteins, under 8 years eld. 87. For the best Ayrshire bull between 2 and 8 years old, 115 88. 89. 40. For 2d best " " 8 5 15 6 For 3d best " " For the best Ayrshire heifer " 41. For 2d best . 42. For the best Ayrshire bull between 1 and 2 vmm-h old, 15 43. For 2d best " g 44. For the best Ayrshire heifer " 15 45. For 2d best , 44 .. . " , . . 8 Holsteins same premiums as Ayrshires ..- Natives or Grades. 46. For best bull 3 years old and upwards, ' f $30 47. For 2d best . . .. - t . - ' . . : is 48. For 8d best --;. .jr--T.4?3. .hi 8 49. For best - -': - ' .. ., HtwMn ami -i. oOv For 2d best M r y - , 7 8 61.-?ForSd besVYjr, vTp.-? CSTV H s 5S8- For best -. ..; ' - between l and' 2 vears" old, ' 54. For 2d bestr: ' -5rf- For best cow 8 years old and upwards, For2dbest , " ' " For Sd best ' .-?, For best heifer between 2 and 8 years old. 58. For 2d best 69 For 3d best 60. old, 61. for best 'between l and 2 years For 2d best - , r ! 'f : . . Working Oxen. . . . 62. For best yoke of oxen over 4 years old, 63. For 2d best , .- ' 64. For best " . " under 4 years okL 65. For 2d best " . . $30 lot OuttU. 66. For best pair fiit steers, For best tat cow. For best fat heifer, $30 67. 68. Sheep. Fine Wools and Jalddle Wools. For best buck fine wool, For 2d " " $20 . 10 5 20 10 8. 4. 5. 6. ForSd . " " For best pen, of ewes, not less than 3 fine wool. For 2d best ...". For Sd best " " For best Den of ewe lambs, not less than 4 flm 7. wool, 8. For best pen of buck lambs, not less than 4 fine wool, 9. For best buck middle wool, 10. For 2d . . 11. For 3d " " 12. For best pen of ewe lambs, not less than four mid dle wool, 13. For best pen of buck lambs, not less than four middle wool, Long Wools and Notices. 14. For best buck long wool, 15. For 2d" " 16. For 8d " 17. For best pen of ewes, not less than four long wool, 18. For second best pen of ewes, not less than four long wool, la. For 3rd best pen of ewes, not less than four long wool, 2i. For best pen of ewe lambs, not less than four long wool, 21. For best pen of buck lambs, not less than four long wool, Katioes or Mixed Blood. ' 22. For best buck, 23. For 2nd best buck, 24. For 3d best buck, 25. For best pen of ewes, not less than four 26. For 2d best pen of ewes, not less than four, 27. For 3d best pen of ewes, not less than four, 28. For best pen of ewe lambs, not less than four. 29. For best pen of buck lambs, not less than four, Imported Sheep. 80. For best imported buck of any description, 31. For best imported ewe of any description, 82. For 2d best imported buck of any description, 83. For 2d best imported ewe of any description, 84. For 3d best imported buck of any description, " 35. For 3d best imported ewe of any description, Swine Large Breed. 1. For best boar over two years old, 2. For 2d best boar over two years old, 3. For best boar one year old, 4. For 2d best boar one year old, 5. For best boar six months and under one year old, 6. For 2d best boar " " " " 7. For best breeding sow over two years old, 8. For 2d best " " 9. For best sow not less than 6 months and under 18 months old, 10. For 2d best sow not less than 6 mouths and under 18 month old. 11. For best lot of pigs, not less than two and under five months old, 1 2. For 2d best lot of pigs, not less than two and under five months old. 20 10 15 8 15 8 20 10 15 8 20 10 The large breed includes the Chester, Berkshire, Russia, Bedford, Woburn, Grazier, Duchess county and their grade. Small Breed. 18. For best boar over two vears old, 14. For 2d best boar " " ; 15. For best boar over one year old, 16. For 2d best boar " 17. For the best boar over six months old, 18. For 2d 19. For the best breeding sow over two years old, 20. For 2d " " 21. For best sow not less than six. nor more than 18 $15 8 15 8 15 8 15 8 15 8 15 months old, 22. ior 2d best sow not less than six. nor more than 18 months old, 28. For best lot of pigs not less than two and under five months old, 24. lor 2d best lot of pigs not less than two and und er five months old. 8 'lue small breed includes Neapolitan. Suffolk. Chinese and their grades. PREMIUM ANIMALS. 1. 2. For best bull of any breed on exhibition, $40 40 40 40 20 20 20 20 80 20 10 for Dcst cow oi any- creed on exhibition, For best stallion of any breed on exhibition, For best brood mare of any breed on exhibition, For best buck of any breed oa exhibition. 3. 4. 5. 6. For best ewe of any breed on exhibition, 7. For best boar of any breed on exhibition, 8. For best breeding sow of any breed on exhibition, 9. For best pen of lat hogs, not less than twenty, 10.. For best pen of fat hogs, not loss than ten, 11. For best pen of fat hogs, not less than five, POULTRY CHICKENS. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. For best pair of white Shanghoes, For best pair Cochin China, For best pair red Shanghaes, For best pair yellow. For best pair "imperial China, For best pair white Dorkings, For best pair red Chittagoug, 2 2 2 a 2 2 2 2 8. For best pair gray " 9. For best pair black Poland 10. For best pair white 11. For best pair Silver Pheasant, 12. For best pair Golden Pheasant, 13. For best pair Spangled Hamburg, 14. For best pair white or red Game, 15. For best pair Braraa Pootra, 16. For best pair North-Carolina Gome, 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 17. for best pair b.ocK Spanish, 1. for nest pair Indian Slov For best pair Indian .Mountain. 2 2 2 19 9. For best pair Wild Indian Game, P. For best pair Sumatra Game. z. tor Dcst pair 21. For best pair Ostrich. 2 22. For best pair Bolton Grevs, 23. For best pair Sea bright Bantams, 24. For best pair Java Bimtoins, 25. For best pair Great Malay, 26. For best pair Jersey Blues, 27. For best pair common Dorkings, 28. For best pair any other breed, TCRKKYS, GEESE, DCCKS, fcc 29. For best pair common geese, 30. For best pair wild geese, 81. For best pair China geese, 82. For best pair white Poland ducks, 33. For best pair Muscovy ducks, 34. For best pair common ducks, 35. For best pair common turkeys, 86. For best pair wild turkeys, 37. For the greatest variety of poultry, Brakch VI. AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS Class No. 1. Ploughs, Cultivators and Rollers. 1. For the best single horse plough, 2. For best shovel plough, 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 8. ror Dest uultivator. For best harrow, For best subsoil plough, For best gang plough, For best hillside plough, For best corn planter, For best roller, 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Class No. II. Drills and Broad-casting Machines. Wheat or Grass Bales by Horse Power, Cradles, Wagons, Wagon Gear, Cart Gear, Ox Voles, Lc. 1. For the best broadcasting and drilling machine for grass and grass seed, $30 30 80 .for best broadcasting machine for sowing guano, 3. 4. For best corn planter or drill for depositing sam! wo ftiiMftuiabiuif ujncuiue lur sowintr lime. at regular distances, 10 SO 5 5 4 4 10 10 8 8 6 4 80 10 80 5. tot best wheat drill, 6. For best horse rake, 7. For best set of wagon harness. 8. For best ox yoke. 9. For best grain cradle. 10. For best wagon for farm use. 11. For best frame or bodv for haulinir whmit in the. sheaf, hay or straw, 12. tor best OX cart With bodv for haulinir mm in th shucks, 13. .tor best ox cart with hndv for hanlino. wfet ;n sheaf, hay or straw, 14. or best horse cart. 15. For best set of cart e-ear. Class No. 8. 1. For best sweep horse-power. 2. For 2d best sweep horse-power, 3. For best railway horse-Dower. 4. For best thrashing machine without HAnnivtinn mnA cleaning apparatus. . .is a. no: For best machine for thrashinc. senaratuxr and clean tug giu uue uperuLiuu, 20 o. t or oest separator or straw carrier. - 6 Class No. 4. For best hay and straw cutter for horse-power, For best hay and straw cutter for hand-power. For best corn shelter for horse-power, For best grist mill for horse-power. For best grist mill for hand-power, For best saw mill for farm use for horse-power, For best corn and cob crusher, ;.-f Class No. 5. '-' 1. 2. 10 10 10 10 10 10 . o 3. 4. 5. 6. T. 1. 2. 8. 4. For best fanning mill, : T ' " $15 00 For best churn, , -: ' ' x- 5 00 For best hay fork, - V-.-- - ::' 7.' k'l 20 t or-best hay or' straw knife for cutting down 4 stacks. 50 , UI ucai. uung ion ana noe, . ... . . , . For best brief blade, T. fc ' " ; 4 7... For best stump machine, 8. For best water nun in o Deration. ' ' ": . FL " I. J '. r . - . . . - 2 50 50 ' 10 00 10 00 10 5 80 18 8 15 .8 " .. 9. For best draining til -' s 1- For best scoop or scraper, , ;-11. For best hay press.-- - - AGRICULTURAL STEAM wfoixE. : - i. x-or the best steam (portable) applicable to . pctural purposes generally, as, a obi&lSefcrJ 2. For the most exienaivVand valuable collection useful machines and -i,;:j ' , lon f 6 tin 15 8 at any one factory, aether including subject!! other premiums or not, a premium of . . for v '. - : - f - " . . PLOCGHIKa.: MATCH. "" . 1- For the best two horse plow, as shown by wort tolyperfonned and the test of the dynamomeW " , 2, For the best 3 or 4 horse plough as shown k actually performed and the test ofS 8. For the best ploughman with horse! ter : 'or 8d hest ploughman with horses, " 6" ,or e best P'ouffhman with steers, " 6. For 2d best ploughman with steers, .; - WHEAT REAPER AND MOWER. . For the best wheat reaper and mower, to be testM such manner and at such i.lm as the Executive 111 tmttee shall designate, a premium of H- ''- ' HARNESS. 15 80 15 15 8 5 i. 2. 4. For the best wagon harness " " cart ; - plough RIDINO VEHICLES, 4C. ' 1. . For the best 2 horse carriage, ; 2. For 2d best 2 horse carriage, ' . -8. For the best rockaway, .'". 4. For 2d best rockaway, . ' 5. For the best top buggy; ? " - 6. For 2d " V ' - 7. For the best open buggy, -. r- ; 8. For 2d " K k K , . 9. For the best sulkey; e :. ' - - f r 10. For best set carriage' harness, v ' . - V-v 11. For best set buggy . . -. yU-.V" 12. For best gent's saddle, bridle, and martiniri 13. For best ladies saddle, bridle and martin . 14. For the best centre table, . ""'"S. 15. For the best rocking chair,- - - 16. For best suit gent's clothes, ? -16. For the best pair boots. Bbaxcb VII Fruits end Fruit Trees, , 1V,Fo1. the best and largt variety of apples nuiULl. for Southern raising, each labelled, Dle 2. For the best and largest variety of pears, 3. For the greatest number of choice varieties of Hlf ferent kinds of fruit, ,., l" 4. For best and largest collection of apple trees, mit able for Southern raising, r -. . 5. For best pear trees, . - 6. For best peach trees, 7. For best grape vines, 8. For best strawberry vines, - , , , 9. For best raspberry plants, - VEGETABLES. 1. For the largest and best assortment of table veirct. hies, b 2. For best dozen long blood beefs, ' ' 8. For " head of cabbage; 4. For " carrots, 5. For " eggplants," - '-; .6. For best peck of onions, ; 7. For best dozen parsnips, 8. For best buBhel Irish potatoes, ' 9. For best bushel sweet potatoes, 10. For three finest pumpkins, 11. For best sample of beans, 12. For best sample garden peas, Branch VIII. Dairy and Honey. 1. For the best specimen of fresh butter, not less thin 5 lbs. . .,' j 2. For the 2d best specimen of fresh butter, not less than 5 lbs. a-. . j 3. For best firkin or tub of salted butter, not 1pm ill. six months old, ( 4. For 2d best firkin or tub of Knifed hntter nnt Ium than Rix months old, j o. ror best cneese, not less than 25 lbs. ( 6. For best ten pounds of honev. t The honey to be taken without destroying the bees, aiyl tht kind of hive used, and management of same to be stated br competitors. Also, the methods of making and present ing the cheese and butter to be stated. -- . ' BACON HAMS. - 1. For the best ham cured by exhibitor, 10 2. For 2d best ham, cured bv exhibitor. . . 5 Manner of curing to be described by the competitors, and. the hams exhibited to be cooked. flowers. V i 1. For the largest and choicest variety of flowers, 2. For the 2d largest and choicest variety of flowers, 8. For the best and greatest variety of dahlias, 4. For the best and greatest variety of roses, 5. For the best ftorof ornament, - 6. For the best and largest variety of green house plants, a . ; ... . h HOUSEHOLD MAKCFACTCRES. A 1 For the best quilt, ,, , ..,,'a J--r ., - 2 For the 2d best quilt, .. . , . , 8 For the best counterpane, i ...... 4 For the 2d best counterpane, , 5 For the best specimen of embroidery, , -. 6 For the best specimen of worsted work,' . ! - , 7 For the best hearth rug, 8. For the best pair of home made blankets, . 9. For the best home made carpet,. 10. For the best piece, not less than 7. yards," of home made negro shirting, 11. For best piece, not less than 10 yds., winter. cloth ing for negroes, to be woven by hand, ';. 12. For the best piece heavy woolen jeans, to be woven by hand, 13. For second best piece heavy woolen jeans, to be woven by hand, . . ... -.'' 14. For piece best linsey, not less than 7 yards, to be woven by hand, "-.-.- t 15. For 2d piece best linsey, not less than ' 7 yards, to be woven by hand, 16. For best fine long yarn hose, - . 17. For best home made bread, - . 18. For best home made pound cake, 19. For best home made sponge cake, " 20. For best varieties home made pickles, 21. For best varieties nowc-made- preserves, -. 22. For best varieties home made fruit jelly, 23. For best sample of home made soap, the process of making to be described by the exhibitor. Chloroform for Bees. Dir. D. Smith, in a letter to the Edinburgh Coarant, thus describes his discovery- of " Chloroforming bees:" ".The quantity of chloroform required for an ordinary- hive is the sixth part of an ounce. A very large hive will take nearly a quarter of an ounce. - Ify mode' of operation is s follows : I set down a table opposite to, and about four feet distance from, the hive ; on the table I spread a thick linen cloth ; in the centre of the table I place a small shallow breakfast plate, which I cover with i piece of wire gauze, to prevent the bees from coming in immediate contact with the chloroform ; and into this plate I pour the chloroform, I now quickly and cautiously lift the hive from the board on which it is standing, set it down on the top of the table, keep ing the plate in the centre ; cover the hive closely up with cloths, and in twenty minutes or so the bees are not only sound asleep, but, contrary to what I haw seen when they are suffocated with sulphur, not one is left among the combs; the whole of them are lying helpless on the table. You now remove what honey you think fit replace the hive in its old stand, and the bees, as they recover, will return to their domi cile, A bright, calm, sunny day is the best; and you should commence your operations in the morning, be fore many of them are abroad.; , J Fast mkn. - The vicious die early. " They fall l&e shadows or tumble like wrecks and ruins in the grave, often while quite young, almost always before forty. The wicked 41 liveth not half his days.-? - The world at once ratifies the truth and assigns the reason by describing the dissolute as "fast men "that is, they live fast; they spend their twelve hours in six, gej ting through the whole before the meredian, and dropping out of Bight and into darkness, while oth ers are in the glow and glory of life. " Their sun goes down while it is yet day. " : And they . might haw helped it - Many a one dies long 1 before he need. Your men of genius, like Burns and Byron, to whom, when dissipated and profligate, thirty-seven is so fe tal; and your obscure and nameless wandering stars, who waste their youth in libertine indulgence, they cannot live long. They must die early. They p on the steam tall they blow up the boiler, laey m af biipi ttiof H a Am amao nnf fXl. vn.nt of fuel. The machinery is destroyed by reckless speed and rapid wear. Nothing can save thenv . Their physi cal system cannot stand the strain they " put it while the state of their minds is often such that the soul would eat the substance of the most robust bo dy, and make for itself a way of escape from the in cessant hell of its own thoughts. ;. v 1 t , Tm f AisnFAcnTRES ot" tbc United Statbs. 'W subjoin a summary of thet manufacturing industry of the United states, derived from tne report o superintendent of the census. ' . . ,-. ... -The period which has elapsed since the receipt o Vio wfiirns hia lioon m cVinrt a9 in enable the OIDCer to make but a general report of the facts relating to few of the most important manufactures. The entire capital invested, in the various manu factures in the United States, on the- first of June, 1850. not to include.lany - establishments proaucim. less than the annual value of .$5( a - - . Amounted in round numbers, to fu,- Value of rawmaterial , f Amount paid for labor As J V " KBO.O00.000 240,000,000 1,020,000,000 1,050,000 Value of, manufactured articles '' -Number of persons employed t : -.v.: X,-