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I .". RED CLOUD, NEBRASKA, OH1MT I I ',?. P h TRADE FLEET BACKBONE OF . NAVAL POWER maval agreement resulting from' limitation of arma ments conference nulli kied unle8s u. s. has strong Merchant marine, lasker - says; cite8 fleet'8 world cruise as illustration. Note: This Is the fourth of a series of articles on tho Merchant Marino by the Chairman of the Shipping Hoard. ARTICLE 4. The great Conforenco on the Limi tation of ArmamcntB, which ended with such happy rosultB at WashW ton, provides for American naval strength on an equality with that of Great Britain, Japan's in turn being forty per cent. lesA. This is known popularly as tbo G-G-3 naval agre.c menL But thero can be no thought of anvnl equality If that equality Is to rest on purely navnl ships. A mer chant marine is a much a part of a nation's navy as the capital ships or the navy Itself. The veriest layman, if ho but stop to consider, will realize that in tlmo of war n navy requires ships fo- bunkering, ships for supplies, "both of tho cargo and refrigerator tipe, to an extent that no navy pos sesses in tlmo or pt-nce. In addition, the very backbone of n navy for of fensive warfare Is a merchant mnrino of the fast cruiser and raider typo. This was exemplified during the war "by depredations coMimlttod by the PRINCE EITEL FREDERICK, KUON KRINZ FREDERICK WILHELM and MOEWE, and other fast Gorman mer chant Khlpi on the merchant shipping of the world. It required a wide diver ciion of British naval sbln t tun Sown finally and drlvo these Gorman' commerce raldors off tVo seas. Thus In times of war fast merchant ships divert tho very bust of ships in naval service. Merchant Ships Essential To Navy. When a navy is engaged in either ac tive warfare or a blackndo at a groat dliatanco from the home base, it requires an unondlng merchant tlect of every tyipo to keep It going fast passenger ships for raiding, scouting and car riago of airplanes; refrigerator ships for food: tankers nnd colliers for "bunkering; and regular cargo ships 2or other supplies. "We all too well remember, that when President Roosevelt made tho 2roud gesture Involved In the dispatch of our battlo fleot around the world, It liad to bo bunkered and supplied In the Paclflc almost entirely by foreign ilttg ships. Our naval giant, while Im pressing tho world, at the same tlmo proved Ub foot were made of clay. Such shame and impotency must aovcr again como to America. Ill addition to our naval neqds, tho late war has proved that It an army is to be transported, there must be an unending merchant marine under our tUg. It is through the all too late and costly realization of this very need that we find ourselves In possession of our today's Government-owned fleet. Naval Equality Threatened. If we are to be on anything llko a naval parity with Great Britain under tho D-5-3 program, then thero Is no problem before tho American people that presses more urgently for solu tion than tho problem of our merchant marine. As Secretary Denby has said, if all naval armament wee ended by world agreementGreat Britain would be morn, powerful on tho sea than over in Us history; because Us vast mer chant mnrlne, could be" used, if no other navy oxlsted, for war purposes as well as to moot peace needs. In the passenger nud combination passenger-and-cur;o ships, which are the very backbone of a merchant ma rine for war-time needs, wo are still sadly deficient, for our war-built fleet Includes fw passenger ships. Of this typo of ships America has today 75 compared to approximately 350 belong ing to Great Britain, or almost flvo times as many such vital ships in favor of Britain as against ourselves. When age and speed, In addition, aro considered, as considered they must be, the ratio Is even higher In favor of Great Britain. go tbnt all tlimixlit must be put nMdc ttiat tlifre In any pntlllllty of our U'ltiif on a n-B-3 natal litulx with Great Britain rujlfss and until wo linMi u national policy t Injure the merchant marine which mutt b mldort to the total of our muy to lhxl the true basis t relationship to tliu naval actualities of Great llrltaln. To nay, with out mieh n merchant marine, that the TTushluKton conforenco hni remit eil In Wrtval equality between oiirfiiK ami lrtt Britain, is to display an Ikiiomiico that ujiyi be paid forlater In the humiliation of our country and at IncxemaliU' sacrlllco life and treasure. Merchant VeswU AViir Need, Bttnnse one of the major features of, SVwIdent Ilardlnit's program Is tho dc NnHprnent of such a merchant inarlno under prlrate American Initiative he willingly en teitd Into the Washington pact. With the Whthlngton agreement camo the cancella UotvcJ many naval ships building and tho tec-year naval holiday. Unless an Amurl-' can merchant marine be created during tlAt period, the art of shipbuilding will be largely lost to America; and it wur should earn again, wo will And ourselves at sad dlMtfvantngo to the maritime jiatlons ofi the world whoso shipyards have been kept alire. The legislative program proniwd by the' Administration nnd now before emigre a denlgtivd to meet at one time both tho aavsI and peace needs of our merchant ma-1 riot. In the next article I shall discuss iiut peace needs. Mkmi lmcMmmJmrntr aMr'iTt'il3l'""i i ' ' Zz.'amy ag mKjItsL.-- ' I fff'aBiilTfi m fofrwl B1 Wllf.UBMWPiMlinl''njB'fcMft.?J'-y Bill 111 EumIBHdIHIEhIM IBIaHiiiiiiHLiiiiHlHSriflHsHsy I SSSSSSSSHSSHTSKIUBH-';. S--t fKvSSHSJRf fSSSV vjB I wt&i&yin jHBIiBsiiBsBBsBswHsiHBHBsHrwnSiSA View of Santiago, Chile. (Prepared by tho Nntlonal Geographic Society, Washington, D. C.) Chile, whose dlplomnts nre In con ference in Washington with those of Peru in nn effort to solve the Tncnu Arlcn problem, might be colled "tho South American California." It Is long nnd iinrrow, and its region of greatest development and population Is a groat, rich valley with low moun tains Eopnrntlng It from the const, nnd with u s,teep, snow-capped range pow ering above It to the enst. Chile Is the longest and narrowest of all the countries of the world. It stretches L,7l)0 miles, from Cape Horn to the deserts of Tunipncn mid Tncnn, within the tronlcs. Its width Is rare- ' ly more than 125 miles from tho ocenn to the Andean crest. If we were to place It upon u similar stretch of coast In North America, it would cover Low er California, California, Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia to the St. EUns district of Alaska. Chile Is divided into three sectloni by the natural features of the Puelllc slope of the Andes. Tho northern Is that of the seml-nrld and desert re gion, which reaches from Peru south ward to Valparaiso. It Is nn utter des ert In the north and becomes less In hospitable toward the south. It Is traversed from the Andes to the coast by short, deep valleys, separated by high spurs of tho mountains, and com munication from north to south has always been exceedingly dilllcult. Nev ertheless, the Chilean engineers found a route by which to extend the stnto railway which links Puerto Montt, In a latitude comparable to that of New York, with Plsaguu In the territories conquered from Peru, which has a lat itude comparable to that of Mexico City. Heart of the Country. Tho central section of Chile extends through nine degrees of latitude for a distance of about GOO miles from Val paraiso to the Island of Chlloe, south of Puerto Montt. This Is the heart of Chile, the only portion of the coun try which can support a sulllclent pop ulation to constitute n nation. The area Is not large, about 100,000 square miles, and much of It Is occupied by mountain ranges of great height uml ruggedness. But between the Andes nnd the coast rnnge there extends In this section a valley similar to that of California, which Is tho seat of the Chilean peo- 'ple. Many rivers rising In the Andes descend to It and mennder more or le.ss directly westward through the coast range of the Pacific1; hut tho in tervening divides are nowhere of sucll nltltude as to Interrupt the continuity of tho great valley that extends from north to south. Santiago Is situated at Its northern end. and flourishing cities nre located at cadi favorable point on the railway that connects the capital with Puerto Montt. The climate as we go from north to south boc.omcs ever more humid, and we pass from the Irrigated lands about Santiago to the dense forest swamps of the southern portion of the district. While much of tln land bus been cleared or Is In the process of clearing, in a state which reminds one of oun own Pacific coast HO years ago, other areas remain Unpenetrable forests, still unexplored after nenrly 400 years of occupation of the country. The third section of Chile, extending southward from Puerto Montt through 14 degrees of latitude to Cope Horn, Is llko our southern AInskun coast a stretch of Islands and peninsulas brok en by Intricate channels and profound llords that penetrate far Into the land. Tumultuous rivers descend from tho Andes and debouch Into the fiords In swampy deltas which are covered with dense forests, The large Island of Chlloe, which was conquered by Valdlvla before the middle of the Sixteenth century, Is. well populated ami occupies a position with reference to the more frequented northern coast similar to that which Vancouver islund holds' to San Fran cisco. Farther bouth tho population heroines very ponnty, glnclors do scu.d from the Aii'V'u ic'tjhts, and the savage hut majestic scenery of Smythe channel ami the Straits of Magellan suggests that of tho Inland CM1 m passage and Lynn canal of the Alas kan const. -' When Chllo Expanded. It Is the extreme northern portion of Chile as shown by the maps that Is now the center of Interest. Chile did not always have a length of 2,700 miles. Until the last quarter of the past century, the northern boundary of the country fell more than 500 miles short of Its present position. North of it Bolivia owned n coastal strip 200 miles or more in length, and Peru's southern border extended some :$00 miles farther south than It does to doy. All of this region, which now forms the northernmost 5(50 miles of Chllo, was considered of little worth, uml much of It had not been explored. When extorsive nitrate deposits wore discovered In tho Bolivian por tlon of the coastal strip In the sixties, there wan n rush llko that to Califor nia's gold Holds In 1HVJ. A largo pro portion of tho now -""mors wore Chil eans. Frl".I"n .iriiM' between Chilean mining ooi u ni.i.-s nnd BollUan tiK collectors, nnd Anally in 1S70 wur broke out between Chile and llollvlrt. Peru was drawn In as an ally of Bo livia, nnd the throe-cornered war ran on for Rdvcrnl years. At Its con clusion Chile wns completely victor ious nnd extended her boundaries at the expense of tho two vanquished countries. Bolivia became "the Swit zerland of America" In a double sense; It Is not only perched high among mountains, but by tho loss of Its Pa cific provinces It became completely InndliH'kod. This mountain country has attempted In reeont years to buy from Chile n "corridor" to the son Since the war of tho Pacific, as It was called, Porn has had toward Chile the relations which Italy held toward Austria In tho late Nineteenth and early Twentieth centuries. Tncnu nnd Arioa have constituted Its "Porn Irre denta," and nil Its leaders have dreaniod of restoring the lost prov inces. Ki-uuomlcally, Chile has profited greatly by the war of the Paclflc. Out of the former Peruvian province of Tunipncn and the former Bolivian proi vlnce of Atacania (now the Chilean Antofngustu) have been tnken since the war nitrates worth many millions of dollars, and much remains to bo extracted. Valuable deposits of jil trato have como to light, too, In Taaoa since the wnr1. The export tux on "ni trates supplies nearly three-fourths of the Income of the government. Inci dentally, In Tncnn Is one of the few areas along this desert portion of the const capable of producing crops, and tho section H therefore of great strate gic value Those nre some of the com plex factors which make the Tacna- Arlca problem much more thau a more question whether u plebiscite shall bo' held to usslgii tbo region permanently to either Peru or Chllo. Santiago the Capital. Suntlugo Is tho chief city of Chile, but not In the sumo degree as. Buenos Aires Is of the Argentine republic. Buenos Aires has become almost the republic itself, in the sense that Paris Is Frunco ; but Santiago Is but the cap ital of the country, which has other cities that muy compare with It In lo cul Importance. Santiago contrasts with Buenos Aires as the conservative oapltul of a small country with the me tropolis of the continent. You feol In the Chilean capital the conservative character of the people; In Buenos Aires tho liberal spirit of the world city. Valdlvla and his successors, the in-' vudors of Chllo In tho Sixteenth cen tury, were soldiers bont solely on con quest, such as they had taken pnrt in In Peru, for Immediate gain; whereas, tho colonists who In successive expe ditions foundod Buenos Aires camo with wives nnd children, with horses, mures, and Implements of hush'nnUry, to settlo In tho land. Thus there was a marked difference between Chile nnd Argentina from ,tho beginning. Tho warring. Invaders of Chile met and mingled with a warlike Indian race, llu Ataiicanlans, nnd their Issue Is wlthir f nrct'i- ' most Inde pendent, tut 'Iii . 1 iK- most nggros slve ot South American peoples, IMAGES REVERSED ON RETINA Experiments Have 8hown That Habit and Experience Counteract Effect of the Inversion. The lenses ot tho eye produce on tho rotlnu an Inverted lmngo of ob jects looked at, nnd tho question is often asked, "Why do things appear right-side up when their Images are wrong-side up?" It occurred to one Investigator to try the effect of preventing tho invar slon of Images on the retina. This was accomplished by means of an op tical Instrument .that excluded from the eyes nil light' except thut which passed through tho Instrument Itself. The Instrument was adjusted to tho eyes tit 3 o'clock one afternoon nnd was not removed (except at night, when the eyes were bandaged) until noon the next day. At first, to the person whose eyos wore thus treated, everything seemed topsy-turvy nnd il lusory, and tho mind Instinctively, tried to Imagine objects to be In the position In which they ordinarily ap pear. After a time, however, the feol Ing of the unreality of what was Been passed away, nnd tho person experi mented on even began to Imagine everything that lay outside his field of vision to bo arranged In the same way ns whnt he saw. This goes to show that habit nnd experience coun teract the effect of the Inversion of Images In tho eyes. Washington Star. SEES HUMOR IN ETIQUETTE Writer Considers All Forms In a Mens- uro Ridiculous, but Sanctioned by Custom. Nearly all etiquette Is ridiculous, only we nre more or less accustomed to It, and have largely modified Us eccentricities. . . . Take kissing, for example. How well every man must remember how, when n small boy, ho feared that his mother might kiss him In the presence of his schoolfel lows. . . . Wlui t umusement, too, the kissing of foreign men on the railway platforms of the Continent has caused us I But witness the meeting of two great Morocco chiefs the stately approach, the' Just few more hurried steps, and the graceful embrace us each bends forward and kisses the other's shoulder. I have seen the meeting of great men in Morocco In the hour of sorrow, when they have fallen upon each other's necks and wept. How few soldiers know that tho origin of the salute they give to day comes from the 1'ast, nnd Is really no more than the movement of the subject to shield from bis eyes the effulgent glory of his sovereign, only todny It applies equally to the efful gent glory of his second lieutenant as well. Ilnblt is everything, and prejudice scarcely less. Walter B. Harris, In "Morocco That Was." Whaling Always Perilous. Whaling, in spite of modern Im provements, Is a perilous profession a life of hardship nfter hardship, coupled with monotony and unchang ing scenery. Nothing but u storm swept, Iceberg-strewn sen. and a port In a barren Ice-capped Island. Of course, to the Ytinkeo whulers of a century ago the Improvements of to day would makti the work seem lux uriant nnd soft. No throwing of the harpoon by hand from 11 frail man propelled craft tit the mercy of the Injured whale no cold damp living quarters, but a warm steam-heated forecastle defying the rigors of un Antarctic cllmnte. From April to November the smnll or boats and crews attached to the factories winter In Montevideo. Around November they refit for serv ice and report for duty when the ships come from Norway. Most of the whalers nre Norwegian, though the men on the smaller boats being re cruited In the South American ports contuln sailors from every country on earth. As Busy as a Bee. It is not considered primarily n gov ernment function to test tho truth frf sayings. But scientists of tho United States bureau of entomology have pro- pared 11 tent for one nt least. They havo devised n gate, with ti meter do vice, to be pluced ut the entrance to a beehive. A telephone attachment there to records electrically the passage of every bee as It goes'otit for honey. What If the machine should shatter a tradition and prove that a beo Isn't busy? Whnt If this time clock showed ho hung around the houseevery other day? Wo shull soon know whnt to think of this bee creature. It is Just as well for a phrase-lazy race that no ono takes the troublo to prove whether a cat Is weak, whether a dog gets especially tired, whether a fish diiuks more than he oaght ami whether a lark Is happy. St. Joseph NewB-Pre.su. "Siamese Twins" of Tree World. What may bo called tbo "Siamese Twins" of the tree world Is found on an Island formed tiy two branches of the Mississippi river nt Bock Islnnd, III. The Island, which Is occupied by uu arsenal of tho United States government, embraces some 200 acres of luxuriant forest, coin-" prising mnny varieties of trees, nnd ulino&t in the center ot It Is the twin tree, nn oak anil an elm, the trunks of which, having grown close together many years ago, appear to bo merged Into n single bolo to a height of flvo or six feet. At this height the trunks are en. tlrely separated, each boating its own peculiar bark formation nnd foliage. Tho twin has been estimated to bo 11 hundred years old, but Is still of vig orous growth. 311 COAL m We Niggerhead Maitland And Routt County Lump gj We sell for H why we sell SI F ARMERS H SCHOOL TO BEGIN ON SEPTEMBER 11TII Red Cloud, Nebr. August 7, 1922 The Board of Education met in reg uar s-ession at the Commercial Club rooms at 8 o'clock p. m., with all mem bers present. The minutes of meetings of June 5th nnd July 3rd were read and ap proved. The report of S. R. Florance treas urer was read by secretary and order ed placed on file. Said report was from July 1, 1921 to July 1, 1922 and showed receipts of $15,419.49 and Dis bursements of 40,80.1.05 leaving a cash balance on hand of ?1G46.44. The following bills were audited and allowed and secretary instructed to draw warrants for the snmc. Gvice & Grimes C. L. Cot'ng ..... . - 1.95 25.00 r,C79 75T.O0 Mildred Pope - S. IX. Florance ... C. J. Pope . The ne::t matter taken up was mak ing the estimate accessary for levy to conduct the schools fo: coming year. On motion the following estimate was adopted for making the 1922 school levy. Teachers salary roll $25,C5o.OO Janitors salavies Fuel 1,900.00 2,500.00 500.00 450.00 2,500.00 5000 Repairs and labor Phones, light, water etc ,. Text books and supplies Incidentals - 534,000.00 .. 8,000.00 L.0F3 cash on hand $26,000.00 Less estimate for 1922 of tuitions 5,000.00 Amt necessary to be raised by taxes ..$21,000.00 This amount $21,000 can be raised by a 9 mill Ivoy in face of the fact that the assessed valuation of the District has decreased from $3,000, 05G in 1921 to $2,449,000 for 1922. Two mills were voted in addition to above to take caie of interest on School Bonds and also retire $2500 of Bonds on the Lincoln School Build ing. The 1921 School Levy was 12 mills for general school purposes and 1 mill for bonds mnking total levy for 1921 of 13 mills. The 1922 levy will bo 9 mills for General School purpose and 2 mills for Bond, making total levy of 11 mills which is a reduction of 15 poi) cent from 1921 levy On motion September 11th was filed as the date for opening of school for coming school year. The Secretary was instructed to place a notice in the Red Cloud pa pers that all parties who wish to take school children for coming year to notify the Secretary of School Board. On motion by Ovcring seconded by Perry, Mrs. Christine Patmor was elected as substitute teacher in the grade school. No further business appearing tho Board adjourned to meet September 4, 1922. B. F. PERRY, Secretary. m oSuuqaxa (Sunn (UUouuoauod oij pip s.Cu.uni poq.CJOAO jl oq pino.w pijo.w oqi ooupl jjnp ti IwilAV HI pofqns oju jo suor)(puoa lUOpOUI ippiAV O) 1IUJ)S DIJIJJOJ Oil. jopun paauuiuq nn.w oq sXu.wju pmoqs u(j eii luqi oodvo 01 "tpnui ooj jou'ii B iA"poq.Ci3AO n pojoAoosjp oq pjoxiQuqu ou4) u snf Supnomos qou pmoA u.womi om.w qinji oiri jl inn uatu uoo3 uu a punoj oq ppioo jqnop ou 60HP!-wi;kd; 'paniu osop ssouptitu o) si bihuo9 Jot)oi.n jo ssaipjuSau 'puwueij u Aicujjouqv The Chanoe. "Ho was nn awfully kind boss," said the former stenographer, "ko consider ate, so thoughtful, so mnnly and gen erous. And then, heaven forgive me, I married blml" , ,. -. i . m m Sell cash thats cheaper. PS ?3 S3 ELEVATOR Id Notice To Creditors In the County Court of Webster Coun. ty, Nebraska In the Mntter or the Estate of Ed, ward Heaton, Deceased. Creditors of Said Estate will take No. tice, that the time limited for present ation and filing of claims against said estate is November 21th, 1022, nnd for the payment of debts is Jauunry 22nd. 1923, that 1 will sit at the county court room in said county ou the 25th day of August, 1922, to examine, hear and al low claims duly filed which are a first or second lien upon said estate, and on the 25th dny of November, 1922, to ex amine, hear, allow and adjust alt claims and objections of general creditors duly filed. Dated this 23th day of July, A. D., 1922. (Seal) A. D. UANNEV, " County .ludgo. Notice to Creditors In the County Court ol Webster Coun ty. Nebraska In the Mutter of the Estate wf .Johti 6on 15 Wisecitrvor Decoded. Creditoisof Said Eatate will tuko Notice, that tho time limited for pre sentation nnd filing of claims ngaiust said estate is November 10th, 1922, and for the payment of debts is December 20, 1922, that I will sit at the couuty court room in snid couuty on the lltli day of August 1022, to examine, hear and allow all claims duly filed which are a llrst or second lien upon said estate, and ou the 11th day of Novem ber 1922, to examine, hear, allow nud adjust all claims and objections of general creditors duly tiled. Drtted this HJtli dny of July, 1922. Si:.L A. D. UANNEY, Uouuty Judgo. MICKIE SAYS evjbs ovice u n vwwue PEU-ER. ASKS onr, f JUVAP OU TH' rAANOR.OR. TOVJW l&OlVao, Oa OUUtM OFflClMS OR. SOVAEQODH .WES PEEVEO NT 1 NOWSPAPEtt. EOVTQPA OS0fc SE EASM EMUFF TO OO VC, T ,eoT YHEVA PAMS S GOME FORE.VJEP,, AS -TVV POET SET.1 J WfpUCS . The Margin of Safety Is represented by the ambujijjt of insurance you carry. j '' Don't lull yourself into a fijuclod security. 1 Becauso 11 ro has never toachou you it doesn't follow that you'rolnniune Tomorrow no today, if you have time nnd you better find time comp to the.oillco and we'll writo a policy on your house, furniture, storo or merchandise. LATER MAY BFy TOO LATE- O. C. TEEL R.eilo.ble Insurance J '1 "T ,2 -. ., ,. tmt WL,rV-',riMg-T