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5DIT0R AND PROPRIETOB.
TERMS OF EIGIITII VOLUME.
Vitl'f inbpcrlbers, ....... 2.00
Mjil fobtcriber, . . . . 2,00
J diriduals and Compniei wlio take at the office
cl75or 1'50 cenu ifp-iid !d six monlhs.
Thofe bo uke or Potridcr . . .2,00
jnot paid at Ibeend ofthe jear 2, 25
Ifo p-ipra discoiitioiwd until arrearago are pa!d
escepl atlbe option ofthe proprielor. No pajmect
i, Orricre allowed except srdcred bj ths proprie-
,0ll communicationsmastbe addrened to tlieed
itor Tost Pao.
AGRICULTURAL.
SUGGESTIONSTO THE WOOL
GROWERS.
Samwel Lawrenco. Esq., of Lowell, in
n lotter writfen in Fcbruary last, and pub.
j;shed io the Cullivator, says :
Ve paid for full blood Montarco wool
in Julv last, 41 conts; the flceecs avera.
gcd 31-4 Ibs.. and lost by ecouring, 44
per ccnt. We bought no full blood Pau
ler wool.
Qucry 3d. "Have you any reason to
supposo that Saxon Sheep aregoingout
ofreputo?"
I am wcllarquaintcd wilh a great man
y owners ofSaxony flocks, and in no
jnctanco do I know that a change is con
templated ; on tho contrary, evory thing
is doin,T to m:ke the wool fjner. I bc
Uvo tliat by proper caro in crossing, the
Icn"th of staple may be increased without
aficctiog its fineness. This is a desidcr
ntum of grcat importance to brecders.and
khould reccivc their serious considera
tions. A few ycars ago it was thought
bv manufacturcrs that vcry short slapled
tt'ool rnly would make fino goods. Nnw
the quality of the stnplo is loukcd at with
out rcgard to its length. I beg you to
ivc this matter your best atlention ; for
if 5 to 10 ouncesof wool can beadded to
cvcry fleece in tho country, it will place
both growers of wool and manufacturcrs
on such n basis, that no foreign compcti
tion could louch thcm.
Tho Saxon Sheep wcro carried from
Spain and improved in Germany. Why
can't the Merinos be brought up to the
tame hcight in this country 1 We have
stapledsome Americr.n wcols of gteat
bcauty, and fincr than any Spanish wools
that ever wcro importcd into this coun
try. The best blood of Saxony sheep is in
very higli reputo in Europo. It is but
three ycars ago that six hundred dollars
cach were paid in Germany for a large
numbcr to bo carried to Kussia. I have
kpecimens of the wool. Is therc any
reason why we cannot do as well by star-
ling with the right blood 7
As to encouragcment to tho wool grow
ers, in niy opimon, their prospecfs wcre
nuvcr as gocd ; and among other rcasons,
ofo flrst : a maiotity ofthe people are
coming square up to tho mark in favor of
a "protectivc 1 arifl, and the wool grow
ers have learnt that this kind of Tariff
is quito as useful to them wilh their thrce
hundred millinns in sheep farms, sheep,
4-c , as it is tu the woolen manufacturcrs
with their 20 milliuns, in mills.machinery,
&c-
Second. There is infinilely more skill
employed in the working of wools, and
more tnlcnt nnd character in the gcneral
managementof tho woofon buaucssthan
at any former period.
Third. A numbcr of new branchcs
have Iately bccn undertakcn with cntiru
success. The making of mouslin de laincs
has heen commcnced also undcr tho
moit favornWe auspices ; and last, tho'
not least, tho horde of "drab gailercd
gcntry" from Yorkshire,f which infcs
ted tho city of New York for eo many
ycars, has been broken up and driven from
our shorcs.
"Tho advance in tho prices of all
kinds ofwool will bo fully sustained."
Tho article has bocn dcpressed below its
value, all over the world for three 3-cars
past ; but it is now turncd, and a consid
erable advance has taken place in Europc
the next German fairs will show more
animation in the dcmand than has been
6ccii (or a lonjj. lime.
A corrcspondcnt of the Cullivator says
that Iie has travelled cxtensively in 2-i
Stalcs of the Union, and hc has no whcre
seen sheep that produces as niuch wool of
the same quality, with tho samo cxpense
oi kccping. as some flocks in Vermont
A distingnishcd variety of Merino.
t Smugglers.
AMERICAN SHAWLS WESTERN
WOOL.
Hcre is another new braucli of American
mamifacture, and a further cxtension ofthe
consumption ofwool. The Whht Tariff is
tnily working wonders; far exceeding the
immediate expcctationsofitswarmestrnends.
It has bcen in operation but about eighteen
months, and three new branches of ivoolen
busiriess already commcnced on an extensive
tcale, viz:
Five establishments for De Lains,
Three " for Blankets,
Two " for Shawls.
The two former, we have heretofore notic-
td particularly. The latter have just cot un
der way, at Andover, Mass., and in Pennsyl
vania ; and their shatvls are now in the eas-
tern markets.
These new branches of industry, of which
wool is used wholly in their manufacture, will
add at lcast one-third to the present immeuse
consumption ofthe raw material. It cannot
but checr the farmers ofthe West; who, for
the last few years, have found it djfBr.uIt to get
rcmuncratiDg pnces tor their wool.
The extent to which sheep raising has been
gone into on the broad prairies, is almost in
calcuhble. A faint idea however, may be
gleaned from the increase of Wsstern wool,
arrivingin the east, in 1843, over that ofthe
previous year, -which is as follows :
Shipped east from Pittsburgh
over that of 1842, 1,250,000 lbs.
Received at Albany & Troy,
OTer that of 1S42. 3,112,000 lbs.
Total increase in 1843, 4,362,000 lbs.
Roeh Dem.
Feoo Soup. y A now era in the sci
ence of gastronomy, says a New York
paper, has arrived. Froj soup is now
served up at varioas tonnish eating hous
et, and is eagerly devoured by thoss who
1&
VOL. VIII.
fancy themselves epicures. 'Some of
them eat so hcartilv that. unablo to walk.
tbey hop to bed. These are wonderful
times, and there is no imaginiDg lownat
perfection every science will soon ba
brought.
3IISCELLANE0US.
It was the festa of the Acnunciation.
Hearing that the Pope would go in state from
the Vatican to the church of Sauta Maria
Sopra Minerva, a rare occurrence, we deter
mincd to witness the sccne. As the Vatican
joins St. Peter's and ncarly all the great ccr-
emomes of the church in which the ropc
takes a part, are performed in that immense
Cathedral, it is seldnra that he bas occasion
to use his State Church. As we approached
the strcet where the church of Santa Maria
is situaled, thc immccsc crowd, the gorgeous
equipages, and the soldiers stationed evetv
where, (for the Pope does not belong to the j
Pcace Society,) cavc notice that his holincss
was within. Wc gained an entrance to tho j
church, wbich was decorated with hangings !
of crimson and gold, and found that the scr
vice of Iligh iMass was going on, at which
me i-opo presiueu. ah i could see oi this
august personage was a mass of white satin,
and a nose like the tower ofDamascus. On
a nearer scrutiny I found that the robes of
satin were richly cmbroidcred with gold. and
tnc initre anu tront ot the drcss glistencu with
gems. The (Jardinals acted as his aids, ta
king olfand putting on his mitre and gloves,
which is repcated as often as the Gloria Patri
occurs in tho mass. A little white cap cover
ed his shoru hcad or what anti-papists call
"the mark ot the ueast."
Two files of Swiss cuards extcnded the
whole length of the chapcl. Their dress,
which was a faucy of Micliael Angclo, is re
markable. It eonsists of stripcs of prati-col-ored
clotbjoined together, likeso many ra'm
bows, blaek hats decorated with rcd worsted
plumcs, a wtde white ruflle atound the ncck,
and thcy hold long pikes or spears in their
hands.
Mass being ended, these soldiers former a
semi-circle from a higli altar to a side chapel,
Iroin which a procession of nuns robcd in
tvhite, with veils brought across the mouth,
the rest of thc face being exposcd. Thcy
had crowns of flowers and tinsel on their
heads, and each held a lighted tapcr. Like
ghosts they glided slowly along the church to
the Pope, before whom thcy kuclt, and kissed
lus loot. Iie gave to cach a purse contam
iug adowry of thirty piastres and thcy thcn
returned to thc chapel whence thcy came.
Iho l'ope was now liftcd into his cnm
son vclvet chair, which is richly gildcd,
and has thc arm, thc mitrc and keys em-
broidercd in gold on tho back. Two
largc fans of ostrich feathcrs, with the
oy es of peacock's fcathors on the end of
cach. and tcn lcet long, were placed like
a covcring over his hcad, and hc was
bnrno by twelve men in liverics of crimson
embosscd clvct, through the church,
blessing tho pcople, and devoutly closing
hiseycs whilc making the sign of tho
cross. Theimniciisc crowd closcd in,and
as we happencd to bc in thc tidc, it was
with thc utmost cxcrtion we succccdcd in
gctting back into thc church. Thc nuns
were in a side chapel laughing and talk
ing whilc the scrvice was going on at
mostof thesmallier altars. We left by
another door, and diiving with all hastc
arrived at a largc open court, whcre thc
procession was to pass, The bclls of thc
city wcre all ringing, and there was a
continual roar of cannon. A military
band pa3sed by, playing as loud as they
possibly could, then an officer on horse
back, with his hcad uncovercd then a
body of cavalry, and another band, foll
owcd by the guards nobilia, or Pope
guard, composed cntiroly of nobles, Next
cnmc a horseman in red embossed vclvet
with his head uncovercd, hearing thc in
signia of Rcligion.
Suddenly, every hat in tho assembly
disappcarcd. Plumcs were scon nodding
on the hcads of six supcrb black horses
with scarlet and Irappings, guidcd by two
postilions also in rcd vclvet livcries. These
drew the stage coach. It was of pondcr-
ous dimensions, and cntirely gildcd. whecl
bod' nnd all except the top, which vas
covered with a scarlet vclvet tho mttro
and keys wcro on the back in bold relief.
Insidc, reclining in the chair in which hc
was borne from the church wrapped in a
scarlet cloakand broad bnmmed hat, sat
tho self-stylcd representative ofthe Prince
of Peace on carth. JHo raised his two
flngers, on ono of which sparkled a su
pcrb diamond ring, and inadc thc sign of
the cross, blcssmg the crowd, as thc coach
movcd flowly along. Two cardinals in
purple sat opposite to him.
Next came the sfajje coaches ofthe
cardinals.no Icss gorgeous than the Pope's
cxccpt that in thcirs thc scarlet prcdomin-
ated over the gold. Many had four and
six horses, and cight and twelvc servants
in sumptuoug liverics. Ihen followed
tho eqmpagcs less gaudy and more beauti
ful. Some of them had the most exnuis-
ite miniaturc paintings and onameled pic-
tures on their sides. 1 he music, ringing
of bclls nnd din of cannon continued till
Pope returned to the Vatican. The ex
queen of Sardinia, in her carriage, with
red and silver liveries, and Many other
grandees wcre seen driving about the
strects aftcr thc procession had dispcrs
persed.
The Pope had bcen pleased (o appoint
thc afternoon tor our presentation, which
was communicalcd to us by tho Consul.
As a Iadv was of the party. the ctiquettc
of dress was not as strict, as tbc Pope is
totally lnditferent (o the fair sex. i be
gentlcmen were told to wear black snits
and no cloves, as thev are not permilted
in the presence ofhis Holincss, and I as
darka dress as possible, and a black veil
over my head.
The immense size of the Vatican and
St Peter's (which are 70,000 feet in cir-
curaference, covcring thirteen acres) is
MIDDLEBURY,
reaiizcd in driving through its labyrinth
of courts and passages, as wo did before
ahghting. TFe then ascended long ilights
of stone steps, and walked through thc
galleries of sculpturc, as the reception.
room was adjoining the library. We wcre
first shown into the antc-room hung with
grim portraits of different ghostly per
sonages conncctcd with thc library in for
mcr times groen curtains were hung in
stead of doors, and in the middle ofthe
floor was a green carpct, bordercd by barc
bricks gilded chairs with crimson cush
ions wcro rangcd against the wall. Aftcr
awhileayoung Itatian pricst in along
purple robe drew asido tho curtain, and
in the softcstand most mellifluous Italian
informed us that the Pope was on his way
through the galleries. Like all "great
bodies" he moved slowly, and aftcr a con
si&tcnt timc, the same smooth, silvcry
tonguc announced that the Bcatissimo
Padre was rcady. As we entercd his
presence hc was quite loud in his wclcomc
of'AII Hailto the United States V" Wo
bowcd and curtcsied as we approached,
and formcd a small circlo around him, as
he stood in front of a writing table. The
Consul thcn gave him our bistorics, and
finding thatone gcntleman wasan ofiiccr
he inquircd nbout thc piobabilities of war
bctwccn Great Rritain and the United
Statcs, and the McLcod affair, and ex-
pressed his own views on tho subjcct, in
which I saw he was well acquaintcd with
the inlcrcsts of the Statcs. 'We shall
have your Holincss on our side if wc have
war, shall we not V askcd the Consul ; to
which he rnplied, I will not scnd niy fieet
against you.' As he had none, bo seemcd
to tlnnk he had said sometbing very fun
nv; and laughed heartily. He then askcd
the numbcr of Chairs in the collego of
which one of our party was the Prcsidcnt,
and recollectcd one of the Professors
who had been prescntcd io him whcn in
Ilome. v
As I had hcard ho never even looJccdlmp
lady, I determiued to iinprovo tbc time in a
scrutiny ofhis pcrson. On dit that the old
genUeman is an excellent judge of Tf ines, ccc.
He came to rcceire us immediately after din
ner, which was at tbe Yankce hour of half
past one it was Lcnt and we could rjotiudjre
if it was a slander, but altbough he may have
signed " the former pledgc," I should think
he was by no means a tcctotaller, aud yet
Fatlier Mathew must hare his sanction. He
is over seventy years of aee, has a short.
thick figure, quite stout, and said to be gouty.
lle wore red morocco sbocs tied with gold
cord and tassals, and a star embroidered in
gold, which 13 kissed by all devout Catholics,
wno prostratc themselves berore him vf hen
presented. Hisgownwasof white cassimerc.
buttoned vcry closelv down to the feet, a
small cape, cuffs, and little wings on thc
siceves, were lined with white silk. llis cra
vat, skull cap, and wrislbands wcre extrcmely
soilcd, and he carried a large hroxcn pocket
hanilkerchief. llis hands aristocratically
small, aud a large diamond ring sparkled on
thc second (ingcr, aud if Popes have any van
ity, I should say he pnsscssed a dcgrce in its
display. He took from his pocket a snulT
box, and filling his capacious nose with the
contents, what was my surpriie to have him
tutn his gray cyes upon me with a most bc
nignant glancc which caught me iu a broad
stare, and asked liow long I had been in
Romc. This question auswcrcd, he inquir
cd, among other things, how I liked thc city,
if I had seen "the stately going" from Santa
Maria, if I wcre going to remain to La Scmi
ana Santa, (Holy Wcck,) and hopcdl would
have a fine timc for it, that I might receive
"the Pontificial Rlessing."
After wc had been an hour in his presence,
he bowed nnd said "Salutatora I'roicssora,"
and we curtsied and bowed out of the room
backwards. A long line of purpie-robed at
tendantswerc in waiting, one with his scarlet
hat and cloak, rcady to tranport him back to
his apartments.
We all agrced he was a pleasnt and affablc
old gentlcman, and by his urbanity rcmoved
all stiffuess and cmbarrassment from the au
diencc. We returned to our hotel well pleas
ed with our visit to Pope Grcgory Sixtecnth
Pontifex Maximus.
1841.
For the yEgis.
" I must go into the Presidential chair
tho INFLEXIBLE and UNCOMPROM
ISING OPPONENT of any ATTEMPT
on thc part of Congrcss to ABOLISII
SLAVERY in the DISTRICT of CO
LUMBIA, against the wishos of the slavo
holding States. No bill conflic
tingwith these views, can EVERjcccive
my Constitutional sanction."
MARTIN VAN BUREN,
Inaugural Address, March 4, 1838.
Lovcrs of Constitutional freedom ! mark ,
this unparallelcd political debascment! M
all the people ot tho iJistnct ot Columbia
themselves, (bcsides a mnjority of the
States represented in Congrcss) should de.
sire the removal of this cursing shame
from the hcart of the nation, yet this Ne w
York specimcn of Democracy, (J) Martin
Van Buren, would by his vole, forcc the
foul systcm upon them against their own
wishes,to gratify a few "Southern States!"
A wretched and unholy perversion this of
our glorious Constitution. Whcn the Con
stitution of the State of Keutucky was
framcd, Mr Clay used tho utmost exer
tions to make it a free State. The foll
owing cxtract shows tho dccided senti
ment of tho great statesman on tho sub
ject of slavcry. At a colonization meet
ing in Kentucky, (1836,) Hcnry Clay
sai d : National 2gis.
"Recently, a new school bas sprung up;
one which maintains that slavery is a
blessing ; that it is an indispensible ele
ment for the preservation of our own free
dom ! Of this school I take. the libcrty to
say. I am kot ose. Thero are two ex
trcmes of opinion on this subject, in neith
er of wbich do I concur. The flrst is that
of those who regard Slavery as no evil but
a good. I consider slavery as a ctjbse
a curse to tho masfer ; a weong. a griev.
ious weong to the slave. In the abstract
it is aix wrono, and no possible contigen
cy can nake it right. It is condomned by
VT. WEDNESDAY, MAY
all our notions of natural justice. and our
maxims of natural political cquality among
men."
British Free Traie. To give our readers
and idea of what England vractkally means
by her notions of Free Trade, we acnex a few
items from her retised tariff of 1843. She
talks and theorises a great deal about the beau
ti es and eflicacies of the thing calledJVee
Trade, but when she cbmes to act she always
manages to haverall its benefits on her own
side ; and all must admit that the Free Trade
which benefits one ofthe parties engaged in
it, and injures thc other. is not the thing it is
cracked up for, as it Iacks that active spirit of
reciprocity, which alone could makeit mutu
ally advantageous.
Tho Free Trade oflered to us by England,
then, in her revised tariff, is on the articles
named below, as follows :
On Salt Beef 59 per cent.
Bacon 109 per cent. .
Butter 70 per cent.
Indian Corn, 30 per cent. average.
Flour30 per cent average.
Rosin 76 per cent.
Sperm Oil 33 per cent.
Sperm Candles 33 per cent.
Unmanufacturcd Tobacco, 1,000 per cent.
Manufactured Tobacco, 1,200 per cent.
Salted Pork 33 per cent.
Soap 200 per cent.
Spirits from Grain 500 per cent.
Spirits from Molasses 1,G00 per cent.
Thc above is a fair view ofthe Free Trade
tr e are to expeet at the hands of England; and
we would ask every true hearted American,
whethcr we would be justifiable in depriving
our farmers, mechanics, manufacturers, and
taborers of the protcction affordtd by our Ta
riff, for sucb a boon as this! American
Whig.
The Wolf asd tiie Doctob. The
Columbia (Pcca) Enquircr rclatcs that
while Dr T A H Thoraton, of Luzcrnc
county, was on his relurn from ajirofoss.
ional visit on tho cvening ofthe 14th, hc
becamo bcnighted,lost himself in a stvamp,
and in cndeavoring to find his way out,
cncountered a hugo wolf. Rctreat was
out ofthe question, but by Ioosening one
of hisriding lcggings, and infusing it with
spirits of hartshorn, keeping himatbay,
walking backward all night ! At day
brcak, the wolfdisappeared. Thc doctor,
in a state of utter cxaustion, finally suc
ceedcd in reaching a habitation, at 4 o'.
clock in thc afternoon, when hc told his
story and faintcd away.
THE CAUSEIN THE SOUTH.
The following Ietter, received by a gcn
tleman of this city.spcaks the same chcer
ing Ianguage wo hear from all quarters of
tho Union. Tho Globe and its clique of
Hycnas and Jackalls, Blair, Kondall,
Wcntworth, Wellcr, Kcnnedy, Henley.
"Tray, Blanchc, Sweelhcart,
'Little dogs and all,"
may bark and snap at Mr Clay as much
as they pleaso, the pcople will flock to him,
and look to him to savo and restoro tho
honor, dignity.and prosperity ofthe coun
try. Hc is their favoritc, and all thc ycU
ping ofthe Globe pack at his hecls will
only cause tho people to adhcre to him the
more firmly :
Wii,misgto?i, (N. C.) March 28, 1844.
My Dear Sir : Coopcd up as you aro
in Washington you cannot form a cor
rect notion by the newspapcrs of thc won.
derful cnthusiasm that is abroad almost
overy village has its Clay Club, and mul
titudes are flocking to the Whigstandard
in every section ofthe country south of
Mason & Dixon's line. I travelled with
a gentlcman who has recently bcen pass
ing some days in and about Lynchburg.
Va., He says nothing is more common
than for farmers and planters to ofTer
their crops of Tobacco and Wheat, to be
paid on the election of Mr Clay if he
lives. Hc related sevcral instancies of
such oflers while ho was present. To-
S, coming down into the cars, one of
passengers proposcd an election of
Presideut by the company, twentyofus,
on counting, thc vote stood 14 for Clay
and 6 for Calhoun, but not a solatary voto
for "little Matly!" and what is most
strangc, nearlyall of them were from Ala.
bama and Georgia. I bogin to think
Bear, the blncksmith, is not much out of
his calculations. Ho dcclared at the
Whig Club Houso at Richmond that,
should tbe question hing'e betwecn Clay
at d Van Buren, that Clay would have Al
abama. When ho madc it, I thought hc
was wild, but I hear of such marvelous
doing in that part of the country, that I
am induced to acquicsce in the part ofthe
Blacksmith's statement. With itfrCal
houn out of the question, I should not
have much doubt ofthe issue.
BEAUTIES OF THE LOCOFOCO
TARIFF.
MANUFACTORIES OF FLANNEL.
Under the full protection of the Whig
Tariff, there is a large number of small
factorics of flanncls, spread all over New
F.nrrland. which have been doine a band-
some business in working up the wool of
tbe neighbonng tarmers. upon inese
the L,ocoIoco iaritJ, it if ever passes,
would fall with very great severtty, giving
n etah nlin to thn wool.erowers and labor-
borers, as it reduces the present duty
-a r f
more tnan onenair l we qume lTOin me
locofoco bill :
"On flannels, of whatever maferials
composed, except cotton, and on bockings
nnrl hn,7o ttipm ahnll be levied a daty of
thirty per centum ad ralorem, instead of
the duty of 14 cents per square yai-a.
Tho present whig duty is per yard 14
cents.
The average cost of foreign flannel
of like quality of ours will not ex
ceed 20 ccnts a yard, of which the
locofoco duty of 30 per ccnturn is 6
Rednction 8
1, 1844.
IFhat think you, flannel makers ? is this
tho protcction you ask?
Wool.growers, think : can these flan
nel makers afford to pay you as much for
your wool with 6 cts. protection per
yard as they can with 14 cents ? Jour
oymcn flanncl-makers and spinners : can
your cmployment pay y)u as great wags
wilh G ccnts protection aa with 14 1
I.ot common sense answer,' if you will,
and it will concur with us in the dec
laration that this Locofoco Tariff will
prostrate domcslic manufactures, lessen
the price of wool, and rcduce tho wages
of labcr.
IIONS. S. PHELPS' SPEECH,
ON THE TARIFF.
Concluded.
Mr. President, it is with no small degree
of surprise that I have listened to ths re
marks of honorable Senators on the other
side of this Chunibcr, advocating upon this
subject Britisb doctriues. Senators are rea
dy to beard tbe licu in defeuee of Maine, or
Oregon; but upon this question, growin out
of the only particular in which the interests
ofthe two nations can scriously comcin con
flict, (our great commercial riraliy,) they are
repared to adopt thcories manufactured in
uglacd, like her other fabrics, for the Amer
ican market thcories for our adoption and
guidance, but wbich she never puts in prac
tice. More cspecially, that tho Scnator from
New Hampshirc sboiild be found advocating
doctrines so much at variancc with the prac
tical economy ol the pcople hc re'presents.
The people of New Hampshire, have preser
vcd more of the early habits of the scttlers
of New England than any other portion of
our people, and thcy exhibit to the eyc ofthe
traveller more dccided proofs of competcnce
and comfort, considenng their advantages,
than any people that I know of upon earth.
They are an indiistrious and economical pco
ple, who make the most of their resourccs,
and practice tne very economy which the
friends of the protectivc policy advocatc; yet
strange as it may seem, their voice as express-
ed here, is umtormiy heard protcstmg against
the doctrines wbich thcy have everso steadi
ly adhered to at home. They will adhcre to
tnem. The Senator cannot dissuade them.
He may talk of the tax imposed upon the ar
ticle or sugar, but will he pcrsuade thcm to
abandon the manufacture of the article from
their forests, and look abroad for what their
own industry willsupply at home?
Mr. President, the protective policy ibas
been the policy of this people, and it ever
must be. JJeuounce it as you wm ncap up
on it every term of reproach; .exhaust upon
itthe whole abusive vocabulary of the Eng
lish Ianguage, more copious, as it is, than
that of any living Ianguage, yet it cannot be
shaken. It is interwoven with all your inter
ests, and lies at the bottom of your prosperi
ty. Sir. I venture the prediction that tbe
distioguished individual who has been styled
(not vcry justly, as I think) the father of the
systcm, butwbo may bejustly denominated
its ablest and most efficicnt advocate, will yct
live to see his cpinion prcvail, and his policy
the apptoved, received, and adoptcd policy of
his country. Sir, what has beeu our cxpcri
cnce on this subjcct. Thc protective policy
bcganwith the UoTcmment it was persever
ed in from that period down to 1833. The
"bill of abominations" of 1824, and the
"damnable andaccursed taritTof 1823" wcre
enactcd; and what were their fruits? Uni
vcrsal prosperity. From one end to thc oth
er or your widcly extcnded empirc, in all its
variety ofpursuit, prosperity, public andpri
vate. cotnpetencc, thrift, comfort, happiness,
prcvailcd to an extent as yet unknown, and
uncquallcd in the history of this people or of
any people upon carth. The produce ofthe
soil found a ready market labor, in all its
walks, mct a coinpctcut and full reward.
An immense public debt was cxtingubhed,
and your Treasury was ovcrflowing. We
had pursucd the policy which common sense
and the common judgmcnt of the world an-
provcd, which England herself has long prac-
. , i . I . f Ty -. 1
ticed, anu wmcn mc naiions oi urope,wuu
scarcely anexception, are atthis momentim-
itating. But in this state of uncxampled na
tional prosperity, wncn your resources were
rapidly called into action, your production,
and your wealth were increasing, a new Iight
suddenlv burst upon us from tbe South. A
discovery was made, that the people of the
North, though their energy, their enterprise,
and their sagacity, had, from the period whcn
these qualitics wcre eulogiscd by Edmund
Burke, before tho Revolution, down to thc
present day, excited the wonder and the ad
miration of the wprld, yet knew nothing of
the principles of political economy. Though
thcy had peopled a wilderness, established an
empire in the west, and cxtended their navi
gation and commerce to the farthcst oceans,
yet they knew nothing of the elcments of na
tional prosperity. !
And how was this discovery made? Not
by practical men, guided by their own souud
judgment and sagacity, and aidcd by experi
ence; fcut by speculating upon the tbeories
of writers upon political economy men
wbose theories were adapted to the condition
of the old world, who ncither knew- nor
thought of the policy of a new nation start
ing into existence, developing its resources,
founding its establishments, and maturingits
policy.
Sir, these laws of trade, of which we hear
eo much, seem to have been regarded like
the laws of nature, as immutableand irresist
ible. Thcy are but tcndcncics, liable to be
influenced and counteractcd in their opera
tion, bya thousand accidental and contingent
causes. They are never to be relied on with
out acareful consideration of the peculiar
condition and circumstances of the people to
wbose policy they are about to be applied.
These circumstances are various,. The con
dition of an old people, wbose population
ttnA Wb arrived at their maximum,
whose resources are fnlly developed, whose
rclations with all the world are fixed, is wide
Iy different from that of a young people, ad
rancing rapidly in the course of national pro
gression, with a population not yet filled up,
yet increasing in an unexampled ratio. a ter
ritory not yetoccupied, and resources not yet
developed, nor as yet fully discovered. Tbe
... .m nf civilization is undoubtedly agn-
cultural; but in proccss of time,other objecu
of industrial pursuit must be sought the
people become manufacturing as well as ag
ncultural. Commerce may exist to a certain
tn lip. a?ricultural state, or so far as
itis sustained byagricnltural production; but
all experience has shown that the full com
mercial capacity of a people is never fully at
uined twuJ iu prodactivo industry is broujht
NUMBER 52.
to bear upon other resources and other modes
of production.
But the discovery was 'made, in defiance
of all experience, that your protective policy
was "a tax upon the many, for the benefit of
the lew;" and in the lace ot the lact that you
were at that moment the second commercial
nation on the globe, and the rival of the first,
that it was hostile to commerce. It was also
discovered, that to regulate commerce was to
letit alone; that the policy ofa nation as well
as of an individual was to pay no attention
to your rclativc outgo and income; that the
power of laying a revenue was conferred for
thc mere purpose ofdefraying yourexpensei
and that it was to be exercised, not with a
design to foster your industry and call iato
action your resources, but without rcgard to
eithcr. These opinions unfortunately pre
vailed, and in an evil hour tbe cclebrated
compromise act was enacted. The protec
tive policy was gradually abandoned, and
your protective dutiesgradually brought down
to what was called iha "reveuue stacdard."
By the withdrawal of your protection, thc
products of foreign industry were brought
into successful competion with your own, aud
the country was iuuudated with foreigngoods.
Eveu before the rednction was complete, the
foundation of your national credit and your
national prosperity was undermined. And
how were these foreign commodities procur
cd? Here, sir, pennit me to notice an ele
ment in your national economy, which the
cclebrated writers so often quoted did not
coutcmplate, and which your own statesmen
have too little regarded. I allude tn that
univcrsal system of credit peculiar to this
people, tho necessary and inevitahle consc
qucnce of your rapid growth, and without
which. your progress must hare bcen arrest
cd. These foreign commodities were pro
curcd on a credit, to be paid for, not in tbs
flour, beef, pork.and other productiom ofthe
agricultural portion of these States, for these
England will not receive nor in the tobacco
of Maryland and Virzinia, for this article is
subjected by her to an euormous duty but
in the only article which she receives undcr a
modcrate duty, your cotton, This article.
which coustitutes so great a portion of your
cxporu, was the means, and almost the only
means, relied on to meet your cngagements.
This immense amountof importation wai re
ceived, not inexchange for your own produc
tions exported, but ona credit, in anticivalion
of thc proceeds of your crop. And thus a
chain ol indebtedncss was creatcd, beginning
with the Euglish capitalist and Enelish man-
ufacturer, passinj; through all the gradatiocs
of trade, down to the ultimate consumer of
foreign articles to the cullivator of thc toil,
the laborer, by the sweat of whose brow the
means of payment were to be wrouebt out.
Your whole country, wilh all its resources,
the labor of your hands, wcre mortgaged,and
that to the very power whose selfishncss and
arrogance are so often made tbe themeof dec-
Iamation here that Power, great ai it is, a
gainst which you Jwere threatening war, al
tbough as thc evcnt proved. you had to pros-
ecute that war with ncithcrmoney nor public
nor private credit. In this state of things.
throucb thedeprcciationof cotton in the for
eign market, to which, in tbc lluctuations in
the commercial world, that article is so liable
or from some other cause, (it is lmmaterial
what,) your expcctation were disappointed.
your means of payment were cut short, your
exportation was cxuausted, and tne debt was
notpaid. There was but one resource lelt,
tho gold and silver in the vaults ofyourbanks.
Thc debt must bc paid in specie, but all the
specic in thc country foil short of iu amount.
io sooner was it demandcd tor exportation,
than thc alarm was taken the baaks were
obliged to suspend, and fortunate it is for the
country they did so. Had they done other
wise, you would have becn literally a bauk-
rupt nation. But this step prostrated your
curreucy. The gold and silver was locked
in the vaults of your banks, and your paper
currency had lost its vitality in thclossof con
fidence. Thc business of tbc country was saspend
cd, property of every dcscription was depre
ciated one half, and this indebtedness which
pcrvadcd every class virtually doubled. And
wbcre did the shock fall in its greatest force?
Upon the South upon thc cotton planter.
It was necessarily, unavoidably so. If that
article of production was alone relied on to
meet this immense debt, the planter must be
in some way rcsponsible for it. Hc must ei
thcr be made the ultimate debtor, as the con
sumer of tbe soods iuiported, or bis billi
drawn upon thc basis cf his cotton must be
procurcd. In cither event, wben the aotici
pated fund failcd, the recoil fell first and hea
vicst upon him. Thc Suutberu bnnks were
the first to suspend and (be last to resumc
many nevcrdid so. No bettcr evidcncc can
behad of the condition of any portionof this
people, than tbe condition of their banks.
But nhat followed! No sooner had the e
lastic encrgies of the country begnn to rise
under the prcssurc, than a second revulsion
followed. The failnre of the corn crop in
England struck down again the price of your
great staple, for it diverted the tapital invest
ed in it to the contincnt in scarch of bread
stuffs. The Bank of the United States hav
ing loaned liberally to the South, wbich was
largcly indebtcd to it, and knowjng that the
cotton was tbe only means of reimburscmcnt
became largely interested in the article. This
bas been called a speculation. Call it what
voupIease, it was the only means of satisfy
ing the immense debt duc the institutian.and
which the institution in turn owed in Europe.
The experiment failed, the article was dcpre
ciatcd, and the revulsion crushed that tnam
moth institution, and many minor ones with
it.
Sir, bad you produced within yourselves a
portion of the fabrics imported from abroad,
the debt would not have existed, your credit
would not have been pledged, your banks
would not have suspended, nor your curren
cy been destroyed. Had your market becn
a home market, the failure of the corn crop
in England would not have affected it, nor
would ithave been brougbt within the direct
operation of the fluetuation ot turopean
commerce. The people of New England
were less affected by these revulsions than
any other portion of tbe country. Their
banks were the most stable, and their curren
cy the soundest. This was owing to the do
roestic market. The circle of their opera
tions was smaller and more quickly perform
ed. The trade was brought nearer to the
principle of exchange of commodities, less
time afforded for the intervention jof contin
gent causes bctween the coutraction of the
debt and its paymenh and, so far as they ex
changed the production of the soil for arti
cles of domestic mannfacmre, tbe operation
was placed altogether boyond the reeh of
any fluctuatioa or embarratimenttn Europe
tn afftiri..
THE NORTHERN GALAXY,
M FSBLIUtEn XVCET WED3ZSDAY MOaflina'
I.t STCWART'S CDItDISOS,
BY J, COBB JR.
st wnox all oanxss ros rRisnj
HAWDBILLS, .
Of every description nB be neatly 8ndT
fashionably cxecuted, at short notice. .
What, Mr. President, has been our expe
rience since these revulsions? Nothing but
cmbarrassment and pecuaiary distress until
the act of 1842 inspired new confidence and
gave a new impetus to tbe energies of tbor
country. The departure from the protectivu
policy was the cause of all the evil we have'
encountered, and a return to it is your only
effectual remedy. The derangement of the
currency has often been assigned asthe cause
of our calainities.but what deraned the cur
rency? That derangement was an cffect rath-
er than a cause, altbough in its turn it be
came an efHcient caose in aggravaticg tlie-
mislortuncs oi tbe couqtry, by snspenuing
the operations of labor anj dcpreciating ils
productions; by adding to the weisht sf in-
dcbtedness, and thus giving additional forcc
to thc original cause of all. Had not your
iraports vastly exceeded your exports, r.o for
eign debt would have been created, no call
for specie for exportation, no pressure upon
your. banking inttitutions, and of course no
derangement of your currency. The State
debts, too, have come in for their share ofthe
obloquy. But the contracting these debts did
not comtitnte the evil. It was the form idt
which the loans were received in perishablc
fabrics, which furnishcd no means of iepay
ment, to the disparagement of your own do
mestic industry. You bad to a grcat extent,.
abandoned your proteetive policy, and thus-
invited the intrcduction of foreigrrfahrits in
stead of that which would have served as zt
basis of your currency. Tbe whole cmount
of State loans addrd bat little, if anv thing.
to this basis; and when the day of psymenc
arrived, the pressure traoscendcd the ability
and tbo means of your r-onctary institutions.
Here, in this abandocuicnt, was ths primary
and radical crror.
How thcn, is the mistake to be remedietll
The rmedv is obvious: reduce your impor
tations, not niercly to tho .landard of your
exportition. but yon must, for the prcseut,go
below it, in order that a portion cf the pro
duction of your industry, the only truesource
of wcalih, inay be applied to thc txi:nguish
ment of your debt. Sir, I speak uilh partic
ular reference to tbo cotton planter of the
Souih. Give to him the advantage, eujoyed
by the woolgrowr of my own State. of a do
mestic market. Save him from the conse
queucei of thU uuiveital indcbtcdneFs, boibr
individual and national, which ter.ds, more
than any thiug clse, to Uepreciata his great
staple; for nothiug has a more decidcd ten
dency to depresi agricultural production than
a distrcssed, cmbarrassed, and nccessitous
condition of the whole class of producers;
and save him from these oTerwhelminc revul
sions, originating in tlie foreign market.which
fall with such tremenduous and peculiar force
upou him.
Sir, this free trade policy, thc favorite rem
edy of tho Scnator from South Carolina,wilI
only aggravate the evil. We have imported
too much already. Tbe Senator says, extend
your importations Jtill further. Yuu are in
debt; he advises to contract more. You
nced all your means to meet this debt; he ad
vises to anticipate those means, as you have
done heretofore, by free importation, w hicli
shall swallow theni. up, and lcave your debt
whcre itis; his policy is toadd toyourineomc
by increasing your expcnditure. He advcrts
to the laws of trade and thc thcories of wri
ters on political economy; he insists that you
can cot cxportuulessyou import; and argucs
that by increasing your importation yon in
crease your exportation. I am aware, sir.
that commerce u but au exchange of com
modities, but circumstances may, aud often
do destroy thcequilibrium of foreign trade;
and the nation wbich finds itself embarrasscd
from that cause must uke the proper meas
urcs to rcstorcit. He will find nowriterwbo
lays down tbe dactriue that a nation can ex
tend its cxportations indefinitely, by increas
ing itaimporu; or that it isnecesaary in order
to preserve your foreign trade, that you ex
cecd inyour importation the amonnt of your
exports or who recominends it as a matter
of national economy. The Senator insists
that thc South ars the exporticg portion of
thc country, and thcrefore thc importers; and
infers from tbis (uot very accurately in my
judgment) that they are tbe principal cocsu-
mcrs; anu be asks that tiiey be pcimittcd to
do as tbey plcase with their cvn. To this,
certainly there can be co objection. It is ex
pected by the fiiends of protection that the
'commodities of other countries will be re
ceived in exchange for our own productioiia
exported; but we know that your exportation
must bc limitcd to thc demand abroad, and
we desire that your importation should be
graduatedaccordingly. And bere, sir. is the
answer to the objection that we detire the
extinctioD of loreign commerce. We do not
drsire to destroy our foreign trsde. but to rc
store its equilibrium to place it upon its le
gitimate footing, as an iatercbange of com
moditifi tomake it conducive to national
wealth and prosperity to lop ofl" its exccss
es in the article of importation, which expe
rience has thown to be so fatal to our pros
perity. Nor does the protective policy, properly
administered, tend to the destniction of for
eign commerce. There will always be a eom
petition between the domestic and foreign
manufaeturer. Could you tbrow the whole
American market Into the hands of tbe form
er, and make him the exclusive produeer for
American conauniptioo, twelvemoctbs would
not elap.e before hc would encounter a corn
petition from abroad. Tbat competition
would grow out of your foreign commerce,
necessarily. inevitably, and out of the neces
sity of receiving the commodities of other
nations io exenange lor yourproductions ex
ported.
And here, sir, permit me to advert to the
fallacious apprehenion which has been pre
sented, as a sort of bugbear, that tbe tenden
cy of the protective system is to build up an
aristocraty of manufacturing wealth.to which
the whole country shall be subject. Such a
result cannot be brought about. It will b
prevented by foreign competition. The du
tics imposed by the act of 18-I2,are little more
than an equivalent for the relattve cbeapncss
of production in Europe; and should tbs
manufacturcrs of this country seek to aecum
ulate large profiti by means of unreasonabla
prices, they would be at once undersold by
those of Europe. This cauie co-operatinj
with the domestic eornfxtition, so ready tn
statt up when any investmect bccocies profit
able, willbe efTectual to kecp down prices,
and preventan undue accumub.iion of wcaltl;
among ths mannfacturing class.
Mr. President. it was uot my purpose to
diseuss th merits of the att of 1842, con-
siderea as & mere revenue measure, nor the
effect to be produced upon tbe ijna.ntes' by
