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MOHAVE COUNTY MINER, SATURDAY, FEBRUARY 10, 1917. THREE NEARLY MILLION OF ENGL IN MEN'S PLAGES From Wednesday's Dally Miner LONDON, Jan. 20. Almost a mil lion women exactly 988,500 have entered all kinds of positions held by men before the war began, and of this numbei nearly all-fcxactly 933,000 were actually substituted for men call ed to the front or diverted to other activities. This is snbwn in a surve of thoj whole movement toward woman labor since the outbreak of the war, made officially by the labor department, with data down to the last two months. It shows 3,231,000 women now employed in all branches of industry and com merce, or about a million more than when the war began. It is this new million of women workers one sees at every turn, on the tramways and mo tor bases taking fares, in the govern ment offices taking the place of the men clerks, in the hotels and restua rants as waiters and cashiers, in banks and business houses and run ning cinemas, theatres, public houses -and the whole range of business ac tivities. Just how far this has gone the gov ernment has now figured out to a nicety. In banking and finance , for instance, there were only 9,500 women employed before th war; now the number hf" increased four-fold to 46, 500. In government departments also the women workers have increased .from 66,000 to 133,000, displacing men in all but 3,000 cases. In industrial trades the increase of women has been greatest, reaching 393,000, of -which 314,000 replaced men. Another very large increase of women is in the .government ammunition works, where there, were 2,000 before the war and 117,000 now. The government figures .give the entire 117,000 as directly re placing men. In commercial occupations, clerks in stores, offices, etc, the increase of "wo men is 268,000, of which 264,000 re placed men. In professional occupa tions, connected with the law, medi cine, magazine and newspaper work, etc, the increase of women is 15,000, of which all have replaced men. A curious fact is that each woman has replaced about two men in hotels, pub lic houses, cinemas, theatres, etc, the increase of women being 16,000 and the displacement of men 30,000. On buses, trams and various kinds of transport service the women have increased 41,000, the entire number re placing that number of men. Men teachers are also largely replaced; also men on municipal transport work, ! the total increase of women in this line being 34,000, of which 31,000 re placed men. In farm work many men have been drawn off for the "war, but few women have replaced them. The men on farms replaced by women is given at 20,000, while the number of women warm workers is 80,000, and the increase since the war only 500. Women nurses have increased 34,000 since' the war. Summing up the substitution of wo men for men, the government state ment says there has been an increaese of 150,000 since last July in the num ber of women directly replacing men. This shows a slight check in the rate of replacement. In some trades, like clothing and textiles, women workers have decreased, probably because they were able to get better wages in the many new fields now opening to them. In October 40 per cent of the textile , firms reported they were unable to get all the women they required, so that while the supply of women work ers has decreased, the demand is also increasing in many branches. This replacement of men by women is introducing new elements in eco nomic and social conditions which will have to be worked out when peace comes. The women are doing the men's work quite as well as the men, so that a new element of competition is introduced between the sexes. The women have the advantage of posses sion of the million places, and it re mains to be seen whether they will hold them, or whether there will be another displacement of women for men when the million men come back. Many commercial houses have promis ed to take back the men, but whether this means displacing the women or keeping both is still open. The labor unions are also apprehensive over the great swelling of woman labor, as wo men workers are now about half the total strength of the unions, which are chiefly men's organizations strong in politics and with representatives in parliament and the ministry. So that the competition between the sexes is being extended all along the economi cal, political and social lines. THREE NORWEGIAN SHIPS ARE REPORTED AS SUNK LONDON, Feb. 6. Lloyd's reports that the following vessels are presum ed to have been sunk:- Norwegian steamer Rigel; 22 of her crew picked up at sea. Norwegian bark Wasdale; 19 of her crew picked up. Norwegian bark Songdal; 25 of her crew picked up. A permanent wur shrine lu a Lundun Sidu suix-t, .uu tae names oi 1uO that particular neighborhood. The picture shows two youngsters spelling out TO ARMY SERVICE ROUGHLY TREATED mot WtyrT Daily Wstrl LONDON, Jen. 20. Charges that conscientious objectors to military sec? vice have received violent treatment are believed by the army authorities to be ill-founded, and it is declared by Brigadier-General Childs, director of personal services of the war office, that if there has been any such vio lence it has now ceased. "Undoubtedly," he said, "in many camps there was rough treatment in a degree at the hands of their com rades but it is a matter of question whether it was actually violent, and the problem before the war office was to put a stop to it "I can say that the last case of al leged ill-treatment which came to the notice of the war office was in Au gust, 1916. I can say that every kind of ill-treatment, irregularity, or bru tality, if there were any, has ceased." General Childs referred to resolu tions which various Societies of Friends (Quakers) in America had passed in protest against the way con scientious objectors were treated, and in reply he showed at length that all genuine objectors enrolled in the army not only enjoyed the legal protection to which the soldier was entitled, but that they also had the right to appeal to the highest civil tribunal. The whole problem has been one of the most delicate with which the army authorities have had to deal, but grad ually they have solved some of the! most difficult phases of it. The non- combatant corps, which is composed of men whose objection is the taking of life, has never been so situated as regards the fighting front that mem bers of it would ever been called upon to take the lives of others or defend their own, said General Childs. He referred to a statement that had been made in a recent article, to the effect that 36 conscientious objectors who were taken to France were con demned to death for disobeying orders. Certain units of the "non-combatant corps were sent to France for road making, he said, but their work was miles away from the front. At the time of their departure it was .not known to the war office in London that any of these men had gone resist ing. "They were forcibly taken to France," but "had this been known at the war office these objectors would have been tried at once in England. It was not until they had reached France and absolutely refused to do anything in the way of helping with the war, that their disobedience and insubordination was dealt with by a field general courtmartial. The severe sentence which that court proposed, however, was not confirmed by the general officer commanding-in-chief the forces in the field, who commuted the sentence to ten years penal servr tude. , The men were thereupon sent to England, and very shortly their cases were taken before the central tribunal which has to do with military exemption. With one exception all were transferred to the army reserve, One man refused to work and that man is sail in prison." R. S. Boilings will leave today for the Turtle mountain section of San Bernardino County, Calif., and the Miami district of Arizona to make an examination of properties for eastern and California interests. He will be absent from Kingman about a week. LOOKING FOR THEIR DADDY'S VETERAN BOER LEADER REPORTS ON OPERATIONS IN AFRO (From Wednesday! Dally Miner) LONDON, Jan. 20. Lieutenant General J. C. Smuts, the veteran Boer leader who, for a year past, has been commanding the British forces in eGr- man East Africa the only remaining German colony has sent to the war office a general report on his opera tions. Notwithstanding that this re port is dated as far back as October 27, 1916, it contains the first compre hensive review of an interesting cam paign which has received but slight notice in the telegraphic dispatches. As for the total results up to the date of his report, General Smuts says: "With the exceptisn of the Ma hengo plateau the enemy has lost ev ery healthy or valuable part of their colony." General Smuts has had three di visions under his command two from Suoth Africa and a third' including the Indian and British contingents altogether a "heterogeneous collec tion," says he, "including Dutch, Ben galis, Baluchis, Hasmiris, Pathans, Punjabis, Cape boys (South African half-breeds), East African natives, West Indian negroes, and Baganda (native of Uganda).,, There were also British bluejackets operating along the coast, an armored motor battery, and Portuguese and Belgian forces. The advance against the Germans was pushed into German East Afri ca from no less than seven distinct points, hundreds of miles apart, con verging in a general way toward the German capital, Dar-es-Salaam. Out lining the strategic difficulties at the campaign, when General Smuts took charge, he writes: "We had just barely entered the enemy territory, which stretched out before us in enormous extent, with no known vital point anywhere, contain ing no important cities or centers, with practically no roads, the only dominant economic features of the whole being the two railway systems. Faulty strategy at the beginning, a wrong line of invasion once entered up, might lead to months of the two fold intention of conducing an obsti nate and prolonged campaign in the Pare and Usambara mountains, and thereafter retiring to fight out the last phases of the campaign in the Tabora area, from which much of his supplies and most of his recruits were drawn. "Much was to be said for an advance inland from Dar-es-Salaam, the cap ture of which would have great politi cal and military importance, and would much facilitate the transport and supply arrangements for the cam Dai en into the interior. But it was ruled out, partly because the preval ence of the monsoon at that period made the landing of a large force an operation of great difficulty and dan ger, partly because a prolonged cam paign on the coast immediately after the rainy season would mean the dis appearance of a very large percentage of my army from malaria and other tropical ailments." The decision was therefore to make the main effort from Nairobi, 300 miles from the coast, striking straight into the heart of the enemy's country, "I decided to push the whole Second division into the interior under Gen eral van Deventer," continues Smuts. "In this way it would be impossible to occupy a valuable portion of the enemy country within the next two NAME uii - u who have gone to the front from their father's name on the tablet. months." General van Deventers bril liant march to Kondoa Irangi is de scribed. He reached that place, after continuous marching and fighting, in May. His horses were exhausted; hundreds of the animals had succumb ed to the dreaded "horse sickness" during the advance of some 200 miles from Moschi in four weeks. The troops too were worn out. The rain came with great violence. "The numerous rivers came down in flood and swept away almost all our laboriously built bridges, the roads became impassable mud tracks, and transport became a physical impossi bility. The rains fell steadily day aft er day, sometimes four inches in one day and the low-lying parts of the country assumed the appearance of lakes. Fortunately, the railway had by this time reached Taveta, where sufficient supplies could be dumped for our resting troops. Van Deven ter's division in the interior was cut off, but managed to live for weeks on such supplies as could be collected locally, or carried by porters 120 miles," Several units were reduced 70 per cent by malaria. The troops had often to cut their way for miles through almost impenetrable bush, constantly eengaging the ;enemy in his prepared rear guard positions. There were seri ous transport and supply difficulties, and frequent shortages of water for men and horses. The railway lines were under water for long distances, and the attention of thousands of la borers was constantly required to pre vent its complete disapparance. As soon as the rains abated, Smuts took in hand the task of clearing the enemy from the Pare and Usambra mountains. The rapidity of the ad vance exceeded expectations. The Usambara was reached in ten days over 130 miles of trackless country. Several columns were operating at this time, and there were constant engage ments with the enemy. When Kanga mountain was reached the transport had got to the utmost radius of its capacity, and the troops operating here had been on half rations for some time. While these troops were resting and refitting, General Smuts arranged for a landing near Tanga and a simul taneous attack on that port by land and sea. Fighting proceeded almost in the neighborhood of the Great Lakes, where the advance of the Belgian forces was assisted. The largest is land in Lake Victoria was attacked and captured. It produced much of the rice which formed the staple diet of the enemy's native troops. Meanwhile Van Deventer advanced to the central railway, and reached the foot, of the Nguru mountains. Pushing up the railway from here, it was found that practically every bridge and cul vert had been blown up. The prob lem of transport Van Deventer solved in an ingenious manner. He restored bridges with spidery construction from local material to carry about six tons. Then instead of using railway locomo tives, he narrowed the gauge of his heavy motor cars so that they could run on light railway wheels over the line. In the Nguru mountains the diffi culties increased. -Some routes were entirely impracticable for wheeled dif ficulties of any description, and plans had to be altered. Meanwhile Smuts gave the enemy no rest in a continu ous series of engagements. In a wa terless area the troops marched 42 miles without rest. The enemy adopt ed .a fighting "system of falling back from one ambush to another. For some distance beyond the Ruwu river, the road passed along the face of the precipitous rocks, around which the Germans had constructed a gal lery roadway, supported on piles driven obliquely into the face of the rock. This, however, was not strong enough to carry the British, automo biles, and a long delay was caused by the necessity of blasting a road out of ?i i i t t e miles. On a spur of the Uluguru mountains, a little further on, a pass was cut through the rock clear across the range, "a notable and enduring engineering feat occupying several weeks." General Smuts also describes the capture of Dar-es-Salaam and con cludes with high praise for the endur ance of his men: "Their work has been done under tropical conditions, which not onlypro- duce bodily weariness and unfitness; but which create mental languor and depression, and finally appall the stoutest hearts. To march day by day, and week by week, through the Afri can jungle or high grass in which vis ion is limited to a few yards, in which danger always lurks near but seldom becomes visible, even when experi enced, supplies a test to human na ture often in the long run beyond the limits of human endurance." (Cable dispatches since the forego ing was mailed have reported that General Smuts is to represent the union of South Africa at the Imperial war conference, which is to be held in London, and on that account has been succeeded in the command of the Brit ish East African expeditionary force by Lieutenant-General A. R. Hoskins.) RATS ARE PEST TO PARIS, Feb. 6. The allies have made little progress against their four-footed enemies, the rats, on the French front. They seem to be quite as numerous as during the second winter campaign, though great num bers have been killed. They multiply faster than the numbers of dogs sent to the front to fight them and are now, it is said, menacing the army with an epidemic of jaundice. The rats in the trenches have been discovered to carry in their organism, without apparent harm to themselves, a microbe called the spirochaete in the form of a- little serpent, which, communicated to a human being, de velops jaundice. A courteracting se rium is being sought. REPUBLICANS OPPOSE GRAYSON'S PROMOTION From Wednesday"! Dally Miner WASHINGTON, Feb. 6. Republi cans opposing the confirmation of Dr. Cary T. Grayson, President Wilson's naval aide and physician, to be medi cal director with rank of rear admiral, kept the senate in debate for more than four hours today and again pre vented a vote. Senator Weeks continued to tell of the time it had taken many naval heroes of the civil and other wars to reach the rank of rear admiral. Sen ator Pomdexter brought up a resolu tion to have the nomination considered publicly, but Democrats objected un til the doors were closed. Democrats leading the fight for confirmation said tonight the opposition lacked the votes to Teject the nomination and was fili bustering. BRITISH MEDAL IS GIVEN TO JAPANESE From Wednesday! Dally 1 finer LONDON,, Feb. 6. The British medal has just been awarded to a Jap anese, Private Harry Ohara, who has worn the British uniform on the west ern front since the outbreak of the war, and who has seen so much hard fighting that ne has 70 scars. He has been in the hospital six times, the last time with 20 shrapnel wounds. Ohara entered the army with the Sikhs, being really taken for an In dian by the recruiting officer. Later he fought as a member of a Middle sex regiment, and now, having earn ed his discharge, he expects to enlist in the flying corps. FAMOUS SINGER DEAD From Wednesday! Dally Miner BERLIN, Feb 6. Germany's oldest grand opera singer, Albert Niemann, has just died here, aged 86. He was a "find" of King George of Hanover, who financed his education with a French master. Niemann also enjoyed the patonage of Richard Wagner, who took him to Paris in 1861 to sing the title role in Tannhauser with immense success. He later sang in America. S06AR CENTERS OF PORTO RIGO ROSY From Wednesday! Dally Miner SAN JUAN, Porto Rico, Feb. 6. More than 30 out of the 48 sugar cen trals of the island are now making sugar and by the middle of February the sugar season will be at its height. Sugar men estimate that beginning with next month the weekly produc tion of sugar will be approximately 125,000 tons and that this rate of pro duction will be continued until June. It is expected that the total production 'for the season will be between 500,000 Of the new crop there has so far been shipped to the refineries since December 1 approximately 25,000 tons. Weather conditions since the begin ning of cane cutting have been very favorable for both sugar making and field work, although at present in sev eral sections of the island there is very great need of rain. Although there have been no seri ous labor troubles so far a general strike of agricultural laborers is pre dicted for next month by Santiago Iglesias, president of the Free Federa tion of Labor, unless the laborers are given a minimum wage of $1 a day and eight fours' work. These are the same' demands made last year and the workers then returned to work only after increases had been granted. OF (From Wednesday"! Dally Miner.) LONDON, Feb. 6. The Bank of England, which is now working night and day on the war loan, is not, as many people think, & government in stitution. It is a private company, and reaps a good profit by acting as the nation's banker. The remuneration paid to the Bank of England for the management of the national debt was fixed in 1906 as a .yearly sum at the rate of 325 pounds per million pounds of such debt up to five hundred million, and 100 pounds per million pounds about this amount. On this basis assuming a total war debt of 2,500,000,000 the bank's re muneration will reach about 250500 pounds annually from this source alone, in addition to the 165,000 pounds in respect to the old national debt, which, at the beginning of the war, was about 650 million pounds. TO EXPLAIN POSITION (From Wednesday! Dally Miner) COPENHAGEN, via London, Feb. 7. It is stated in reliable quarters that the Danish government has de cided that it cannot follow the exam ple of the United States in Ireakintr relations with Germany. A note will be sent to Washington explaining the position of Denmark and calling at tention to the fact that conferences between representatives of thethree Scandinavia n countries as to their in ternational interests are being con tinued at Stockholm. Bolivian With U. S. RIO JANED30. Feb. 6. The Boli vian minister visited Dr. Laui Muller today and informed him that Bol.via supported without reserve the Ameri can policy. No Decision Made SANTIAGO. Chile. Feb. 6. The Chilean government has as yet taken no decision with reference to the Ger man note on the submarine campaign, but it is understood that for the pres ent no action will be taken. WOULD-BE MEXICAN ASSASSIN EXECUTED From Wednesday's Daily Miner DOUGLAS, Ariz., Feb. 6. A Mexi can who attempted to assassinate Bert Whitehead, manager of the Moctezu ma Copper company's store at Pilares, Sonora, Saturday afternoon, shooting into the building and wounding him, as well as Alexander S. Kier and a Mexican boy, was executed a few hours later by a firing squad acting under the orders of Colonel Alberto Cano, according to arrivals from Pi lares, today. The three wounded men probably will recover. FIRE CAUSES DAMAGE IN SHIPYARDS NEAR FRISCO IB J VALLEju, Cal., Fev. o. Fire at the James Robertson shipyards on San Pablo bay caused damage today estim ated at $10,000, but was brought un der control before damaging two mo tor schooners on the ways valued at more than $500,000. The fire started through the explosion of a gasoline tank. The fire department from the United States arsenal at Benicia and town fire departments at Benecia and Vallejo aided in subduing the blaze.