Newspaper Page Text
J
WINTER USE
loss of Heat Through Bottom Is
Very Rapid, Notwithstand- \
ing Belief to Contrary.
DEFECT SHOULD BE REMEDIED.
Leaving South Front Unpacked on
' . ? theory That Sun Will Furnish
Necessary Warmth Erroneous
Sawdust Not Expensive.
<Pr?pared by the United States Department
of Agriculture.)
>; - Contrary to the usual belief of bee
keepers, the loss of heat through the
bottoro of beehives otherwise insulat
ed is very rapid, so that the insulation
3.'on the top and sides ls never' used i
Spto Its full capacity, as so much of
the heat escapes below. On the sup
" , position that "heat rises,"-it bas been
,. the practice for, beekeepers not to
insulate the bottoms of hives In which
bees are wintered, ?'this is a serious!
'.'"* aieglcct which should bb remedied in
all commercial Insulated hives, ac
cording to United States Department
of Agriculture circular.222, The In-;
' .sulatlng Value of" Commercial Double
Walled Beehives, by BJ. P. Phillips,;
aplculturist.'
Insulating Value,
ri; . Tests have'been made of the in-;
sulating v?lue of eight different;
. types of hives. It is clear from the'
results of these tests that leaving j
any part of the hive without insula
tion renders the oscape of heat at
that point easy. Some beekeepers, in
^addition to leaving the bottoms of
' their hives unprotected, also leave the
fronts, facing the south, unpacked, on
the erroneous theory that the warm-;
lng of the hive by the sun will over- j
come the loss of bee t at this point
Space for Insulating.
The insulating value of all ordinary ;
insulating materials depends on the;
air spaces confined. 4n (the material,,'
and the Insulating value ls Increased!
. by increasing the number and decreas
ing the size of thes? air spaces. In
...
Four Inches of insulating Material in
Bottom of Winter Packing Case
'Below Bottom of Hive.
. the so-called dead-air ?spaces In hive
.construction there are doubtless con
?vectien" currents within * each cavity
which tend to dissipate the heat.
.Since sawdust or other Insulating
.material costs so little, lt would seem
advisable to Increase'the thickness of
the 'sp?ce for insulation In. cold
climates to four or even six luches,
allowing the beekeeper to fill . this
espace with cheap insulating materials.
A comparison of these is given in th?
.circular, together with the results of
tests made In the form of a tempera
ture table. The circular Is available
. upon application to the United States
Department of Agriculture, Washing
ton, P. C.
TO ESTABLISH HONEY GRADES
.Beekeepers From Various Parts of
Country Send Samples to Agri
cultural Department.
Samples of honey are being received
1>y the United States Department of
Agriculture from beekeepers in all
parts of the. country in connection
"with the work of establishing reliable
color grades for extracted honey. A
new type of spectrophotometer will be
used in this work, which will be done
by agriculturists of the department in
co-operation with the division of
grades and, standards of the bureau of
agricultural economics. It is also
' planned to use the honey examined in
other investigations. The pollen con
teat of the honeys will be Identified
by the mlcrochemlcaT laboratory of the
bureau of chemistry.
1
SOW RAPE IN FALL FOR HOGS
iBy turning Animals on Crop\ Month
or Six Weeks They May Be
; Cheaply Finished.
Dwarf Essex rape may be sown In
late summer or early fall and the bogs
?given a fine start toward fattening.
By turning pigs on rape a month or j
six weeks they may be easily and j
cheaply finished. According to Min
nesota authorities, an acre of rape
will carry from twenty to thirty pigs
for several weeks.
< Dwarf Essex rape should be sown
on rich land. JTIve pounds'?of seed
. broadcast will sow an acre. The soil
should be prepared well and sowing]
done in late summer ar very early
?alL I J
Dutch Weather F'r?phet Talks
of Drought.
W. P. Houseal, Dutch weather
prophet, says that 1:he approaching
winter will be colder than the winter
of last year and that at least one
heavy snow will fatl south and east
'of the Blue Ridge ; the indications
are, the prophet says, that Columbia
will be in the path of this snow.
Following are the weather com
ments of Mr. Houseal:,
The prolonged drought has no
doubt brought an apprehension that
it. will continue through the fall and
winter. However, conditions which
prevailed September 22-29 indicated
precipitation during the winter to.
provide sufficient soil moisture \ for
the sowing, a nd germination of grain
crops. These indications have already
been apparent in the abundant rain
which has broken the drought.
' The drought has some remarkable
features. It prevailed over the whole
country and was broken by rainfall
simultaneously in the regions of the
lakes and gulf. The change was ap
parent Thursday at r oon when the
wind, which had been fron! the east
nearly three weeks, -moved to the
south in the,'upper ainnosphere, yet
it. still continued from the east in an
exceedingly lower' stratum barely
above the height of a three story
building. There was nerver any doubt
at sunset Wednesday that this sec
tion would be visited by rain within
72 hours. The principle in meteorolo
gy which governs these conditions is
as old as i the earth itself. The east
wind had deposited a tremendous
amount of moisture in the upper at
mosphere and as the high pressure
changed to th? lower form it met a
response in a like condition coming
from the Carribean sea and the
south wind gradually absorbed th?
east wind by rising above it. This
was clearly indicated a week before
the direct change occurred, as ail
the clouds which were to be observed
at all 'came ' from the gulf. Usually
under-normal conditions such an east
wind as prevailed during the1 latter
part- of September would bring rain
within one-tenth of the time as was
the case during the recent drought. '
It is very probable th?t about Oc
tober 23 a disturbance of grs?t in
tensity will prevail in the gulf and
its course . be northeastward and
along the south Atlantic coast!
In. addition, the same conditions
observed September 22-29 indicate
a colder winter than last year. Th*1 ,
next season will occur around Octo
ber 15. This, will be the central date,
and ,one frost-will occur either three
days ahead or after this date. Nature
is ? great protector of its products
and observation of certain fauna
show that frost thus early will not
prevent their full growth and bloom. :
So far, however, as crops are con
cerned the drought has had the same
effect a killing frost would have pro- :
duced at this period of the year.
At least one heavy snow will o?- .
cur during the winter south and east
of ihe Blue Ridge, and indications
are such that Columbia will be in its ;
path. While it is not 'easy to fore
cast the date of a snow more than 30 :
days ahead of time, it has been my(
purpose to say that in this annual' )
forecast snow will occur about the
date of the winter solstice. Decem- ,
ber 20.
As a postscript: Rain will occur in :
this season within 72 hours from sun
set Sunday, October 8.-The State.
- i
Teacher Shortage in State no
More.
Columbia, O^t. 5.-A shortage of
teachers which'has been ?xperienced
in this state since the armistice has ,
been* fully relieved, the state depart- ;
ment of education declared today, ;
approximately 20,000 persons in j
South Carolina now hold the neces
sary ^teachers certificates, giving an
equivalent of two teachers for every ?
school room it was stated.
At the May examinations for
teachers*' certificates, held in every ,
county of the state; 589 white ap- ,
plicants passed the -required tests,
while 919 failed, according to a
statement by the department. Of the
negro applicants 315 were success
ful and 582 failed.
The figures, show that 61 per cent
of yhite applicants could not-meet
the j tests, while the percentage of
negro applicants was 62.
It-, was announced that 1,000
young men and women had been
granted certificates upon the show
ing that they hejd A. B. or B. S. di
plomas. ' /
The fall examinations will be held
in each county November 3 and 4 it
was stated.
J. S. BYRD
Dental Surgeon
Office Over I Store of
Quarlea & Timmerman
Office Phone No. 3
Residence Phone 87
"Ku Klux" in Cambridge
It must-be true, we see it in
Boston Transcript, that the la
day Ku Klux Klan, with its klea
and Other impedimenta, white, n
and fiery crosses, have e ntered ?
bridge, Massachusetts, ' %o set u
lodge, or "klayern." 1
The Transcript -is ^stirred at
these "Ku Klux" who, by the v
are not ^the Ku Klux of 1870 and
kin" to them. The Transcript is n
ed to use rather ktxons langu
about them.
j The State, no more th?ri ''
Transcript, appioyes a secret soci
that teaches proscription, of men
account of race or religion, but w!
it speaks bf the Ku Klux "apply
here (in Massachusetts) the sa
sort of pressure by means of a j
vasive secret society, that th?y
attempting in the South?' we nu
bold to suggest that the' Ku K
have a. more inviting filed for ope
tion in' its territory than in Soi
Carolina.
Not for long in the South car
secret society thrive on prejUdi
against Roman Catholics and Je'
The Catholics and Jews are too f
iin the South.. Fires' kindled agai:
lihem, however, diligently,.will i
down. It is impossible to imagine 1
people of any state in persisting <
citement about 1 per cent of the pi
alation. Hbstility against sects
races may flare up-but it can x
last in a land where the "enemy"
so lonely as almost to be an obj<
of curiosity. In 40 of the 46 count
of South Carolina are probably r
many more than a hundred Catho
families.
As* for the prejudice against t
negroes in the South, it will not
aroused to action by the Ku Kin
Mobs~do not go to the trouble ai
expense of masking in the Sou
when a negro is the quarry. Numbe
of lynchings* have occurred in Gee
gia lately but not one of them h
been attributed to Ku Klux or I
Klux influence. . v
N While the State would not be i
terpreted as defending the new E
Klux, its opinion, derived from sea
ty information about them, is that
South Carolina, at leasts they are n
ruffians. There is little or no e\
dence that they have been guilty <
violence. There has certainly-bee
np violence practiced by them again
Catholics, Jews or negroes so far
and the Ku Klux are said to be ratl
er numerous too. We believe the
doctrines mistaken but that can I
true without their being thugs an
criminals. .The State has reason t
believe thaVthe membership is mad
up of rather "good citizens" tba
otherwise-at any rate one can nc
poin^; to misbehavior-by them.
There is much more likelihood tha
the Ku Klux will be a factor in ai
fairs in Massachusetts than in Sout
Carolina. '
Meanwhile, if Massachusetts an
other sympathizing commonweal!
had not sent soldiers to the Squt!
after the, close of the Confederat
War, the original %u KluX wouli
never, have been organized-ther
would have been no necessity or ex
cuse fox them.1 .
Yes, singular as it may appear, th?
atmosphere of Cambridge, I Massa
chusetts, and of Boston, is far mor<
favorable to the growth of Mr
Simmons' secret order than is tha'
bf South Carolina or Georgia.-Th?
State.
May i Get $495,000 for
Memoirs.
London, Oct. 6.-English writers
are /still speculating on the amount
Premier David Lloyd Geroge is like
ly to realize on jhis projected bobk of
memoirs. There vis still considerable
mystery .as to what financial 'arrange
ments.t he publishers have made with
the British prime minister for the
book and serial rights at home arid
abroad. One London publishing firm
gives the following figures : American
serial rights, $200,000; American
book rights, $100,00.0; English*book
rights, $75,000; English serial rights,
$75,000; total, $495,000. A digger
into historical ^record says the sum
offered. Mr. Lloyd George constitutes
a record. He finds that Milton receiv
ed $7^ for "Paradise Lost" and Gold
smith $300 for "The Vicar of Wake
field." Samuel Johnson made about
$500 out of "Rasselas," which he
wrote in order to obtain enough
money to give decent burial to his
mother and pay off her few debts;
Jane Austen sold the manuscript of
"Sense and Sensibility" for $750,
which she described at the time as
"a prodigious recompense."
dow To iiive Quinine To Children,
FEB RI LINE is the trade-mark name sri vee to an
improved Quinine. It id a Tasteless Syrup, pleat
ant tc? take and does not disturb the stomach
Children take it ?lid never know it is Quinine
Also especially adapted to adults who cannot
take ordinary Quinine. Does not nauseate not
c?.use urrvou?ness nor ringitigr in the head. Tn
it tbt ext time you n?ed Quinine for any bur
oose. Ask for 2-ounce original package., Thc
same FEBBIUNS ia Mown Kbotile. ?5 cea*
. : . . ' -'. ;V.'''. ;
.'; .. ' ' "V.. .' > '..;.: .'...:....) '-.
ammmm^~^mFmmm~~~'---Sj
Bootlegger to the Gang.
The policy of sentencing b
leggers to the chain, gang; upon '.<
.vi'ction of illicit trading in whisi
is apparently becoming . more
more popular with the judges
South Carolina. This; should hav
salutary effect upon the bootleg^
industry, and perhaps in time, i
result in making it a bit pnpl?as
for the bootlegger to ply his,ta
There are at least two things n<
ed; however, . to strengthen/ the !
somewhat frail net that is being (
around the rum runners and }iq
sellers. We need, in \ the first ph
a stronger public sentiment agai
the business, and we need speec
court machinery for handling
cases with dispatch when they
brought up.
' While a comparatively few bc
J egger s are given jail or chaingj
sentence^ at any given term of cot
one . generally finds that the doc
is sb congested that numerous ot]
cases, are continued until , a la
term.- With so many , cases be:
brought, the bootlegger stands a gc
chance) of having, his case continu
and[/continued again, until eventu
ly some of the principal witnesi
drop, from sight or else the cas? i
some' other reason has to be n
.prossed. And in the meantime, he
continuing his nefarious . trade. Ti
is particularly- true in our fede:
courts, where 'enormous, dockets s
nowjfonnd to be composed princip
ly of, whiskey v cases. Some of t
comities have county courts, a
! these axe doing good work in taki.
j care of the so-called minor cases.
If we are to prosecute bootleggc
as they should . be prosecuted, ?
must .have ample court machinery
do so. By handling all cases spedil
and sending the guilty ones to ti
gang,;,without' the alternative of
fine, .the bootlegging trade can eve
tually be reduced to a minimum.
-Sentiment of'the people ;at larg
of .course, must be with the pros
'c?ti'on of these liquor dealers, or tl
officers' efforts will be nf little ava
There is, of ;course, a sentiment ?;
present against the bootlegger, bi
it is not as strong, nor as general i
it should be. We should strive by e;
ery means to strengthen it, and pi
bootlegging; into a despised class <
criminals, in the regard of the pe<
pie at large. A day br so ago, Tl
News' Carried a news item showin
where a private citizen had brougl
tp 'the prohibition officers evidenc
which he regarded as sufficient t
convict two men of bootlegging. ]
all, of bur citizens' would .take thi
much interest in the proposition o
suppressing the outlawed traffic, th
country would be better off.-Grear
ville News.
-i
The Profits in Gasolene.
Whenever a protest is raised abou
(the incre?se in the price of gasolen
explanations abundant and plausibl
rae furnished;-an dthe price of th
commodity remains nearly 100 pe
c/?nt ' greater, than it was ten* year,
ago. Since Armistice Day,, in 1918
automobiles have, fallen in price t<
the pre-war basis, but the fuel tha
they consume has been not greatlj
affected by the return to peace con
Editions. When gasolene prices weri
elevated last spring a committee oi
investigation was appointed by th?
United States senate, but, if it ob
tained substantial result, we are nol
inf ormed of it. 'Prices have droppec
two cents or. more in the last twc
or three months but no connection
between this small relief and the ac
tion of the senate has been establish
ed. Gasolene prices are 'maintained
in general at approximately the wai
level, however, they appear to be sub
ject to fluctuation within limits of a
few cents. The user of gasolene - can
scarcely avoid i the conclusion that
the great producing companies haye
adopted the plan of demanding all
that they can get for it, of adjusting
the price to the points that the traf
fic will bear. '
Last week the Standard Oil com
pany of New York notified its stock
holders that it was ready to- declare
a stock dividend of 200 per cent.,
December 1, increasing its capitaliza
tion from $75,000,000 to $325,000
000. %
?n June, 1913, the same company
issued a stock dividend increasing its
capital from $15,000,000 to $75,
000,000. The swift and sudden in
crease in the consumption of gasolene
by automobiles in the years preced
ing 1913 possibly justified that issue.
In those days-the prices of the com
modity ranged between ll and 14
cents, which seemed a reasonable figr
ure. . \
With gasolene retailing at 26(
cents or 27 cents a gallon four years
after the war, one must be' astonish
ed at the ' moderation of a 200 per
cent dividend., Apparently the public
is paying it without, losing its tem
per.-The : State. ,
CELERY, CONSIDER!
AS NOVELTY. NOV
-,- .
Harvesting and Pac!
(Prepared br the United States Department
of Agriculture.) .
From a crop that was a novelty and
served on the tables of only a few peo
ple to an Industry that has produced
as many as 17,000,000 crates in a year
has been the development of celery
production within the memory of many
people now living. With the rapid;.in
crease In the :growIng ) of the' crop,
methods bf culture and marketing
have materlallr changed, new diseases
and pests have appeared, and a num
ber of problems have arisen. Because
of these new problems and difficulties,
the United States Department of Agri
culture has just Issued Farmers' Bul
letin 1269, Celery Growing, by W. B.
Beattie, tn which are discussed the
fundan?enta?s of successful production,
Including the best methods of growing
and. handling the ?crop.
The crop can foe grown on almost
any type of soil If enough plant food
ls present arid water is' supplied dur
ing the dry periods, but most of the
successful celery-growing ^enterprises
are on low-lying , muck, Or "hammock"
soils. Under present-day conditions lt
ls not practicable to depend .. entirely
on manure as a fertilizer and large
quantities of commercial fertilizer are
used, growers In the northeastern part
of the country using from 1,400 to 1,
800 pounds bf high-grade plant food to
the acre. Florida growers sometimes
I use as mach as three tons to the acre.
But not all ?of the discussion is de
Packing Celery.
voted to the cdmmercl?l growing' of
.celery. There ls a chapter on produc
ing the crop In the home garden^ and
many of the practices that have been
developed are applicable no matter on
what scale lt is grown.
Copies of the new; bulletin may be
obtained free by writing to the United
States Department of Agriculture,
Washington.
Was Once a Luxury.
Celery was once a /all and winter
luxury associated with turkey and
cranberry sauce, but now it is 'eaten
during the entire year and the produc
tion of ,4early" celery haa become, a
big business. Most of the commercial
crop Is grown In the region- of the
Great Lakes, and also in New Jersey
and Massachusetts, In Florida and In
California. The muck soils of v the
northwestern section are of the right
texture, usually high In nitrogen bat
deficient In. potash and phosphorus. In
addition to muck soils, good crops are
grown on level sandy loams, such as
ore found In th? vicinity of Rochester,
N. Y., In northeastern New Jersey, on
Long Island, and In' many other locali
ses.
Commercial fertilizers used as a rule
contain about 4 to 7 per sent of nitro
gen, 8 per cent of phosphoric acid, and
6 or 7 per cent of potash. The mixed
fertilizer is usually followed by one or
two side dressings pf nitrate of soda
or p 'ihntei of! ammonia during the
growing period In- the .field. Where
manure is used lt Is usually applied in
the fall and plowed under, then re-!
turned to the'siirface In the spring by
replowlng, ords composted and spread
over the land of ter plowing and disked
Into the soil thi? same as commercial
fertilizer. .Most muck solis are easily
put in the'right condition and require
only plowing aftd about two diskings
and two dragglrigs. More diskings and
dragglngs, however, are .needed on
newly reclaimed mucks. ?
Seed'Largely Imported.
Most of the celery seed ls Imported,
but there ere a few producers of high
grade seed 4n the United States and
sonya growers grow their own seed.
The old idea was that strictly fresh
ED AT ONE TIME
V IMPORTANT CROP
--7--- - !
ting Celery In Field.
seed is necessary, but recent experi
ments have shown that four-year-old
seed gives greater freedom from dis
ease and in many respects ls prefer
able to fresh seed. However, much
depends upon the woy the seed has
been handled, as great changes of tem
perature reduce Its vitality. There are
approximately 15,000 celery seeds .th
an ounce and 21,000 to '60,0Cr0 plantfi;
are needed to set an acre, but not
every seed can be relied upon to pro
duce a good plant. Four ounces of.
extra good seed Is usually enough to
provide plaiats for an acre, but most,
growers lise eight to twelve ounces. 11.
three to five weeks after the!" early
crop seed is sown the plants are trans
planted .to trays, to greenhouse
benches or to cold-frames, and later,
to the fields. For ihe later or stand
ard crop the plants are-usually grown
In field beds. .
\ For the home garden 200 of 300
plants cnn be started in a edgar box or
in a wooden tray In the house, but as
a rule lt is more economical to buy the
small number of plants needed. Spe
cial care ls needed during the' first
two weeks after the seed ls Sown to
see that the. soil does not~dry out and
after the plants come up thaj: they aire
not overwatered. There are many im
portant details to the setting <ot tte?<
pl?pts In, the field, but even the com
mercial fields ar? set by hand, though
the department suggests that there Is
no reason why a suitable machine for
doing the VSfork should not be deyai->
oped. t
Celery is a molsture-lovlng plant,
and lt ls frequently necessary to ^em
ploy Irrigation unless the soil Is nat-,
urally moist Three systems are .em
ployed : The overhead sprinkler sys
tem, the furrow or surface system, and
the underground or subirrigation sys-,
teni. It has been found that the first,
of these Is generally the most adapt
able/' Since the plants are ' greatly In
jured by wilting, successful growers
watch the soil moisture conditions
closely and iipply watery before any
wilting of the leaves occurs; Some
successful growers in the northeastern
district do .not use Irrigation* They
d?pend upon having the soil; in good
, condition' and well supplied with or
ganic matter, and upon thorough ?nd
frequent cultivation. ?
Celery is subject to the attecksjpf
diseases from seedbed yto market
Damplng-qff ls the principal danger In
the seedbed, but this can usually be
controlled satisfactorily by care not to
Overwater and by giving plenty of ven
tilation. Plants in the field suffer from
early and late blight, bacterial blight,;
Sclerotinia rot and black-heart. There
are rots that attack the product In
storage or in transit. Blights spread
rapidly during periods of moist and
sultry weather, and even during bright
weather, wh*n the? plants are growing
rapidly, spraying Is necessary to be on
the safe side. The storage blights or
rots usually have their origin In field
diseases. Control is based upon crop
rotation and spraying with bordeaux
mixture to prevent them. A reading
of the bulletin will give a thorough
understanding of the approved meth
ods of control
Results of Experience.
The experience of many successful
growers and the results of experimen
tal tests on blanching, harvesting, stor
ing and shipping are given In consid
erable, detail. Although lt , is an ex
pensive crop to grow and market,' most
growers have paid little^ attention to '
cost accounting, and conditions . .vary '
so much from year ter year and In dif
ferent regions that lt Is difficult to
give figures of real value. The prin
cipal items of expense are: Interest
on Investment, plowing and fitting the
land, drainage and Irrigation, fertiliz
ing, growing the plants, setting, and
cultivating', spraying, cost of, boards ot
paper used In blanching, labor, selfing
costs/and washing. It ls safe ho as
sume, says the. department, that the
grower who ls not making a profit, pl
from $200 to $300 an acre or more Is
falling short of his goal, but the only
. way to know what profit ls being made
is to keep a careful cost account to
. balance against the returns.
?
] EXCELLENT FEED FOR FOWLS
' --- . \
Instead of Plowing Under Surplus
Vegetables Store Them Ayvay for
' Winter Feeding.
Instead of plowing up the surplui
vegetables from the garden this fall
or of allowing them, to get dry and
shrivel up in the ground dming th?
hot weather, it will be found that tur
nips, lettuce, radishes, etc.; which an
not uned up during the growing seasor
can well Se stored in a eave or In th?
cellar for deeding to the h?ai nei
frinter. ' . I
