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liiDUlllföüS LtftOEtl, PUBLISHED EVERT SATURDAY -BT BAGBY Sc CO., OFFICE, 11 MIULEITS BLOJK Corner Illinois and Harket htn. SnUnd as stcond-class matter at tbs PostofBce at Indianapolis, Ind. TEBM3 OF SUBSCRIPTION. Slngls Copy, 1 year.. 4 nooths. ' 3 mouth. 1 month... 1 .00 .20 CI aba of alxl year, each copy. M Un, 1 year, each copy. 1.75 1.50 THIS PAPER SX SÄrV&S Hewtpaper Advertising Bureau (10 Spruce St ) rhtre advertising contracts may be made for it In NEW TOUT. Subscribe for the Leader. Let every colored man who favors the elevation of hia race subscribe for the Lead er; and let every white man who believes that slavery was a cnne against humanity and that it is the duty of the ruling race to aid the Negro in his struggle for moral, social and intellectual elevation do likewise. Thursday the Senate confirmed the appointment of Hon. Roscoe Conkling, as associate Justice of the Supreme Court, and Hon. A. A. Sargeant, of Cal-ifornia, a3 Minister to Germany. Hon. R. T. Greener has resinged his position in the Treasury Depart ment and will enter upon the practice of the law in the District of Columbia. Prof. Greener, is a finished schollar and is possessed of the courage, energy and ability that will win success. It is our earnest wish that his paths may fall in pleasant places. Tile House Committee on elections has decided that neither of the claim ants from Utah is entitled to a seat. The House wtll undoubtedly order a new election. "With the existing suf frage laws a Mormon would of course be returned. It is generaly believed however that Congress will pass a law disfranchising polygamists and disquali fyng them from holding office. Such legislation would be not only just but in perfect accord with the public senti ment of the country. Congress can scarcely be too radical in its dealings with this monstrous evil. Hit Xorth American Revieic for March, presents a striking array of arti" cles, every one of which possesses the characteristic of contemjttraneous in terest. First we have a contribution fmm Spnntnr Oporire V. Edmonds, on "The Conduct of the Guiteau Trial." Ex-Minister Edward F. Noyes commu nicates the results of his observations of political afiaira in France under the title, "The Progress of the French Republic." In Trial by Jury," Judge Edward A. Thomas describes the social conditions under which our jury system had it3 origin, and notes its defects in view of the altered relations of modern life. Mr. John Fiske makes an able and ingenious analysis of that great intellec tual movement, the Reformation, educ insr therefrom the "True lesson of Prot estantism." In "Law for the Indians," the Rev William Justin Harsha endeavors to demonstrate that the one rational and effectual cure for our In dian troubles is to extend the jurisdic tion of the civil and criminal courts over all the social relations of the red man. Prof. A. B. Palmer writes on the "Fal lacies of " Homeopathy." Finally, the Hon. Neal Dow contributes an article on "Results of Prohibitory Legislation," demonstrating the success of the efforts to suppress the liquor traffic in Maine. The colored people of the District of Columbia are greatly agitated over ihe School question, to which we called at tention in our last Issue. Thev are es- pecialy indignant at the treatment ac corded them by the chairman of the District Committee, Mr. Neil of Ohio. The facts wc are informed are about as follows: When the present school system of the District was established, the distinction now made in the schools on account of color was authorized by Congress in the clause of the law which provides for separate schools. The Dis trict Committee have recently prepared a bill revising the entire code' of the District, which revision contains a clause reenacting the odious discrimination against colored children. A delegation of colored men headed by the Hon. - Geo." T. Downing, called on the commit tee for the purpose of protesting against the passage of the law. Mr. Neil of Ohio, chairman, is said to have been ex Cceedingly discourteous and insolent in his treatment of these gentlemen. "You folks," said he, "are asking too much. Why it has only been a few years since the Supreme Court of the United . States decided that vou had no rights, and now you are demanding mixed schools." Further., on he said "Why dont you go to the .President and get him to appoint Commissioners who will do what you want." "No sir" replied Mr. Downing, indignantly, "we will not go to the President; we will go to the people who make Congress and w 'ni act Tiom tr oorid mpfi ri pro who are not filled with prejudice and hate of the Negro, and who will not violate the Con stitution of the United States by making laws that discriminate against children on account of their color. We will go to the people of your district, sir, and we'll sec whether they endorse the sen timents you express." Other of the colored gentlemen present expressed themselves with equal frankness, and the interview ended with no good feeling on either side. A little reflection doubtless caused Mr. Neil to see that he had blundered and at the committee meeting the next day he tried to run around the difficulty by moviog to strike out of the revised code every thing refering to the schools. This it will be seen leaves the obnox ious laws, heretofore enacted, on the statute books which is by no means satisfactory. The colored people demand that Congress shall repeal all laws that dis criminate against them on account of their color. The demand is reasonable and just and Congress cannot afford to ignore it. It is nonsease to talk about children enjoying equal school advan tages in proscribed schools. It is a stand ing disgrace to the nation that separate schools should be sanctioned by Con gress at the Capital of our great repub lic. How can the states be expected to do justice to the colored children if the Nation sets the example of a cruel bar barous ostracism. Let the agitation go on, let it never cease till every barrier born of slavery and brutality is broken down. The Hon. Geo. T. Downing deliv ered an eloquent oration on "The Life and Character of Charles Snmner," in Washington on Tuesday evening. Sen ator Dawes, of Massachusetts, presided and introduced Mr. Downing in very complimentary terms as the life-long and intimate personal friend of Charles Sumner. The lecture was replete with reminis cences of the great Senator. Mr. Downing spoke feelingly of the last hours of Mr. Sumner, of his overpower ingauxietv to see the work of emanci pation completed by the passage of his Civil Rights bill; of his chagrin-and mor tification when advantage was taken of his sickness and absence irom the Senate to pass the emasculated form of his bill, which afterwards became a law. Mr. Sumner died with his hand clasped in- Mr. Downiug's, and there were few dry eyes in the audience while Mr. Downing recounted the sad incidents of the sick room and death scene. Interesting remarks were made by Hon. Frederick Douglass, Prof. R. T. Greener and Rev. Dr. Crummell. There are few men better fitted to talk of our great benefactor than the Hon. Geo. T. Downing. Should Mr. Downing ever find it convenient to come West and tell the storv of Charles Snmner's life, we can assure him a hearty wel come. The Little Children's Watches. (Little Rock (Ark.) Gazette. An old man entered a Little Rock store. and taking from bis pocket an eld buckskin pouch, he empted two coins on tne counter, and then, after regarding the silver for a few moments, said: "Mister, I want to buy some goods to make a dress." "That money is mutilated, old gentleman. This twenty-five cent.piece his notches filled in it, and this fifty cent piece has been Funched. You eee, they have been abuse J. can't take them." "Abused," said the old man. "Abused," and he took up the fifty cent piece and looked at it tenderly. "And you won't take it on account of the holes. Heaven grant that I did not have to offer it to vou. Years ago, when my first child was a little girl I punched a hole in thin coin and strung it around her neck. It w as her constant play thing. At night when she went to bed we'd take it off, but early at in rning she would call for her watch. When our John you didn't know John, did you? No. Well, he used to come to town a good deal." "Where is he now?" asked the merchant, not knowing what to say, but desiring to show appreciation of the old man's story. "He was killed in the War. I say that when John was a little boy I strung this quarter around his neck. One day his watch got out of fix, he said, and he filed these notches in it. He and his sister Mary that was the girl's name used to play in the yard and compare their watches to see if they were right Sometimes John wouldn't like it because Mary's watch was bigger than his, but she would explain that she was big ger 'than him and ought to have a bigger watch. The children grew up. but as they had always lived in the woods, they were not ashamed to wear their watches. When a young man came to see Mary once she for getfully looked at her fifty cents. 'What are you doing? asked the young man, and when (he told him she was looking at her watch, he took it as a hint and went home. After that she did not wear her watch in company. Well, Mary and the young man married. John went off in the army and got killed. Mary's husband died, and about two years ago Mary was taken sick. When her mother and I reached her house she was dying. Calling me to her bed, she said: 'Papa, lean over.' I leaned over, and, taking something from under her pillow, she put it around my neck and said: Tapa, take care of my watch.' " The old man looked at the mer chant. The eyes ot both men were moist "Do you see that bay out there on the wagon?" he said. "Well, that is Mary's child. I wouldn't pait with this money, but my old wife, who always loved me, died this morning, and I have come to buy her a shroud." Wien the old man went out he carried a hurdle In one hand and the "watches" in the other. The man who travels on the railroad and sits down by the eid) of lone females, while laboring under the impression that he re cognizes a likeness in their faces to his wife's stent's cousin, met his match on one of the road in this vicinity lately, He sat down in the half of aTseat, the other half of 1 which was occupies by a pleasant-faced Jouog laay. mi nr.; question was: "rar on me, Miss, but is yur name James? I have a cousin of that name whom you great ly resemDle.'' 'Ncliir.H waathoreply,"my name is not James. But, pardon me, is your name Zinc or Copper?" ''Zinc or Copper? No ma'am," laid the astonished man. " "What led you to suppose I had such a namß?" "Excuse me," was the quiet reply; ''but I thought you must be first cousin to a brass foundry." . WASHINGTON LETTER Alex. Stevens Garnett and Li beriaDistrict Caste Laws Antl-Sla very Heroes Auto graph Cranks A Virginia Gi unt Miscellaneous and Person al Notes. Washington, D. C, Feb. 27, '82. The frail, attenuated and ghost like form of Alexander H. Stevens, of Georgia, whose obituary I read in a western paper some years ago, is a fa miliar feature of the hall of the House of Representatives. Comfortably en sconsed in a wheeled easy chair, he usu ally occupies a space in the small area between the members and the Speakers stand. His features have a death-like pallor, which forcibly reminds me how a revived, reanimated corpse might ap pear. 31r Stevens is one of the links that joins the present to the past that will soon be missing. But he seems destined to die amid scenes familiar and dear to his memory. Since early manhood he has been in public life, and few men of his time have been more closely allied with the political contro versies and struggles of his day than he. Passing down Pennsylvania Avenue a few days ago and observing this ante bellum statesman being assisted from his carriage to his hotel by his Negro valet, I was forcibly reminded of the theory and practice of the laws and constitu tion of the "lost cause" Confedracy of which Stevens was Vice President. The corner stone prop of their constitu tion was the sacredness of the right to hold human beings as chatel slaves; and here was one of these ex-chatels prop ing up ttis venerable relic of that cause which is not only simply but hopelessly and irrevocably lost. It is probably on Steven's part an instance of the ruling passion strong in death, as he is doubt less one of those southern statesmen who were so fearful tliatthey would not have a few Negros around when they shuffled off this mortal coil, that they sought to bind the enslaved race to them with the irrevocable lentis of constitu tional law. They had probably forgot ten that lor a nominal consideration they could hire black as well as white men to drive carriages and black boots, wheel invalid chares, etc. Mr. Stevens recently passed his sev entieth birthday, but notwithstanding his bodily infirmities, he is still intel lectually strong, and is at present en gaged in a history of the United States, which is alxut ready for the press. Although an ex-Confederate, yet Mr. Stevens is classed among the most ad vanced and liberal of Democrats, and tne tie wnicn binds mm to his party is Erenerallv suDDosed to be ouite as frail J A A as that which binds his fettered spirit to its earthly tenement, to use a clerical metaphor. They will, however, both doubtless be snapped at one and the same time. Recent news from Liberia an nounces the arrival there of Dr. II. II. Garnett, our representative, and thirty or forty emigrants from this country. These latter, of course, are persons whom the lool-killer, lor some unaccountable reas on, iauea to visit while making his an nual rounds, or mayhap, they took refuge in the castles of the wise when the slayer of the unwise was executing his divine mission in their vicinity In us they are fortunately enabled to offer themselves up to the Moloch of African colonization. After all, however, it is a matter for discussion whether it is not best that people who are so infernally and so ir redeemably foolish and ignorant as to l .1 i t seriously give ear to tne idea oi emi grating to Africa, should leave the country for the country's good. Their ignorance is the only redeeming feature connected with those who are generally the victims of this fatal craze. Ihe Eromoters and leaders in this inhuman usiness, who never emigrate any far ther than New York, Washington or some shipping point on our coast, ai the fellows that ought to be punished, but they are not. Only a year or s .1 i ago we saw the spectacle oi one oi our strongest bodies of colored Methodists, J 1 11 1 in visiting witn tne Disnops roues a man who was a loud-mouthed advocate of Liberian emigration for poor help less ignorant people, who knew no better, but who took good care not to emigrate himself. If the church wanted to honor him for his sentiments, he should have been sent to Liberia or somewhere in equatorial Africa as a missionary. Thus he would have been doctored with his own medicine, and in addition would have been in position to tell his people by experience whether it was best for them to go to Africa or not. Frederick Douglass, G. T. Downing and other prominent colored citizens are making a strong fight against the new code of laws for this District, because of the fact that it establishes by law compulsory white and colored schools. The chairman of the District commit tee, Mr. Neal, of Ohio, favors the ob jectionable features of the new laws, but is warmly opposed by Messrs. Has call, of Kansas, and Moore, of Tennes see, and possibly one or two others. A majority of the committee are with Neai, but it remains to be seen whether a majority of Congressmen are of the same opinion. The colored gentlemen who are op posing the committee's plans assert that they do not wish to force colored chil dren into the white schools, nor, on the other hand, white children into colored schools; but wish simply to wipe out the stigma of class legislation, which they justly claim has a tendency to in culcate a feeling of seJf-debasement in the estimation of the rising generation. Congress cannot afford at this late dajr to permit anything to creep into its legislation that will have a tendency to encourage the feeling of caste prejudice which already exists to an extent which is truly infamous. The birthday cf President Lincoln was very appropriately celebrated in many places, and I am glad to say that in many instances colored men took a prominent part in these eommemmora tive ceremonies. But while we are celebrating the natal day of the mar tyred Lincoln, let us not forget the memories of such men as John Brown, Charles Sumner and Lovejoy, who were pre-eminently martyrs to the cause of Negro emancipation and enfranchise ment. These are the men whose be hests Mr. Lincoln simply obeyed when he enunciated his famous proclamation of liberty. They and kindred spirits like them were the pioneers the lead ers of the vanguard in. the heroic strug gle against human slavery, which after forty years duration, ended in the com )lete and lasting downfall of that un loly institution. Lovejoy, Brown and Sumner paid the forfeit of their lives as the measure of their devotion to the cause of the Negro, just as Mr. Lincoln gave up his life for his devotion to the cause of the Federal Union. While we should render all possible honor to the magnificent hero whose memory and name form the central figure in the his tory of the Rebellion, let us not forget the names of the grand old patriots whose manly stand for human rights brought on the struggle which ended in thebverthrow of slavery, and secured the enfranchisement of the Negro race. Virginians are excited and elated just now over the discovery of an em bryotic giant in one of the eastern coun ties, Accomac, I believe, in the person of a colored vouth named Charles Druramond. tie is ninteen years of age, is six feet eight inches in bight, weighs 534 pounds, and has feet sixteen inches long. The principal article of food on which this physical Ceasar hath fead from his youth up has been sweet potatoes. I mention this simply as a hint to youihs who have aspirations giantward. Landladies in Indiana and else where on this Continent with whom I have had the pleasure to board will certainly bear testimony that I have always and undeviatingly regarded this variety of vegetable with peculiar favor, but its consumption as an article of food has had no such effect upon me as it has had upon Charles Drummond, there fore I think it would be well to look for some other cause for his early develop ment into a giant, probably he eats 'possum. The masculinelv attired female form of Dr. Mary Walker is just now one of the laminar figures about the corridors of the Capitol. I understand she . has a claim oi some character before Congress, and is here to press it with her personal presence. In figure she is small and slightly bent; and at a short distance impresses one as a precocious bug strug gling under the assumed dignity inci dental to wearing an elongated and shiny beaver. It is needless to add that wherever her identity is known she is the observed of all observers. Dr. Wal ker has, I am informed, transferred the tremendous weight of her political influence from the Republican to the Democratic party. Y hy 1 cannot imag ine as the Democrats are doubtless as strongly opposed to women's wearing pantaloons as are the Republicans. An incident related of Secretary Fol ger, illustrates the unaccountably insane craze about autographs, relics, ect., of persons who have become infamous as well as those who are famous by reason 1 1 1 1 ' oi meritorious aeeus, wnicn animates so many foolish people. An album was recently presented to the Secretary for his autograph, ana in looKing over tne names inscribed in it, he found that of the a sassinof President Garfield. He pre emptorily and very properly refused his signature, and expressed his feeling of indignation tnat any person should be so lost to common decency as to ask i: x ii l ii , nun to enron nis name in a collection containing that of so infamous a derer. mur- Hon. S. S. Cox, member of Congress from ISew York City, formerly from AL!- III .1-1! 1 1 . V7U1U, win uenver nis lecture, ivmen can Wit and Humor," March 2nd, at Lincoln Hall, for the benefit of Berean (Colored) Baptist Church, of which Rev. William Waring, formerly of r lt ; -r J ii voernu, is pastor. iur. vox is wen known as an attractive and vvitty speak er, and will doubtless have a large audience, should the weather permit. The appointment of II. C. C. Ast wood, of New Orleans, to be U. S. consul to Trinidad, has been revoked and he has been appointed to the San Domingo consulate. The causes which led to this change, while not definitely known, are understood to be on ac count of charges of some character against the standing of this gentleman at the State Department, by persons in this city. Mr. Astwood sails about the 20th of March. The colored journalists, Messrs Lacy and Bruce, of the Sunday Item, have been undergoing the joys and horrors of a libel suit the last few days. The suit was brought by a dentist whom they charged in their columns wTith having broken the jaw of a patient through ignorance of the practice of dentistry. It resulted in Messrs. L. and B. being fined $50 each. C. S. Jackson, colored, assistant post master at Orangeburg, S. C, shot J. D. Andrews, white, of that place last Tuesday, and afterwards fatally wounded himself. Gambling and fail ure to raise necessary money, led to the tragedy. Representative Moore, of Tennessee, has introduced a resolution in the House to distribute unclaimed moneys belonging to colored soldiers to certain educational institutions, which fails to meet the approbation of a number of uapusi ministers, nence they protest against it. Air. Blaine's oration at the Garfield memorial services at the Capitol, to-day will doubtless prove the event of the week in political history the world over. As I write while the address is beimr delivered, it is too early for commei.ts, I 1 i a -a . a ' I Dut you win doubtless receive it full particulars by telegraph. The net profits of the fair which has been in progress for some weeks at the St. Augustine Colored Catholic Church will, it is understood, reach beyond three thousand dollars. The church debt is seventy thousand dollars. Ex-Governor Pinchback. was con firmed Thursday, as Surveyor of the Port at New Orleans, and left Satur day, for home. E. R. B. BLAINE'S TRIBUTE To the Memory of the Iate Chief Magistrate, Delivered in the Presence of Cor-gress and Distinguished (ihot Fro: ill Parts of the Country. An Eloquent Portrayal of the Life and Character of the Martyred President. An Interesting Story, Told Only as a Great Orator and Life-Loner Friend Could Tell It. IN MliMOKIAM. The Memorial Services in Honor of the Late President James A. Garfield Mr. Ulaine'n Eulogy. Washington, Feb. 27. Prior to 10 o'clock this morning admission to the Capitol was refused to all save members of the two Houses of Congress and their employes, but at that hour the door was thrown open to persons holding tickets to the memorial services of th late James A. Garfield and soon the galleries of the House were tilled to their utmost capacity. lu the lobby back of the Speaker's desk the Marine JJand was stationed, nnd at intervals from 10 o'clock until noon discoursed solemn music. Among the guests who at an early hour occupied seats upon the lloor were General Scheijck and Governors Hoyr, of Pennsyl vania; Foster, ot Ohio; Hamilton, of Mary land; Bigelowr, of Connecticut, and Porter, of Indiana. At 11:30 Generals Sherman. Sheridan, Hancock, Howard and Meigs, and Admirals Amiaen, Köders r.nd Rodders entered, and were assigned seats to the left of the Speak er's des-k, anl a few moments later members of the diplomatic corps, in full regalia, were ushered in, headed by the Hawaiian Minis ter as dean of the corps. Their brilliant cos tumes only served to throw into stronger re lief the dark attire of the members of Con gress who sat immediately behind them. At precisely 1 o'clock the House was called to ordtr by Speaker Keifer, and prayer was offered by the Chaplain. The Speaker then said: 'This day has been dedicated by the ac tion of the two Houses of Congies to ser vices in commemoration of the life and death of James Abrain Garlield. late Presi dent of the United States. This House is now assembled and ready to perform its part" At 12:10 the Senate was announced, and all rose as the Senators, headed by the olli cers of that body, entered and took assigned seats. They were followed by the Chief Justice and the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court, dressed in their robes of office. Again the assembled multitu le rose as the President of the United states and his Cabinet were announced. The Prei dmt took a front seat on the right of the presiding officer's chair. At 12:30 the orator of the day, James G. Blaine, was announced. The ceremonies then opened by a short prayer by Chaplain Power, of the House, after which Vice Presi dent Davis said: "This day is dedicated by Congress for memorial services of the late President cl the United State?, James A. Garrield. I present jou Hon. James G, Dlaine, who has been fitly chosen as orator for this historical occasion." Mr. Blaine then rose, and stanaing at the Clerk's desk immediately in front of the two presiding ollicers, proceeded with impres siveness of manner and clearness of tone to deliver hia eulogy from manuscript as follows: The Eulogy. Mr. Pbesident For the second ?hne in this gen eration the grent departments of :.he iovernment of the United outes are assembled iu the Hnll of Representative to do h.oner to the Memory of a murdered President. Lincoln fell jt the close of a mighty struggle in whiih the jxissiuns of men had been deeply stirred. The tragical termina tion of his grtat life adtlcd b it another to the lengthened sucesslon of horrors whien had marked go many lintels with the blood oi the lirn Uru. Gai field was slain in a day of peace. vh n brother had been reconciled to brother, n:d when anger and bate had been banished frort the land "Whoever thall hereafter draw the jortrait of murder, if -he will show it as it lus t een exhib ited where such example were lust to have been looked for, let him not give it the rim vi.-age of Moloch, the brow knitted by reenge, tLe face black with f-cttled hate. Let him draw, rather, adecorous.smooth faecd.tloodkss ilemon; not so much an erample of human nature in its depravity and in its paroxysms of crime, as au in fernal being, a fiend ia theordii ary display and developments his character." From the landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth till the uprising Against Charlex L, about 'JO.Uoo emigrants came from old England to Newhig land. As they came in pursuit of intellectual freedom and ecclesiastical iiulepender.ee rather than for wordly honor and profit, Ue emigration naturally ceased when the eontevt for reliti-ms liberty began in earnest at home. The mau who struck his most effective blow for freedom of con science by sailing for the colonies iu 1620 would have been accounted a deserter to leave after 1610. The opportunity had theu come on the soil of England for that great contest which established the authority of Parliament, gave religious free dom to the people, sent Charles to the" block and committed to the hands of O.iver Cromwell the supreme executive autho-ity of England. The English emigration was never renewed, and from these 20,000 men, with a small emigration from Scotland and from France, ate descended the vast numbers who have New England mood in their veins. In 165 the revocation of the edict of Nantz by Louis XIV. scattered to other tommies -JUU.OW) Protestants, who weie among the most intelligent and enterprising of French subjects merchants of capital, skilled manufacturers and haiiciicrufis men, superior at the lime to 11 others in Europe. A considerable number of tiu sc Huguenot French came to America; a few lmded in Eng land and became honoiably prominent in its history. Their names have in iurge part become anglicised, or have disappeared, but their blood is traceable in many of the most reputable fami lies, and their lame is perpetuated In honoiable memorials and useful institutions. From these two sources, the English-Puritan and the Freech-IIugueuot, came the lato Presi dent his father, Abrain CJartield, bei'-? Uc-seCLd- ed from the one, aad his mother, Eiiza liallou, from the other. It was a good stock on both sides ncnee better, none braver, none truer. There was ia it an in heritance of comage, of manliness, of imp. rish able love of liberty, of 'undying adherence to principle. Garfield was proud of his blood : and, with as much satisfaction as if he were a British noblemart reading his stately ancestral record iu Burke's Peerage, he spoke of himself as ninth in descent from those who would not endure the oppression of the Stuarts, and seventh in descent from the brave French Protastants who refused to submit to tyranny even from the Grand Mon arque. General Garfield delighted to dwell on these traits, aDd, during his t-nly visit to England, he busied himself Pi discovering every trace of his forefathers in Parish registries and on ancient army rolls. Sitting with a friend in the gallery of tha House of Commons one night after a long day's labor in this held of research, be snid with evident elation ihat iu every wur in which for three centuries patriots of English blood had struck sturdy blows for constitutional govern ment and human liberty, his family had been represented. They were at Maretou Moor, at Naseby and at ITeston; they were at Bun&er Hut. at Saratoga, at Mon.nouth, and in bis own person had tattled for the same great cause in the war which preserved the I uion of the states. Losing his father before he was two years old, the early lifo of Gartield was oueof privation, but its poverty has been made indelicately and unjustly prominent. Thousands of readers have imagined him as the ragged, starving child whose reality too often greets the eye in the squalid sec tions of our large cities. General Gartiela's in fancy and youth had none of their destitution, none of their pitiful features apealiug to the tender heart and to the open hand of charity. He was a poor boy in the same sense that Henry Clay was a poor boy: in which Andrew Jackson was a poor boy; in which Daniel Webster was a poor boy; in the sense in wnich a large majority of the eminent meu of America ia all generations have been poor boys. Before a great multitude of men. In a public speech, Mr. Webster bore this testi mony: "It did not harpeu to me to be born in a log cabin, but my elder brothers and sisters were born in a lo cabiu raised amid the suowdrifts of New Hampshire, at a period so early that when the smoke rose first from its rude chimney and curled over the irozeu hills there was no similar evidence of a white man's, habitation between it and the settlements on the rivers of Canada. Its remains still exist. I make to it an annual visit. I carry my children to it to teac h them the hard ships endured by the generations which have gone befjre them. I love to dwell on the tendei recollections, the kindred ties, the early ailVcttons and the touching narratives and incidents which mingle with all I kuow of this primitive family abode." With the requisite change of scene the same words would aptly portray the early days of Gar field. The poverty of the froatler, where all are engaged In a common struggle, and where a com mon sympathy and hearty co-operation lighten the burdens oi each, is a very different kind of poverty, diferent in kind, different in influence and encct fiora that conscious and humiliating indigence vhich is every day forced to contrast itself with leighboring wealth, on which it feels a sense of griuding depeudence. The poverty of the frontieris indeed no poverty. It is but the beginning o' wealth, and has the boundless pos sibilities of the iutuie. always openiug before it. No man eve- grew up in the agricultural regions t-f the West where a hou.e raising, or even a corn husking, h matter of common interest and liJ i.ili.e-s with aay other feeling than that of Iro-ul-nnnd.-d, gen rotis independence. This 1. 0". Tahiti ; idepei dene, marked the vouth ol Gailicld as : marks the yomh of millions of the te;t bioodwid brain ijow trailing tor the future citizenship md future Government of the Repub lic. Gartied was born t eir to land, to the title of freeholder vhich has been the patent aud pass port of self-respect with the Anglo-Saxon race ever since Hens st and lLrsa landed on the shores of England. :Iis adventure on the canal an alter native between that and the deck of a Lake Erie schooner vas a farmer boy's device for earning I money, just as the New England lad begins a pos- I sioiy great career ny sailing oeiore me mast on a coast lug vessel or on a merchantman bound to the further ludia or to the China Seas. No manly man feels anything oi shame in look ing back to early struggles with adverse circum stances, sue no mau feds a worthier pride than when he has conquered the obstacles to his pro press. But no one of noble mould desires to be looked upoi as having occupied a menial posi tion, as having been repressed by a feeling ox in ftriority, or as having suffered the evils of poverty until relit i was found at the band of charity. General Garfield's youth presented no hardships which family love and family energy did not overcome, subjected him to no privations which he did not chierfully accept, aud left no memo ries save those which were recalled with delight, and transmitted with profit and with pride. Garfield's early opportunities for securing an education wen extremely limited, and yet were sufficient to develop iu him an inteuse desire to learn. II.; could read at three years of age, and each wiu'er he bad the advantage of the District school. He rei.dall the books to be fouud within the circle of his acnuaintance: some of them he got by heart. Whilo yet in childhood he was a constant student of the Biblo. and became fa miliar with its literature. The dignity and earnestness cf his speech in his maturerlife gave evidence of this early training. At eighteen years of age he w.'.s able to teach school, and thence forward his ambition was to obtain a college edu cation. To this end he bent all his efforts, work ing in the harvest held, at the carpenter's bench, and, 1ti the winter season, teaching the common schcxtls of the neighborhood. While thus la boriously occupied he found time to prosecute his studies, and was so successful that at twenty two years of age he was able to enter the junior class at Williams College, then under the Presiden cy of the venerable and honored Mark Hopkins, who, in the fullness of his powers, survives the eminent papil l a whom he was of inestimable service The history of Gatfield's life' to this period pre sents no novel features. He had undoubetdly shown perseverance, self-reliance, self-sacrifice, aüd ambition qualities which, be it said for tne honor of our country, are everywhere to be found among tae young men of America. But from his graduation pt Williams onward, to the hour of his tragical death, Garfield's career was eminent and exceptional. Slowly working through his educational period, receiving his diploma when twenty four years of age, he seemed at one bound to spviug iuto conspicuous and brilliant success. Witiiin six years Le was successively President of a College, State Senator of Ohio, Major General of the Army of the Cnlted States, and Representa tive elect to the National Congress. A combina tion of honors so varied, so elevated, within a period so brief en 1 to a man so young, is without precedent or parallel in the history of the country. ciarrield's army life was begun with lo other military knowledge than such as he had hastily gained iron books in the few months preceding his match to the field. Stepping from civil life to thel.ea 1 of a regiment.the first order he received when ic;;dy to cross the hio was to assume com mand of a brigade, and to operate as an inde pendent furce iu Eastern Kentucky. His imme diate duty w as to check the advance of Hum phrey Marshall, who was marching down the Big SNtuoy with the intention f occupying In con nection with other Confederate forces the entire territory of Kentucky, and precipitating the State into secession. This was at the close of ihe year 1M51. Seldom, if ever, has a young college pro- lessor been thrown into a more embarrassing and di-couraging position. He knew just enough of military science, as he expressed it himself, to measure the extent of his ignorance, and with a handful of men he was marching. In rough win- ter weather, iuto a strange country, among a hcs tile pottulation, to confront a largely superior force under the comin-ind of a distinguished graduate of West Point, who had seen active and important service in two preceding wars. The result of the campaign is matter of history. The skill, the endurance, the extraordinary en ergy shown by Garfield, the courage he imparted to his men, raw and untried as himself, the measures he adopted to increase his force and to create in the enemy's mind exaggerated estimates of his lkumbers, bore perfect fruit in the routing of Marshall, the capture of his camp, the disper sion of his force, and the emancipation of an im portant territory from the control of the Rebel lion. Coming to the close of a long series of dis asters to the Union arms, Garfield's victory had an unusual at d extraneous importance, and in the popular judgment elevated the young commander to the rank cf a military hero Witn less than 2,000 men in his entire command, with a mobilized force of only 1,100, without cannon, he had met an army of 5.000 and defeated them driving Marshall's forces success ively from two strongholdsof their own selection, fortified with abundant artilery. Major General Buell, commanding the Department of the Ohio, au experienced and able soldier of the Regular Army", published an order of thanks and congrat ulation on the brilliant result on the Big Sandy ciinraign, which would have turned the head of a less cooi and sensible man than Garfield. Buell declared that his service had called into action the highest qualities of a soldier, and President Lincoln supplemented these words of praise by the more substantial reward of a Brigadier Gen eral's commission, to bear date from the day of his decisive victory over Marshall. The subquent military career of Garfield fully sustained Its brilliant beginning. With his new commission he was assigned to the com mand of a brigade in tha Army of the Ohio, and took part in the second and decisive day's fight in the great battle of Shiloh. The remainder of the year ls'2 was not especially eventful to Gar lield, hs it was not to the armies with which he was serving. Iiis practical sense was called into exercise in completing the task, assigned him by General Buell, of reconstructing bridges and re establishing lines of railway communication for the Army. His occupation in this useful but not brilliant field was varied by service on Court Martial of importance, in widen department of duty he won a valuable reputation, attracting the notice and securing the approval of the able and eminent Judge Advocate General of the Army. That of itself was a warrant to honorable fame; for among the great men who in those trying days gave themselves, with entire devo tion, to the service of their country, one who brought to that service the ripest learning, the most fervid eloquence, the most varied attain ments, who labored with modesty and shunned anp'ause, who in the day of triumph sat reserved and silent and grateful as Francis Deakin the hour of Hungary's deliverancewas Joseph Holt, of Kentucky, who in his honorable retirement en Joys the respect aud veneration of all who love the Union of the States. Early in 1863 Garfield was assigned to the highly important and responsible post of Chief of Staff to General Rosecrans then at the head of the Army of the Cumberland. Perhaps in a great military campaign no subordinate officer requires sounder judgment and quicker knowledge of men than the Chief of Staff to the Commauding General. An indiscreet man in such a position can sow more discord, breed more jealousy and disseminate more strife than any other officer In the entire organization. When General Garfield assumed his new duties he found various trou bles alteady well developed and seriously affecting the value a:ia elliciency of the Army of the Cum berland. The energy, the impartiality, and the tact wiih which he sought to allay thes dissen sions, aud to discharge the duties of his new and trying position will always remain one of the most btrikiug proofs of his great versatility. His military duties closed on the memorable field of Chickamauga, a field which however disastrous to the Union arms gave to him the occasion of winning imperishable laurels. The verv rare dis tinction was accorded him of a great promotion for his bravery on a field that was lost. President Lincoln a 'pointed him a Major General in the Army of the Unitid States for gallant and meri torious conduct in the battle of Chickamauga. The Army of the Cumberland was reorganized under the command of General Thomas, who promptly offered Garfield one of its Divisions. H3 was extremely desirous to accept the position, but was embarrassed by the fact that he had. a year before, been elected to Congress, and the lime when he mu-t take his seat was drawing near. He preferred to remain in the military service, and had withit his own breast the largest confidence of success in the wider field which his new rank opened to him. Balancing the argu ments on the one side and the other, anxious to determine what was for the best, desirous above all things to do bis patriotic duty, be was decisive ly itillueuced by the advice of President Lincoln and Secretary Stanton, both of whom assured him thathecduld. at that time, be of especial value in the ILm-eof Representatives. He resigned his commission of Major General on the 5th day of lkccnitier, 18 ;', aud took his seat in the House of Representatives on the 7th. He had served two yea is and four months In the Army, and had just completed his thirtv-second year. The Thirty eighth Congress Is pre-eminently entitled in history to the designation of the War Congress. It was elected while the War was flagrant, and every member was chosen upon the issues iuvolved in the contluuauce of the strug gle. The Thirty-seventh Congress had, indeed, legislated to a large extent on War measures, but it was chosen before any one believed that seces sion of the States would be actually attempted. The magnitude of the work which fell upon its successor was unprecedented, both in respect to the vast sums of money raised for the support of the Army and Navy, aud of the new and extraor dinary powers of legislation which it was forced to exercise. Only twenty-four States were rep resented, and 182 members were upon its roll. Among these were many distinguished party leaders on both side, veterans In the public ser vice, with established reputations for ability, and with that skill which comes only from parliamen tary experience. Into this assemblage of men Gar field entered without special preparation, and it might almost be said unexpectedly. The ques tion of takiDg command ot a division of troops under General Thomas, or taking his seat in Con gress was kept open till the last moment, so late, iudeed. that the resignation of his military com mission aud his appearance in the House were almost contemporaneous. Tie wore the uniform of Major General of the Cnlted States Aarmv on i Saturday, and on Monday In civilian's dress he answered to the roll-call as a Representative In Congress from the State of Ohio. He was especially fortunate tn the constituency which elected him. Descenfii rm t entirely from New England stock, the men of the Ash tabula District were Intensely raui.l ou ail ques tions relating to humn right. Well educated, thrifty, thoroughly intelligent in affairs, tcutely discerning of character, i ot quit k to bestow con fidence, and slow ro widmw It, they were at once the most hopeful and mst exacilug of sup porters. Their tene-iou.'' trust hi men m whom they have once conrirHl is illustrated by tne un paralleled fact that EdshA Whi til. -aey, Johoa R. Giddir.gB. and Jamea A. Carfleld represented the District for fifty-four ycis. There is no test of man's ability in any depart ment of public life room severe than service, iu the House of Reprtsei.tciivet;: there is uo place where so little deference is paid to reputation previously acquired, or to eiuinence won outside; no place where so little consideration is thown for the feelings or the failures of beginning. What a man gains iu the llou&e he gains by sheer force of his owu caiuctt r, and if he loses and falls back he must expect ro mercy, and will re ceive no sympathy. It i a field in which the sur vival of the strongest is the ret ogs.lzed rule, and where no pretense tsn deceive andnoglamcrr can mislead. The real nm is discovered, his wo'th is impartinlly weighed, his rank irrever sibly decreed. ith possibly a single exception, Garfield was the youngest member iu the House when he en tered, aud was but seven ye rg from his College graduation. He bad not been in his seat sixty days before his ability was recognized and his place conceded. He stepped to the fri ut with the confidence of one wh belonged there. The House was crowded with strong men oi both par ties; nineteen of them have since beeu transterred to the Senate, and many of them have served with distinction in the Gubernatorial chairs of their respective States and on foreign missions of great consequence; but among them all, noue grew so rapidly, note so firmly, as Gartield. At is said by Trevelyau of his Parliamentary hero. Garfield succeeded "because all the world in concert could l ot have kept him tn the back ground, and because when once in the front be ptaytd his part with a prompt iatrepidity and a commanding ease that were but the outward symptoms of the immense reserves of energy, ov which it was in his power to draw." Indeed, the apparently reserved force which Garfie'.d possessed was one of his great characteristics. He never did so well but that it sec med be could easily have done better. He never expended so much strength but that he seemed to be holding ad ditional power at call. This is one of the happiest aud rarest distinctions of an effective debater, and often counts for as much in persuading an assembly as the eloquent and elaborate argu ment. The great measurejef Garfield's fame was filled by his service in the House of Representatives. Iiis military life, illustrated by honorable per formance, and rich In promise, was, as he him self felt, prematurely terminated, and necessa rily incomplete, tj-eculation as to what he might have dene i l a field, where the great prizes are so few, can not be profitable. It issufheieut to say that asasOidier he did his duty bravely; he did it intelligently; he nou au enviable fame, and he retired from the service without blot or breath against htm. As a lawyer, ihougn ad mirably equipped for the profession, he can scarcely be said to have entered on its practice. The "few efforts he made at the Bar were distin guished by the same high order of talent which he exhibited Oil every field where he was put to the test, and if a mau may be accepted as a com petent judge of his own capacities and adapta tions, the law was the profession to which Gar field should have devoted himself. But fate or dained otherwise, and his reputation in history will rest largely upon his service in the House of Representatives. That service was exceptionally long. He was nine times consecutively chosen to the House, an honor enjoyed by not more than six other Representatives of the more tht5.0oo who have been elected fioiu the organization cf the Government to this hour. As a parliamentary orator, as a debator on arr Issue squarely joLicd, wLeie the position had been chosen aud the ground laid out, Garfield must be assigued a very high rank. More, per haps, than any man w ith whom he was ass ocia ted iu public life, be gave careful and systematic study to public questions and he came to every discussion iu which he took part, with elaborate and complete preparation. He was a steady and indefatigable woiker. Those who imagine that talent or genius can supply the pluee or achieve the result of labor will find no encouragement in Garfield's life. In preliminary work he was apt, rapid and skillful. He possessed in a high de gree the power of readily absorbing ideas aud facts, and like Doctor Johnson, had the art of get ting from a book all that ws of value iu it by a reading apparently so quick and cur sory that it seemed like a mere glauce at the table of contents. He was a pre-eminently f.ur and candid man In debate, took no petty advantage, stoot-td to no unworthy methods, avoided personal allutions, rarely appealed to prejudice, did not seek to in flame passion. He had a quicker eve for the strong point of his adver-ary than for his weak poiut, and on his own f ide he so marsh.lKl his weighty arguments as to make his hearers forget any possible lack in the complete strength of his position. He had a habit of staling h:s oppon ent's side with such amplitude of fairness and such liberality of concession that his followers often complained that he was giving bis case away. But never in Ms prolonged participation in the proceedings of the House did he give ids case away or fail, iu the judgment of comt eteut and impartial listeners, to gain the mastery. These characteristics, which marked Garfi- Id as a great debater, did not, however, make him a great parliamentary leader. A parliamentary leader, as that term Is understood wherever free representative government exists, is necev?sarily and very strictly the organ cf his party. An ardent American defined th iustinetive warmth of patriotism when be offered the toast, "Our couutry, always right, but right or wrong, cur country." The pai'iamentary leader who ha-a body of followers t!iat will do and dare and die for the cause, is one who bo lie v shis parly always rifeht, but right or wrong, is for bis party. No more imiwrtAnt or exacting duty devolves upon him than the selection of the field and the time for contest. He must know notmeiely how to strike, but where to strike and when to strike. He often skill fully avoids the strength of his opponent's position and scatters confusion in his ranks ty at tacklag r.n exposed joint when really the right eousL ess of the cause and the strength of logical intrenchment are against him. He conquers them both against the right and the heavy bat talions; as when young Charles Fox, in the days of his toryism, carried the House of Commons against justice, against its immemorial tights, against his own convictions, if, indeed, at thtt period Fox had convictions, aud, in the interest of a corrupt administration. In obedience to a tyrannical sovereign, drove W tlk from the Feat to which the electors of Middlesex hid cbosen him and Installed Luttreil in deiiau.e, not merely of law but of public decency. F' r an achievement of that kind Garfield wssdisqual fled disqualified by the texture of his mind, by the honesty of his heart, by bis conscience, and by every instinct and aspiration of his nature. The three mot distinguished pailkmer.tary leaders hitherto developed in this ountry are Mr. Clay, Mr. Douglas, aud Mr.Thaddeus Stevens. Each was a man of consummate abiltiy, of great earnestness, of intense personality, differing widely, each from the others, and yet with a signal trait In common the power to command. In the give and take of daily discuesion. in the art of controlling and consolidating reluctant and re fractory followers: in the skill to overcome all forms of opposition, and to meet w ith competency and courage the varying phases of m.looked for assault or unsuspected defection, it would be difficult to rank with thee a fourth name in all our Congressional history. But of these Mr. Clay was the greatest. It would, perhaps, be impos sible to fiud iu the parliamentary annals of the world a parallel to Mr. Clay, in 1M1, when at sixty-four years of age he took the control cf the Whig party from the ireldent who had received their suffrages, against the power ol Weoster in the Cabinet, against the eloquence of Choate in the Senate, against the Herculean t flerts ol Caleb Cushiug and Heury A. WUc in the IIous. In un shared leadership, in the pride and pientitude of power he hurled against John Tyler with deep est scorn the mass of that conquering column which bad swept over the land in 1840, and drove his Administration to seek shelter be hind the lines of his political foes. Mr. lkuglas achieved a victory scarcely less wonderful wnen, in 18M, against the secret desires of a strong Administration, against the wire counsel ot the older chiefs, against the conservative instincts and even the moral sense of the country, he forced a reluctant Cong: ess into a repeal of the Missouri compromise. Mr. Thaddeua Htevens, in his contests from lft5 to 1868 actually advanced his parliamentary leadership until Congress tied the bands of the President aud governed the country by its own will, leaving only perfunc tory duties to be discharged by the Executive. With 2,000,00 of patronage In bi hands at the opening of the contest, aided by the active forte of Seward In the Cabinet and the moral power of Chase on the Bor ch, Andrew Johnson could uot command the support of one-third in either House again t the Parliamentary uprising of which Thaddeus Stevens was the animating spirit and the unquestioned leader. From these three great men Garfield differed radically, differed in the quality of his mini, in temperament, in the form and phase of ambition. He could not do what they did. but he could do what they could cot, aud in the breadth of his Congressional work be left that which wil longer exert a potential influence among men. ana wnicn, measuiea oy tne severe teis ol post humous critic ism. will secure a more enduring and more enviable fame. Those unfamiliar with Garfield's industry, aiid ignorant of the details of bis work, may. in some degree, measure them by the annals of Congress. No one of the generation of public men to w hich he belonged has contributed so much that will be valuable for future reference. His speeches ate numerous, many of them brilliant, all cf them well studied, carefully phrased, and iuexhaustive of the subject under consideration. Collected from the scattered pages of ninety royal octavo volumes of Congressional Record, they would present an invaluable compendium of the politi cal history of the most important era through which the National Government has ever passed. When the history of this period shall be im partially writteu, when war leglblailou, measures of reconstruction, protection of human rigl ts. amendments to the Con stitution. inaiatccaKce of public credit, steps toward specie resumption, true theo ries of revenu may be reviewed, uasur rounded by prejudice and diseonneco d from par tisanship, the speeches of Garfield will be esti mated at their true value, and will be found to comprise a vast magazine of fact and argument, of clear analysis and sound conclusion. Indeed, if no other authority were acoe ssib'e, his speeches In the House of Representatives from December. 18C3, to June, 1SS0, would give a well-connected history and complete defeuse of the important legislation of the seventeen eventful years that constitute his parliamentary life. Far beyond that, his speeches would be found to forecast