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THE CAIRO DAILY BULLETIN, WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 15, 1878.
THE BULLETIN.
JUBXX.OMULY, Editor and PublUhe
terms or tor daily iiullctin :
Om wek, by carrier 9 25
Ob veer r carrier, la adraueo 10 00
On year by earrUr U .net pild In
ilwei... 12 00
VManrth.kymU 100
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Om year 10 00
THE DOLLAR WEEKLY DULLKTIN
Jaka n. Oberly has reduced the nibscrip-
m price or the wiitit Cairo Hui.ltin
Om Dollar per annum, making It tbe
eMapert paper published in Southern Illinois
GOVERNOR'S MESSAGE.
Continued from yesterday's Issue.)
The enormous intern of interne! im
provment undertaken by the state in ill
early history, prove tbat tho peoplo even
then perceived the usefulness of railways.
and their willingness to make largo sacrl
11c to secure to themselves their advan
tage; and since the falluro of that svs
tern, no state lias made greater efforts, by
liberal acts of corporations to nrivato ad
ventures, grants for the right of way for
railroads previously acquirod by tho stnte,
gratuities in money and lands, and loans
of credit by counties and other public and
municipal bodies, to secure tho construc
tion of rtlm.i i,.n i... ininni.
the citizens of tho state with tho
most liberal spirit and bvcvorv means in
their power, aided In tho dovolopmont of
no railway system to us present propor
tlOBSi
The state of Illinois contains within its
limits more than sis thousand mllos of
railroad; they penetrate almost every
county. And the railroads of this state,
by their legal connection!, and the iden
tity of their interests and nurooses with
those of other states, have becomo a part
or a system that, it is said, embraces sixty
thousand square miles of railroads, in the
United States, and which is bolng extended
to limits tnat ao not admit or any dcllni
tlon.
The railroads and carrying interests con
troi a larger amount oT canttal than anv
other in the United States, and by means
oi ineir capital and their intimate rola
tlons with all otbor business pursuits, ex
tending, too, a railroads do, to all parts
of the country, they oxerclso a greater
measure of lnUuenco than was ever before.
in any country, in the hands of individuals.
The Iron rail, the steam engino and tho
teiegrapo, an now in substantial co-operation,
already control the commerce of the
continent, and to a large extent influenco
me value or every product of industry,
and the profits of every business pursuit.
They build up favored cities, and depress
their rivals: thev have diminished the
value of the great rivers as highways of
cwmiics; ana me snipping orthelakos,
and that engaged in coastwiio trado, em
barrassod by obstacles that tho engine
upon the iron rail defies, maintain with
the new agoncics but a feeblo and strug
gling cempetition. From tho superiority
of this new method of transportation in
speed, in safety and power, alt othor
modes are rendered comparatively useless,
and the country is brought to faco tho
fact that in this ago ot remarkable com
mercial and intellectual activity the only
available lines of intercourse and trade on
the continent are under tho control of pri
vate individuals, who assert for them
selves the power and the right to impose
burden upon the intercourse and com
merce or the country to an extent to
which thev acknowledge no definite limits.
nor in the exercise of the discretion thoy
claim aa to the amounts thev mav irrmoso.
do they admit themselves to bo bound to
conrorm to any rule ot equality, but thoy
maintain their right to discriminate be
tween different points on their own lines,
between different individuals engaged in
tha same business at tho samo points, and
and to increase and reduce tbolr rates at
pleasure, until -the ordinary hazards of
Business is aaaea to tne uncertain fluctua
tions dependont upon tho management of
railways.
Inroyjudgmont tho existing laws, in
tended to regulate the dutlos and deflno
the obligations of common carriers by rail
way, will not accomplish tho object do
aired, for the reason amongst othors, that
they are to a certain extent based upon
the wide-spread misconception of tho truo
relation of that class of public agents of
the people, and, as a consequence of that
misconception, the regulations of the
government of tho owners and managers
of railway lines are confuted and weak
ened by assuming that the ownership and
management of railway lines, and the ro
ceipt, transportation and delivery of pas
engers and freights for hire, which con
stitutes the business of a common-carrier,
are so inseperable that they are necessarily
part of the same general business, whllo,
in the nature of things, and from tne forco
of practice that now generally prevail on
many line of railway, they are essentially
different pursuits; and regulations in
tended for the government ot tho one,
have'no fitness or proper application to
tho other.
All tho railroads now iu operation in
the state were constructed under tho au
thority of the laws that conferred upon
the corporation tbat undertook them the
power to acquire the lauds needed for
the use of their ronds by consent of tho
owners, or take land as for publio uses
upon making compensation, and tho
power to construct and maintain a railway
with the proper appurtenances, and to ac
quire and hold tho suttablo necouary ma
chinery to operate them, and then to en
gage in the buiinoss of common carriers
on thoir own lines; and it is to tho fact
that railway corporations exorciio tho
power conferred upon thorn to csrrv on
the business of common carriers, and by
their own arbitrary authority to fix
the rates they will demand for ser
vices ronderod exclusively by them on
their own lines, or, by combinations with
other corporations that clulm similar pow
ers, fix tbo rates between tho more impor
tant and distant points, that wo owe the
interest tbo peoplo feel in their manage
ment. Every one inlcreited in tho cub
Ject of tbocoit of the transportation of the
JiroducU of the country to a market, rcnl
tes, in the result of the exercise of theie
powers by railway carriers, all tho ovlls
tbat are producod by the existence of a
monopoly, and many methods have nn
proposed for affording relief; but without
now discussing any of thorn I am satisfied
that the only means tbat will afford the
country the relief demanded, is to invito
and encourage competition on all tho rail
roads in the state, between the carriers
tbat own or control them, and othors who
upon just compensation to bo inula far
the use ol the roads and their appurtonan
es,nd for tho fixed "facilities needed,
may choose to engage in the business. If
the monopoly of the business on anv of
turn luipuriani unue ui rauroau was takon
from the corporation that owns the road,
the effect would soon be perceived in tho
increased facilities for transportation and
cueapsr raiw. i is Mcause competition
J not now possible tbat railroad mana-
Kr discriminate between locatitles and
llvlduals. but if the level rluht nfMI,-.
to Mgag is business on the railroads of
wmis was once established by law, tbe
MN i ttitUuca of the right would con
iMtly and favorably influsnce their con
eV though tot i right ol competition .
MN4 to Individual by the law might
sjavw m exercUed.
It wu with a view to break up th
monopoly of the use of their own'rallroad
line by common carriers, and, If possible,
to separato the ownership of railroad
property rrom tne prosecution or tnai Dull
ness, tnat toe constitutional convention
adopted tho 10tb. the 12th and 14th iec
lionaof tho 11th article of tbo constitu
tion. Bofnro tho adoption of tho constitu
tion of 1870, tho publio mind had become
o affected with tne Impression that rail
ways could only bo usoful to tho publio as
long as tbe corporation controlling thorn
wero ablo thomtolves to carry on busi
ness as common carrlers,that a disposition
was sometimes apparent to consider tho
rolling stock and other movablo property
of railroad corporations as appurtonant to
tho railroads. To correct that impression,
and to proventlts further growth, the 10th
section of the 1 1th articlo of the constitu
tion was adopted, which declares "that
tho rolling stock and other movablo
property belonging to any
railroad company in tho itnto
shall bo considered personal proporty,
and shall be liable to execution and ralo
In the samo mannoras tho personal prop
erty of Individuals, and tho general assem
bly shall pass no law exempting any such
property from execution and salo." And
thon, to lay thoJoundation for tho asser
tion of the public rlgbt to authorize com
petition in tho business of carrion on tho
roads of tho slate, and then to furnish tho
basis for a proper definition of tho right
ot tho owners of railroad proporty, as
against tho public right of its uso, by tho
nth section of that articlo it is doclarpd
that "railways hercloforo constructed or
that hereafter may bo constructed in this
state, are publio highways and mny bo
froo to all persons for tho transportation
of their porson and properly thoroon,
undor such regulation as may bo pre
scribed by law.'' And tho J 1th section
rocognizes tho rlgbt of tho stato to tako
tho property of corporations for public U!o
to tho samo cxtont as thn property of indi
viduals may bo taken,
Theto constitutional provisions nro In
tended to estnblsh that tlioro is no neces
sary connection between tho ownership of
rauroaus anu tno prosecution or the busi
ness Jof common carriers by tbo samo per
sons for corporations; tbat railroads nro
public highways, in which tho public
havo rights, tho most important of which
is to uso them for tho transportation of
thoir porsons and property, subject only
to regulations to bo provided by law ; that
tho property of railroad corporations may
bo taken by tho stato for publio usos to
glvo effect to its own policy ; and tho
propor conclusion from theto soctlons and
from tho wholo scopo of that portion of
mo constitution wnicu reiers to railroads,
is, that tho policy intendod to bo supportod
is to broak up tho Monopoly of tho carry
ing business, which tho owners and man
agers of railroads bavo secured, and mako
tho linos of railroads freo to commorce,
subject -only to tho rights of tho corpora
tions and individuals to whom thuy belong
to demand compensation for thoir use,
and then only to tho oxtont to which thoy
bo used.
PENAL AND REFORMATORY IN
STITUTIONS. TOE PENITXNTIARY.
At an earlv dav tho renort of thn nnnt.
tontiary commissioners will bo laid buforo
tho assembly, and I have tho satisfac
tion of informing tho ronrosentRtivna of
tho peoplo that what was oxpocted when
the law now in force for the government
or tno penitentiary was passed is rcallr.od,
mai i no institution is now, and has beon
for simo months past, practically solf-sus-talnlng.
On the 17lh day of April, 1871, tho gon
eral assembly, embarrassed by tho unox-
f ectod and unfortunnte controversy in rc
stion to the relocation of the seat of gov
ernment, suspended Its session until iUu
fifteenth of Novembor, following, and loft
tho penitentiary management without tho
means of providing employment or sup
port for tho convicts, and lureolv indobted
and without credit, so that In fact thoro
wero no means of carrying on the institu
tion. I was compelled to conveno the gen
eral Bisemuiy, ana to again urgo such
changes In tho law for tho covornmont
of tho penltontlary as exporienco had
shown to bo necessary, and to ask an ap
propriation from tbo troasurv for tho sun-
port of tho Institution, if such a law could
not be passed. I accordingly Issued my
proclamation convoning tho genoral as
sembly at Springfield on tbo twonty-fourth
day of May, 1871.
I wee, when I Issued tho proclamation
convening the legislature, fully awaro of
the certainty that my motives would bo
misunderstood and unjustly censured,
especially as I was compelled to say that 1
regarded tho prosecution of tho work upon
tho new stato-house as important not only
to tho general interests. of the stato, but as
a means of providing immediate and re
munerative employment for tbo convicts
in tne ponitontiary. in my messago com
municutod to tbo general assembly at its
meeting on tho 24th .of May, 1871, I
frankly statod my views in relation to tho
subject of appropriations for tbo prosecu
tion oi iue worn on mo state-nousu, and
at tho samo tlmo I said that "It has boon
my earnest doslro since tho commence
ment of my official connection with tho
government of tho stato, to
see the penitentiary so conductod
as to accomplish tho reformation of
criminals, and at tbo samo tlmo be as lit-
tlo burdonsome as posslblo to tho peoplo of
mo state, anu now notwiiiistanding thu
unsatimactory rosuits ot past operations, I
still believe tbat With nroner legislation
and judicious munageroont it may bomado
eminently usoful as a penal and reforma
tory agency, and at tho samo time substan
tially sen-sustaining," and at tho samo
tlmo 1 felt it to bo my duty to add, "tho
on i j praicicuoio jyaiom oi tne successful
inanaguiuutit uf tha penitentiary, In my
judgment, is that which combines tho ro.
tentlon of complotu control oftho discipline
and uovcrnment of tho convicts In- thn
state, with tho lease of thoir labor to per
sons ongagcu in special pursuits, and tho
general assembly, soou after its mooting,
passed a well considered act which em
bodios and gives effect to this principle,
and executed as thu law has boon by tho
commissioners, whoso names uppoar to tho
report, all that was thon predicted has
been accomplished,
I feel It to be my duty to oxpreis my
obligations to tho commissioners for the
intollli;enco and fidelity with which thoy
have discharged thoir duties, and 1 havo
no doubt tho warden and his subordinates,
of whoso services tho commissioners spoak
so highly, fully morit their commenda
tlons. Hut nothwlthstandlnc the
efforts of tho legislature and thn ofilcers of
iue penitentiary tolmprovoits discipline,
and to rollevo tho treasury from tho bur-
uuii oi ui support, i can but consider what
has boon done is but mere preparation
for the commencement of roal prison ro-form.
I do not propnro any clmngo In tho prln-
.Inlan Ihn ........ t -. . . 1 .
.,,,.. u, umiurui Biruciuro oi tno law
In forco regulating tho mnnngomont of tho
penitentiary. Under its provisions the
labor of the convicts mav bo madn to nv
the expenses of tho ponitontiary, and un-
uer juuiciuu inaimgumcnt ana ravorable
conditions of tho business of tho country,
possibly produce a surplus of groator or
less amount, which ought to beomnloyod
fur tbe benefit of the unfortunate persons
by whose labor it is produced.
Nor do I think it possible to specifically
direct tbe application of any surplus earn
ings so as to best promote tho Interests of
the con victs. I therefore recommend that
authority bo clven to tha cominlul
to appropriate whatever may remain of
tbe oarninrs of tbe penitentiary, after tha
payment of all ill expenses, to the ira-1
provement of the condition of the convicts,
to make temporary provision for the sup
port oftho more helpless and destitute, af
ter their dlschargo. until they can find em
ployment, or to aid thorn in doing so. It
is impossible for person unfamiliar with
tho actual stato ot tbo case, to imagine the
uttor bolplossnos of many convict when
discharged from tho penitentiary. Com
mitted to tbe Institution when com
paratively young, and while thore cut off
from all intercourse with thoir fellow
men, they como forth ignorant of all tbe
methods of obtaining honest support, they
aro outcasts who fool that they would not
bo benefitted by making thoir actual situa
tion known even to tbe benovolent, and
thoy are., thoreforo almost inevitably
driven toslok tho society and aid of those
whoso character and habits of Ufa are
such ai will aflord no support to any in
tontlon tho convict may havo formed to
pursue bottor courses. No reformatory
system can bo considered to be comploted
without some provisions for tho temporary
sheltor and support of persons of this
class, nor without affording them aid in
finding employment.
tiik niroRM school,
Ono of tho institutions maintained by
tho stato and that from its objects and or
ganization may, without great Impropri
ety, uo ciassea among mo cnaruios, iue
reform school at Pontine.
This institution, though yet in its in
fancy, will, If It is so managed a to main
tain tho confidence of tho public hereafter,
overciso an Important and salutary influ
ence in tho Improvement and reformation
of a cluss whoso condition has always ox
cited tho deepest Interest.
Juvcnllo offenders whoso crlmos nro most
frequently tho result of tho incapacity or
tho nogligenco of parents or guardians, or
of ncclcctod ornhanaRO, or ac cxperlonco
has demonstrated with respect to many of
that class, or iatont intoiiectuai or moral
incapacity or disease, whllo thoy attract
and enlist tho sympathies of tho philan
thropic, furnish tho most encouraging
field for tho employment of reformatory
agencies, and It is to bo hoped that as tho
stato advancos In wealth and culturo a
greater dogree of attention will bo glvon
not only the classes intended to bo pro
vided for nnd benefitted by the roform
school, but to negloctod childhood whore
ovor it may bo found In this stato.
It lias been found oxtromely difficult in
practice for tho courts to harinonizo some
of tho provisions of the law which provides
for tho commitment of porsons to the re
form school, and the general laws that
provide for tho punishment or oilondors
by confinomont in tho penitentiary with
tho obviuus domands of criminal justlco.
As an Illustration of tho difficulty ad
verted to, it will bo obsorved, by rolerenco
to the provisions oftho act of 18C7, In re
lation to tho reform school, tnat all courts
of competent jurisdiction are authorized
to exorcise their discretion in sondlng Ju
vonllo oOonders to tho county Jails in nc
cordanco with tho laws, or in sending
tliom to tho roform school, providod that
no porson shall do sent to the rororm
school for a term that will dotain him bo
yond tho tlmo whon ho shall arrlvo at
tbo ugo of cightlng years. The practical
eOoct of this provision Is that a class of
porsons that aro under tbo ago of eighteen
years but havo nearly attained that age,
aro deprived of the benefits of the Institu
tion. If thoy aro within a tew months of
mat ago, n sentonco to dolontlon in the
roform school until they aro the ago of
eighteen years, is but a nominal term.
which subjects tho stato to tho expense
of converting tho oll'ondor to tho institu
tion to remain for a term too short to be
productlvo of benefit, whllo a sentenoo
to confinomont In a county jail produce
all tho mischiefs intonded to bo avoided
in tho ostaollaliuitjiii uf a luform tohonl
It is suggested that it would bo a ludiclou
method of removing tho difficulty to amend
tho law so as to authorize tho court to son
tonco juvonilo offonders to tho reform
school for a term until they arrive at
tno ago oi twenty-ono years
INEBRIATE HOSPITAL.
Rocent investigations havo led the most
intelligent thinkers to tho conclusion that
drunkenness Is a form of uiseaso that ad
mits of treatment and care. This is not
tho proper occasion to discuss nor present
at length any of tbo theories that havo
beon lately advanced in relation to this
form of misfortune, but though It is known
to insnlro a moasuro of confidence in the
possibility of curing drunkenness by tbo
uu oi proper means, anu no ono ramiiinr
with tho subject will hesiuto to confess
that, from its extenslvo nrevalenco and
tho mischief and dangors it Is constantly
producing, all efforts should be made to as-
cortaln, by experiment, whether it does
admit of permanent euro: nor should tho
falluro of tny experiment that might bo
mauo uy mo state renovo tno Buhject rrom
embarrassment, for thoro will still remain
in tbo community a large and dangerous
class, to whom may bo traced
tho commission of a large nroDor
tlon of tho crlmo9 that allflct society and
disturb social order, and tho tlmo has
como when it Is a reproach to tbe state
that no inoasures can bo devised which
will bring rolief. I nm awaro that sorao
still urgo tho total prohibition of tbo uso
of tbe liquors that produce Intoxication, as
mo proper remcay oi tno evil or drunkon
ncss ; uui i navo never observed any
. i ! r . . i ... ii. .,
BBMBiuuiory uviuences oi a real intention
on tbo purt of tho peoplo to enforce
measures of prohibition, nor do I bollove
tho total prohibition of tbo uso of intoxi
cating agencies possible, liut if I am
mistakon in this opinion, and tho time
shall hereafter arrivo whon tho men wlm
boliovo the total prohibition of tho uso of
intoxicating liquors judicious or possible,
will como to consider that object of
enough tmportaiico to induco them to
profur its iuccmh to that of political
parties, and voto according to their con
victions, and succeed in giving effect to
their views it Is not so near at hand that
tho general ussembly should, on account
of its approach, delay to muko provision
to rollnve society from tho almost unendur
ablo ovlls thatdrunkennoss now produce
Nor would It, in my Judgmont, greatly
iifl'oct tho duty of tho gonoral assombly to
mako provision to protoct society against
tho form of danger now under considera
tion, to express a concurronco with those
who bolievo that intoxication Is only a
crlmn that merits punishment and that Is
tho light in which it is regarded undor tho
minting laws. As a crime none of tho
modosof punlthmont heretofore employed
havo been found sufficient to suppress it.
As a social vico it isscarcoly reproved; If,
from the character or station of tho guilty
parly, it Is thoght propor to punish tho of
fender, It Is dono by tho affliction and col
loctlon of fines, that only Impoverish
without reforming him, anil tho only of
fect of tho frequent imposition of fines Is
to doprlvo him of his proporty and reduce
his family to want.
To mo, the thoorlos upon which tho
laws respecting drunkoncss dopends aro
manifestly absurd as they aro opprossivo
and unjust. If it is a mero habit
that Inflicts no groat public injury
nil tho laws that treat It as a crime
aro unjust, and should be at onco ropoaled
If It, Is a crlmo it should be punished when
ever committed. Tho laws should be on
forced Impartially and wllthout tho least
respect as to tho social standing of the of.
fender, and If a crime, porsons who becomo
intoxicated ought to bo sublacted tn th.
laws tbat nuthorlzo dangerous persons to
be restrained.
If drunkeniis Is a disease or habit tl..
produces physical alterations that ...
sumo the form of diseased-mental or ner
vous action, so that the subject becomes an
object of danger to individual or to th.
public peace, punishments that assume bis
legal responsibility are unwarranted and
unlust, thoueh fall confinement may be
justified upon ground that are conilstant
witn proper regard tor tne tarety or the
publio and tho real Interest of the un-
nappy victim.
Accepting what I conceived to be the
most enlightened ai well as tho molt hu
mano vlow of tho subject, I recommend to
the general assembly the establishment of
an asyium or retreat ror inebriate, to
which all persons conscious of their un
happy condition may voluntarily retort
upon consenting to such condition and
regulations for the government of their
conduct a may be prescribed under the
authority of law, and to which all habit
ual drunkards and porsons who become
dangerous when Intoxicated may be com
mitted, and If need be, confined until
cured.
Tho safety of individuals and of loclety
is invoivea in tne success oi tne measure
proposed.
Under the criminal law, all persons who
break tbe peace or threaten to Injure the
perrons or property of another may be com
mitted to jail or required to give ball. In
toxicated persons, from their condition,
menace tha nfcty of others, and II Intoxica
tion Is n crime, as I think it I Improperly
supposed to be, society has a right to dc-
manu uiai preventive means do employed
for its protection ; If a disease, a 1 suppose
It to be, the victim ol social errors and
vicious legislation, ought to bo provided
with a retreat, and if possible a cure,
navisiox or tiik laws.
In 1800 a commission was appointed In
pursuanco of an act providing therofor. to
revise the general statute of the state. At
tne subsequent session, a portion of the
work was reported to the general assembly
and adopted. 80 far as the work of the re
visers has come to my attention, iu view of
the dinicuittss they had to encounter, it has
been well performed and shows that it has
been entrusted to faithful and skillful
hands. There having been no revision or
coaiucaiion 01 me general statutes since
1810. a period of nearly thirty years, and
thcro having occurred during tho time, two
several revisions of the constitution of the
states, It requires no extenllve argument to
show the necessity of completing this work
of revision at an early day, that the law may
bo supplied to publio olllccra and
citizens at reasonable cost, and
In propor and Intelligible form.
If obedience to the law Is uxpectek, It
sccins as If ample provision should be made
by the lawmaking power to bring Us pro
visions to 1110 Kiiowieugo 01 uiose lor wnose
government It Is Intended, and that, too, In
methodical and Intelligible form, addressed
to tho common understanding. It is there
for to bo hoped that this subject may re
ceive at your hands that early and favorable
attention which the public Interest would
seem to demand.
THE JUDICIARY.
It will be the duty of the general assembly
at Ita present msslon to divide the State
anew Into Judicial circuits, as directed by
tho 13 th section of the (ith article of the
constitution. The duty to bo performed is
one of much delicacy, and will no doubt
be accomplished in tne Just and Impartial
spirit contemplated by the constitution.
ItKPOKTS OF STATE OFFICXR8.
Tho reuorts of the secretary of Htnte. tha
auditor, the treasurer and superintendent of
public Instruction will be laid before the
general assembly. I cannot permit myself
10 separate irom uieso oiucers wnnout testi
fying to tbe lalthiulncss with which all of
them navo discharged their duties to the
stale.
The reports present a clear atatement of
tno condition 01 tne business in their
respective olllces.'and contain much informa
tion ot great valuo to the people of the
state.
The stato of Illinois Is now substantially
free from debt, and tbe time is not distant
when it will occupy the proud position
amongst the states of having discharged all
its obligations and of Imposing no burdens
upon Its citizen except such as may be re
quired to carry on its government.
NKW 8TAT I10D8B.;
The commissioners for the erection of the
new state house, as will appear by their re
port, nave made considerable progress In
the work, and have discharged their duties
witn iidckliy 10 me state. 1 cannot doubt
out tuat appropriations wiu be made and the
building pushed forward to completion.
There are other subiecu tint will ilnmanH
tho' attention of the general assembly, and
that might with propriety be mentioned, but
an uiu uiauuquianeu citizen wuo win suc
ceed me hag large experience in the affairs
of the state, I cannot doubt but that thev
have already secured his attention, and tbat
u viuwsuuu recommendations will be sub
mitted to ount an early day.
CONCLUSION.
I will not close this communication and my
ofllcial connection with tho government
without expressing something ot my grati
tude to tho oeonle for the honor thnv ran
erred upon me with the chief mncltrp
of the State. No one Is more conscious than
I am, that In tho necessarily active share I
have taken In tho varied affairs ol this great
commonwealth, I have In the judgment ot
some, commilteu mistakes; but 1 have. In
ail my Important oillclul acts. bun
by my own, conviction ol duty, only anxious
that tbe tree people of tho State, to whose
canuiu juugment alone 1 am responsible
should lully understand mv conduct and ita
reasons and motives, and then decide to ap-
luuio ur iciii've luemseivcs OI tne COnse
quences 01 wuat uiey may regard as my
sue
may
During my administration of tho cavern
meut ot tho States I have steaililv nrtp.l
unon political nrincinlci that r Imv. Hvnv.
cherished as being essential to the well being
uiuijr tuuuujmcii, nave never laiterea in
tho ussertton or tbe rights of all men to
liberty. Habitually dlstruatlul nf nnwnr.
1 have Insisted upon subjecting all claim of
ugui iu govern iue people or' to exercise
any authority over them to the test of the
constitution, ana 1 nave never willingly sub'
mltted to anv pretention oruivtunnn rlutm
lug power to act under the authority or the
Kuicuiuii-ui ui uio uuiiuu states, unless tne
power claimed was found to have been ex
pressly granted or was necessarily Implied
in some grout or power contained lu the
Federal constitution. And when tbe au
thority sought to be exercised has been
claimed under a state, I have earnestly
sought to know that it was not comprehend
ed within power tho people of tbo stato
have by their constitution reserved to them
selves or forbidden to bo exercised by
others. I have at ail times regarded It as
auiuuuBi my moat Hoicinn uuty to obey tne
constitution oftho United States, and to aid
in defending tho government created by
that Instrument in the exercise of all its
Just powers, nor have I felt that my duty to
support the constitution ofihe United States
originated in my ofllcial oath to do so.
Mv duties to thu L'overnmi'iit nrilin Unlin,!
States- began with my birth und have never
uceu lorgoucn nor neglected, and my unul
terahlu purposo to discharge those duties
limine support oi my judgment and my af.
i-iiiwui. mm i uuvc icii. iiuuer uiu most sol
emu of earthly obligations to obey and de
rend and support thu constitution aud laws
in uiu iiaiu oi Illinois, aim to enforce the
lawn or tho Slate against all who might offend
ugalnst them. I need not say that tho duty
of obeying and defending the laws of the
Mate Iiiih the support of my most earnest
siAMVioMniiariir 'ilin tiraemun llni, A n,
Just authority of tho states Is essential to
tno perpetuity and usenuness or the govern
meut ol the united States aud the maintain.
aiico of both Is essential to that whleh i
more precious than either the liberties of
tnu people
Tho constitution of the United States and
that of the State of Illinois, alike admit of
amendment ana alteration : that or tho Uni
ted Htatcs In ono of Its modes, by the action
of throo-fourths of tho States, and tho con
stitution of tho Stato of Illinois by tho con
sent of Its peoplo ; but neither the one nor
iue oincr, nor tno powers created, or the
rciiricuoni imnoBeu uv eiinor. can nn pn.
larged, expanded or restricted or limited,
by mere construction. 1 do not belle vo that
t no civil war or iw rosuits altered or elianim!
the constitution of tho United States, or
-.. I,. II I '
luutuiu nm ur 119 icsuiiB vuiart,ou ur ex
panded the powers of the federal irovern.
ment. or contracted or diminished tho pow
ers of the states; nor did the war, either In
its origin or history or It results, prove that
according to the Just theorv of the onvrm.
went, the fedetal and state system are ri
vals fornower. or tbat their power, wh n
rightly understood and wisely exercised,
can be brought Into collision. On the con
trary, they are mere agencies and trustees
of the people, who have assigned to the
federal system certain well-defined
duties, reserving to themselves in
express term all other power ot
government; and then, tbat the essentlsl
right ol the citizens might be mid secure,
mistakes, by selecting a citizen as my
ccssor who will avoid any error they
lunm t umc cuiuiumcu.
L,,fA,lJ.ci'r5d.H,tu,e.r0M'6 Power tbat
S2i?i?irtK 'Jl1! enoT that they
E?5Mtl1f,,,,th.tP0.Koven,en shall In-
solitude forth maintenance of the rliht
rcwrved to the states and the pedple for the
.?M.,,one'.lhitJtheyaretKe n&i that
Lmut i8 fre,trt danger or Invasion ; and
mi&riJl'X! .H""..1''' !? meinuin the
KiSK11!.0' Vi" "Mtetantltne right of th
people when threatened from any quarter,
?n!P?Jhen.,.,OMLn,T,beennore alive to
danger from the abuse of the power of tbe
federal government and from the influence
2f0Wh.ri?'i.'.n.d C0.rS,Dt combination that
K2 i5S5Kiu,d .'roM that centre extend
couitry? '"""ence over th whole
mist' 5;&.ItUlrt.d b Mtorr, that all the
ft"Ldnpf nd convulsions that have
threatened" the overthrow ot the republle,
ld iteiE0?!.01 pVb,lc Ubert have'
SS? .rH.u.r.ce. theM- u WM t Washing
tS2 !.t..d.,,"ui! on WM conceived, and all
wcra rU.,,t.J,,de "clllon PoMlWe
R2. An,dcd 'Hi0' congress of the United
Li,.JiWiM.flr0l5 t"' u that tbe
Semm,..10 hu,, of congress from
Sln?ll.ellH,.,tlte., tho fear and
iiJ?iU.i?,tdJue ,1tc, of the r constituents,
until they became forgetful of the eparate
idcp.end?.nt e'tenceof the .titei, and the
SoMh." WM orKn,""'toan'Unlted
-M?ibe,llo,J WM Bot possible until all the
Southern state, were trippd of ill i tad,
pendent authority, and ceased I to be centre
lLKFthZN,Ae' : ,nd u 'rom wiX!
ington that influence now proceed tht
people ; and to these influence I have felt
il.un,,iyrdrt0. interpose a Ve'ady r"
trihuu iin..drts,iot' M be Jnfcrrea, at
mniV5p'Wo,,cpurPOeto any depert
mcntol the government or the United States,
irth1' .teAmy beI,c' lhat M the resull
hvmnhiKe0V, ylm entertained
nv.S It ff' "P11" that government,
ShSl, o.?i0liuind. ,lnncrou. alterations
winch our political system ha undsnrone
tLt T:.a,n,l.byitno combinations or all
- i ?i.c,u,f the harmony or our systems
lLW th. S he ifiri V
oftnp government, and the liberties or the
people, are In danger. oe"'- or tne
My belief that these cause and danger
exist, ho. the support of many facts. Vh
Ti?uLthjSuittJi Stotei."as'uml5g
to ueir the entire domain of legislation
and to draw under iu control every Interest
of the country, and to enlarge Vui I to extend
the Jurisdiction or the courts of the United
t5!'?..l! i, !?creM0 the mere discretion
fif.XVi' of tb0 PfM'uent. Thcro are few
snblecta that are not now claimed to be
iinitP?! s.e.C..ntro,,'.tr,e prnm fnt of the
United State, and with the support of the
doctrine that the authority or the rederal
government over subject within tbe scope
p0Ler' cV1,l"Ive that of the
states, the day Is not far distant
th.e o Kbt of V'0 ,tate to l"
terfero In the control of the subjects
.n.edrUJ:'., 0D' CIe'on, the manage
mreuiot. ral,ry nd telegraphs, and othtr
of like importance, and their power to I"
force Justfle In their courts, will be denied
0JK7'7,jrabrldf.eJ- But h8 "hole rorce
of this Influence is not confined to mere dl
rcctussertion of the authority or congress,
but It extends to the support of tho preten
sions or persons who hold their office at tbe
will br a distant authority, to Interfere with
the people In the exercise or their most Im
portant rights. I need not rererto all the
facts that exists to support this statement,
t or nearly two years the rivalries of politic
al parties have disturbed the peace of the
stato of Louisiana. A faction, largely com
posed and headed by federal officeholders,
has notoriously employed the troops ot the
United States, and vessels eon
nected with it revenue services
and the patronage or tbo custom
house, the post office, and the federal courts,
to defeat and counteract fln otfVvw. nr i..i.
adversaries: and more recently a Judge of
the United States, by an act of daring usur
pation, uu assumed tne cnampionsblp ot the
interests ot one of the rival organizations
that aro contending for power In that un
happy tate, and ha by a judicial order,
without parallel In our history, on bill tiled
by persons claiming nfflm umi.r
slitutlon and law ot the state, disposed of
....v. to.ulu uic gri question, anu n nas
!?. Jact PPolned the future governor, and
tb6 persona who are to compote the legtsla
tore of the state; and after having done so,
then. bV the use at thn nrmv nf th. ir.,l
States, took possession of the public buildings
; .i i""!1"'; ' uo oiaia; anu none
or these lawless usurpations and Invasion
of tbe laws and liberties of that State have'
been punished or rebuked. Acts like these
may be perpetrated in the State or Illinois,
and th 3 consciousness of that fact has Im
pressed upon me the necessity of resisting
their influence, and demanding of all obe
dience to the constitution and laws. It can
not be that the people of tho Bute of Illi
nois are weary of tbe rurht to regulate
and order their own domestic Institutions
In their own way, or that they so doubt
trm.iw?rf 'P'S' ror.th fovcrnment of the
;! .uv .uoj muss enlarge It
power and subject themselves to tho des
potic agencies that are employed in many
of the states of tbe Union. Illinois has al.
way oiacnarged all lu duties to the common
Union, and Its people have everywhere
tag and vindicating tbe central principle ot
'It kuivu. juun si. X ALMKH
Our Home Adrertiien.
HALLIDAY BROTHERS,
GENERAL AGENTS
in
FORWARDING and COMMISSION
MHOIAITI,
DEALERS IN FIOUR 5
Aad Af tit f
IHIO mtVM AMD XAMAWBA
a-A.Z.07 OOMFA.lTIEia.
70 Ohio Lkvu,
Oaibo. Illivoii.
t. V. MATHUia.. M. O .OBI
MATHUSS k MIL,
AND OMIUL
Commissi on Mero hants
DKALKM i
iAY AND WESTERN PRODUCE
SIOHle LKVBK.
J. M. PHILLIPS ft CO.,
(Baocessors to X. B. HB4rl Oe.)
Forwarding and Commission
MERCHANTS,
WHARF-BOAT PROPSIBTORS.
fie), Liberal ATaeesesiM tnea as-SB)
feeW upon Ooasljrasaeals. aeS
Are Bresarsd to reeeiv. store aad forward
Ireighte to all aolaU sad bay aad
sell on eemalsetea.
ttslaee attended to treaptlr.
S . D. ATXma. K. J. ATM.
AYERS & CO.,
PLOT7B
- AVD
GENERAL COMMISSION MERCHANTS
No. 78 0o Livii, Uaibo, III.
l7tf,
BILLIAKOBJ.
nteSatw
ST. NICHOLAS
BILLLIARD HALL
HARRY WALKKR & CO., Prop'r.
This house Is newly fitted up with two
excellent
BILLIARD TABLES
And two fine
JENNY LIND TABLES
The saloon
I stocked
Brands of
with tbe lie
WINES,
LIQUORS,
and CIGARS
mixed ZDiinsrics
are compounded in the most approved style
IST Come and see for yourself. jg
BUUWJtlTZKR CHEESE AND IIOL
aauutfituiNO.
REFRESHMENT TABLES
1 snre&u ninrninor am nvnitir ia
uc, at wnicu an are invited to partici
pate free of charge.
OYSTERS I OYSTERS I
At wholesale and retail, (tewed, fried,
broiled and baked, raw and on th half-shell
ft v 1 n 11 MBM 1. .. 1 . ... '
6 ii .''.',' "f.f: Hu ur uarrei, as starry
Yalker'iHt. Nlcholu rwanr.nt nn rvin.'
merclal avenue. Oyster In every style at
all hours-day or night. Uarry Walkerpr
side over th culinary department. As a
caterer be haa no eollal. anil Harm's n-
toiners can alway be assured of a warm
meal at anv hour nf th ( ntiht h.,
will meet the requirement and please the
taitt of th most fastidious.
it. A. CUNNINGHAM,
GENERAL COMMISSION MERCHANT
AKO DKAUS
OATS, OOBN
AMD MILL FEED.
CAIRO, . . . ILLINOIS
Home Advertisement!.
BUtM.
P.G.Schuh.i
I
00
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8
3
1
8
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a.
M
3
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n 1
2
1
8
00
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0
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8
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8
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MOO
HO
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cj
si
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9
to
6
MliiLEK ft PARKER,
GENERAL COMMISSION
Aia
POR WARDING MERCHANTS,
an
DEALERS IN FLOUR, CORN
Oats, Hay, etc.,
AGENTS 10a FAIRBANKS SCALES
Ohio Levee, CAIRO, ILLINOIS.
JOHN fi. PHLLIS & SON,
(Bueeessor to John B. Pblliis,)
GENERAL COMMISSION
AID
FORWARDING MERCHANTS
SID
DEALERS IN HAY, CORN, OAT
Flour, Moal, Bran, &c.,
Coa. TENTH-ST. ahd OHIO LEVE
OAIBO, ILie.
O. M. ALDEN,
Late of Thomas & Aldtu,
B,oia,WA.iax)i3jrcsV
AMD
COMMISSION MERCHANT
FLOUR, MEAL, GRAIN, HAY, Ac.
No, 130 Ohio Lxvxk, Cairo.
(SrCash advances on Goods on uiht
IlVHttvwnwa . rlw u. .f-u. i ...
-i,ui im obuk oi cnicago.
o o
" I 5 3 -
j j 1 1 n
o S I S 8 g J
o o B
ii
& e 1
X
DTCHBM.
HYLAND k SAUER,
BTJTOHBBS
AMD SIAUU Uf
CHOICE FRESH MEATS
OF EVERY DESCRIPTION.
Corner loth street and Commsrcitl avenut
1MB tf. CAIRO, ILLS.
JAKE WALTER,
BTJTOHUB
an MAiaa ia
FRESH MEAT.
Eighth Stbiit, RxTwatir WAiHixoToa
Asrs OokMiaciAi. Avajrcaa,
ASUalnlBs WttMiMMM Ml Haaay'a
Keep th usl or leeJ. Pork. Mnttoa Veal.
-i!f?b' u.f, e., ar VP to serve
eitissaa ia the most Meeatabl aseaaer.
WOOD RITTENHOUSE A BRO.
FLOUR
An
General CoxmlMioB MeroBtiU
111 OHIO LEVEE,
JAMES KYNA8TON,
BUTOHU AVD DUUl nl ALL KlMD OV
FSJMH JtXATS.
COKim NUWfAW'IM AMD FOFLAX 8T.,
CAIRO, ILLINOI8.
Buy and laughter only th bt eatlle
hog and hp, and 1 prepared te til any
demand for fresh meat from oh pound to
Un thousand pound.
BEMIB, BROWN CO.,
BAG MANUFACTURERS.
AaiMTi Horn Comw Mixu
XO. M Okie UVMOatreU.
1S-B.
