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"Hie History of Our Navy."
ConsJdeir.tiotis of timeliness and nntc-
Cedent deficiency in that iKirtion of .nir
literature make doubly welcome tlic "Hh-
tory or Our Navy," by John R. Spears.
As the nutl:or of "The Port of ills-sing
Shtpr' and "The Gold Diggings or Capo
Horn' this Airitcr lias made short ex
clusions on the -waters or literature, but
in Ids latest vork l.c .ails away on an
Important and significant voyage. His
history is in four handsome, illustrated
volumes and covers the entire period or
the existence of our Navy from its jut-option
U this year, 1S!7. It bears every
evidence c-f thoroughness of studious
acquaintance with the most minute de
tails of the extensive subject, touching
interesting' on our naval biography and
heroism, our lights in native and foreign
-water-, and tne progressive growth of
iiavui construction, from its crude begin
nings up to the present elaborate, intiic-i : e
and "xpensivc engines of war, or, as some
insist, of peace.
Th? books ate timely because there bus
grown recently a significant Interest in ihe
naval branch or our national defense, and
the people ."lie awakening to n conscious
ness that our country is forging upward to
pre-eminence among sea pow rs. It will
probably be received with grat-fiil in
terest by a let dmg public, who have made
Capt- Malian's uuval writings so gen -Tally
familiar, and who have delved eageiiy
into every oirerlng of sea riction, for .Mr.
Spears work is deficient in neither im
liortanne nor engaging narrative. A A
record for the library it will rank nt-nce
as indispensable to all naval architects,
constructors, commanders and student).
Our first navy consisted of eight long
row boats. The marines v. ere sixly-four I
men 01 uie unvn 01 iTOVincncc, volunteers-
Tlie equipment was a few lire
arms and a liberal supply of round pav
ing stones- They fought the first naval
engagement at 2 o'clock on the inor ling
or the ISth of June. 1772. in tlie waters
near Providence. This significant, inci
dent, is worth recalling in its interestiii"
detail:
On June 17, 1772, a rrovidence packet,
named the llaunaii, and count. aimed liv
t apt . Llnzce, cam e In sight of t lie t wo war
vessels while she was on her regular pass
ago rrom .New Vork to Providence. As
the Hannah ranged up near thevessels she
was ordered to heave to, in order that iter
papers might be examined, but Capt. Lin
zee, being favored by a tmart southerly
wind Unit was inpiuly carrving him out
or range ot the man-of-war guns, held rast
on his coins a
At thistheschooner Gaspr-wasadvisedto
roliow and bring back toe ulleiiumg sicop,
and, with all sills diawing, she obeveu
Hie order. For a matter or twentv-five
miles that was as eager and as oven a race
as any sailor man would eare to see, but
wiien thai, icugtu of cours naa lKen Aided
over the racers found themselves cloe up
at the Providence bar. The Vankeeknew
Ills ground as he knew the deck of Ids
sloop, but the captain or tlie Gaspe wasun
lannliar -with it. A. few minutes later the
stioal-drafi, llaunaii was crossing tne liar
at a iKiint where she could barel scrape
over, and tne deeper draft Gaspe, in trying
to follow at full speed, was- grounded nard
and fast. To make niatteis still worse
for the Gaspe, tlie tide was just beginning
to bh. not lor many Hours could her crew
hope to float hjr.
J.eaimg fur, fiiemv in this plight, Capt.
Lm?ee sailed Into Proxideucc port. Hid
thenev. she brought come before the days of
i enev.vd and insistently unjust English ta -atloii
the matter might hae been looked
"upon a a capital joke on r revenue cull r,
and tliat would have lieeii the end of it.
But the matter was taken in a sciious
light. As the sun went down the towu
diunimer appeared on the streets, and with
the long roll and tatoo by which public
meetings were called be gathered the
men or the town under a horse-shed that
stood near one of the larger slorcs o'.er
looking the water. While yet the peo
ple were coming to the rendezvous a man
disgul-ed as an Indian appeared on she
ior and invited al1 "stout hearts" to meet
him on the wharr at t) o'clock, disguised
as lie was. As may lie inferred every n an
of Providence set, about at once to mas
querade as an Indian, but from the s-si-mbled
number only sixty-four were
oboaeu. Tradition has it that Aura nam
"Whipple, who later on became one or the
captains or the American n.ivy, vas
ohuscii commander of this nocturnal ex
pedition. They rowed away, eight lo a
Wit, in eight smill lwats gathered from
the vessels at anchor in the harbor. Tlu-j-arnianiitit
wasa few pistolsnndabutiduiicc
of tound stones.
It was 2 o'clock in the morning when
this galley fleet a i rived in sight or the
stranded Gaspe. The tide had turned bv
this lime and the schooner had begun tb
light Itseir somewhat. A sentinel, pacing
to and fro with sonic difficultv, saw the
approaching boats and hailed them. A
siiower of iiavihg stones was the most cf
rccilve tf not the only icply he received,
and he tumbled down below piecipitately.
The lattle and crash of the paving stones
on tlie deck touted the crew from their
berths, and, running hastily on deck, the
captain or the Gaspe fired a pistol ixnnt
blank at his assailants. At that a single
musket was rtied from the boat ,bv whom it
will never be known, and the" captain
dropped with a bullet in his thigh. Then the
boais closed nl.oiU the st landed vessel and
their crews swarmed over the rails. The j
sHilois of the Gasp; strove to resist the on-
slaught, but they weie quickly knocked
down and secured. As soon as this was
done the schooner was effectually find,
ainl the captors, with th;ir prisoners, pulled
twa y.
This was the firs! fight American prow-
v o:t on wuter- It was a victory for
the ooloiiisi s. of Rhode Island, and this
State may also peiui with pride to the
fact that it was in the two houses of her
legislature il-at it was rirst concurred in
ordering her representatives in the Con
gress to propose I he establishment of a
navy, "at the expense of the continent.'
The proposal "met great opposition."
This was October 3, 1775. Stlned by
the news of the coming Hessians, and -ne
renewed aggressions of the British, on
Noveinber 25 or that year naval commis
sions were ordered issued, and our Kavy
s-priuig into existence The rirst war
vessels ordered to be built were 'fi-e
ships or 32 guiiH, five of 2S guns, three
of 24 guns, making in the whole thir
teen." The cost was not to be "more
than CCOCU 2-3 dollars each, on an aver
agt, allowing two complete suits of
sails for each ship."
From these interesting beginnings the
author carries us through the -nemoiable
and creditable engagements or the two
wars with England, the incidental lights
before, and the notable sea battles .f the
civil wai, and the achievements of our
nautical sctvifc since, noting concurrently
the growth and improvement in o.ir naval
equipment. Tlie narratives of soma of
these engagements arc given with such
free and fu-f'i spirit that, jointd with the
attendant patriotism theyinevltnblynrrjjse,
one is can led from page to page as if
the text were that of a romantic fiction
Instead of a bloody actual history, mel
lowed and ooloicd softly by perspective.
As at the close of. the Revolution so at
the close ot the war of secession the iiar
ships -weie sold for merchant inariti0,
much as shop-worn goods. This act and
the period ot inactivity following up to
the adinlnirtratiou of Secretary of Xavy
Wllliam H. Hunt are the subject or a dis
cussion which shares almost equal dis
putants. But there Is- no question ot Mr.
Spears' position, for he speaks boldly f
the so-called economy of this period and the
alleged brneflts accruing to us from
permitting other nations to do the ex
periment tin'.
But the fact is we did not and could not
benefit by Uicir experience to any de
gree wortn serious consideration. Neither
tile individual man nor tne aggregation or
' men called a nation can take advantage
of the annreutice&uin wnicu another man
or nation has served. I do not hope to
have this statement believed by tliose
to whom the only fruition of life and labor
is a dollar. But there are some who under
stand that national character, like Indi
vidual character is of more importance
than dollars; that the very chuckling over
the dollars we saved ''while other nations
were experimenting for us"' is contempti
ble that, to takeanothsrand more material
point or view, what we lost ill the devel
opment; of the brains of our mechanics and
inventors by letting the other nations do
the 'experimenting for usM was Of in
Tinltelv greater value than the whole
revenue of the nation. It Is not the loss
of a product o" ships that is to be de
plored, but the lossot a product of men.
lie is insistent in bringing to the reader's
attention the distinction that the victories
in naval construction during the .ece:it
period a hich has developed our White
Squodrot lme not been so much in the
making if ships as in the making of tlw
men win cai- make the ships. Thouinvc
have been humiliated several tunes in our
cnDrced position or going to foreign na
tions foi I rains we may now believe Willi
pijde that we have in our own lines "the
skill, the tools, and the materials to build
a navy -which "will in time lift us from
fifth t first piuce among the sea powers.
Tlie Illustrations alone of .Mr. Spea -s
history are a liberal education on the sub
ject. There ate over 100 portraits, pic
tures of tea fights from famous painting--,
digrams otvessils, maps showing the fields
or engagements and other pictorial ex
pletives, wiule tc-llingthe story in a graphic
rapid and Impressive manner. This feat ur-3
must have engaged tli2 author's earnest at
tention for a considerable time for it is
probably as thorough as the compass jf
the tJook permitted. (New York: Charles
Scrlbne.'. Sous. Washington: All Booksellers-.
4 vols. $S.)
"More Colonial Homes.
The ubiquitous antiquarians in search
of fuel lor the fire or patriotte colonial
interest are covering the same ground
in some instances. Not long auo we
gave an account of a volume by Marion
Hai land descriptive- of old pre-Rovolu-tlonary
huiu?, and since then there has
a pp;ai ed t w Ouodjciiu 3s, by S yduey G corge
FWiir, on "Men, Women and Manners of
Colonial Times.' In large part the lu
t2nt of the Looks is Identical; tome or
thi places described in each are the same,
but Mr. Fishtji "s work i much more com
prehensive, and, borrowing from the lati
tude of his subject, he has been able to
gie a diversilied riavor which is charm
ing. Mr. Fisher is "not merely a ronnoi i
seur of his subject, but he is a graceful
historian, two accomplishments which
blend with a happy resultant in his spir
ited and syinjathrtis accounts of the men
and women of the middle of the latt cen
tury. Mr. Fisher calls attention to a significant
fact for the reason of the interest, aside
from patriotic moiiefc, which the study
of the colonies has for us. It is their a
riet. From Massachusetts to the Carrtliuas
lh( u aider naif cd through communities or
such distinct individualities thai they Here
almost like dirrercnt in lions. Each "lad
leen founded for a reaton and a purpose
of its own. Each had a set or opinions an-1
laws peculiar to itself, and it was not un
common tc lmd the laws and opinions .f
nc a contiadlction to thote of anolh r
Speaking of the growing realization of
our obligations to otr forefathers, the
wriier savs-
We are re-discovering tlie debt wc owe
to the colonies. We are turning to in
vestigate every detail of colonial life with
a loving devotion which it is hoped may be
a sign of- stronger national feeling, or at
least of ntt attempt to have a t rue na
tional feeling, and to give up the so-called
cosmopolitanism and vulgar worship of
everything toreign which so long has oeen
our bane.
Hcfeirlog to the effects or the lnc1tAb,
influence ot this new assort ition In: P tints
to aj.chUeeu.re as one of the things most
significantly affected by it. The Revolu
tion killed aichitectuie, and the ait of
building dcteilorated steadily until theci .'II
war, wnen "we were In a reign ot iiorrfirs,
with the scroll saw of the carpenter trium
phant." Tlie Centennial Exposition or
1870 launched a positive influence, labelled
Ronancsque, with all manner of grotcsque
ness and Individual conceit, but even 'h.it
-ias been overcome and we hive disco verid
that hrc rit home we have a typebcttci
woith rcadoptlng.
One can infer the actual subject of
Mr. Fisiiei's chapters from their relative
titles- Cataliets and Tobacco can refer
only to the Virginian.-. Puritans and
Philosophy cliaractciizcs the .Massachusetts
colonists. The Land of Steady Habits
is, of ccuise, a chapter on Connecticut,
just as Rhode I.'Iand, because of ltoer
Williams, is pleasantly disguised under its
other name, The Isle of Enors. The
White Mountains and the Green caps a
chapter which recites the virtues of the
Vermont and New liainps'iire forefatheis.
Quaker Picsperity needs no svnonym, bi'.t
XoVa cai-san v.ill not stand in all minis
t
as at once significant of New Jersey.
MamhtlanandiheTappan Zeeisa res-arch
into the men and manners of early New
York; Puritan and Catholic on the Chesa
peake is palpably indicative of Maryland
colonial lore; Landgraves, Pirates and
Caslques is devoted to the Carolinas;
and 3ankrupts, Spaniards and Mulberry
Trees closes the volume with a study in
Georgian colonists. The pictures are ail
beautiful and appropilate. No better or
nuro diverting book could be presented
for a girt at any time than Mr. Fisher s
"Men, Women, and Manners of Colviial
Time?." (Philadelphia: .1. B. Lippiiunt
& Co. Washington: Win. Ballantyne .t
Sons. $-3.)
"1 lie Cid Cainpeudor."
Put nnmV'neroesof the Nation' "Series Jias
received mi addition ty li.i long list, in the
recent publication of II. Butler Clarke's
lire or "The Cid Campeador." Spain has
not before been represented in this, nnd
it Is fitting that it should first be repre
sented by its typical hero. Although the
Cid was a person In fact, his character
was a fictitious and posthumous accretion.
In propria persona he w.isa daring warrior;
but his aims were not always strong for
justice. As Mr. Clarke points out: "He
was unfit to be the hero of a great nation;
but his compatriots soon forgot his cruelty,
his safish an bit ion, and his lack of pa
triotism, and, remembering only his heroic
valor, and. his elfortsina :-;rea tea use, they,
bythemouthoftheininstrels.endowedhiiii
with all the viitues and graces.'' The Cid
is merely a name around which the Span
iards have grouped the qualities they most
admire, rather than an actual person who
possessed theso qualities
He flouiisli?d ata critical epoch in Spain's
history and his life with all the side lights
is largc'j the chronicle ot the Impoitant
events or the latter halt or the eleventh
century in the peninsular nation. It was
the period ot the beginning of the end of
the Saractn supremacy In the West Mr.
Claike has grouped these healings into an
harmonious nairative, told with much
spliit and giace, colorful as the story of
Spain could not help being, and accurate
as such a caieful scholar as this writer's
reputation assures it must be.
The illusttations in the book are more
valuable than beautiful, a distinctive
THE TIMES, WASHING TOjtf, SUN PAX, DECEMBER 26, 1897.
quality, for which they were inserted. The
ngeotthJ Claims left scarcely a monument,
inscription or illustrated document bearing
upon its history, so that in order to il
lustrate tlie volume the author lias used
drawings of places by his friend, Don
Santiago Arcos, with whom ho visited the
most famous sites connected with tlie
history of the Cid. There arc In addition
many maps, n8 cll as facsimiles of docu
ments at.d coins. (New York: G. P. Put
nam's Sons. Washington: Brentano. $1.50
Travels In Sicily.
It was Goethe v,-l:o said, "Italy without
Sicily leaves no image on the soul Sicily
is thekeyto all," and William AgnewPaton,
in t lie preface tc his beautiful new volume,
Picturesque Sicily," points out that of
American books on Sicily there jire nom,
and of Kngllsh books there is a plentiful
lack, -which, at first thought, seems ab
surd, but upon consideration argues it
self intoa fnct. .As an entity in the general
sum ofkiiowlcdge.lt stands tora picturesque
island which rises out of thc.Medlterranonn;
as a foundation for Aetna and a play
ground for brigands It looms indistinct
in a mist of mystery, but there is an at
mosphere of romance and a suggestion of
high coloi.
Mr. Patou's account of a journey through
the island is one of the most delightful
books of trevel which has been publlidied
in some tlnio. He traveled not alone with
his eyes and a notebook, but with an alert
Imagination and the appreciation of n
scholarly apihpiarian, before whom there
wero always two Slcllys -one or today, the
other of rv l emote yesterday. With these
admiral le qualification: he couples a style
of asy flow and u marked talent for at
tractive descriptions- His pictures arj -ery
vivid, because without tedium lie worksinto
them u wealth of detail. He started froai
Palermo, the cnpiliU, and nude the re
spective objects of his description the im
portant towns, villages and other point,
or the isli.i.d. Monte Cuccio. Solunto, Plana
Di Grecl, Ceralu, Corleone, Segest.i, Tru
pani, Eryx, GirJentl, Camilla. Acraditiu
and many others- As noted, the traveler
observed with a dual vision, oiijj Tor
the picturesque of today, the other for
the historical of yesterd ty, and scarcely
is lh(re a more fruitrul field for the itin
erant student of the growth and m-u.itlons
of geography.
When the Mediterranean was the onlv
who-e exprns; hnu been explored
by civilized peop.e, the lands washed by
its waves composed the whole of the
world of antiquity, and Trinacria was the
very center or civilization. J he nations
that have dwelt around tne Mediterranean
waged almost incessant war for the pos
session of the island, and these wars were
or paramount interest to mankind. For
more than 1,500 years it was the battle
field upon which men of European Mood
contended with men of Asiatic blood for
the dominion or the world. In Sicily, no
less than in old Greece, was waged war
of civilis-ation against barbarism; of
philosophy against mystieivn,; 0r science
ugaiusi astrology, and it is no exaggera
tion to say that upon the results of the
battles fought lu Sicily, or on the sea near
her coast, oftentimes have hung the fate
and future history of Europe. Sicily lias
been the battleground, not only or race
agaiust race and nation against nation,
but of creed agaiust creed.
The volume is a thing or intilnslc beauty.
Thecovcr is a delliateycUow linen, almost
the lightness ot cauaiy; the type face
is exquisitely clear; the handsome paper
receives it well, and the Iiair a hundred
full-pagn illustration repeat pictorially
what tlie author writes so graphically.
More serious than the attractive chatti
ncs3 of the main portion of the book are
the three essays at the end, each an
appendix, on the Mafia, Brigandage and
the Sicilian Question. The last may be
understood in the comprehensive statement,
made often by French, German and Italian
writers, that 'Sicily is the Ii eland ot'
Italy." (New Yoik: Harper & P.ros.
Washington: Woodward & Lothrop.? 2.50. )
"HiMorio "ew Yorlf."
"Histbiic New Vork" is not a unified and
consecutive history ot our largest city
It is rather a symposium. The volume
Is madt up ot disconnected monogiaphs
on historic localities on Manhattan islam!,
aud theli only common point is geography
and excellence. They have the probable
advantage over ti single history of equal
length in that fourteeu men and women
have diligently devoted themselves to an
undertaking which otherwise would rep
resent the efroit or only one.
There is in New York city an organiza
tion known as the City History Club, ie
markable in the fact that within the first
year of its existence it has increased to"
tho number of forty classes. To meet the
needs of this rapidly growing body of
students, the editors of the Half Moon
Papers undertook to superintend the pub
lication of a series of monographs annu
ally, which should be easily accessible lor
those who might not find it convenient
to consult the voluminous record and docu
ments contained in the libraries. Their
historic and literary worth recommend
them, however, to an audience larger than
the one for which they were designed.
The twelve papers are FortAmsterdim
in the Bays of tho Dutch," by Maud
Wilder Goodwin; "The Stat Buys or Now
Amsterdam." by Alice Morse Earle; "The
Early History or Wall Street," by Os
wald Garrison Vlllard; "Annetjo Jans'
Farm." by Jluth Putnam; "The City Chest
of New Amsterdam," by Edward Dana
Durano; "Old Wells and Water Cour.scs
of the IfRiihI of Manhattan," (I and II);
by George Everett Hill and GcoYgo'E.'
Waring, Jr.; "Old Greenwich, "' 'by Jls'a
bethBisland; "The Fourteen Miles' itound,'
by Alfred Bishop Mason and Mary MurOo'ck
Mason; "King's College," by John R. Tine;
"The Bowery," by Edward King wood
Hewitt and Mary Ashley Hewitt, nnd
"Governor's Island," by Blanche Wilder
Bellamy. The pictures and mnps add
greatly lo the beauty of the volume and
to the facility of the reader's understand
ing. New York of today is more or less
familiar to all intelligent readers, and it
is pleasant lo rovert with these interesting
writers to the early history of the great
city, from the time that the Dutch, estab
lished Fort Amsterdam und Annetjo Jans
and her husband took, possession of then
farm, which is now the most thickly set
tled portion of the city, until Wall street
became an incipient power In finance, fore-
"""-. VAL-TtK "" 'I', ft I
jpmoU-V
f J
Bhndowing its Xutuce greatness and the
Bowery began putting on Its lurid colors
not lo bo waslieii off forever, it would
seem. (New York: G. P..Putnnm's Sous.
Washington: Brcutoiip. $2.50.)
TT3
A "Now flinl Book.
P. M. Kllloway's '.'Sketches 0f .Some Com
mon Bird-," l8iirfoUicr of those hooka which
call tins unmlndf i-jurbitn to the remembrance
that natuic has glolles of God's making
which all the nUi"lrjrallties of art cannot
duplicate. The liieiidship with natme
is almost universal, but Itcoolsit we remove
out selves from.hei- and her creatures.
Books which lecalMo our minds the glories
of the country aro welcome visitors, es
pecially when they aie the legates of (he
birds, nature's voice. The present; volume
is made up of something more than sketches
in spilo of the title, for the author gives
us insight into the lire and histories or the
birds wc see and hear.
With-an interest which begets a charm
lug intimacy, Ave follow the author into
the meadows, anil there he points out to
us this horned lark floating cloud-ward,
singing and soaring; there we learn to know
more of the piping meadow lark, and the
voluble bobolink, and become familiar with
the voices and movements of other meadow
musicians. Wc visit the orchard, and there
watch the pretty ways of the "doubting
bluebird, "' hear the reveilles of the re I
headed woodpeckers, nndohserveinterestlng
incidents in the Hvps ot other orchard
resident s. Along the hedgerows .ve
ramble, there studying the homes, and
habits of the many tenants of tlie common
osage hedges. Among the birds of the
bushed we find many old friends seemingly
in new attire, for the writer is a keen ob
server and calls attention to Tacts usually
unnoticed Uy the casual stroller. His
1113
d -Jl
.JOHN OI.1VKII HOHHES.s .;
'IV
friends of the htghwnvand door yard prove
to he ours as well, and his sketches of the
robin, Baltimore oriole, ro-se-breasle'd gr s
beak, and otlict? )oryanl visitors will
surelj fan Into entjiusljisni any latent friend
ship for the birds fn the mind or the reader.
Woodlands, river-Wank, and swamp-lake,
and the regal bln'sJ"of beak and talon
fiiml-di subjects' of interesting and de
iiglitful sketches, Which will lead the reader
Into habits of closer observation und more
Intimate friendship Tor na'ure..
The antjioi's hajipy 1"acu!t y of presenting
his sub.ilcreiiirrtrihifiigly will, com err the
study of ornithology into a" iccreatfon,
n.rm.tim. -i-i. v -.. . . u
'""nation. 'I he volume is ilJustiated with
ior it gives inspiration as well as In
nan-tones ,r,jm photographs made, with
few exreptli ns, bv Dr. R. W. Shufoldi.of
the Smithsonian Institution, from living
birds nnd'iif-sts lu situ. ( Cincinnati: Thj
Editor Publishing Company. Washington
Bretnuo. ?lr.O.)
"Gondola Days,."
One of the charming qualities of that
protean genius, P. Jlopkinson Smith, is
that he always seems to be in love with
his subject. Ills latest book, "Gondola
Days," shrws this in a. marked degree. It
Is full of the dreamy, delicious fascination
of the Meima'd City, of love for Iter cli
mate, her colorings, her treasures of the
past, and her people, especially the gon
doliers. To read this book Is like travel
ing Veietlan waterways, without the pos
sible discomfort.-; of the experience. One
of Hie characteristic .bits of description is
that of the Fishermen's Quarter, with its
sagging lines and semi-decayed timbers.
This is what the artisfarchitecl-author
savs or it:
The little devils of rot aud decay, deep
down m the water, are at ths bottom of all
this settling and toppling of jamb and lintel.
I hey are really the guardians of the pic
turesque. Seaich any fncadc'in Venice, from riow
line lo cm nice, and you cannot, find two
lines plumb or parallel. This is because
these imps of destruction have helped the
teredo to munch and gnaw and bore, un
dermining foundation pile, grillage and
bed stone. If you listen some day over the
side of your gondola you will hear one of
thes-3 old plies creak and groan as it sags
and settles, and then up comes a bubble as
If nil the fiends below had broken into a
laugh at their triumph.
'lnis change goes on ccrywhere. No
sooner does any inhabitant of the earth
build a monstrosity of Ught-angled trian
gles, than the little imps set to work.
They know that Mother Nature detests a
straight line, and so thev summon nil the
j fairy forces of sun, wiml'and frost to break
and bend and twist, while they scuttle
and bore and dig, "until some fine morning
artcr a siege of many veais, you stumble
upon their victim. The doge who built
it would shake his head in despair, but you
forgHe the tireless littlo devils they have
made it so delightfully picturesque.
There are more than 200 pages of
himinoiis, funciftil, daintily-worded de
scriptions ot Venice and her ways, and
some of them are much finer than the
specimen quoted above. The book is il
lustrated by the author, and artistically
clad in red. There is but one flaw in tho
wholo piod action, and that might bo de
feiidui on the grclund'fef infoimality. Mr.
Smith insists cm i&Ing'the second personal
pronoun to an extent'-hitherto unprece
dented in Jiterafure. He goes on with
page after page df placid itatements that
"you" do till'3, or go there, or are treated
thus and so, until It Is rather maddening
to reflect tiiat the person addressed may
never do these delightful things. Besides-,
it is not very good rhetoric. (New York
nnd Boston: HougntoiiVMifflin i-Co. Wash
ington: All Booksellers. $1.50.)
"Modei'ii'-Spain.
"Spain in'the Nineteenth Century'' Is the
last of'n series of'histdrlcal narratives, by
' Elizabeth. wormeley'La timer. The author
IllUUUQll fCL D IMUV Ui; UU lll.l Ulil Oil (,UU
title of a historian, but others will be ready
tp.yleld herthis name, nevei theless. As a
clear, pleasantly worded and fully detailed
account of the last hundred years in Spain
the work v.lil certainly be useful to stu
dents. Ttisahvays hard toget trustworthy
information about contemporary history,
and this book will conic n5 a delightful
relief to many people who have been trying
to learn something about the fnuch-lossod-about
kingdom of Spain.
"The Histoiy of Spain," begius the op-
tnor, 'Since sne sang rrom wealth and
greatness into a eecondrate, impoverished
power, is ono continued tangle of revolu
tions.'' THIS in itself makes a work like
the present greatly needed.
One of the earlier chapters of the l-ook,
picturesquely called Tlie Lion in the Skin
of a Fox, deals with the French invasion
of Spain, under Napoleon, and tells the
story in a stirring way. The massacre of
Madrid in thus described:
Men and women were walking abroadand
all danger seemed at an end when Murat
commenced a massacre. Spaniards who
had had nothing to do with the ript
were seized because they happened to be
in the town. They were dragged before
u French military commission and sen
tenced at once to be shot. News of these
executions spread like wildfire through
the city. Every family, all ol' wl.ose male
members were not under Its roof , suffered
agonies or apprehension. By distant sounds
or firing all knew that the work of dP.it h
was going on. Two by two the victims
were marched out and massacred by re
peated volleys of musketry. All were
denied in their last moments the consola
tions or religion. The work next morning
recommenced, and nearly a hundred victims
hud perished before Murat, at the earnest
intercession or the Spanish ministers, puo
a stop to tlie carnage. Within si
week artcr the tidings of the untoward
massacre reached Bayoime, the Emperor
Napoleon wa engaged in the most lij-rce,
cruel und determined war Into which
he had ever led or dispatched his legions
war to the death with an undisciplined and
high-spirited people, where each man
fought for his own hand. Hitherto Ids
battalions had fought regular tn.ops, and
these thev had always conquered; they
were whollv unprepared for the guerrilla
warfare they wero now to race among the
mountains and ravines or the basque
Country, or Catalonia.
There is :i pretty and pathetic chapter
called To the Tirone from the Nunery,
oii the accession or the young Queen Isa
bella, in the early lorties, when Washing
ton Irvingwas United States auibassadorto
Madrid; and extracts I ram Mr. In lug's pr
vatelettersare given, which ufford cJlmpses
ortlicthlrteen-year-old maiden In the midst
of moie or ies turbulent sc-ne-t, striving to
bear herself with the dignity becoming a
Queen. And there is another chapter jn
another girl queen. Merceox, the fhildUh
sweetheart or Alfonv XII , who died, after
rivemonths of married happiness, in 187ri.
The present King Alfonso XIII, byin May
17, lSSO ! the sou of the -econd marriage
or Alfonso XI r, a marilagc made purely
for state reasons. The very last Chapter of
thebank deals with a topic of vPni interest
to this c 'untrv, Spain's treatment of Cuba
and the action of Canovas. The lat'-or
HpeaksilLCidedl ngainstthe plauof innevi
tion.biit is-Otherwise non-commltt.il.
Theioar.iits,whicl. un-scatt-red through
thubiok, more than twenty l:i number, will
add much to its interest, being finely en
graved and lull of exprewjn. Altogether.
thisinvleJtvt.limi-jis one which students Df
contemporary histoiy will br- glad to own.
(Chicago: A. G. McClurg & Co'. Washing
ton: Brentano. !?t'.50.)
ItuctMit Fiction.
Rc-adeis of Harper's Mugnzine during the
last few months have liecn attracted to a
serial story called "Spanish John," by
the copious and splendid lllustiatious ac
companying the text. Uiuii lending the
nuirntlve interest in the pictures and ad
miration for the artist were quickly shared
by the engaging tale and Its; clever
raconteur, the writer was William Mc
Lennan, hlthsito inconspicuous in this
Held. "Spanish John" w,;s last week re
Issued in ." Icautiful book with ail of the
attraetle Illustrations, which, were a pnrt
of It? success in the magazine. The stoiy
is a iq.uuucv of the days of the Scotch
Pretender, and its heio is one of the .Mc
DonnelK or Scotland- Designed ror the
priesthood he goes to Rome to study, but
eaily discorers thiil he is not working lo
waids his real vocation an 1 leaves col!ge
to Join the Spanish Hoops in Italy. His
achievements in battle distinguish him and
he accepts from the Pretender's son the
mUsloti of conveying a large sum of money
to Scotland After many difficulties he
reaches Si.othnd with the gold, only to
have It stoler after his ariival. This isnot
the end of the story, which finishes as ail
romantic siorlcs pioperly should with the
hero tilumphant and hl enemies van
quished, but it gives an idea or the tenor
of tlij! tale. It Is admirably developed with
a rich Imagination and a vigorou Hvho
stroke. One feature which impi esses
the reader is the sympathy audi under
stund'ng which the writer has Tor the
Irish aud the Catholic characters Intro
duced. It should be particularly attractive
to them on this account, aside from its
inherent inputs as a vivacious romance
well recounted. (New Vork: Harper & Bros.
Washington: Woodward &I.uthrop. ?1.50.
Mollte Elliott Seawell is represented
in the most recent list of publications with
a new Etory for boys, wifch any youthful
lover of at venture and Iietoifm might be
glad to rend and possess. It ii called
"The Rock of the Lion"' from the central
motif or the ftory, which is the struggle
of the British for the rock or Gibraltar.
The hero is iust tlie sort of a boy we glory
in, a courageous, loyal lad who prefers :o
be an American naval officer rather than
to be an English peer. Such was the op
portunity of Miss Sea well's Archie Basker
viiie.and such was his choice. His eiz-i.e
by a press-gang is the initial incident i a
long list of adventures, which culminate
finally in his promotion to a captaincy of
the American navy. The period ot the
story is that of about 17S0. Some or
the famous characters introduced are
Benjamin Pianklin and Paul Jones. Miss
Seawell's publishers have been generous
to her lit the matter or illustrations.
There are twenty well-known and appro
priate Tull-pagc drawings by A.I. Keli-r.
(New Vork: Harper & Bros. Washington
Wood wa id & Lothrop. S1.30.)
Anyone reading Margaret Sutton Bris
cot's story or '-Jimty," which is the initial
tale of her collection bearing that title,
will be tempted to read onward, and the
varying charm of the others will lead him
unhesitatingly through the entire do.'.
en which fill the lioolc. The interest in
Jimty a namu derived from James T..
through its natural evolution into Jim I
is shared by his father, who is a ruined
Virginian seeking work in New Vork and
displaying a strange coalescence of worth-
lessuess and nobility. A more impressive
sketch is 'It is the Custom," describing
the "supreme and terrible authority of a
Russian per-sant over his daughter. The
last thiee stories are'A. Goose Chase,""An
Entomological Wooing" and ''The Qua ter
Loaf." They group together in that (he
same man is the Jiero of all three and
all share-tbe.en,joyahleno5s in his strange
adventures. In "A Goose Chase" we find
liiiu following the lead of a flock of geese
on a no less important errand of discovery
than to rind which or two girls he win
marry. In the " Wooing" he wins a wife by
his skill in clearing her potato patch of
bettles. Finally in "The Quarter Loaf"
we discover Jilui the parent ot a bnby
so small that it is introduced to a career
in a dime museum. The other stories are
"Tlie Trice of Peace," "An Echo,"' "'A
Christmas Summer," "Concealed Weapons,"
"nnio Touscy's Little Game," "Princess
I-Would-I-Wot-Not," and "Salt of the
Earth." There are drawings by w. T.
Sir.edley and A. B. Frost. (New Vork:
Harper & Bros. Washington: Wood
ward Lothrop. $1.50.)
W. Fetit Ridge has written a number
of novels nnd he doesn't belie bis
experience In his last story, "Secret try
to Baync.M.P." Ttitsisan English story,
though it starts off bravely in the Rue La
fayette, Paris, but as quickly as the train
will take them the characters introd-ieod
at the beginning of the first chapter are
whisked over to London. There is a decided
flavor of cosmopolitanism, in the sto.y,
for besides the French and English touches,
there is eastern Europe represented by
a prince, and Russia represented by both
spies and Nihi'ists. Another element of
variety and coLtrustis found In tlie fact
that though the hero's position as secre
tary to a member of Parliament keeps 1 tm
much' of ll.o time in a genteel ntmoeph ;re,
he strays Into -London's squalid East End
in search of enlightenment on social con
ditions. tNew Vork: Harper & Bros. Wash
ington: Woodward & Lothrop. ?1 25.'
LITERARY NOTES.
The Lounger in the Critic belies his
name. He itf really a sprightly fellow, or,
in derferencc to Miss Gilder, l: fit be said
she is a sprightly woman. J.ast week she
had a rich fund or new gossip. Tor in
stance, we learn that V. D. Howells is
domiciled in an apartment liotfe In upper
New York writing a new novel; that Mark
Twain's English publisher gave credit on
the title page to the typewriter fcr her
share of labor on the new book; that the
cover design ior "following tne .equator
was made by P. Berkeley Smith, a son of
F. Hopkinson Smith; that the Paris Kiga'o
calls Mr. Clemens' daughter "M'lle- Mark
Twain;" that Harvard is to have a Phillips
Brooks memorial; and various other items.
The Critic it one or the most dependable
newsy, cu.o'ully written, and soundly
critical peiiodlcats in the literary world.
There is no ether book of short stories
receiving at present the flattering atten
tion from the ravlajrj that is accorded Paul
Kcstcr's "T.Jles of the I'eil Gypsy." The
booksellers list it among their Host selling
hooks. Mi-tri. Doubloihi ' M 'lure rind
it one of the most eullel for of any issues
since their establishment.
"Th B'.'iityon," Mine. Blanc, bus I ecu
awarded ,-i prize of .f3f.0 by the Feu ;h
Acaii'iiny for hr collected articles fn n
ih'i It viih den Deux' Mondes, "L..
AinerlcalaeH Ctvz Kile."."
The eighth anniversary of the death of
Robert Ilnv. nlng, Dctomber l'J, tran wm
memorated at Rot.ert Browning Hall, Wil
worth, IjiMion. Th:; addrei'H wa given
by .Mr. Augiictiue BIrrell. It may be re
membered that last year's annlvernary
wis kept-at Marylclsoue Parish Church,
when the golden weddl.ig or t-be p.rown
ings was celebrated.
"Literature," the new internal Imril
period! -al. calls attention to the lit
erary importance and activity of Chicago
It remarks:
The libraries of Birmingham and Boston
sh-MVed loi l.MVG a circulation of above
bti(i,i!bi; mat or Manchester, one or t75,
U00; mat of Chicago, on : lur more man
l,0oo,000. In eacn case, of course, rigures
were greasly swelled y ephemeral fiction
and the like; but, with ail allowance for ;
this, sucli figuren mean great mental ac- ,
tivity. Of this Chicago shows many other
signs. Tor one thing, 1c has at least two
otner important libraries in active opera
tion - the iNewnerry and tha or the Univer- ,
sity of Chicago. This university, only '
rour years old. is already an educational t
centeror importance, nottairiy to be judg- '
ed by such feats as Mr. Moulton'.". who is
trying to make "modern readers" accept
the revised version of the Bible as litera- I
lure. Again, the daily press of Chicago
maintains an average merit which one is I
so.iieiinies disposed to think the highest in j
A-sneiicu.
Dr. John Watson tln Maclaren) has de
cllned tlie call to a London pulpit. At the
same time he has told his Liverpool con
gregatlon Just what it cost him in mentai
effort t'. pi each continuously to the same
people: "No one who is not a preach r
lie say) can ever imagine the agony of
produ'-tlon. To preach to the -amc people
th-ee times a week, and to depend upon so
fickle, nnd in my case, so slow, an instru
ment as the brain how can one con
tinue without losing power and becom
ing stale and unprofitable? What a
relief to Jn-gln again, to recast and Im
prove 1 ne's iiics-iase for unaccustomed
ears and new heart-'' In connection with
this .Mis-- Gilder says that Dr. Watson
should "shake up the barrel. There Is
nothing that congregations forget so
quickly as a sermon."'
An entertaining Chicago feuilletonist
amuses us at once and imparts the news
or Mr- Hawkins Western failure in thii
paragraph:
The comparative financial failure of
ntnony Hope readings in Chicago is
an iiiuicnwou mac tne desiro for an
thorn' reuuiiigs, which was never u sen
sible one, is passing awuv. Hope Haw
kins is a charming man and a clever
writer, and he ha I een fully rewarded for
these accomplishments, but he is not a
notttblt; reader, and has iM reason to ex
pect that the public will flock to hear
nim recite the "Dolly Dialogues," or other
Of his Compositions. The ensn nr Inn
Maclaren was diiferent. Tor Dr. Watson is '
a minister or the Gospel, and appeals to a !
large element of the population that sel- ,
jiyin u iu uiraie.-N. wane uope iiaw
km linos Ins pergonal following larcely
In a less orthodox crowd. We believe
that theauthor fad l-dyingotit. and that the
writer, nice the shoemaker, must stick to
Ills last unless his last happens to be his
worst.
Mr. Hawkins' rinancidl experience in
Was-hmgtiii was not dissimilar to that
in tb- Lake City.
Pror. Lawrence Dunbar, since hi en
listment in the Congressional Lihr.rv
rorces, lias been giving some reading.-, in
this city. They have been public af
fairs, but they have been conducted in a
so successfully quiet plan that the gen
eral public h.-ib been kept quite in ig
norance of the events. Perhaps in is
doing it merely for practice- and will :-p-peal
to a Intger public wIimi he fesls nice
accomplished, for it is s.-.id that each ap-pearan-e
sho-.s nn improvement, not
m.'rely in his delivery, but in hi- ji.slg
meut in making selections.
Algernon Charles Swinburne thus ad
dresses the London Tunes on the pripo--il
English Academy, fashioned on 1 'Acad
emic Fran-ais:
Sir: In this decadent month, after the
great sea serpent has- usually risen once
more to tlie surface ot tlie press onlv per-
"i'i. -u e-unoKeii in u i ar rrom unseason
able effort to emulate the digestion of other
contiibutors by swallowing the gigantic
goosel)erry no sensible man will reel and no
honest man will afreet surprise nt the resur
rection of a more ''ridiculous monster"
titan these. Th-;notIon of an English acad
emy is too seriously stupid for farce and '
too essentially -vulgar ror comedy. But that i
a man whose outspoken derision of the
academic ideal oi idea has stood on record '
for more than a few years, and given deep
offciisa to nameless If high-minded ceniors
by the f tunic expression of its contempt
and the unqualified vehemence or its ridi
cule, should enjoy the unsolicited honor or
nomination to a piotninent place in so un
imaginable a gathering colliiviesliterarum
It probably would turn out t be if ever it
slunk Into shape and wiitlied into existence
well, it seems to me that the full and
proper definition of so preposterous an im
pertinence must be left to others than the
bearer or the name selected ror the adula
tion of such Insult.
The December Bibelot contains a tragedy,
"The Pe-'th of Maclowe." by Richar-l
Hcnglst Home. It is a valuable restora
tion. Mr. Moser, for- January, will ie
pubilsh "Snlnr. Agnes of Intercession," a
tale by Dante Gabriel Roettl.
Mr. II. G. Wells Is engaged upon nn am
bitious novel showing rirth the lire or
great citi-s as it will be 200 years hence.
"When tlie Sleeper Wakes" is to be its
title. It will probably be more interejtiug
than Mr. Bellamy's pa?p Into the future has
been.
A new novel by Richard Marsh is Icing
announced in the English papers, the title
of which is ''The Beetle,' and which, ac
cording tt the Daily Graphic, ''is tie M.nl
of book -nliich you put down only for the
puipose of turning up the gas and making
sure that no person or thing is standing
behind your chair and it is a 1 cck which
no one will put down until finished except
for the ronton above described."
Mrs. Craigje (John Oliver ITobbO) is oahl
by an EngPsh. publication to haie accrlou-s
intention of devoting herself lo the produc
tion of vorfcr. relating to biography and
history, in ho ih of which she lakes great
Interest. In answer to a question that was
recently asked her as to why in writing
she did not use her own name ( Pearl, and
as to why she took such a name as John
Oliver Hobbes, she said tbatit was to keep
her from becoming sentimental.
NOTES AND QUERIES.
T V."?r v a.uy. Pren-lum on the "
white'
date til
X..
"V..- 1... .i -
ci m,w or 1Bu6 rtli from
i to S-.od, according to condition.
aivwjK" ity cal,ed Col!,mTj or C-nbo
anjwJiLre. SUBSCRIBER.
The principal city of Ceylon is Called
Cdoiiiljo. It is not named for Columbus,
but it was called Kalninbu.a corruption
I ,; "' ' " ""- ""!"" name, Jvalam-
,-iAVn,',.t afe .t,ie A"r "est schools of en
gineering in the United States? A. lL
Probably, the Institute of Technology,
Boston; tlie Slicrr-oia Scientific School.
.New Haven, Conn.; tlie School of Mine
Columbia College, New Vork, and the
Lawrence Mcie.itific School, Cambrid-e
Mass
'lo whom should I applyin London, Eng.,
to'tlie'owViVr'-rT3 ,,a ve ,aiw?'11
For a list or estates which have reverted
to tnecrowu apply to the treasury .solicitnr,
Whitehall, London: for a list or ''dormant;
estates in chancery" apply to thechancerv
fund commissioners, Law Courts, London.
In what year- did Queen Victoria vlslb
Ireland.' ,'. What year was Daniel
u ouunell elected to Parliament.' j. K-
Queen Victoria landed in Dublinon -ugsB
lr lPu'2; again in August and .September.
18',-i, and In August 1SG1. :. Jn
ISiiS; he took hisseat as member for Claro
in August of that year.
Picaie tell n.e where were the parents
of Ciiariey liois wrj.-n he was stolen trorti
them, and how old was he? W. H. J.
Mr. Ross was at his business in Philadel
phia; Mrs. Boss was at home. Charley
Rosh was out on the street with hi elder
brotner; he was four jcars old, but looked
older.
Did Dumas three inuikeeters really live?
2. What became of King Louis XIV S twin
brotner alter his imprisonment in t-he Uab
tile? K. S.
1A rtagnan di.I. The others were drawn
rr..m scleral models. 'J. It is not certain
that Louis XIV bad a twin brother
Please let me know whata man or five
feet, lite inciies. alto a man of Jlie leer,
seven Inche-. ought to weigh In order to be
in proportion? READER.
A man of fl.efeet, five inche tall should
weigh 1-10 iwunds; the minimum -weight
should be lib pound, and tlw; maximum
175. A nan of lle feet, teeu iiichen
should weigh 150 pounds, witha minimum
of 127 and a maximum of IfaT pounds.
What Is the punt-hment of a United
States soldier if ne desert.-" the" Army and
is captured? 2. What n the reward for
the capture and return or a deserter?
S.
He must serve out Ids time in prkon,
perliap.-: and may be punished further an
a court-martial may direct-
A and B both have -wagons of the same
make and size. Tlie wheels of A's are
fourreetin diameter and B'stwo feet. Ow
ing to the size or his wheels A claim the
lignter draft- IPs wheels being smaller,
he claims tin; lighter draft- Whicn t- rlgac
and why? J. 1-. PAGE.
A is right. The power needed to pull
the wagon is to tlie weight as the radio
or the axle is to the radius of the wheel.
If you work it our you will rind that A's
wagon is pulled more easily.
Can a young man study law at home with
any success and can a young man witli a.
good Kngllsti education ent?r a. law school
on an equal fooling with a college grad
uate ? 2. What should I first do to -ttidy
law at home, and wna: boo&s should I pro
cure? A SUBSCKIBER-
He can study at home, but he would bet
ter enter a law of rice and study under the
direction of an older person. A knowledge
or the classics Is required in many lw
rcliool- A college graduate is credited
with a certain nmouutof work lne whtcit
1-- not allowed to the non-graduate- 2.
Get a lawyer's advice and look up tlie re
quirements of admittance to the bar ami
study to fill them- The books vary fnwn
time to time- -
B bets M that there is one-third more
busine-vj done in one week, or one month
on the Sev,' Vork Stock Market than there
i. on the London Stock Market- Is Iks
right? G. R. B.
There are no definite figures of the
business or the Loudon market ubtiiabte;
no record is kept there of the amount of
sales. Only the price at which a sale la
made is quoted; not even the asking price
nnd the price bid being recordeo:. B-ut
though the Iot-i are smaller in London than
j here tbe standard lot i ten shares there
! aud one hundred shares here, the business
on the London market is said by a Nw-
Vork stock reiorter of repute to be larger
tliunon the New Vork market. Th London.
Exchange divides it milway share into
"Home Rails,' "Americans,"' '"InUhiM."
"Colonial and "Foreign;" it handle- mines-.
Home, American, Indian, Cukinial, For
eign: brewery shares, omnibus shares, cor
poration shares, and probably six other
varieties; and, then, it has the ljmls di
vided Into about a" many Kinds. We thinSc
that B loses the bet- .
Kind! v give description or the old frigate
Constitution, and a condensed history from
her completion to the present day?
J. MacD-
The Constitution was designed by John
Himphrey, or Philadelphia, awl biH by
by George Clagtorn, in loston; she was
launched October il, 1707. having been
three years in building, and cost, ready
Tor sea, about $300,000. She is 175 feet;
long, 43 1-2 Teet team, 1 1 1-2 feet deep,
witn a tonnage displacement of 1,S76.
She was called a rorry-four-gun frigate,
but carried thirty 21-pounders on )wr
maindeck, twenty-two 32-pouiidearroiiades
on her spar deck and two 24-pound chasers.
She tcrxedin the Mediterranean in l03
18013; in the war or 1S12, under Hull, de
feated the Guernere: under Balnhridge,
defeated the Java: ur.-der Stewart, the
Cyane and-the Levant. She was in the
Mediterranean In 184 0-1 1 and in the
Pacific, 1S44-17. From 15:61 to 1S72
was a school ship at Annapolt-. and has
been laid up most or the time since then.
Who Is theauthor of th2 poemcomiiieneiiig
"I would rather live in Bohemia than any
other land:" What book would give me
tilt best Idea of the altruistic manner-, or
iiitig of the Bohemian people.' 2. Why
will universities and the biglwr instltu
Mofs of learning not recognize and teach
phrenology.' Is It not just as important a
science a-, many otner branches taught- .
and worthv of ns much can-rul research?
3. What book would give one a good general
knowledge or gr.immar who-e opportunities
have not enabled him to become familiar
with school grammar? Student.
John Boyle 0RelIiy; the poem is called.
"In Bohemia" nnd does not refer to tho
Inhabitants of Bohemia, but to the so
called "Bohemians" literary people of
more or less reputation and little or no"
money, in whom, according to themselves,
were found all the redeeming vices and all
the necessary virtues. O'Reilly was -iup-posed
to be a Bohemian, and his poem
Idealizes the Bohemians. Nowadays the
onlv Bohemians" are called tramps and
bums. 2. Because it has not been decided
that phrenology isa real science, or that it?
Is of any value whatever. 3. A grammar.
How dees the money made at the Bureau
or Engraving and Printing get into gen
eral circulation? -'. AVnat ts.i tank clear
ing'' 3. What is the difference between
natural and representative currency? 4.
When is the Lata nee ot trade ravorable.
J. J-.. .
The Government has to pa y it expense,
which are enormous, and replaces old
bills with new ones, so the money scatters
quickly- 2. A comparison or the busi
ness done by and between two or more
tanks and a settlement or the deferences
in amounts by the payment or a small
sum or monev. Thus Pant A owes Bank
B $1,000, and B owes A ?S00: ir A pays
It ?i00, the matter is settled. The other
day a New Vork bank settled $s,ooo,ooo
worth ot business by aylngSl.OJb in earth.
3. A natural currency is a currency rhaD
has some intrinsic value-like to I he Spar
tan's iron money, the Virginia tonaeco
money, our own gold and silver; represen
tative cunenc-y represents something ot.
value, but has no intrinsic value or Its
own, like our paper money, lank checks,
etc. 4- When we exported more guod
than we imported, it used to be Mid tbatr
the balance or trade v. as in our faor.
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