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Ze rrln i chtcYhtd for an CloSClPnff
N n retrospect of the year IOCS prob
IN ably tile most striking thing about the
period will be the wonderful ndvnnro
made In tho sphere of aerial navigation
In no preceding period of equal length
line ono fraction of tho accomplishments
of 1003 been achieved New records for
distance height and practically every
thing else wcro made and feats per
formed which von ono year previous
would have been deemed tho ravings of
an unbalanced mind More flights were
made In every part of the world In every
conceivable typo of aircleaving machine
and the public nt large began to respect
the propbecles of those who foretold a
practical utilization of these strange birds
of pnaaage for sport commerce nnd war
Apart from the worJdwldo sensational
achievements of the Wright brothers
whoso wonderful accomplishments on both
eldcs of the Atlantic bare been received
with such acclaim probably most Interest
attaches to the work In Germany of
Count Zeppelin with an entirely different
type of nlr vessel
The Zoppolln airship In not an ncroplnno
like the Wrights machines but nn ulr
ship combining qualities of a bnlloon
yet unlike tho latter In that It In dirigible
The Zeppelin was and IsUJere have
been MYGrnl a grcnt cylindrical frame
work of aluminum pointed at tbe ends
nnd covered with linoleum Inside n row
of ordinary round balloons arc Inflated
Close benoAih the cylindrical cigarshiipcd
body of the nlrshlp are suspended gnu
dolae which float on tho water often
necessary when tho ship Is first launched
from Its abed on the waters of Lake
Constance where most of tho flights
have been held or when alighting on
the same body of water The motors nod
propellers nro well up on the Ides of
the eo called cigar FO that they push
right In the Hue tho body has to travel
By careful study Count Zeppelin has
evolved a serlw of rudders anti propellers
which enable him to go Just where he
wishes thus realizing most remarkably
the dream of nn almost perfectly dirigible
airship Thc flight last August of this
remarkable creation of the German scien
tist over the mountains of the German
Swiss frontier heralded around the
world awoke that selfsame world to the
possibilities of nlrsblps of this kind
Even the wreck of tbo Zeppelin IV
meant nothing as concerns thin merits of
tbo machine for the storm did most of
the damage through tho leakage of CUB
mingled with the air Inside tho alumi
num This mixture made a strong and
powerful explosive only ready for n
spark of any kind to bring about tho
wreck Had the Zeppelin been flying In
the nlr at the time she might easily have
been caved for to airships nlr means
safety Just as water of great depth does
to nlcnuiahlps which In shallow water
arc lost
The wonderful performance of this par
tlcnlor Zeppelin was accomplished on Au
gust 4 the trip bring from Laky Con
stance to Basel nnd Stmsnurc down the
flume to Mnycncv n distance of 250
miles Automobiles which attempted to
follow It were left far behind so great
was the speed of the airship The nccl
dent which destroyed tho machine oc
curred on the return trip or rather
while preparations wero being made for the
return from Mnyence Count Zeppelin had
telegraphed for more cylinders nnd was
wailing for them when n small cyclone
arose which dashed the airship held by
soldiery to the ground and destroyed It
In conjunction with the explosions which
came Immediately afterward
Throughout all Germany the loss of
the wonderful machine was felt to bo n
national calamity nnd incspaces nf con
dolence und offering assistance were sent
In from every corner of tho empire Sub
scription lists were opened nt once In
Berlin Bremen Stuttgart and other
towns and cities In Germany uud Switzer
land to provide funds for the construc
tion of n successor to the lost airship
A check from the Imperial councilor for
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121000 nn advance on the budget appro
priated by the stale for aeronautical ex
periments was sent on to the Count Im
mediately
Opinions on tho part of experts In re
gard to the Zeppelin and Its typo of air
ships for practical war purposes follow
ing tho accident were many and varied
Some felt that it showed the airship
would be of value only as a fortress bal
loon especially the rigid and semirigid
typo like till Zeppelin the other German
and French war Imllbonp In contrast to
the collapsible kind ordinary war bal
loons heretofore lined by tho United
State anti other governments All the
latter can be deflated nt once which was
not true of the destroyed Zeppelin or any
of Its predecessors or Its successor
which have bad nn aluminum skin which
renders such n method of nnfoty Irajvos
nlblc Many authorities took the other
point of view und asserted tbnt the acci
dent to tho Zeppelin was what might
happen to any airship and did not dis
prove the possibility and the probability
of such machines becoming real factors
In the wars of the future Where an or
dinary airship or balloon could bo punc
tured when within gun range the alumi
num covering of machines like the Zep
pelin would render such a possibility re
mote especially from small arms
Over one million dollars were sub
scribed for the new Zeppelin whose
speedy construction wns made possible
through the undamaged condition of much
of the machinery of the Zeppelin IV
The new airship mode Its Initial appear
ance In October It carried ten pns
Bongcrs and went through evolutions
which for speed und stability could not
bo surpassed At an average height of
300 feet the machine went through these
evolutions and attained n speed of about
21 miles nn hour traveling for over three
hours At thc height of 1000 feet n won
derful exhibition was given the craft
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ETOULD the Republic of Cuba InpAA
SHOULD same government chaos that
boo beset her throughout her stormy
history she will still have something for
which to thank tho provisional govern
ment of the United States There will re
main the roads that this country has built
during the past two years and there Is no
way In which the masses of the people
Tan escape 0 tasting benefit from them
Governor Charles K > Mngoon nnd the
American troops have withdrawn from
Cuba The work for which they had
been sent to tho Island was completed
Order bad been brought out of turmoil
and government had been restored where
guerilla warfare had previously existed
l The people had been soothed and quieted
from the beat of Latin factional strife
and brought into the regular and peaceful
pursuits of the many Industrial opportu
nities offered by this fair land An elec
tion had been held under the guidance of
Governor Magoon which had been n bona
fide election the first of HH kind In any
of thc Latin countries of America for
litlhough many of these are republics in
name they are such In name only
The foundation stone of tho work that
this country did In Cuba for the benefit of
that people wait the development of com
nionlcatlon Into tbo lutrtrior by means of
E0o l wagon roads When Governor Mn
Kcxja orsumnl control nnd began looking
about him for some vital things to do for
tho bcneflt of the island ho Immediately
hit upon roods Ho laid out n campaign
for road Improvement nnd for two yearn
y followed It consistently As n result
r there U a magnificent highway from one
tM to the other of the Island and it IK
bleats at a dozen poluts by equally good
cross ronds that run down to the tai orts
on the const
Cuba wan la n frightful condition an to
i roads in the beginning such highways
M ho Und originated from some cart fol
lowing n cow trail In 1U wanderings lu
the vogue unknown They ran hither and
thither without any system In n desul
tory WAr tbo previous Spanish ODd Cuban
Itnlnlstrntlons hnd built a patchwork of
road here and there but without system
oed with no continuance of policy that
Would make the different parts of the
IAlAnt nccC3ille to each other nnd bring
them In touch with the consi towns Those
roads that had been built were not of the
b st grade and had been very Indifferently
malntaloed I
From the standpoint of tbo country ns n
whole the road over which the farmer was
fcfcd to take his produce to market was
the crow country cart track ungraded
unnrnlnod During the dry season It wns
a most Indifferent country rood and dur
ing the half of the year In which the
rains full It was absolutely Impassible
and the fnrmcw weN entirely cut off from
communication with the outuldo world
This Isolation was occasionally broken by
the trip of a pack trainwhich floundered
through the mud to the great outside
but this was unusual Under these con
ditions the people had found It not worth
while to buy wagons and even during
the dry beacons the pack train was the
chief meniiH of transportation
The wheel mule was carried on chiefly
by means of the carrels the native
two wbeeled cart of the Island If the
Ingenuity of tbo people had led them to
March the world over for a vchlclo less
lilted for their purpose they would not
have been nble to find It The carretn
U n clumsy highwheeled cart with nn
unusually narrow tire Upon U may bo
placed loads ns great as four and live
tons This mines an Imraouko pressure
on tho two narrow tires and those cut
deeply Into the soft soli of the Island
The wheels are set loosely on the axle
nnd this load rocks tack uud forth throw
Ing nil Its weight now on one wheel nnd
now on the other and digging always Into
the road In the mud of the old roads
these vehicles mink often to the axle anti
on tho new road they make constant re
pairs necessary The provisional gov
ernment exerted all Us Influence to dis
courage their use even going so far as
to recommend their prohibition or to en
forca tho putting of a wider tire upon
them Under the old regime eight and
ton oxen wore necennnry to haul one of
these carts to market and days were need
ed for a trip of a few miles Now a pair
of mules docs the canto work In a few
hours
Governor Mngoon found that there woo
un accumulation of funds In the Cuban
treasury when ho assumed control Tbougn
tao people were In a condition of famine
the sources of the revenue of the govern
ment feN In order and the funds wcro
plentiful There wan 13000000 ns n
surplus that might bo used In some way
deemed most beneficial and the Provi
sional Governor decided upon made Thnt
was In 1000 and since that tlmo the com
pulgn bits bran most actively pushed I
In laying down tho plan for the co
bBlvo system of roads the Department of
Public Works decided on a scheme of
roads that would conolst of n highway
running cant nnd west from Santiago de
Cuba at the uno end of the Island to
Los Arroyo do Mantua at the other ex
treme This road would cut through the
heart of the Inland from end to end fbl
lowing ns a general thing the elevated
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ridge that make up Use watershed From
this main trunk line would branch off
roads that would lead to the chief barter
towns on cacti side nt least ono harbor
In each of the six provinces to bo so
favored In this way every provlnco
would bo connected by good roads with
every other and every section of tho
Island would IMS given on outlet to market
I The plnn hns been consistently follow
ed Contracts have been let to nntlvo
fluid outside men for tho building of
these roads and In some cases where theso
bidders were not found to bo Kitlsfac
tory the engineers of the nrmy of occu
pation have taken hold and pushed the
work Nothing has been allowed to stand
In the way nail Much R stir of Industry
ns the Island never know before has
been In progress
Realizing thnt the torrential rains of
the tropics would soon render dirt roads
useless the government undertook to
construct n highway built to last It
Insisted In the first place on n solid
foundation of Tclford macndnm of the
best stone native quarries would afford
und further thnt tho roads ha finished
throughout without neglect of uny de
tail necessary to durability
The roads were first graded sharp
turns being avoided and only nn incline
of nix per cent being nllowodr Six
Inches of rock In Jagged pieces nu big
as n mans two list was placed upon thin
grade Then came four Inches of small
er stone about the sirs of egg after
which tho fine nnrindug stone was
pluc d on All of this wan packed Into
a compact mass by the Immcnso steam
roller In tlmo they will under the
action of water and air combine Into
one solid rock road n fool thick thnt
will bo nearly as permanent us It Is
possible to construct a road
The roads urn uniformly 31 feet wide
of which the heavily paved section ot
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cupies 1C feet All culverts nre matte
of cement und are built for pcinnn I
once Bridges built throughout the
lalund arc tho most modern of steel
structure where this Is found necessary
or are of cement or wood ns the occa
sion demanded Where It was found
neccAfuiry to protect the roads from Inun
dntlou ditches have been dug to drum
the lowlands From every standpoint
the construction bus been thoroughly
modern nnd uptodate and modern too
from the standpoint of tho most progres
sive nation In tho world
A pretty feature of the completed road
Is the wellbuilt roadhouse at Intervals
of IS miles At these stations live tho
caretakers and crown thnt look after
the road after It It completed A ape i
tlal duty of these caretakers Is to de
velop cud plnnt trees along the nd
vny So readily do trees grow In Cuba
that It Is not dliQcult to foresee tho
time lu the not too for distant future
when every one of these roads from ono
end to the other of the Island will ho
n bower of nhmlc In which the traveler
can rldo from morning to night with
out feeling the rays of the tropical sun
These roods will bo like that Samoan
thoroughfare of Japan upon which In
years gone by a poor baron plant
ed choice abode trees because of the fact
that bo was n poor man and could serve his
country with only his Inbors ills work
line outlasted them all and IB hundreds
of yearn after his death mill serving
the people well
The people of Cuba were In a state of
revolution and threntened civil war when
tho United States Intervened Famine
wax nbrond In the land and tbo Indus
tries wero paralyzed It Wall In such nn
emergency as this that the opportunity
to work on the roads was1 given tho peo
ple The Intent revolution for instance
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turning to the right nnd left and then
spinning completely around at nn angle
of T5 degrees It raised Its bow anti Its
stern alternately and made short sharp
dashes In nay direction the engineer de
nlred It was n wonderful display of the
absolute control of the rnnchlne
lIter In tho some month the Kaisers
brother Prlnco Henry who visited this
country was n passenger and for n long
time steered the machine On this trip the
airship which Is pictured herewith stayed
up for seven hours Twentylive miles nn
hour against tbo wind were scored on
tho return trip this was went up to 30
Tho successful trip enjoyed by Prince
Henry Induced the crown prince to fly
too no In November last Frederick Wll
helm boarded the airship and sailed from
Frledrlchshafcn to Donnuoschlngen nt
linden where the Kaiser himself was
met The airship followed the Imperial
train Into the town nl un altitude of be
tween 400 and GOO feet tho crown prince
talking to his royal father through n
megaphone nnd the Kaiser acknowledging
this by waving his baud
Last but not least the Kaiser himself
decided lolly with Count Zeppelin On
the day scheduled one of his lUlU much
resembling the German ruler did ascend
anti the news wan telegraphed all over
tho world that the Kaiser had gone up
Tills was afterwards proven to bo nn
error though there Is n certalnty that
the Indefatigable Emporor will be found
one of these days flying In tho Zeppelin
In which he nan over maintained the most
thorough Interest This Interest Is so
keen thnt largely through his own sug
gcstlon following a report by the special
commission appointed by the war depart
ment the German government bas pur
chased tune Zeppelin Tills would seem to
establish beyond question the opinion by
eminent authorities In regard to the prac
ticability for war purposes of this nlr
shIpThere
There can he no sweet without Its bitter
the Llttlo War of August 1000 bad
I broken out In the west Plnur del lllo
had suffered from 1 cyclone which added
+ to the strolls lu which her people found
themselves Tho prospect of a fight had
drown to that province tlm adventurer
anti malcontents from n great part of the
Island and things looked critical It wns
At this Juncture thnt the Provisional Gov
ernment decided thnt tbla province wns
the point nt which work should be begun
Labor on theme rondn was offered to all
the Idle and unemployed but with the
underutnndlns thnt It was tbe work of
pence and that lawlessness should cease
The opportunity to wirn nn Immediate
competence wan readily grasped by I ho
factions nnd fo jn the provjncc vas ngnlu
tranquil and before long prosperous
The same principle worked throughout
the Island nnd with the building of the
As tho
roads came pence and prosperity
various motions were opened up the
fnrmluj people Jrnrnedlntely grasped the
opportunity that pros offered thorn to
market their crops and planting was be
gun Despite the shortness of the time
since the road building began the oppor
tbo
making posulblo to
tunity they ore
farmers Is already being fell and the
country Is ogaln In a condition of prosperity
perlly Yet the stem 1s still lucom
pleto and the time hns been so short
that crops have hardly had tlmo to ma
ture
the unrivaled tobacco lands
The area otthe
of Cuba that will bu In Ibis wny brought
under cultivation will be greatly Increased
wIl willhe
creased The country will bo opened up
rslvo grade of farming
to n more progree8lto farming
huge sugar p an a
in VO The
every way huugeesugar
dons of the Island may be nddcd to by
now ncccaslhle IruIt
others thnt am
mny ho exported from a greatly JncreawU
nnd lack of market
Tho liolntlon
nrcu the Inland Is
with aud
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and Count Zeppelins record of a 12hour
fllrjbt with his destroyed craft was lost
to him last fall when Major Gross semi
rigid airship stayed In the air for 13
hours It marks a triumph for the Ger
mnu army ofllcors Identified with nero
nnatlcy among whom Mnjor Groan who
designed the Parscval and new Parseval
has long been one of the most cousplcu
Otis membirs Professor Schulto of the
Technical University nt Duntzlg fol
lowed up the performance of Gross with
an announcement of plans for n rigid air
ship which will exceed thn Zeppelin In
spCLil and carrying power Wood Instead
of aluminum will be used on the Schutto
machine Two IGOhorsupowur BUS motors
will propel the ship
Count Zeppelin who has done so much
for aeronautics In 70 years old Ito Is n
retired nrmy officer At thu age of 25
ho was detailed nn lieutenant of cavalry
to oliscrvntlou duty with the Union Army
In tho Civil War Me Accompanied the
cavalry brlpide commanded by Cnrl
Schurz and his Oral ascent wns In 11
I balloon sent up to Investigate the Con
TTfB IIILE the average reader knows
flfl U Hint Michigan Is marvelously
vHJ rich along many lines of pro
duction few know that some of the
most prolltablo salt mines In the entire
world nro situated In this ono of the
Great Lakes states In 1003 the reports
Plato that Michigan turned out over 13
000000 barrels of line suit and In 1007
half n million more and the year before
that 7000000 barrels of unit were pro
duced the largest record and a tremen
dous addition to tbo Industrial activities
of the state
Tho fnlllnc oft In the Michigan salt In
dustry Is not due to lack of demand lack
of capital or lack of the raw product
It wns caused by the decline In the lum I
bering activity In Michigan which affect I
ed the fall mining strongly as much of
the salt la made from brine which In
evaporated by steam which In turn Is n
mere waste from the tremendous lumber
milling Industry of the commonwealth
The bad times affected the lumber re
gions tremendously as construction during
IOCS up until the mouth of November
was not more than GO per cent oc the
W = = FJ ff f Ze J
LulslazoGuc o cZ i
given an opportunity to enjoy her oppor
tunities OK she never enjoyed them be
fore
CorIt
It Is hard to appreciate rho fact that
these roads In Cuba nro tho best In the
world The natural thing would not bo
to attribute so progressive n thing to n
revolutionracked desultory unstahlo re
public In the tropics Yet It Is unques
tlonably the truth The why of It can
he rendlly understood The whole system
has been built within the past two years
Itoad building ns n science has been de
veloping most rapidly In the Jnat decade
ThlugK are now known about road build
ing that were not dreamed of live years
ago lined building has become U na
tional nnd International question and thus
country ban shown n very nctlvo Inter
est In It
Well these roads In Cubn were prac
tically built by the United Sautes gov
ernment AH the Information thnt has
been recently developed as to road build
ing was applied In thin Instance The
wholo system Is entirely modern Tbnro
Li no other system anywhere that has
been so recently built nod under ouch
WAY hack 1400 years before the
JI beginning of tho Christian ern long 1
before Moses lenrned tho myflterlca
of the Igyptlnn priesthood there oc
curred n period of about SOO years when
those dim figures In prehistoric times
tbe IIIltlte1 ruled or rather dominated
the diplomacy nud the clvlllintlon of tho
then civilized world which after nil
Included nnly Egypt India Syria Assyria
anti n fow sections of Asia Minor border
Ing on tho Caspian Sea und the Mediter
ranean
The Illttlten are known to tho average
reader merely from the name appearing
In the books of Moses also latter two of
these books But this was hundreds of
years after the lllttltcs lost their real
power as world rulers nnd had become I
weak nnd scattered tribes Tho hour of
I
history wherein tho llltUtex were tho
world powor Is dim and rogue Indeed I
yet this page of the story of the human
nice bRA been greatly cleared up by the
discoveries of Dr Hugo Wlncklcr tho
famous archaeologist of Berlin nt Bogbnz I
Kent In Asia Minor Hero have boon
located tho stupendous ruin of thu an
cient capital of tho Ulttlto empire the
city of Khnttn Hem Dr Wlncklcr dis
covered vast tablets of burnt slay on
which cuneiform Inscriptions of the most
ran historical nnd archaeological value
wore carved 3300 years ago
The most Important of these cuneiform
Inscriptions Is devoted to a great state
treaty between n Pharaoh of Egypt of the
eighteenth dynasty and tho emperor of
the Ulttltes who seems to hnvo ruled
over u confederation of tribes largely ro
Bembllnt lu political construction tbo
divisions of tho Jews into tribes under
Solomon numesofl IL Pharaoh of Egypt
I nnd Kilttu Sinn emperor of the Illttltos
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federate lines After tho AiutroPrnsslnn
Wnr and tho FrancoPrussian War In
both of which ho nerved with distinction
ho won retired ns a general Than It
was he began his loveatlgatlono la aero
nautics
Some Interesting facts about his airship
are It can nnd ban carried 10 persons I
nt ono time It is over 410 teat long and
45 feet In diameter Sixteen separate
compartments hold the gas for support
Ing tho airship Blunt nt thin bow It
tapers to tho stern whore tho steering
device Is fixed Underneath two Inde
r
pendent motors each of horsepower
are attached to Feprinite platforms
Sleeping quarters for the crew are pro
vided for and the airship carries n wire
less outflL Such Is tho greatest nlrsblp
of all times the machine which will ploy I
nn Important part In any European war j I
Germany may bo Involved In from this
tlmo forth only Instead of one the Gcr I
roan Army will have n fleet of tdtollnr 1 l
machines led forth to bnttlc by the Zep II
pelin Itself
I C
I Michigan Wealthy in Salt Mines II Z
records made In any ono of the three i fi i
preceding 12 months So tho steam util I r
ized In evaporating tbo salt brlno was P
not on hand ns It waste product and tbo
Bait works showed n correspondingly I
smaller output In a doglo county of r
Michigan COOO people work regularly In
getting up the salt brlno n thousand
feet below tho surface of tho ground I III
Soda ash useful In tho manufacture of i
glass nod soap Is another of the prod I i
ucts of brine mines The workings of I
these peculiar mines nro struogo to the
average reader It seems unusual for
miners to go a thousand feet under
ground to get snit water nnd to have I
the products of a mine pumped up nod I
then carried off In enormous pipe lines
to tbo factories where the evaporation
tnkcs place
Yet this Is the method of these mines i
which lire mines of brluc and not of salt
I
as one sees It In commerce These supplies
of Knit brine nre of such vast extent thnt
untold ages must elapse according to ex
pert estimates before there Is any dancer I Jill
of extinction of the salt Industries of
Michigan
t
favorable circumstances It Is therefore
safe to sty that the reads In Cuba arc
better than those In the United States
In England In Irunce or nny plnco elee
This notion has served Cuba better
than Us citizens realize anti better than
Cuba herself will acknowledge While
giving that Island the possibilities of good N
government uuder tho steadying band of II
the genial Provisional Governor the
United States hits gone further nnd given e
her such Improvements na she would
never have gotten for herself The lal
and has bcruclf paid for this Improve
ment as a mutter of fact but It has
beau no little expense on the part of the
United States to administer tho affairs
of Cuba and the spirit back of 1tls ono I
novor before shown In the history of the
world except In the Philippines Na I
tional nnd International philanthropy U anew
new thins In the world but this country
Is demonstrating tbo possibility of n
great nntlon helping n weak one as It s
wealthy und wise man might help n poor
one Iud show him the way to prosperity
t
These tbloga are being accomplished nod
speak for themselves
I When the Hittites Ruled the World
t
drew up this treaty after the celebrated f
brittle of Kodesb wherein the nittltes I tra
cud tbe Egyptians fought nearly n drawn
battle At this tlmo tbe Hlltltcs had for
200 years or thereabouts been the domi
nating factor In UIO diplomatic exchange
between the tow really biff untlons of
tho known world
But after tho bnttlc of Kndcsh had i
shown the Hlttltes thnt the Egyptian
were becoming n Brent military power
tho two kingdoms formed nn offensive
nod defcnelvo nlllnnce with provisions I
a
for extradition especially of political of
fenders This acton of tbo domlnntlucr
lllttitcs was brought about by Khlttu
Hitttes WO
Sllns growing dread of this newly formed 1
nnd rnpldly rising power of the Assyrlnn
empire which n few hundred yearn later
conquered Babylon and the beet section i
of the world of partial civilization
The making of this treaty which Is tho
earliest known treaty ever made by mankind
corlCt Lnown 1
kind which leaven us I record of historical
value occupied three months and In It
ceeoplc nnd tbe
the Hlttlto confederation
Egypt cnCeternton
Hittte Ito
powjr of Ilubylonln nil bound themselves
to tight against tho owlftly rising power
of tho Asayrlnns i
Tho Illbllcal referenced of the Bible
naturally enough did not reveal the Hit
nnhlrly even of ex
tile as a world power or
trcrno local Importnnco for the early
locl 1mIHrtnc S
tero Joshua and
struggles oC tbo Jews under Johul
other Jewish heroes occurred long after
under tho
tho Hlttllos hall disappeared Iller e
tlo
surging power of the Assyrian monarchy
which under Nebuchadnezzar overcame
the Jews and sacked Jerusalem This
occurred In tho period of tbo Prophet IS
Daniel who saw the Mcdes nod Persians
overthrow the Assyrians Just 119 hon
drcdjf of years before the Assyrian over
came the Hlttltcs In Mceapotanlo j
J 7
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