r ?
The Care
(Essay by Williams Halfacre, TenthGrade,
Newberry High Schoolj
The art of caring for trees has long i
"* 1T- ? T-'v Anian+o] !
j^k reen Known. n.veu m luc kji.
^';v countries the trees were protected \
WL and cared for. When the first settlers j
K came to tfcis country they began clear-1
jV iiig the forest and preparing the soil!
for cultivation. Ever since, the de-!
struction of the forest has continued, j
||BHp At length, in 1890, the government |
took measures to prevent it. A di- j
I - vision of forestry has been formed un-,
<jer the department of agricrlture. T.:e j
land owners also have much t'o do to- j
warn oarinor for trees. Ke spends
"" o -
much money to have the trees on his j
].remises properly cared for. In some !
jT.rts of the country the national gov- |
(eminent supplies private landowners !
"wit?h trees.
Productive and beautiful trees must j
be cared for. They are very valuable j
:o man. From them we get food, nuts, j
fruits, tar, medicine, lumber, resin, j
camphor, turpentine, rubber and many |
* * " >T"1 valiiahlo !
rotner tnings. n uc) art .
lor their influence on the climate, j
Tfcey are important for tueir ornament
and shade. In the country the
Icrests are used as wind breaks, and
prevent many houses from being destroyed
by tornados and wind storms.
They hold moisture and sandy, shifting
soil and prevent floods. The leaves
also decay and !:orm coal. Tb? trees
furnish shelter for birds and animals.
Trees have many enemies, and man
is the greatest. He destroys many
valuable trees clearing the land for
cultivation; Birds and insects are
trees' enemies also; they bore into the
bark, causing the sap to be wasted
and the faeart of the trees to dry out,
* \ thus killing them. Parasites, such as
mistletoe and moss, destroy many
lhardwood trees, such as the beautiful
oak, by sucking the sap out of them.
- Foys carelessly destroy many while
at play in the woods. Storms often
b?ow down trees. Often the big forests
catch on fire through carelessness
and hundreds and hundreds of acres
cf trees are burned. Toad stools on
a tree are a sure sign of decay.
Trees must be taken care of to get
?~ie best results out o?: them. When
t&.?ir enemies are upon them, a remedy
should be applied or a tree surgeon
called. Sometimes the soil- around
the roots needs to be changed. Sometimes
some of the limbs of tie tree
Slave decayed and need to he cut off.
Y-;hen a limb is cut off the wound j
should be dressed with some preparation
used by the tree surgeon.
In many towns and cities leagues
have been formed to care for and protect
Lrees. Tey plant them in parks j
and in public places and often change j
a dirty, unhealthy place into a beau- j
tiful playground or resting place j
Xa st to wns have planted trees along \
the streets, between the driveways j
i ud sidewalks. Of course this adds to j
U'.ie (beauty of the town. It is a very j
beautiful sight to see a green lawn
"V dotted with trees well cared for.
The forester's work is not only to
ire vent forest fires, but to look after
tie creation and maintenance oi." forest
reserves. The reforesting of decided
areas, the assisting of private
owners in caring for forests and wood
lands and co-operation with different
states in their attempt to preserve
f' -ests within tfceir boundaries, and
to prevent forests from being destroyed
by lumbermen, are a few of the
of er duties of the forester.
The government has established several
agricultural stations nor the purpose
of training meit_to care for trees.
The University of Minnesota, the Agricultural
college of Michigan, Yale
and Harvard are training, experts who
- - - - * x j -A
are devoting tneir lite to Z-e siuuy ui
trees. Tree surgeons are in demand
cow in different parts of *be country.
I am advised that the field of forestry
f
today offers one of the greatest op,
portunities for usefulness and pleasr
ant and profitable life to* the young
r^en o.T tftis country.
?o? *
(Miss Ruth Digby, Tenth Grade, XewL
berry Graded School.)
\ Trees are, from every point of view,
* among the most helpful friends of
man. Perhaps no other natural agent
has done so muali for the human race
ard yet been so recklessly misused.
Trees, like people, tave special requirements
for the things upon which
their life depends. The needs of difk
Cerent species of trees are, in fact,
J, w.ore varied and distinct than the
*eds olf different races of men. W ile
some trees can grow even within tl':e
arctic circle, others can grow only in
(tropical countries, and are not able to
resist the lightest frost. It is gener
ally the highest or lowest temperature,
and not the average, whidh: decides
whether or not certain trees
"will grow. The various requirements
^ of trees?temperature, moisture and
B light?are, therefore, responsible for
their distribution over the face of tho
* earth.
Taken individually, or as a community,
or forest, trees are well worth
J
1 of Trees i
i
???-?j
any amount of care expended on them, j
and people hae at last realized t;.e:
fact One of the most important works
of tile civic leagues o: village, town I
atd city is the planting and caring1
for trees. Trees planted in this waare
mainly or beauty and shade.
Resides planting and caring for newtrees,
people have learned how to care
for old trees, instead of letting uem
dif. with no effort to save t :em, as
t ey have been wont to do. Men who J
have made an extensive study of this \
and who are known as tree surgeons,
have learned how to patc.i up and doctor
trees and rid them of their enemies,
of which ti ere are so many. A (
(J.tl TWO?Care of Trees
x i.-i- 1 I
great improvement 111 quantity
quality cf all fruits bus been made
.-inee man has learned the art of
pruning, spraying, etc .
However the really great work don ">
in the care of trees is by the men in
the forestry service, for the trees t. at
r ake up forests are the ones that render
such service to the world in a
hundred ways T:e history o. the life
of a forest is a I istory of the harm
(and help which the trees receive from
cr-e another and from man, beast and
other agents. On one side every tree)
is engaged in an incessant struggle
against its neighbor for light, water
r.-nA ?+ v? n t>iro?> fi incc trppc nped
emu iwu un ww
most. On the other side, each tree is
constantly working with all its neighbors
to bring about the best conditions
ol the soil and air for tine growti; and
fighting power of every other tree.
On one side are the enemies of trees-?
men. animals, birds, insects, parasites,
s-orms and fires?doing almost irreparable
harbi and injury, whether intentional
or not. On the other side
aie men w!. o, realizing t. e importance
o: forest preservation, are doing all
that is possible1 to keep harm away
from trees and to repair any llrarm already
done.
Of the many enemies of the forest,
reckless lumbering is one of the worst.
The usual lumbering is done without
regard or care for the future. Tae!
yield of a forest lumbered in C is way j
is more or less thoroughly harvested, j
but at an enormous cost to the forest.
The young growth for both present
and future is injured or destroyed,*
fires are provoked and fed, and many
other kinds of 'iarm ensue. In many
cases. the productive capacity o: forest
land is destroyed for from ten to
twenty years. On t! -e other hand, correct
methods of lumbering maintain
and increase the productiveness of
fcrest land, harvest the yield more
completely, though less rapidly t!:an
the usual lumbering, prepare for, encourage
and preserve the young
growth, and in general draw from the
forest, wuile protecting it, the best
lvturn which it is capable of giving.
The grazing of animals injures forests
in three ways: by causing fires,
by trampling and by browsing. Burning
the soil cover of grass and other
plants improves grazing, and sheep
men of the West are commonly accused
o setting fires for this purpose.
Cattle and horses do comparatively
little fcarm by tramping, but the sharp
hoofs of s&eep cut and powder the
soil, break and overthrow young trees
and often destroy promising young forests
altogether. The animals which
do the most harm by browsing are
gcats, cattle and steep. I^ogs also,
to a certain extent, are harmful to
forests.
Insects and birds are constantly injuring
forests, and the ravages of inects
occasionally attain enormous pro
;>ortions. Some iasects kill trees by
eating away all tf:e leaves and some
by attacking the bark.
Parasites harm trees in many ways.
Some cling to the branches, as mistletoe,
and sap the tree's-strength; some
attack the roots, some grow upward
from tf:e ground into trees, rotting
the wood, and the minute spores of
others float through the air and come
in contact with every exposed part
the tree. Spores breed disease
wherever they find lodgment, and
therefore all wounds, such as / t.ose
made by pruning, should be covered
r
In- some substance like paint or tar.
| to exclude the air ard it- spores.
S:orms can not be wholly c.cnsid
t. red enemies to trees, tor ail oug.i
t! ey overthrow great numbers o trees,
their removal is usually followed by
a vigorous voting growth where t'e
old trees siood. Damage from wind
smrrrm i< not uncommon in the 1'nited
States, and in some places is very
serious. There is little use in taking
precautions against such storm? yet
the loss may be greatly reduced by
judicious cutting. It is also difficult
ro guard against t e injury <Ione by
snow storms. However, in many regxns
snow is ?o useful in protecting
Sf:il and young trees tha: the harm it
does is quite overbalanced by its
benefits.
Of all t e enemies of trees, none is
so terrible as fire. Forest lires spring
ircm many aiuei trm, ca-u^us. 11117
often kindled by sparks from locomotives.
Care-essnes is responsible
Tor many fires. Farmers, clearing
1: r.d or burning grass and brush, ofteu
a low the fire to escape into the woods,
"(be carelessness of hunters, campers,
etc. is responsible for many fires, and
many are set for malice and revenge.
Ti e means o. fighting forest fires
.<ie not everywhere' the same, for ttey
bi*rn in many different ways, but in
every case the best time to fight a
fire is at the beginning, before it has
had time to spread. Surface fires are
s- me times checked by beating them
-anti-) o-ropn hra-nclies. or bv raking
the leaves away from a narrow strip
across their course. Dirt or sand
thrown on a burning fire is one of
the best means of putting it out. Fires
which burn clear into the ground can
usually be checked only by digging
trenches in the soil. Another means
oi defense is the building of back-fires,
r-gainst the wind and toward the main
fere. When the two meet they must
gc out lor lack of fuel. 'Many fires are
checked by rain, change of wind or
by meeting some impassable barrier.
(>.' all the work done by men all
c.er the^vorld in caring for and protecting
trees, the most heroic is the
fighting of forest fires, for all the
means of defence are absolutely useless
without brave, strong men to really
fight the great fires as they sweep
a'ong, destroying life as well as property.
?o?
(Miss Eloisc Feierson. Tenth Grade,
Newberry HigT:< Scho61.)
Most people know that trees are
beautiful things; a great many know
that they are useful tilings, but fewpeople
realize that trees are absolutely
essential to existence. Not only
? - ? ? ^ Vv. \ ,\v> r? Kl a t rv o r?
would man never nave auic ?.v advance
from savagery without trees,
but wit out them he could never tave
been a savage. He could not have existed
at all.
Whether we travel in an automobile,
street, car. wagon, buggy, ship
or a train, it is the forest that carribs
us. In the automobile the tires and
body were once a tree. T.ere could
have been no machinery without trees.
The street car, wagon, buggy or ship
is a moving forest. Wfcen we see the
train rushifag with a great clatter of
iron and steel across the eartn', we
see a forest in motion. The rails on
which the train runs are supported by
wooden, tires. The carriages were
fcewn out of the iforest. The seats on
whictot we sit, the floor on which we
rest our '-'eet and the roof that sheds
off the sun and Tain were once grown
in tbe sun and rooted fast in the earth.
Not only this; tf:e iron and steel which
make such a clatter, as though they
were doing all the work, could not
have taken their part in tf:e advance
of humanity without fire, and without
trees therp could have been no fire.
The steam shrieking from tf:e whistle,
the smoke drifting from the funnel
and the sparks whirling in the air were
once trees. Every spark and every
lump of coal was once hidden in a
tree. The death' of tifce forest is the
birth of the coal field, and out of the
ccral field leaps progress, man's helper
and salvation, in her robe of fire.
Let us turn away from the train,
and wl'ierever we look we shall see the
same energy and activity o the forest.
Our houses are cut from the forest.
When we open our door we move a
tree. When we cross a room we are
| tramping f!:c forest. If wo write, it
j is still ih-e forest t) at suppli is us wil i j
j i apt r ;;n;i ink. I: is cold; wo will nav?j j
' a fire the forest lights it. Wo an? !
huimrv; ',-t us -at?not only does th:|
; forest cook our meal, but ii supplies i
j ] art cf it. The bananas, grape :ruit
, pears, poaches, er.errids, dates, cocoaj
ruts, pecans and walnuts are supplied
i by ti e trees. The coffee and cocoa*
! which we drink and the sugar we use
* I
< are obtained from trees. From dining
j room and kitchen to the parlor we fin j
! the furniture made from t "e forest.
' :V;*ost o the children's toys were once
i part of a tree \:
! Not only in our country, but in for-!
! eign lands, trees supply ! ome ani j
food for man. In lu iia thfre is a tree
whose berries rurnisa fiour for bn.id.
In China and India the bamboo treiis
used for :ood. shelter and clothing. 1
On the d' S> rt t; e only food is obtained
from the palm tree.
Most all of t e medicines used by
doctors were extracted frcm trees.
; The only cure for malaria, quinine, is i
{ secured . rom the cinchona tree.
; Not only are trees shelter and food j
j for man, but they are si.elter and food j
| for a great many animals and birds.!
: Animals, as the monkey and squirrel,
are supplied with botn by trees. The ;
little silk worm feeds on the mulberry
4,ree. 'The most costly fabric we have
is made by tLis silk worm Most of
the dyes used in dyeing our clothing
are obtained from trees.
1 If we cross the desert of Sahara we
find ourselves ploughing through an
ocean of sand. Nothing will grow
there. It is a dead land, profitless,
empty and appalling. Now, the whole
earth would be one great Sahara but
for trees. Sahara would not be a desert
if it were covered by trees. So
the eartl:.! is wi'.:at it is acording to the
presence or absence o. trees.
i
Forests present to the sun an imj
mense umbrella. TL<e- shield the soii
; from the hot rays which would other|
wise burn up into smoke-like dust the
I rich pastures of the earth's crust. No:
' only do forests intercept the scorchj
ing rays of the sun, driving them back
] from rhe earth, but f.:ey also preserve
j springs at t eir roots from the thirsty
i greed those rays. All countries
j along the lovely Mediterranean sea?
j Turkey, Italy, Spain and France,
thougi.:- still beautiful in their coloring
and so pleasant in winter?are the
ruins of what they once were. Once
I these lands were fertile to an unusual
I
; degree, with plenty of springs to give
I them water for man and beast, and
! to give life to their crops. But t:e
| axe was laid to the root of the tree
and the mighty forests were cut down.
As a result, ine iana grew suikv iiuu
lhe springs dried up. It was possible
only in certain places for man to
scrape a living. Now we may walk
for a day along Riviera without seeing
a single bird. Wi en we read of tho
terrible famines in British India
sweeping away the inhabitants as if j
they \rere so many flies, we should j
remind ourself that man's folly is the j
cause of tl:is havoc Once the mountain
slopes of India were covered with
magnificent forests. These were cut
down and sold for money. The people
did not realize that God makes a thing
useful as well asa beautiful. ?The beautiful
trees thus 'hewn down were in
reality the most useful servants of
India. It was those idle-looking trees
which, in the blessed season of rian,
drank up at a million-million mouths
tho nrppfona drnns of moisture and
stored them for that dread of India,
the sunny day. Now, wlien the rain
falls there are few forests to catcli
it; the drops strike the earth, sink
in or slide to the rivers, and away
tfrey go to the sea water, running
away from a pard.ed and arid. land.
The great forest of Indian was India's
water tap.
Trees, then, we see, not only do service
to the soil, and not only preserve
for our use the springs of water, but
they also affect climate. The climates
of countries are very largely influenced
by the presence or absence of j
trees. .The thick matting of dead j
leaves and branches which covers all
if ores t areas prevents rapid evaporation
and1 enables the water which the
ground receives from rain and melting
snow to flow out gradually throughsprings
and rivulets. The moist atK
WHITE
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e Shoes be Black, White or Tan ?
at Won't Come Off on the Clothes ?
le "Easy-Opening" Box, 10c.
ALLEY CO., LTD., BUFFALO, N. Y.. HAN
nULJnLl
mosj.hero can >.<?,! by t::is soil and < >:f
elation of va; (.r through leaves also
increases ihe rainfall of a locality.
W/i- n ti e crests are cut av.ay, as we
I'avi;- seen, the rapid evaporation from
the soil causes the underground <
streams to become dry, or nearly so. :
during certain months o the year. '
wf lie' the compactness of t:.:e soil i
caused the water from heavy rains
and snow to run off rapidly into val- ,
leys. I
Thus we see there is not an art. [
not a science, not a comfort, not 'i !
beauty, which does not i?sue from the !
"r.e-art of the forest. T! ere.'ore we
siiOr.ld cultivate in ourselves a lo e
for trees and look upon them with j
something more than mere admira- !
tion.
1
> ?
TOLBKRT W1TILTY OF
3IFHDER? SAYS Jl KY '
(
Execution Set for April 2?Prisoner!
Swoons on Hearing Death Sentenee
Pronounced.
Xews and Courier:
Greenwood, Ma ran: 6.?jA. C. Tolbert, i
the young cotton mill operative, was |
found guilty o murder this afternoon, I
after a short deliberation by ti e jury,
which had heard all the evidence adduced
since yesterday afternoon a: 3
o'clock, when t?e trial began. Tae
testimony was practically completed
yesterday evening, and the morning occupied
witto arguments of counsel for
defence. Solicitor Cooper in reply.
Judge Moore delivered his charge
shortly before 1 o'clock. At 3:10 the
jury brought in its verdict, "Guilty of
i.oirder." Tolbert was found guilty
of an atrocious crime. He choked 'his
young wife to death while ti:e two were
alone in a room in a house at Panola
Mill, a few days before Christmas. He
waited an hour a ter committing the
crime before he notified anyone, saying
he wanted to be sure s'he was dead.
At the trial he testrfiel that her infidelity
was the cause of his rage toward
her. The plea of the defence was insanity,
and testimony both o: physicians
and others was offered that Tolbert
was "peculiar" or cfazy. Wl.'.ea
TnHoro "Mnrvrp. thp riftatJi sen
tence Tolbert fell as in a swoon. He
I
was carried into a jury room and given
medical attention. The date of execution
was fixed for April 2. Court adjourned
after sentenced had been pronounced
on Tolbert.
*
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i KOKTS EMPKE<;\A?1.E
f
i
; Berlin, via London, March 4.?:At1
tachts o. t.e Turkish embassy here
i profess to he unconcerned regarding
ire bombardment of :he Dardanelles
forts by the great allied tieot. They
declare that the fortifications are impregnable,
that t'. e landing ol' troops
at the entrance of the straits is imi'O'^iJ
!c, and fat any attempt to lane]
a fore* at some point along the shore
of the' gulf of Saros would require
:uovp men than the allies could concentrate,
leaving o-at of consideration
s;rcng Turkish forces stationed
at ti'I "hreatened points.
The Constantinople correspondent
of the Frank urier Zeitung sends '-.is
paper an interview vrh Hnv^r Pasha, *
in which-the c' ief of the ll/urkish general
starf is said to have declared v at
i o damage to the outer ions was less
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forts are t.ie oldest of the entire line
arjd their early reduction a*ways ^ as
Lecn expected if a serious attack,were
mace upon the Dardanelles. The allied
fleet, he declared, !.:as yet to reach
the jval line of defence.
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/
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rnone 133. j*ew?crry, a.
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Catch Cold?Then Follows '
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NpurAlc(iA
Especially in the piercing pain I
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...