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77zGJ3einnin of for Z?e Yqijs mi 1- - . - i i in i The Evolution of Small Stone Projectiles Hurled From Catapults Into a Huge Torpedo - How the Roman Galley Rowed By Men Has Been Evolved Into the Giant Dreadnaught. Copyright, 1917. by The W IIILST It Is natural to suppose III that man engaged in warfare tl against his follow man on land long before ho fought battles on the sea, yet almost as far back as history has any authentic records, It Is known that there were naval conflicts with small crafts and simple implements of war. Rowed By Men. Amongst tho earliest fighting ves sels of which we have any record are the Egyptian galleys of Rameses III, 1200, B. C. These vessels wore pro pelled by oars operated by rowers with sails as an auxiliary power and steered by means of oars or paddles situated aft on each side. In later years galleys having from two to five rows or banks of oars were made. The fighting men were stationed on a platform above the head of the rowers, a forecastle being erected at tho bows and a poop at the stern, above the level of this plat form, to accommodate the catapults and other "ordnance." The archers were also stationed on these, whilst the sllngcrs or stone casters occupied the top. The Roman galleys carried a "cor vus," an Ingenuous "landing" device, In the shape of a long gangway hinged life mzxsw&m&MU?mtgsmimBB&mm.. s.j . iiiii -trs . y s s- 7ir ry ls Tunes Which Our Boys Will Take Across the Seas With Them - Old Favorites Still Popular - Stir ring Songs of the Marine Corps -Army and Navy Marches and Ditties. Copyright, 1017, by The J GROUP of officers In embryo LI from the Fort Mycr Officers' Reserve Training Camp walked J M Into a Washington restaurant one evening. The spirit of gaiety pos sessing them they sang this ditty to the rhythmic rapping of fists on table and sticks on floor: God help Kaiser BIHj God help Kaiser BUI; Undo Sammy ho gets tho Infantry, He gets the cavalry, He gets tho artillery. Then, wo all go to Germany. 3od help Kaiser BUI. It was simply one of the rhymes which had sprung up spontaneously to fit and fill somo particular time and tune, but In a day tho whimsical bit of nonsense had mado Itself one of the songs of tho soldiers. Our Fighters Select Their Own Songs. Thousands of patriotic and senti mental war songs have been placed upon the market slnco tho commence ment of tho present war, but a very small proportion of them are adopted by tho military man. The American Army and Navy and Marino Corps make no rules for the musical guid ance ot their men, as do somo Eu ropean countries, but lot them chooso their own songs for march and camp ers. It was because of no hard and fast musical direction that Tommy Atkins picked up tho Muslo hall song "Tip pcrary," and mado It tho war song of the British soldier during the first year of the conflict. It is still sung by tho men abroad, but others have becomo nearly as popular. A British weekly which devotes a column to printing soldiers' requests for gifts which will add to their comfort or pleasure, has of late, contained more requests for "Keep tho Homo Fires Burning till tho Boys Come Homo," than any other song. This song was International Syndicate. to tho bottom of tho mast and lashed to It In a vertical position until tho enemy vessel was reached, when the end of the gangway was allowed to fall on the enemy's deck to provide a passago for the attacking force, whilst the spike or beak projecting from the underside of the board at Its outer end embedded Itself In tho enemy's deck. Beginning Of Ilritlsh Navy. The first British attempt to provldo a navy was made by Alfred tho Great, toward tho end of tho ninth century. About this time England was bothered by the incursions of the Danes. Dur ing the reign of King John a number of English warships destroyed tho French fleet at the battle of Damme, In 1213. Four years later an English fleet again defeated the French, the victory being duo to tho fact that the English fleet threw quick lime at the enemy's sailors and blinded them. The Introduction of steam power In 1832 caused a great change In naval design and paddle steamers were built but these wero only moderately suc cessful. In 1843 the first screw pro peller was built, but It was five years later that the screw was applied to the line of battleship. Although sat isfactory Iron ships were built In 1832, Iron was not adopted by tho Naval Iutcrnatloual Syndicate. composed something over a year ago by Ivor Novello, tho twenty-two year old English composer, who Is one of a group of Britons who havo gone to the foreign fields to entertain the sol diers in their leisure hours. He noted tho lack of somo present-day song, which appealed to tho sentimental longings of Tommy, and tried to fill this need by an original composition. Tho song seems to havo fulfilled its mission as not only has It been used by tho thousands of English soldiers, but It has been transplanted Into six languages and Is heard all through tho trenches and camps of the Allies. The tuneful air Is bo easily caught that It makes a bid for Instant popularity and the words strike homo to tho heart of the men in tho trenches. Tho chorus tells the story: Keep tho homo fires burning, While your hearts are yearning; Though your lads are far away they dream of home. There's a silver lining Through tho dark clouds shining; Turn the dark cloud Inside out till the boys como homo. Lieutenant Win. H. Santelmann, leader of tho United States Marino Band, the foremost military band In the United States, was Interviewed In regard to what songs tho American fighting men would tako with them across to camp and foreign field. In reply to the question ho said: "They will tako with them their own flno patriotic songs, first and foremost of which Ib tho 'Star- Spangled Banner,' the accredited na tlonal song of this country. Then will como 'America,' 'Columbia, Gem of tho Ocean,' and othor purely national and patriotic songs. Strange as It may scorn, tho Civil War songs have novor lost their popularity among tho Boldlors, and they will bo sung on tho march today by our men as fre quently as any others. The tune of authorities for fighting craft until 1850, when wooden beams In certain warships woro replaced by iron. Explosive Shell. Russia Is responsible for the ex ploslvo shell, and used them first against tho Turkish vessels In 1854. Armored vessels camo Into existence as the result. Tho La Glolro, built by the French, was tho first sea going Iron clad vessel. Great Britain fol lowed with tho Warrior, launched In 18 CO. But these vessels wero protect ed by iron-side armor, about four and one-half Inches thick. It was found by experiments that the most powerful gun used at that tlmo could not pene trate it. Tho Warrior carried a crew of 700 men and cost $1,600,000 to build, a small sum when compared with tho $17,000,000 cost of tho mod ern battleship. In later years steel took the place of Iron, tho hardened steel being double In Its resistance to shells. The American Civil War led to tho pro duction of a vessel of a peculiar typo known as a monitor. Two or more heavy guns wore mounted on a re volving turret of heavily plated armor. The vessel Itself had a very low free board and was unsulted for high sea work, and was built to be used on river estuaries. Tho hull was so deep ly submerged as to be fairly safe un der gun fire. Naval Guns And Armor. From 1875 to 1889 the power of guns Increased more rapidly than the resistance of armor, and as the result vessels were built In which the central turret containing tho guns was pro- waj? AyQyGS 'John Brown's Body,' whethor sung to Its original words or to those more fitting, In Julia Ward Howe's 'Battlo Hymn of tho Republic,' with Its stir ring 'Glory, Glory Hallelujah!' chorus Is as popular a marching song today as ever It was. So Is that flno song, The Battlo Cry of Freedom.' 'When Johnnie Comos Marching Home Again' is still sung today, as Is the quaint old fife air, 'Tho Girl I Loft Behind Me.' 1 Old-Fashlonwl Favorites. "American boys, especially those from tho South, all liko 'Dixie,' and thoy are very partial to the old planta tion songs, 'Old Kentucky Home,' 'Old Folks at Home' and 'Maryland, My Maryland,' and they all mako good marching songs. After theso old fashioned favorites, tho boys cliopso a few of tho most popular of tho songs of the day, making tho selection largely as to tholr needs and condi tions. , "Tho song of this character used In tho Spanish-American war was, 'Thero'll bo a Hot Time In the Old Town Tonight,' and it was sung on overy posslblo occasion. It has spirit and Is good to march to. It will probably be found In this war that tho soldiers will make an exchange of songs with tho men on tho other sldo, and our men will likely como back with an acquisition of English and French favorites." As to battle marches Lieutenant tccted with armor 24 Inches thick whilst the bow and tho stern wero loft unprotected. This unsatisfactory method was discontinued about 1889, when hardened steel slating so re duced armor weight that it became possible for a vessel to carry adequato protection. Whilst arrows and spears were thrown by the fighting men on war vessels as early as 100, B. C, tho be ginning of naval artillery camo much later. Tho advent of tho cannon early In tho fourteenth century may bo looked upon as the start of this branch, of warfare, although tho catapult for throwing stones was used long before this period. The Venotlnn Navy used cannon at sea In 1380. Tho barrels of theso cannon were made of hooped Iron. Early In the fifteenth century It became necessary to arm merchant vessels, and tho old typo of cannon known as Bombards were used. During this century a French In ventor hit upon the Idea of mounting guns on other decks at port holes. At first the port holes wero circular and only a llttlo larger than tho guns. Theso were found unsatisfactory, as the gun had to remain in a fixed posi tion so the circular port holes were superseded by oblong ones. During the reign of Henry VIII, naval artillery in England had reached such a perfection that the Venetian Ambassador Informed his government that the English King Santelmann declared that none In any country wore finer than those by John Philip Sousa. "They aro popular In every land," said ho, "and In every arm of tho Borvlco. Sousa Is literally tho 'March King" In every senso of tho word. His latest march, 'Path finder of Panama,' Is ono of his best, and Is very popular as a war march today. Ills 'Semper Fldolls' Is tho march of tho united states Marines. and Is used by them on all formal occasions." Lieutenant Santelmann roferred with interest to tho fact that Sousa has volunteered his services to train several bands for tho United Stntos Navy and hos enrolled as a lieutenant In tho Naval Reserve Corps for this purpose. Tho great bandmaster pro poses to secure from publishers and friends a "carload" ot muslo for tho boys In the war. Lt. Santclmnnn's Popular Mnrchcs. Lieutenant Santelmann Is himself tho composer of a number of popular marches, which will bo used by United States troops today. His "Thomas Jefferson March" is vory popular, and his "Thomas Hoywood March," dedi cated to tho late commandant of the United States Marno Corps, Is fre quently used by tho troops en route. The U. S. Marine Band leader has also mado a popular arrangoment of tho familiar sotting for "Tho Marines' Hymn." This Is one of tho real war songs of ,tK American nation, and Is "had cannon enough to conquer hell." In the days of Lord Nelson tho largest gun In common use at sea was the long 32 pounder carried by tho "Victory" on her lower deck at Tra falgar. This gun consisted of a sim ple cast Iron tube mounted on trun nions fixed to a wooden carriage Tho gun muzzle was lowered by hand spikes Inserted bcloW tho breech and retained by wedges driven under tho breech and at any desired elevation. When tho gun was to bo trained on a particular object tho carriage was moved bodily, tho recoil being kept within bounds by a cablo passing through an eyo at tho breech of tho gun tho ends of which were fastened to tho sides of tho vessel. Tho gun was loaded from tho muzzle and fired through a touch-hole near tho breech. Liquid Fire. Moro than 100, B. C, tho Rhodlans attempted to firo hostile vessels by means of caldrons of burning material carried at tho end of spars from tho bows of their ships, and even as late as 1809, Lord Cochrano used flro ships In his attack on tho French in tho Basquo Roads. In this instance the hold of threo little ycss13. known as flro ships wero filled with powder casks and sand covered with heavy timber, which was again covered with hand grenades and rockets. In 1C72 flreshlps played an Import ant part In tho Dutch War, when the English and French ships had flre H sung by tho Marino Corps on many occasions. It recounts In stirring lines tho deeds ot Uncle Sam's splen did "soldiers of the sea" from earliest to latest victories, and Is worthy of preservation. Following Is the first verso: From tho Halls of Montezuma, To tho shores of Tripoli, We fight our country's battles On tho land as on tho- sea. First to fight for right and freedom And to keep our honor clean, Wo aro proud to claim the title Of United States Marino. The Marino Corps Is rich in songs written for Its especial uso, and many of them havo been adopted. Some of tho best havobecn composed by the amphibious warriors themselves. The spirited "Chanson of tho United States Marines," by Corporal Percy Webb, U. S. M. C has as Its subject the staunch motto of tho corps, "Sompor Fldells." Its first verso Is as follows: Thcro Is a motto bold, Written in lottors gold, Blazoned on every fold, Loyal and zealous! On that proud flag we bear. Peerless beyond compare, Borno with us everywhere, Sompor Fldells! A eal .Marino Corps Song, trho "soldiers of the sea" have been shlps provided with huge caldrons carried at the ends of hinged masts or derricks by means of which the Are caldrons' position could bo adjust ed so as to bring It Into contact with tho most inflammable part of tho ves sel attacked. Great Are balls com posed of chemical substances, which when set on flro could not be quenched by water were thrown on tho decks of tho enemy's vessels. On shore the forts wero equipped with catapults for shooting liquid fire on tho decks of tho enemy's vessels which approached the shore. These streams of Are pro duced a gas which made men lnsensl bio and frequently killed them, so aft er all poisonous gas is centuries old. Submarines, Torpedoes And Mines. As far back as 1578 inventors thought of submarines and a curious undor-water boat was built by Dcmus Papln, In 1C90. It was not a success and although many attempts were made It was not until David Bushncll's Turtle, In 1776, tried to blockade the British fleet on the American coast, that this typo of vessel was fairly successful. This machine seoms to have bocn the ancestor of the mine as well as of the submarine for It was arranged so that a mino could be exploded under tho encmys' ship. An other early submarine was the one Invented by Robert Fulton, in 1801. It was propelled by hand and was fitted with diving planes aft. It was filled with a detachable spike, which the Inspiration of countless poets and songsters and the men themselves have taken kindly to many of them. For a number of years "The United States Marines," which Is one of the songs of the corps has been published as anonymous. Since the verse has been recently republished a number of times lt developes that lt is the production of a Washlngtonlan, the lata Maurice Brown Klrby, who was also the author of "Skipper Schley." Tho Initial verse of the United States Marine gives its tenor: You kin blow about yer hero volun teer, An yer rough an' ready, steady in f an tree; You kin sing about yer Jackie an' kin cheer Fer yor neat an' handy, dandy cavalree; But of all tho BoJer men I ever knew, An' of all tho sailor men I ever seen, Whon there's fun or fuss or fight, tho boy to keep 4n sight Is Billy Blue, United Statos Marine, An' It's hi Billy, Billy, Billy Bluel We think we've got a little Job to do. Wo expect to havo a fight an wo want it started right, So wo put the startin' of lt up to you. "Billy Blue Marino." by Ray I. Hoppman, is another favorite, Its first verse as follows: He's a, soldier and a Bailor, every inch; He's a fighter for his country in a pinch; And the focmen do not figure When his finger's on the trigger He's a "go and get 'em demon," that's a cinch. Another favorlto depiction of the United States Marine, said and sung by Its men, is found In Kipling's verse: An' after I met Mm all over the world, A-dolng all kinds of things, Like landing 'Isself with a gatllng gun, to talk to them 'eathen kings, 'E sleeps In an 'ammlck instead of a cot, and 'e drills with the deck on a slew, For there Isn't a Job on the top o' the earth tho beggar don't know nor do, Tho United States Navy has always fared well with songs, for It has adopted a number ot those of Eng land's Jack Tars as woll as those written for the American Navy. An English song well advanced in years was to Imbed Itself In tho bottom of the enemy's vessel. A mine was at tached to the splko and as the sub raarlno drew oft tho mine was pulled up to the spike and exploded. The French submarlno Lo Plongeur vroa built in 1863, and was driven by com pressed air. Tho Holland craft to be operated by one man was built In 1875. A few yours later loclcntlsU improved on those crafts and the evo lution has resulted In a terror of the soa, which has finally drawn the United States Into tho great war of nutlons of today. Tho torpedo is the grandchild o( the stone projectile hurled from a catapult from the decks of vessels in ancient times. Tho first mention of It as a weapon in history, occurs In 1585, when an Italian engineer partly destroyed a bridge across tho Scheldt, at Antwerp, by means of email ves sels, each carrying a considerable quantity of gun powder which was exploded by clockwork. Nothing more was heard of the torpedo until 1730, when a French scientist made some experiments with rockets under water with which he destroyed sev eral boats. During tho Civil War in America tho torpedo came to the front as- a serious weapon and from that time up to the present these un der water projectiles have been made more deadly each year and more ac curate In their aim. With the use of tho torpedo came tho need of a small vessel to carry It and the torpedo boat camo upon the scene. So small are theso boats when compared with battleships that the fight between the two is a veritable David and Goliath battle. The first torpedo boat was built In 1871 and attained the speed of 16 knots per hour. Tho torpedo used by this craft was towed by the vessel, the tow line being tied to tho funnel. In 1875 the Austrian and French armed their tor pedo boats with spar torpedos, but these wero only moderately successful. The next war craft on the water was the torpedo boat destroyer. They wero designed to catch and destroy tho enemy's torpedos, but they have never been particularly successful gun flro from a battle ship being re garded as about the only way to set tle a torpedo boat cither submarine or surfaco boat. which is constantly sung by the sailor boys as lustily as lt was twenty years ago Is the old familiar, "Nancy Lee," and to hear lt voiced today by eight hundred of the men training at New port, as they march to tho accom paniment of the band at their head is as fine a sight and as good a sound as can bo seen or heard. Songs Of Our Sailors. Whllo Jacky likes tho popular music hall hits as well as his soldier brother his vocal stand-bys usually havo a flavor of tho sea, and with him, too, the old songs retain their place in favor. Tho navy songs in use today include, "The Midshlpmlte," "Larboard Watch," "A Life on th Ocean Wave," "Rocked In the CradU of the Deep," "Homeward Bound," "The Anchor's Weighed," "Sailing," "Farewell to Grog," "Tho Tar's Fare well," and other of their spirit. Latei songs, Uko "Remember the Maine," "A Toast to Dewey," and "Sklppet Schloy" will also be sung with fervot on the decks of the rattleshlps thii summer. Any one familiar with Annapolli will recognize In "Anchors Aweigh" tho favorlto chorus ot tho middles te the attractive march and two-stoj composed by a musical director ol tho United States Naval Academy, Charles S. Zimmerman. Neither ar Its strains confined to campus or bat tleships, as the frequenter of Army and Navy football games can attest. There Is the verve of real life ani"" youth In the bold ringing challenge: Stand, Navy, down the field, Ball set to the sky; We'll never change our course, So, Army, you steer shy. Roll up tho score, Navy, Anchors aweigh, Stand, Navy, down the field And sink tho Army gray. The "Naval Academy's Graduate Song" Is an old favorite to an old tune, which admits of variations t suit current conditions, and anothei closing day favorite ot tho Annapolli boys Is "God Save America," which li an effective round In five parts. IU patrlotlo words and resounding notot mako an effective ensemble: God save America! Bless tho United States! Conttnuo tho Union For ever and ever, Aracn. 1