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THE PERRYSBURG, OHIO, JOURNAL, FRIDAY, JANUARY 24, 1013.
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rariif? HE differentiation between these
jP two animate 13 a Bubject of unusual
interest to the sportsman-natural-
L J 1st. To traco the origin of the
b Dooular misconception that the two
names are synonymous, a mistake
to which even some of our best
known sportsmen of today must
plead guilty, we, have to dive into
the not always limpid depths of
early mediaeval history. For the
event -which ha3 probably more to
do than any other with the promulgation of this
error was the famous hunt given by Charlemagne
to the ambassadors of Haroun-al-Rashid In the
dank Hercyian woods that surrounded his hunt
ing lodge, Heristallum. Accordipg to the original
account by the monk Egtnhard of St. Gall, the
aurochs were of such terror-instilling appearance
to the men from the east that they could not
oven bear the sight of them, and fled from the
emperor's side. The latter, attacked by the Uerc
est of these monsters, missed the vital spot,
with the result that before brave Isambart could
slay it the emperor was slightly wounded in the
thigh and had his nether garment torn into
shreds. Rushing to his side, the assembled cour
tiers offered to divert themselves of their own
hose, but the emperor laughingly rejected their
offers, declaring that he intended to show him
self In his sorry plight to the fair Hildegarde,
who was a great huntress herself. Needless to
say, this adventure proved a mediaeval "scoop"
of the gaudiest kind, but in the course of un
numbered retellings the aurochs became a wl
scnt, as was called the European bison, and since
that tlmo a perplexing confusion has reigned be
tween these two animals. That the true aurochs,
which became extinct throe hundred years ago,
was an entirely different animal from the bison,
whose name, alas! is also on the list of animals
about to share the auroch's fate, is now a fact
known to all scientific men. To the writer tho
poor old bison's pathetic fato appeals more par
ticularly, for when shooting in the Rockies in
the seventies of last century he still saw them in
herds of ten thousand. But as the men who can
claim, to have seen the same marvellous sight
will before long follow these lordly Inhabitants
of tho wilds to the happy hunting grounds, tho
study of the past history of these two species
has for some people unusual attractions. And
not the least Interesting phase of it is the col
lecting of pictures made at a time when both
beasts were still roaming over the "wastes of
tho earth," or had but recently disappeared.
Of tho earliest of all pictures of what was prob
ably meant to be tho bison, an Interesting arti
cle which recently appeared in an Illustrated week
ly, In which tho roof pictures In the Altamira
Cave were reproduced, gave one a capital idea.
After a gap of untold centuries we reach the
various pictorial records left to ub by the chis
els, gravers or brushes of the classic ages.
Among thoso who have made important discov
eries respecting tho distribution of the aurochs.
Professor Conrad Keller, the well-known Zurich
zoologist, occupies a prominent place. His dis
coveries in the ruins of the ancient palace of
King Minos In Crete of no fewer than sixteen
horn-cores and one skull of what unquestionably
was tho original wild ox of Europe, or aurochs,
show that It lived there at one period, and that
tho famous legend of the mlnotaur has a sub
stratum of truth. From his pages wo borrow an
Illustration of an Important fresco In Knossos de
picting an aurochs in the act of impaling a helpless-looking
victim, while a bold bull-fighter is
actually turning a somersault ov.er tho back of
tho beaBt, a third, possibly female, lookor-on at
tempting to adze tho bull's tall, the scene being
probably enacted In an arona. It 1b possible that
the Theseus story came from the slaughter of
captives in such exhibitions. Several other pic
tures have been recently discovered which be
long to tho Minos period, 1. e., between 2000 and
1500 B. C. Professor Keller's highly instructive
writings contain many other illustrations of Bos
prlmlfonlus.
Skipping tcnB of centuries, we reach the Bes
tiaries, tho most ancient of "which originated In
tho period wo touched at the outset when Bpeak
lng of Charlemagno's aurochs-hunt. Those ex
ceedingly primitive pictorial records do not add
much to our Information; "the choice hurts one,'"
as Germans describe that state of uncertainty in
regard to what tho monastic artists meant to
represont by their crudo attompts. Skipping a
roW more centuries, wo at last reach, in the be
ginning of tho fifteenth century, fairly Intelligent
accounts of the animal's habitat, and are fur
nished with drawings presenting features suffi
ciently dlBtlnct.to indtcnte, oven to eyes accus
tomed to photographlo accuracy, tho Identity of
tho animal tho plcturo means to represent.
Vory curiouB Is tho circumstance, to which,
by the way, nobody has so far drawn attention,
that nono of the French sporting books of tho
fourteenth and , fifteenth centuries, such as "Iloy
.Modus.'.' "Gaston PUqahus.y "Once, do la Buigne"
and "Fontulncc-Gucrin." mentionu elthor the
'JZPZ&''X7W2& CZSEB&& 'JUZJZTJ C&&LE."2272
aurochs or the bison by so much as a word. As
the authors of these classics were great sports
men and close observers, this would support the
theory that both these animals had already then
become quite extinct in western Europe.
In the sixteenth century, when Europe, so far
as art was concerned, had at last been aroused
from its mediaeval stupor by the invention of
printing, and an extraordinary demand had
sprung up for pictorial matter illustrating re
cent exploration of new worlds and the various
forms of the chase, there were produced quite a
number of pictures of the aurochs by artists,
very few of whom had ever sot eyes upon a live
wild specimen, though they may havo seen cap
tlvo ones. The one artist of whom we positively
know that he had before him at least a stuffed
specimen was the Viennese engraver Augustln
Hlrschvogel (born In Nurnberg about 1503), who
Illustrated the famous travel book of Baron Her
bersteln, the authority most frequently quoted In
connection with the aurochs, for he was absolute
ly tho last intelligent observer who saw the beast
in its wild state, and left pictorial records of his
Impressions. Horbcrstein was gifted with pres
cient eyes, for ho foresaw that the aurochB was
doomed to speedy extinction. Honce on his sev
eral expeditions to the unknown Interior of Rus
sia as the ambassador, first of Emperor Maxi
milian in 1516-18, then on many different occa
sions as Charles V.'b and Ferdinand's emissary,
he made notes about it, and, what was much more
important, actually brought back with him some
skins and skulls, which ho had mounted In his
house in Vienna, and from which Hlrschvogel
probably drew his celebrated picture of tho
aurochs. To differentiate he drew next to It a
plcturo of a bison. As these two "portraits,
which have been published scores of times, will
be familiar to all interested in this matter, we
will merely quote the inscriptions placed by Her
borsteln over the two pictures, for it la a per
fectly correct differentiation. The picture of tho
bison has tho following: "I am a Bison, am
called by the Poles a Suber, by the Germans a
Blsont or Damthler, and by the ignorant an
aurochs." Over tho woodcut of the aurochs: "I
am an Urus which is called by the Poles a Tur,
by tho Germans an Aurochs and until now by
the ignorant a Bison." The Inscriptions in the
various editions Herborstein's volume appeared
in several languages vary triflingly, but tho
above, which are taken from the edition of 1556,
glvo tho sense in the best form.
Shortly after Herbersteln the Flemish painter
Stradanus, who lived and worked for ovor fifty
years In Florence (from 1553 to 1G05"), produced
a drawing of an aurochs engaged in a terrific
struggle in an arena where ho waB matched
against a Hon, two wolves and a bear. This
original drawing is not the least interesting of
tho twenty odd ancient pictures of tho aurocto
in tho writer's collection. In 1578 tho Antwerp
publisher Philip Gallo published this and one
hundred and tUreo other porting 'drawings by
tho Florentine master, and underneath each of
tho engravings there la a Latin Inscription. The
ono under the plato reproducing the drawing
I
xuns: "Some great lords are looking on at a spec
tacle in the areua. A furious Hon with revenlng
fang and claws tears some wild beasts. He lays
the wolves low and defeats the 'Taurus' In a strug
gle, while the bear cower3 away in terror." Wheth
er the artist ever wltnessd such a struggle in an
arena cannot bo ascertained; but It is quite possi
ble, considering their great popularity during the
sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Tho blasts
were caught In pitfalls and
transported great distances.
The likeness is not a bad
one, and in the above col
lection of prints there are
three other pictures of
aurochs, and a fifth depict
ing the lassoing of the bu
balus on the Island of Sar
dinia. A contemporary and
countryman of Stradanus,
one Hans Bol, produced
also an interesting engrav
ing of an aurochs hunt
which forms the second
print of his attractive little
set entitled, "Venatlonls,
Plscationis, et Aucupii
typl," published in 1582 by
the same enterprising Ant
werp publishers that gave
the world tho laBt-named
collection. Beneath the au
rochs picture we read, in
Latin elegiac couplets:
"Thus with darts, swords,
and light arrows men every
where drive the horned
nurochs Into pits." A rath
er similar print was produced fourteen years
after bmy the Nurnberg engraver, Johann Slb
macher, who etched nine other sporting plates.
Then follow. In rapid succession, half a dozen
"portraits" by Tempesta, the pupil of Stradanus,
one of which prints we reproduce. It shows in
what awe the gigantic wild bull was held, for It
depicts a formidable-looking machine wherewith
the bull could be attacked and brought down.
Tempesta's pictures need not ho taken seriously,
for his Roman "studio" was nothing but a work
shop where apprentice hands turned out a vast
mass of prints of little or no value In an enquiry
of this sort. Hl3 English contemporary of tho
pen, Edward Topsell, in his illustrated natural
history hodge-podge called the "Historic of Foure-
Footed Beastes" (1607) only added to tho exist
ing confusion. "A Bison," he says, "Is a beast
very strange as may appear by his figure pre
fixed which by many authors is taken fbr TJrua,
some for a Bugle or wild oxe, others, for a
Rangifer, and many for the beast Tarantus or
Buffe." And, to show that he really meant what
he said, ho affixes a picture of what is unmistak
ably a reindeer! Fortunately, however, he adds,
as pictures of the bison and of the aurochs, re
pllcas of the two prints by Hlrschvogel out of
Herberstoin's "Rerum Moscovitlcarum Commen
tarli," which, as wo have already mentioned, are
among the most correct representations pub
lished at a period when the aurochs still existed.
In England, the bellf that th aurochs was a
blson-ltke creature continued throughout the
eighteenth century. The picture taken from Sam
uel Clarke's "JuIIub Caesar," published in 1712,
shows what extraordinary Ignorance still pre
vailed, the animal with antlers like an inverted
umbrella being a bison, or Bos' germnnus, and
the beast in tho center an aurochs. The graver
of Holzab of Zurich, continues tho misconcep
tion; Indeed, goes one better, for the bison is
here turned into an "American aurochs." Of
numerous other illustrations of our two beasts,
we have not tho space to speak at length. One
of the most characteristic of the latter type is
tho so-called Hamilton Smith plcturo of the au
rochs. This Is a painting, dating, it is believed,
from the first quarter of the sixteenth century,
discovered In Augsburg not quite a hundred
years ago. This painting has mysteriously dis
appeared, but an accurate copy was made. For
tho first "modern" plcturo of the bison that ap
peared In England wo have also to go to Ger
man sources, and, strangely enough, to the same
city, for it waB Augsburg's most famous animal
painter, Rldlnger (1697-17C7), who drew the first
llfe-llko picture. A countryman of his, one J. S.
Muller, who lived many years in London, eugrav
ed, in 1758, a fine Bet of plates representing 'Wild
animals after Ridinger's drawings from nature.
Among them is ono of tho bison, called by him
tho buffalo, and underneath is a lengthy and
fairly correct description in English, which ho
alBo- copied from Rldlnger. But this and other
isolated efforts have not entirely prevented the
dissemination of the old mistake, for living au
thorities still tell us, quite s-'usly, thot they
havo grassed aurochr ,
Restored to Health by Lydia
E. Pinkham's Vegetable
Compound Her
Own Story.
We3twood, Md. "I am a former'a
wife and do most of my own work when
I am able. I had
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male weakness and
terriblo bearing
down pains every
month. I also suf
fered much with my
right side. The pain
started in my back
and extended around
my right side, and
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mation. I was sick every three weeks
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.days.
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publish this letter if you like. It may
help to strengthen tho faith of soma
poor suffering woman." Mrs. John P.
Richards, Westwood, Maryland. '
Women who suffer from thoso dlsi
tressing ills peculiar to their sex should
not doubt the ability of Lydia E. Pink
ham's Vegetable Compound to restore
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If you havo tho slightest doubt
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vice. Your letter will bo opened,
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WHERE WE FIND EMERALDS
Famous Muzo Mlne3 in the Republic
of Colombia Produce Finest
Gems.
Tho finest emeralds are found in
the Republic of Colombia, at tho fa
mous Muzo mines in the department
of Boyaca, seventy miles north by
west of Bogota, which havo been
worked since 1558. Tho Spaniards
mined there in the middle of tho six
teenth century, but withdrew after
a time, owing to continual fighting
with the Indians; with the result that
for awhilo the locality of the mines
was unknown. They are now worked
by an English company, in partner
ship with tho government. The emer
alds at Muzo occur in calcito veins
running through black carboniferous
limestone in all directions and at all
angles. Often the limestone is cov
ered with earth, in which bushes and
trees are growing; this has to be'
cleared before prospecting is possible.
When calcite veins have been located,
the side of the hill is dug away in
"banks," usually by Indians, whose
chief tool is a steel bar forged to a
point at one end. The pieces of cal
cite vein are examined superficially
for emeralds, and are then set aside
for conveyance to the sorting-shed,
where a detailed examination is made
and the emeralds are divided into fif
teen grades, according to color, trans
parency, size, freedom from flaws, and
so on.
THE BAROMETER OF THE POST,
OFFICE, THE READING OF
WHICH SHOWS WESTERN
CANADA'S GROWTH.
Several of Western Canada nows
papera coming to hand during tho
last part of tho year 1912 contained
items of nows such as tho following
speaking of tho Christmas work in
the postofllco:
"Other years havo been heavy and1
tho employees havo had plenty of op
portunity of learning what it was to
work overtlmo, but tho past has hadl
nothing equal to tho present. Forty;
extra men havo been employed (in
Winnipeg), and mail trains have been
run special. Tho increaso in the mall
this year has been duo to tho enor
mous Influx of peoplo into Western
Canada during tho season, and also
tho general prosperity which tho
prairie provinces have enjoyed. To
the latter causo has been duo tho
heavy Increase in the number of par
cels which havo been shipped to tho
old country and Eastern Canada."
Tho abovo extract taken from a
Winnipeg paper gives a fair idea ot
tho great work that tho Canadian
postoOlces havo had all through tho
western prairies. During tho past
year hundreds of new postofflces wcrs
established, many ot them at remote
points from the railway, but all forced'
upon tho country on account of tho
new settlements that have taken
placo during the year. It is said of.
tho Canadian government that in its)
immigration and settlement policy,;
there is nothing left undone to tako
care of the peoplo and their welfare,
whether It be in the new town along:
a new lino of railway or in tho re
motest hamlet. This solicitude- and
care are not confined to the postof
flce, but with every branch that has
to do with organizing new districts.
Bridges havo been built, roads con
structed, the district policed, and a
dozen other things havo to be dono
and are done. Is it any wonder that
with tho splendid land, tho high,
yielding land, the land that is free to
the homesteader or open to purchaso
at reasonable prices from tho railway
and land companies, that the Cana
dian immigration records for 1912
will show arrivals ot upwards of
400,000, one-half of this being from tho
United States. Tho now literature
being sent out by the immigration
branch at Ottawa, and its agencies
"throughout the United States deals
with many of the new and interesting
features that will mark the work of.
that branch for the year 1913. Ad
vertisement. PROPER WORD.
Analyzing the Philosopher.
Finley Peter Dunne was sympathiz
ing, at a New York club, with a play
wright, whoso play had failed.
"Brace up!" he cried. "Tako it like
a philosopher!"
Then Mr. Dunne smiled the whimsi
cal Dooley smile and added:
"A philosopher is ono who has train
ed himself to bear with perfect seren
ity the misfortunes of others."
"Is aviation expensive?"
Yes, the upkeep is quite consider
able."
Certainly.
Miss Gusher Tell me, Mr. Boerd,
do you believe In big weddings or lit
tle ones?
Mr. B Well er er as for that,
my dear lady, I should say that tho
former were quite essential to the lat
ter. Dartmouth Jack o Lanterns.
A GOOD BREAKFAST.
Some Persons Never Know What It
Means.
A good breakfast, a good appetite
and good digestion mean everything
to the man, woman or child who has
anything to do, and wants to get a
good start toward doing it.
A Mo. man tells of his wife's "good
breakfast" and also supper, made out
ot Grape-Nuts and cream. Ho says:
"I should like to tell you how much
good Grape-Nuts has done for my wife.
After being in poor health for the last
18 years, during part ot the time
scarcely anything would stay on her
stomach long enough to nourish her,
finally at tho suggestion of a friend
she tried Grape-Nuts.
"Now, after about four weeks on
this delicious and nutritious food, sho
has picked up most wonderfully and
seems as well as anyone can be.
"Every morning she makes a good
breakfast on Grape-Nuts eaten Just as
It comes from tho package with cream
or milk added; and then again tho
samo at supper and tho chango In her
is wonderful.
"Wo can't speak too highly of
Grape-Nuts as a food after our re
markable experience." Name glyen
by Postum Co., Battle Creek, Mich.
Read the little book, "The Road to
Wellvllle," in pkgs. "There's a Rea
son." Ever rend tue above letter? A nevr
one npprura from time to time. Tticy
are genuine, true, nod full ot humun
Intercut. Adv.
A CLERGYMAN'S TESTIMONY.
Tho Rev. Edmund Heslop ot Wig
ton, Pa., suffered from Dropsy for a
year. His limbs and feet were swol-l
lea and puffed. He had heart flutter.
lng, was dizzy
and exhausted at
the least exer
tion. Hands and
feet were cold
and he had such
a- dragging sensa
tion across tha
loins that it was
difficult to move.
Attar iirIticp K
Rev. E. Heslop. of Djdds
Kidney Pills the swelling disappear
ed and he felt himself again. He says
he has been benefited and blessed by
the use of Dodda Kidney Pills. Sev
eral months later he wrote: I havo
not changed my faith in your remedy
since the above statement was author
ized. Correspond with Rev. H. Hes
lop about this wonderful remedy.
Dodds Kidney Pills, 50c. per box at
your dealer or Dodds Medlclno Co.,
Buffalo, N. Y. Write for Household
Hints, also music of National Anthem
(English and German words) and re
cipes for dainty dishes. All 3 sent free.
Adv.
Live and let live is a poor motto
for butchers.
BiimmiiiiiiTO women iiimtiiiiiiiu,
1 Now Is fhe Time
H those pains and aches resulting1
S from weakness or derangement
E of the organs distinctly feminine
E Fooner or later leave their marie
S Beauty soon fades away. Now
is the time to restore health
E and retain beauty.
I DR. PIERCE'S
1 - Favorite Prescription
E That great, potent, (trezurth-irlvlna
E restorative will help jrou. SurttaUr. C
Ullllli Yoor Drejiut will Supply YonlUUli!
fljl BwlComh Bjrrup. TutM Oooi.
Km latin:,. BoM bT UnuxM.-
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