CA6ROLL "I OO
BY . G DAVIS : 'TIE 'B SUN' 'smaI FOR ALL ' ",8. "8
VOL: II. 01'YoP 0F OLT, , PAR. H OF JEFFERSON, LA., WEDNESDiAY, YJL 4,1860. NQ
FROM
lgbJbgtiaols FsarwewU Addres.
*1In looking forward to the mome~-
wlflch is to terminate the career ofpap"
politicaI life, my feelings do not pertnit
mne to suspend the deep acknowledge
ment of that debt of gratitude which
I owe to my beloved country, for the
rmany honors it has conferred upop me;
$tl1 more for the steadfast confldence
WIth which it has supported me; and for
the opportunities I have thence enjoyed
of' manifesting my inviolable attach-.
m'ent, by services faithful and pem
verig, though in usefulness unequ
--to my' zeal. If benefits have resulted
to our country from these services, let
it:,lwaysbe remembered to your praise,
and as an instructive example in our
annals,' that under circumstances in
which the passions, agitated in every
direetion, were liable to mislead amidst
appearances sometime :dubious, violesi
tudes of fortune often,4iscouraging-in
situations in which tnot unfrequently,
want of success has ,countenanced the
spirit of criticJ tba; the constancy of
you j ws#was the essential prop of
.'tej"t e vefiand a guarantee of the
Jplans ,b hich they were erfected.
Profoundly penetrated with this idea, I
shall carry it with me to my grave, as a
strong incitement to unceasing vows,
that lbeaven may continue to you the
.choiaiest tokens of its beneficence
, that your union and brotherly' affection
may ld perpetual-that the free con
stituti , which is the work of your
i hands ay be sacredly maintained
*f that it administration in every depart
ment ay be stamped with wisdom and
Svirtue that, in fine, the happiness of
the ople of these States, under the
-auani s of liberty, may be made com
plete y so careful a preservation, and
so p dent a use of this blessing, as
will a quire to them the glory of recom
mendhg it to the applause, the affection,
and ddoption of every nation which is
yet a stranger to it.
"Here, perhaps, I ought to stop. But
a. solicitude for your welfare, which
cannot end but with my life, and the
apprehension of danger, natural to that
solicitude, urge me, on an occasion like
the present, to offer to your solemn
contemplation, and to recommend to
your frequent review, some sentiments
which are the result of much reflectio
of no inconsiderable observation, an
which appear to me all important to the
permanency of yout felicity as a
people. These will bo offered to you
with the more freedom, as you can only
see in them the disinterested warnings
of a parting friend, who can possibly
have no personal motive to bias his
counsel. Nor cane I forget, as -an
encouragement to it, your indulgent
reception of my sentiments on a former
and not dissimilar occasion.
,"Interwomen as is the love of liberty
with every ligament of your hearts, no
recommendation of mine is necessary
to fortify or confirm the attachment.
'I"T;ie unity of government which con
I\sttlutes you one people, is also now dear
u. It is justly so; for it is a main
ilin the edifice of your real indepen
; the support of your tranquility at
'Q, , ; your peace abroad; of your safety;
- ur prosperity; of that very liberty
eic.you so highly prize. But, as it is
to foresee, that from different causes,
,irom different quarters, much pains
Sibe taken, many artifices employed, to
*en in your minds the conviction of
Brath;: as this is the point in yOur
t(l ortress against which the batte
I internal and external enemies will
.~st constantly and actively (thct'
a covertly and insidiously) dire
la o' infinite mcr'ent, that 'yon sh.
flry estimate the immense value
ptional union to your collective,
i.deal happiness; that you shoald ce
eh a cortdral, habitual and immovle
attachment to it.; accustoming yourseF
to think and speak of it as of the pall1
dium of your poltical safety and prosperity;
Iwatchingfor its preservation with jealous
Snxie~ tb untenancing whatever may
-in ent a susacion ,hat it rsn, in
any event,~&tabandoned t i ig ignantly
Trowning upon the, irt g of every
attempt to allenate n of our
country from the te feeble the
sacred ties which notj gether the
various parts.
"(For this you hav ducem6enV
of sympathy' and i n byi
birth, or choice, of'a , that
country has a right ,our
affections. The n
belongs to you in y
mast always exalt ide o
ptis sore tha ion dets
Ith
hi lof diferr e
principie " onM ha on
cause,:fovght and triu
the indendence and Ii
are the work of joint
efforts, of common da
success. '
"But these cons r , how
powerfully they address themselves tr
sensibility, are greatly outweighed by
which apply more immediately to your in
terest. Here, every portion of our country
finds the most commanding motives for
carefully guarding and preserving the
union of the whole.
"The North, in an unrestrained inter
course with the South, protected by the
equal laws of a common government, finds
in the productions of the latter, great ad
ditional resources of maritime and com
mercial enterprise, and precious materials
of manufacturing industry. The South,
in the same intercourse, benefiting by the
same agency of the North, sees its agri
culture grow. and its commerce expand.
Turning partly into its own channels the
seamen of the North. it finds its particular
navigation invigorated; and while it con
tributes, in different ways, to nourish and
increase the general mass of the national
navigation, it looks forward to the pro
tection of a maritime, strength, to which
itself is unequally adapted. The East,
in a like Intercourse with the West, al
ready finds, and in the progressive im
provement of interior communication by
land and water, will more and more find a
vsble vent for the commodities which
i sa from abro +d, or manufactures at
hdor&n The West derives from the East
supplies requisite to its growth and c -
fort--and. b . i perhaps of still greater
onseqs. ; , ust of necessity owe
the sec 4Y enjoyment of indispensable
outlets for its .*wn productions, to the
weight, influence, and the future maritime
strength of the Atlantic side of the Union'
directed by an indissoluble community of
interest as one nation. Any other tenure
by which the West can hold this essential
advantage, whether derived from its own
separate strength, or from an anostate and
unnatural connexion with" any foreign
power, must be iutrinsically precarious.
"While then every prt of our countr.v
thus feels an immediate and particular
interest in union, all the parts combined
cannot fail to find in the united mass of
means and efforts, greater strength, greater
resource, prorortionably greater security
from external danger, a less frequent in
terruption of their peace, by foreign na
tions ; and, what is of inestimab'e value,
they must derive from union an exemp
tion from those broils ar:d wars between
themselves, which so frequently afflict
neighboring countries not tied together by
the same government : which their own
rivalshlips alone would be sufficient to
produce, but which, ppor~ite foreign alli
ances. attachments, and intrigues, would
stimulate and embitter. Hence likewise,
they will avoid the necessity of those
overgrown military establishments, which
under any form of government are inaus
picious to lberty, and which are to be re
garded as particularly hostile to republican
liberty. In this sense it is, that your union
ought to be considered as a main prop of
your liberty, and that the love of tbhe one
ought to endear to you the pre~servmaion
of thie other.
"These considerations speak a persua
sive languge to every reflecting and vir
tuous mind, and exhibit the continnsarce of
the Union as a primary object of patriotic
dcs;re Is there a doubt whether a com
mon government can embrace so lauge a
sphere? tet experience solve it. To
listen to mere speculation in such a case
were criminal. We are anthorited to
hope that a proper organization of thej
whole, with the auxiliary agency of gov
eraments for the respective subdivisions,
will afford a happy issue to the experiment.
It is well worth a fair and full experiment.
With such powerful and obvious motives
to union, atfbeoingiall parts of our country,
ile experience shall not have demon
ted its impracticability, there will ul
reason to distrust the patriotism
ho, in any quarter, may endeavor
its bands.
plating the causes which
ur union, it occurs as mat
e concern, that any ground
been furnished for char
ies by geographical
fsuNorthteru and Southern,
dWestrn;-whencoe design
may endeavor to excite a belief
ere is a real difference of local
its and views. One of the expe
die of party to aoquire influence
particular dsiatrlot, id to mlsrep
t the opinions idad ains of other
ets. Youcannot shield yourselves
much against the jealousies and
heart burnings which spring from these
misrepresentations: they tend to render
alien to each other those who ought to
bound together by fraternal affeo
The inhabitants of our Western
try have lately had a useful lesson'
on this head: they have seen, in the
negotiation by the Executive, and in the
unanimous ratification by the Senate of
the treaty with Spain, and in the univer
sal satisfaction at the event throughout
the United States, a decisive proof how
unfounded were the suspiclons propa
gated. among them of a policy in the
general government and in the Atlantio
btates, unfrieddly to their interests in
regard to the Mississippi. They have
been witnesses to the formation of two
treaties, that with Great Britain and
that with Spain, which secure to them
everything they could desire, in respect
to our foreign relations. towards con
firming their prosperity. Will it not
bo their wisdom to rely for the preser
vation of these advantages on the union
by which they were procured? Will
they not henceforth be deaf to those
advisers, if such there are, who would
sever them from their brethren, and
connect them with aliens?
"To the efficacy and permanency of
your union, a government for the whole
is indispensable. No alliances, how
ever strict, between the parts can be
au adequate substitute; they must
inevitably experience the infractions
and interruptions which all alliances,
in all times, have experienced. Sensi
ble of this momentous truth you have
improved upon your first essay, by the
adoption of a constitution of govern
ment better calculatod than your
for r for an intimate union, and for
the~ ous management of your
--- This government,
th g of, oown choice uninflu
enced and unawed, adopted upon full
investigation and mature deliberation,
completely free in its principles, in
the distribution of its powers uniting
security with energy, and containing
within itself a provision for its own
amendment, has a just claim to your
confidence and your support. Respect
for its authority, compliance with its
laws, acquiescence in its measures, are
duties enjoined by the fundamental
maxims of true liberty. The bias of
our political systems is the right of the
people to make and to alter their con
stitutions of government. But the
constitution which at any time exists,
until changed by an explicitand authen
tic act of the whole people, is sacredly
obligatory upon all. The very idea of
the power and the right of the people
to establish Sovernment, presupposes
the duty of every individual to obey
the established goverment.
"All obstructions to the execution of
the laws, all combinations aid associa
tions under whate'ver p^auelble charao
ter, with the real d t~' td.airect, con
trol, counteract, or awe the regular de
liberations and action of the constituted
authorities, are destructive of this fun-.
domental _grinciple, and of fatal ten
dency. '1 hey serve to organize faction,
to give it an artificial and extraordinary
force, to put in the place of the dele
gated will of the nation-the will of party,
often a small but artful &hd enterprising
minority of the community; and, so
cording to the alternate triumphs of dif
ferent parties, to make the publio ad
ministration the mirror of the ill oon
certod and incongruous projects of fac
tion, rather than the organ of consis
tent and wholesome plans digested by
common councils, and modified by mu
tual interests.
" However combinations or associa
tions of the above description may now
and then answer popular ends, they are
likely, in the course of time sad things,
to become potent engines, by which
cunning, ambitious and unprincipled
men, will be enabled to subvert the
power of the people, and to usurp for
themselves the rein9 of government ;
destroying afterwards th& very engines
which have lifted them to unjust do
minion.
"Towards the preservation of your
government and the permaneincy of
yoipresent happy state, it is requisite,
not'ily that you steadily discoonten
ance irregular oppositions to its ao.
knowledged authority, but also that you
*resipt with care the spirit of innovation
upon its principles, however speoious
the extent. One method of assault may
be to effect, in the forms of the consti
tution, alterations which will impair the
energy of the system; and thus to un
dermine what can not be directly o"r .
thrown., In allthe ohanges to hah h
you may be invited ,:t.omember tlhat t"bi
and haeit are at leadt as neoeasur':tto
fix the true character of overnmente,.
as of other-hutano intlotb-.tlat
experience is the. surset standa by
which to test the rel e e ot the
existing constitution of ' --tJ zat
facillty in changes,' pu of
m ye hpothesis and j'n etposes
to p a change from the endless
.oI f hypothesis and opinioni; sad
remember, especially, that.. for the e*.,
olent 'anagement of your gosmunon in'
terests, in a country so 'itdtitlve
ours, a government of as mtch vtiigo
is consistent with the perfect secrity
of liberty is indisp esoe, ,., 1brty
itself will find in such, a government,
with powers prIlperly distributed and
adjusted, its surest guardian. It is,
indeed, little less than a name, where
the government is too feeble to with
stand the enterprises of faotion, to
confine each member of the soeoty
within the limits prescribed by the
laws, and to maintain all in the secure
and tranquil enjoyment of the rights of
person and property.
"I have already intimated to you the
danger of parties in the State, with par
tictular reference to the founding them
on geographical discriminations. Let 1
me now take a more comprehensive
view, and warn you in the most solemn
manner against the bane i ..ects of
the spirit of pay .
"Thi t unfortunate, s inseep
arable from our nature, having its root
in the strongest passions of the human
mind. It exists under different shapee
in all governments, more or less stiffed,
controlled or repressed; but in those
of the, popular form, it is seen in its
greatest rankness, and is truly their
worst enemy. The alternate domina
tion of one eaction over another, sharp
ened by the spirit of revenge natural to
party dissension, which, in different
ages and countries has perpetrated 4
the most horrid enormities, is itself a
frightful despotism. But this leads at
length to a more formal and permanent
despotism. The disorders and miseries
which resall, gradually Incline the
minds of men to seek security and 1
repose in the absolute power of an
individual; and, sooner or later, the
chief of some prevailing faction,
more able or more fortunate than hin
competitors, turns this disposition to
the purposes of his own elevation on
the ruins of pulic liberty.
" Without looking forward to an
extremity of this kind, (which never- 4
theless ought not to be entirely out of 1
sight,) the common and continual mis
chiefs of the spirit of parly, are suf-l
cient to make it the interest and duty of 1
a wise people to discourage and re
strain it.
"It serves always to distract the pub- 1
lie councils, and enfeeble the public
administration. It agitates the com- 1
munity with illfounded jealousies and
false alarms; kindles the animosities of
one part against another, foments occa
sional riot and insurrection. It opens 1
the door to foreign influence and 4
corruption, which finds a facilitated
access to the government itself through I
the channels of party passions. Thus
the policy and the will of one country 1
are subjected to the policy and will of
another.
"There is an opinion that parties in
free countries are useful cheeks upon I
the administration of the government,
and serve to keep alive the spirit of
liberty. This, within certain limits, is
probably true; and, in governments of
a monarchial cast, patriotism may look
with indulgence, if not with favor, 4
upon the spirit of party. But in those
of the popular character, in govern
ments ,urely elective, it is a spirit I
not to 'oe encouraged. From their 4
natural tendency, it is certain there
will always be enough of that spirit for
every salutary purpose. And their
being constant danger of excess, the
effort ought to be, by force of public
opinion, to mitigate and assauge it. A. ,
fire not to be quenched, it demands a
uniform vigilance to prevent it bursting 4
into a flame, lost, instead of warming, 4
it should consume.
"It is important likewise, that the
habits of thinking in a free country
4hoiald in.'piro ' aution i soe intrusted I
I with its ditratimi, to
solves wit -ht e respeotiss .
tional sph'es, avodlag in tb et ds
of the ~ uerg of ee .o e* to
oeoroach spon Maother.:Piio.lt
ceroaohment tends to
,0wer of all the depertmaeata' hi eA .
and' thus to orWtor w'htevj-tin ;s
of government, a real destiv~t .
just estimate of,,I.i% s
and pronness to .aoIbl
minate in the &f t oh 1. at
to satisf at h thtruth of
tion. The . ~ity of
ohecks in ' the. ezý * f ,
ttiag each t 1
weal a0.ntt vieuio Lbe o
ha.t been .io
aonin.t and modem eow*.- tit
our country, Abd , *4er
To preserve them t-net
asreo institute them.. If,
.'an .oft on o. ti e know
-era be in any it
be oorreatadby a6n3 '
way which
B, t ' b .
,ay ibe tise; b t.o
govermnents _
opdent mustw sgyre
len beAt~whioh the pse oenat any
time yied. "
whlh ~ lo toao. o r.
gLe mad msorality a- .4P
supports. I I n ra would ta, mla in.
the tribute of i m-iot~l w shb
Isbqr ts bvertthepse gr.t p1ll'r.of
man, oug"t eis
them. A .ses wit
theiros
Is the seearitife ,fe epths
tion, for lit. tf of rliioot
eation f 'sg on in t r
oourts` of Ju oe? nd' let mvsihV .
eautton inldule theb spoittion; t
morali b ahintaine m 1W t
Igo". Whatever apy be ~ eaed s or
the', inenoe of efined educationa g
minds of penuliar attuturer t reason aJ
experience hot forbid as to epect, that,
atonal morality can prevail in exolr
aion of religious principle.
"It is substantially true, that virtu
or morality is a neceary spring of
popular government. The rule;, rd .,
extends with more or less force to ev.er
species of free gover*ment. 'ho
that is a sincere friend to It can look"
with indifference upon attempts toeslte
the foundation of the fabric ?
'Promote, then, as an object of ~!t
mary importance, institutions for t;ae
general diffusion of knostle.ge. In
proportion as the structure of a govern.
meat gives force to public opinion, It
should be enlightened.
"As a very important source of
strength and security, oherish public
credit. One method of preserving it is
to use it as sparingly as possible, avoid
ing occasions of expense by cultivating
peace, but remembering also, that
timely disbursements, to prepare for
danger,frequently prevent much greater
disbursements to repel it; avoiding
likewise the accumulation of debt, not
only by shunning occasions of expense,
but by vigorous exertions in time of
peace, to discharge the debts which
unavoidable wars may have occasioned,
not ungenerously throwing upon pos
terity the burden which we ourselves
ought to bear. The execution of these
maxims belongs to your representasteei
hut it is necessary that publi opihion
should co-operate. To faoilitaet to
the performance of their duty, it is ,s
sential that you should practically biiar
in mind, that towards the payment of
debts there must be revenues that to
have revenue, there must be taxesu; that
no taxes can be devised wheb iare mot
more or lens inconvenient and unplea
sant; that the intrinsico embarrtassment
inseparable from the selection of the
iproper objects, (which is alwy a
cholee of difficulties,) ought to a
decisive motive for a oandld censtrle
tion of the conduct of the government
in making it, and for aspirit of aoad.'
escence in the measures for obtlng
reveuue, which the publio exigweies
may at any time dictate.
"Observe good faith and justice
towards all nations; oultivat peace
and harmony with all. Religion and
morality enjoin this condoct; sad can
1blfthbt good policy does not equalil
Sit? It will be worthy of a free,
e htened, and, at no distant period,
at nation, to give to mankind the
inious and too noiet example
a people alwrays guided b'ain
rslted justice and benevolence.