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Farmers' Educational and Co-Operative Union of America Matters Eeal Memeat to A good man makes no excuses; a good employer makes them for him. The road p disappointment is paved with :dle hours and big inten tions. Do a little thinking on your account and be first to appreciate a good uhing. Nervousness is often nothing more than too much tea or coffee or to bacco. Good wages and good teaching do not always go together, but usually they do. Farming is not all horseshoes; a farmer doesn't succeed or fail because of "luck." Many a man is like a rotten egg. It looks all right, but It is bad be neath the surface. Whenever any good comes our way tlet us enjoy it to the full, and then pass it along if we can. One of the troubles with society fads is that too many are trying to ride in the band wagon. It is worth noting that people often underestimate themselves more than they oterestimate themselves. State, interstate and county fairs are great educators. Going to the fairs this year? Of course you are. The old saying about all things coming to those who wait has been responsible for more than one lazy man. Lift the collar now and then and cool the horse's shoulders, and pull the mane out. See that no sores get started. The hired man on the farm who Is alwa3 s afraid he will do more than he gets paid for need not expect to get more pay. Don't make fun of the man who has some new way of doing things. The automobile is quite an improve ment over the ox cart. Matrimony Is only a sort of riddle: Some find correct answers. while oth -rs spend their lives trying to find out why theirs was wrong. MANAGER IS VITAL FACTOR Co-operative Enterprises Fail or Suc ceed According to Skill Shown In Choice of Head. Seek the cause of the success of a oo-operative effort and you will find a capable manager. Co-operative en terprises succeed or fail according to the skill they have shown in the choice of a manager. It has been said What in a succesful co-operative com pany the members do not co-operate with one another, but each co-oper ates with the manager. In the early days of the grange over half of the grain elevators of Iowa were owned and operated by the farmers. At that time they believed that business abil ity was plgatttul and they saw no rea son why a man should not be willing to w* in.toWn for about double the rate p `Ito, a - an in the coantry, forgetting that the demands made upon the man we~t perhaps more than doublk Hence they hired inex perienced mei for from $30 to $40 a mouth to ra. the elevators and the staor. The common result was fail are: The members of a co-operative en ferprise are scattered. The maqager is the only point of contact for the transaction of business. The or ganimation cannot rise above the abil itles of its representative. The suc cessful cooperative companies of to day are paying their managers well. In many cases elevator mnanagers get from $100 to $15C a month and for more extended local business the $2,000 mark is frequentlj passed. while national associations pay as high as $10,000. For these salaries very capable men are available and the co-operative companies have as good agents as have their competi tors; in fact, often better. Economies In management must often be prac ticed, but the expensive manager who Is worth his cost to the company is the greatest of economies. The scarcity of good managers has been one of the chef factors in holding hack the organization of co-operative enterprises.-Country Gentleman. For the Swine Breeder. Although hogs will eat flesh and drink blood. they are as much grain ,ating animali as cattle, horses and sheep. Hogs will grow and thrive on clover or other good pasture in warm weath. or without grain, but will gain faster. of course, if fed a liftte meal and milk. The most profitable pork is made in large part from clover and blue grass pastnr '-.aich Is better tlian timothy and red top, but alfalfa is. by many .roera., belleyved to be superior to opitther plht ethat gros for pas torage. Sunlight in the Cow Barn. Arrange for plenty of sunlight in the cow barn. A dark barn is not san itary. Nelther do cows show Lp well I a d . place. hAllow about four saente ihst .t light br each cow in' the biarsae d Mldhihte the light nrestr. NEW IDEA OF CO-OPERATION It Will Do for the Farmer What Cor poration Has Done for Business People Work Together. (n-- W. V. PA.LMER. A-rlcultural Eltior. North Dakota Agricultural College.P Corporation is the method of mod ern business organization. By this means several people put their money together so as to gain the advantage that comes from a large amount of capital. The building, eqripment and running of a railroad, for instance. re quires more mcney than one man has, so many people put in their money in some cases thousands. The build ing and equipping of a factory usu ally require more money than the one starting it possesses. By others putting in their money the factory i=: made possible. In one sense the corporation is a cc-operative affair. It is many people working together with their money focr the good of each ether. The corporation does not lend it self so well to the organization of farmn business, but the underlying prin ciple of the corporation, that is. co operation, is admirably adapted to farm affairs. In this case it will not be only money that is put into the co operative affair but it will be the pro ducing of farm products, marketing farm products, social life, credit, good will, education. In the producing of farm products there are two ways of co-operating- co-operation in the growing of some one crop, as potatoes, producing of the one variety, working towards a high standard of quality so as to make the locality known for that one particular kind and quality of potato. In stock raising grow one kind of stock of a high quality so as to make the locality knov:n for this. The other way of co-operating in growing the crop is the co-operative ownership of machinery that is ex pensive and not much used, as silage cutters, potato planters and diggers, traction engines, sires, etc. Where there is co-operation in pro duction it will not be difficult to bring about co-operation in marketing such products as potatoes and butter, and in buying such things as machinery. binder twine and coal. Co-operation in education is being worked out through the consolidated school. This is being further devel oped through farmers' clubs, where farmers exchange their experiences and observatiors. The social life and religion need to be closely united. The church should be the leader in the social life. The denominations should come together and agree as one church and make that a strong one instead of having several weak ones. Farmers could well co-operate In the establishing of credit associations or at least in borrowing money. If farmers had an organization and this would stand. back of loans, there is no reason why money could not be se cured for a low "r rate of interest. Co-operation will do for the farmer what corporation has, done for busi ness. The marvelous development of modern industry and business could never have come except as a result of the corporation, which enabled people to work together, or, if you please, to co-operate-likewise a rap id development will come in farming when proper use is made of co-opera tion. Each one working by himself will not get far, 'either in business or in farming. IMPROVE LIVE STOCK BREEDS Secretary Hays of the Department of Agriculture Gives Views on Economic Aspect. In discussing the economic aspect of the work in cooperative breeding, Assistant Secretary Hays, of the de partment of agriculture, said in a re cent interview: "Co-operation in animal breeding, as in other forms of country life co operation, is a direct aid to the reten tIon of the family farm,. making less need for large farms and the conse quent landlordism and peasantry of the people. Cooperation in testing and weeding out the ordinary herd used for production, in owning male animals, and in improving pure-bred families and breeds will enable farm ers to delegate to collective manage ment those things which the individ nal farmer can not well do for him self. If properly organized under suit able co-operative relations with the state and federal departments of ag riculture and encouraged by suitable laws. the hereditary values of our breeds of live stock can be iproved much more rapidly than If left to in dividual effort alone. '"Trhere doubtless are at stake some hundreds of millions of possible added profit from the application of scien tific knowledge of animal breeding in the United States alone. Private breeders could do even much more than now if the scientific breeding of animals were taken in hand by public agencies co-operating with a selected portion of the breeders of each class of live stock. There will be developed a class of technlcal public workers as superintendents of co-operative breed ing enterprises. as well as investl gators and teachers, who will so de velop the science and practice of breeding that all private breeders will better know how to improve their stock, and will be better able to make profits from supplying superior breeding stock to the farmer.s who grow live stock products." Worth of Sil Corn. Twenty acree-of cora put in a sIlo is said to be worth more than thirty sos-e put in the e' LTuTLE Or TEOE IN THuE BARK HAT the next conflict between \ nations will be a war in the air. which will probably be fought I largely in the dark, is the belief of certain military strategists. if they are right, then according to present indications the United States would suffer defeat, should it be one of the com batants. "This government is far be hind every nation in military avi ation, as we have at present but ten aeroplanes and ten thoroughly trained men ready for service," said no less an authority than Brig. Gen. James Allen, chief of the signal corps. "We have gone slow, very slow, in the preparation of our military sky army for varn. ous reasons, because there has been no seeming pressing need of etensive defense of this kind. Realizing, however, what other nations have done toward preparing themselves for aerial conflict, our govern. meat is now taking steps toward making additions to our milli tary flying fleet and ten more aeroplanes have been ordered. "I hope eventually to see the provisions of the bill for aerial equipment for the army carried out in 4, full. This calls for 120 aeroplanes, in charge of 285 avia tors and 720 enlisted men. These will be divided into sections, platoons, companies and squadrons. Two sections will com pose a platoon, two platoons a company, two companies a "Each qudron w i be in commnd of a ma his staffdron. in additionin other words, a squadron will the machines. He will also have under him a frcensist of eight aeroplane mechan charge of sixteen avmenators, all of whom ill be captains or la extra tenants of the regular army. "Each squadron will be in command of a msiga-ed or, eacho ill have two commissioned ofcers on ros staff in addition to the aviators assigned to the machines. He will also have under him a force of 48 aeroplane mechanicians, all enlisted hen, giving fve to each machine, and an extra one for each company. "To one Philippinesd army of regular troops there will be three aviation squadrons, one asigned to each of the two divisions and one to the headqurters of the field commnder. Te squacorpsd ton assigned to headquarters will be equipped with aeroplanes of extra motor power for long provided with6 machines and 15 aviators distributed among ts mongbile troops at the rate of one squadron fors. Threeive the Philr diplomapines frshould have twogular armyd aviation schools, to bhave one squadron. This skyroughout thearmy will be headed by two colonels under thcountry. commters, fanor our theour chief of the signal coerpsof two colientenant-thcolonels Atland ele, the Pacifjors. the Gulf prohe Lakvided withand o machines cendistributed ampoint. Eachts mobstate wil e troops at the rate of school quadron for each divison. All of these schools wilitia be srdmewhat sim-ust receive to their diplomas from t Clege Park,he regular armyd. "Germaviation schoolsat the momet" continuhed throughoutGeneral still more under construction. She has a chan "Fve of these schoolsstations which are so placed as ton cen guaters, foher oentire froastsier and also the enter of theih "Shcontnent- hs twenty-five first-class sheds withe Gulfthe the Lakerious strand one central Inland points. To man her huge cstate ill undoubtedly haveover a thouschooland of instruand tomen trainedll of these schools will be somewhat sim-al navigation and ready to tt Cge Pake to flight upon n-rk, d. -sAltaen, "ths a eet of about 300 aeroplanesorders and "Franstill ore claimnder constructieve, that she has 00a chain eat force ofnty sevetations. whimach are so y placeds ands to provi"She haons twenfor a military at-clations sheds with the most modern e 131 quipment dotting the landscape t extent bi !.1 .lJ.clau,arophnam. she 's % a in. co..<tpa; . d ito% a 5 t -..' ..: ir t bts Il "Italy has a good fleet of seventeen to wean she I. making constant additions and is the t nation to make use of aerial bombs ane o lying artilleryman. Unutenant lotti stablishbd his right to a niche .in the hall of tame by hi daring flight over the enemy at Tripoli whs. be ipped four of these aerial grenads asuedawe easmyo at various points with deadly resultit "Turkey. beholding . the devastation. Italy hat wrought from the clouds, has made rapid strides in the purchase of an aerial fleet ot her own and is likely, to retaliate in like manine "Austria is also waking up to theae vantages of these adjuncts to milltary tsio les and has entered the field of aerona tics." When General Allen was asked what would be the work of the flying machie In the event of war he said: killfulhly handled military aereposies may wipe aout or pinta a wo amy before sun rise, report to their base of upplis and tdieor ganize a hostile fleet before breakstst. mot effectivhese as scouts, working from dffert nt apoints upon the Atlantl eat, the aGulf coast nd the Pacific as coast ltrols, for observation rnd supplying lnf t regarding the ap by assembling cr srmll groups do an immense "Ine the ehent of the existence of war and the approlach of hostlet shil or fransports with troops these scout atropnes rould perevent the landing of any treyls. If each station In the coast patrol ha, we wi say, five ships, each the weight of the aviator and his supply of fuel, "This amount of explosive colld be dropped in weights of from 20 to 200 pounds without in. jury or disturbance to the aeroplane and from safe heights of from 2.000 to 3,000 feet. It should not require many such hinats to envince the commander of any fleet or invading army, no matter how determined he might be, that the loeality was rather unhealthy. " "The best time for such work as this to be done would be it the semi-darkness of the early morning or late evening just at dusk or dawn. when it is next to impossible to see as aeroplane, particularly itf it stays up a couple of theosand feet. Tgo the aviator and his companplso who would attend to the distribution of missiles the outilnes of the boats, the camps and even Indl vidaals stand oat with a clearness that is not appreciated by anyone who his not fown in a balloon. With the abilty of the eplne to pursue an erratic couie by constastly chanlgng its ositlu, the hish speed the small emes a S - maintain and the heights to which they asoneS give them a tremendous advantage. "The army aeroplane which the United States expects to depend upon in case of hostile dem onstrations will carry 2,500 rounds of ammuni tion, which it may discharge at the rate of 500 a minute. It can travil 104 miles an hour, carry enough fuel to go 460 miles, stay up 11% hours and climb to an altitude of 12,8SB feet. That is what has been done, and what hero planes have done they can do again. "Then the army, like the navy. expects to make good use of the hydro-aeroplane, which may alight upon, skim through and fly from the water as readily as it does from land. and from plowed land as well as from level ground. Its use. would be mostly for observation of the en emy at long distances. "'What moaels are we now using'" "Well, we have only Wright. Curtiss and Br gess Wright machines at present, but when the money is forthcoming it is likely that we will purchase some of the best of the foreign ma chines. Should the necessity arise the 'United States would certainly acquire the beet products of modern invention to the complement of her own supply. "Our present trouble it we already have more machlnes than we have oficers -ompetent to handle them. We must have more men who are qualified to ill the requirements exacted for this work. "Sacoessful aviation is a seientific problem which, like every other wonderful achievement, is only a success after each detail Is erhtly worked out. The first great esential in the practical use of aviatiop in military tacties ies in the nedessity for safety it flying. "What would be the use of the government spending money to train offcers and soldiers to the fie point neesary for successful airmea only to have them meet mishap and death, to say nothing of tbfe losses through the destruc tion of, valuable machines repreeunting the out lay of thousands of dollars. Flatng may be,. will Sbe, as safe as any other mode of tryvel. "This is oae of the pobleas whiceh our go* ernment experts are working upon now. They have already settled un automatie arrangeo ments whieb shald maerially lessen the num ber of mishaps and fatalities. It is the unex pected which happens, taking a man of his guar feor au Instant, which experieaes and stady wiD avert. -W , . Genermdal llen believes that the AIni ts for an army aviator tnclude physloeT perfebion. Only commineload oleers of the army and mi litia need aPpy and bebore they eae be adms ted to anyr . to O aviation schools they last pam a rigeoestyderal enaminatioe. --- - T' eesuat what the war of the fututre -an mean it is only nesassary to look over the field of modern invention In the produetion of death. dealinga wpons. ) Battles will be fought in the clouds with ma Chbne rtles which throw out streams of bullets, aerial torpedoes which may be released by, levers strapped to the feet- of the aviator, bombs of powerful explosive which can tear met and horses to bits and the Germana ero guns which send down brittle bombe containing s150 i d of ~ch loale that upon exploding ai the etmoe. phere with poisonous gases calculated to kill -To overeom the disadvantages o the dar aes bhere ist an elestrsalt coatrolid seae light whleh may be spapended hundreds of feest below the sarship and thus luthtanste for a brief tmie the area of attack. Thus the flying art. leryman may see jaust where he wants his fire to strike, while he remains safe In his iron or steel aheethed ship high above the dnger oft bothg men or hit Then there is a bomb whieh leaves a trail of smoke by day and a line oi ire at night to mark ts course. Por disabling ares from the roueand there-ts the American automobile gun, seld to be able. to discbharge 2,0000 ballets an hour. reedrln but two men to handle it and performing the work of thirty retmeats, besides many others for vertal firting. The Japanese have a p4l sounou as filled bomb whleh will explode ll the. air with fuames guarnateed to overcoma any airmen within 100 yards of its expleler. According to some strategits the nest wer will be thrashed out largely by ahrehips and mt probably tn semintdarkns. b the lts twUilght of evealgs and o tire I~Y dn the airshipe will come forth from their sheds and hangarE to pursue their stealthy lghts of observatlon and destraetion. With the twinking Ushg of the eampfres oft ithe enemy, the soltay stgnals of approach.e Ig shipsr o the vuoe aesk shapes of the seat. tmered houses in some steepng vftgp all open to their observatton they can swiftly Ond sileatly steal along orhead ad fire tbett ilseiles ot destraction apo the uns~auspectil enemy and -acr away out of reab before there i aay pea. sbllity of their beila seen cr damabed. With the aceuracy whieh, coetant targeft practice gives even asmall fleet of these Instre, merts of war ca aseomplish great destruetion with their dropplng hells and boms. When these winged foe meet in att t will be to the Beet that Is the swiftest ea sgo da that the deey will bls.