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The Toiler ONE YEAR I BUNDLE RATES . SIX MONTHS $1.50. I $1.0 Per Hundred I 75c. Address all mail and make all checks payable to THE TOILER 3207 Clark Ave., Cleveland, Ohio. Entered as Second Class Matter, under the name of The Ohio Socialist, February 21, 1917, at the Post Office at Cleveland, 0., Under Act of March 3, 1879. EDITOR . .Elmer T. Allison Published Weekly by The Communist Labor Party of Ohio at Cleveland, Ohio. Telephone: Harvard 3639. CLEVELAND, OHIO, FRIDAY, APRIL 16th 1920. The Leaven is Working The hopes of those who expect the lion and the lamb to lie down peace fully together are bound to be withered. Even in America the despair of some revolutionists who proclaim the impossibility of American workers ever awaken ing fc the fact of their exploitation, the red menace discontent, himger, im possible living conditions is stalking forth upon his roiuids. The switchmen's "unauthorized", "illegal" and "headless revolution" brings one up with a quick jerk of realization of the facfc that all the elements Of real working class uprisings are with us and liable to break out at any moment. And calling the insurgents names as the capitalist press is doing will not alter the conditions that underlie this latest revolt, nor will they have a soothing effect upon the minds of the strikers. Five years of world-wide destruction of lifo, property, wealth of all descriptions has rendered the capitalist machine of government and production incapable of working to the satisfaction of the world's workers. It is breaking down, incapable of feeding, housing and clothing the inhabitants. All the world's in turmoil, nowhere is there a sign of coming peace and a basis upon which human life may continue its existence nowhere lut in Socialist Eussia, which is solving the problems of production by first eliminating the exploiters of the masses. The switchmen's strike contains in it all the elemental characteristics of a revolution. At the bottom lie insufficient incomes to enable the workers to live. They have tried all ' legal" methods to increase their wages. Failure has resulted. The machinery which they have heretofore functioned thru the craft unions, now prove utterly incapable of securing to the members a livelihood. The weapon which has heretofore beeu used in a redress of grieve iences utterly fails in the hour of crisis. The wise ones among the rank and file see:' ig its uselessness discard it. And here developes another characteristic of revolutions the rank and file seize authority. Along with the former weapon is also discarded the conservative officials of the union. Power aud authority are seized by tha rank and file. They take their destiny into their own hands. All authority save their own is cast away. The stage is now leached where the fight Is on between the t evolutionists and consevatives for power. A further development along lines followed by revolutions is apparent. The union officials, feeling their power slipping from them, go over to their historic enemy in this case call upon their exploiters and the capitalist State for assistance in putting down the revolt. The union heads deserve the brand of Cain for this traitorous act to Labor. Nothing conld illumine more brightly than this infamous act the supliant and renegade character of old line, conser vatie trade unionism. For years the A. F. of L. brand of unionism has been disintegrating. The loss of the steel and coal strikes have filled the workers with discontent and hava convinced them of the futility of craft unionism. More than one rebellion has broken out against the union officials who are straining every nerve to keep the rank and file in leash. The rank and file are demanding a new doa. and a clean deck. To what extend the switchmen's strike will spread cannot be determined at this time. It has already paralyzed industry in many cities and adherents ire walking on: in increasing numbers. Meanwhile, the "regular" officials are crying frantically for "loyalty" on the part of the membership and seeking aa alliance with the capitalist State aud the railroad owners to assist them in breaking this revolt of the masses against an impossible economic condition and an outgrown form of labor unionism. Whatever be the results from a material standpoint, it will have a tremenduous educational effect upon Ubor. America seems on the verge of that condition which logins with spasmodic bubblings of discontent and ends -n victory of the workers. EDITORIAL & PARTY NEWS PAGE --0- In Orderly Sequence We are afforded a glan:e at a late development of the class struggle in the local laudscapp. Behold a picked group of Cleveland city police at target practice with machine guns! A new thing indeed. Eows of railroad ties stood on end, trees, answer for targotF. A veteran of the World Massacre is In charge. The suburban atmosphere is charged with all the smells and noise of battle tho no blood flows as yet Such a phenomena raises numerous questions in the mind of the curious. Indeed, since the war to end war was fought and wou with such overwhelming success and suffering humanity cries for peace and a beating of swords into plowshares it IS a curious thing to see a police squad training in the use of the latest murder dovises. Are 18 inch clubs and automatics insufficient to keep order In a Christian nation which has just concluded a victorious war for Democracy and Bighteousness? The answer is furnished by the police themselves. After one such de monstration of the arts of war, a question from a spectator as to "What's the grand idea," the .mswer was givou, "We expect a lot of troublo on May Day'." Such an act of self delusion can be precipated by only one thing fear of I just retribution. Machine guns follow in logical sequence the course that has baen followed by the capitalist dictatorship in its treatment of Cleveland workers. Time was when worker-citizens ot Cleveland legally olected two conncilmen and a member of tho school board to represent them in tho governing of the city. Soon after, they were useated at the behest of the pro fiteers and political poltroons who infest tho city hall and the Chamber of Commerce. Having ruled out of office tho representatives of the workers, steps were immediately taken to see that no moro were allowed to enter the sacred pro cints of the governing body of the bourgeoise State. Having nullified the work ers' franchise it was arranged to disfranchise them completely. The political party of the workers was set upon by as conscienceless a crew of pirates as ever cut a throat or throttled justice. After eighteen months of unremitting terrorism, raids, searches, unlawful seizures, persecutionn, arrests, spying, insults, destruction of thousands of dollars worth of property, we find the task about complete. The workers of Cleveland ABE dts'ranchlsed insofar as useing their ballot in the interest of their own class. They can neither write, speak nor voto as free men, but must comport themselves at all times and places in conform- Proletarian Science History By W. E. REYNOLDS. An economic interpretation of history especially arrarged for use as a text-book for study classes, or for home study. Copyright 1920. By W. E R. OUTLINE CHART FOR AGE OF LOWER SAVAOERY. Economic Interpretation. Rerinninr Unknown except through Geological, Archeolo- g gical and Biogenetic research. Tools and Weapons ...Sticks and stones. Transportation Now, except natural locomotion. Subsistence Fruits, nuts, raw fish and shell-fish, edible roots, bark, worm-, grasshoppers, locusts and other insects. Shelter Natural shelter only, such as trees, ledges, enves, etc. Clothing None. Environment Tropical and Semi-Tropical climate. Tree life. Changes caused bv geologic phenomena. Natural environment only. Organization No conscious organization. No family life. Greg arious hordes. Arts and Institutions. Sun and ghost dances. Germs of nature worship Duration An immense period of time, variously estim ated. Probably millions of yean, CHAPTER FOUR. A Scientific Interpretation of Historical Epochs. SAVAGERY. The epoch of Savagery is divided into throe ages, liOwer, Middle and Upper. Lower age: This dates from unknown antiquity. The first men had no history except as animals have history, and left no history except such as may be read from the record of the rocks, wherein we find tho bones of early main and the animals he had eaten or by whom he had been eaten, Prior to the advent of modern science, hut little could ho known of this remote aa;e. Today, thanks to the development of the sciences of biology, zoology and archaeology, the story of the past is slowly but successfully being retraced.' ) HaeOkol) says that "The ontogeny of the in dividual recapitulates the phylogeny of the race." The term ontogeny means the development of the individual from inception to death. Phylogeny means the development of the race from protozoa to man. The Law of Biogenesis teaches us that in its de velopment from the parental cell to maturity, each in dividual passes trough all the stages through which its race has passed in its evolution from the primordial protozoa to the present time. A typical illustration of this law is to he found in tho destructiveness of children. A stick in the hands of a small child, instantly becomes a club wielded for de structive purposes, as many a household pet can testify. A stono to a small boy is merely an excelent something to throw regardless whether the object aimed at is ti window, a bird, a dog, a cat or a playmate. The reason for those activities is to be found in the fact that sticks and stones were man's first tools. In the lower age of savagery the chief desires of man were to satisfy hunger, keep warm, and out-wit the other animals. A study of the skulls of men of this age shows that in thought and action they were brute-like.) The tools of lower savagery were sticks and stones; tho shelter, trees and caves, (natural shelter only as man had not vet learned to hnild). No clothing was worn. Mankind at this period was just a gregarious hot do of human animals living on worms, locusts,) grass hoppers, fish, shellfish, fruits, nuts and succulent roots. Man in the age of lower savagery, had few words, little communication of ideas, and these mostly by sounds, signs and gestures. He was almost entirely at the mercy of the hostile forces of nature. Savagery may be defined as that period of human history dating from the time man first assumed an up right posture to the time of the development of the arts of agriculture and potteiy-making. Tt marked the begin ning of minn's conscious mastery of the hostile forces of his enviixMiment. Man's first great achievement was the development of his ability to stand erect, which gave him the free use of bis front feet to use tools and carry burdens. Tt is main tained by some scientists! that the ability to stand erect and to use tools brought him in more intimate contact with a variety of objects, thus necessitating the coining of words to distinguish one from another, hence the development of articulate speech is sychronous with the development of tool?. ity with the will of the capitalist class expressed by rules laid down by tho poUce and the Loyal American League, who are the agents of the bourgooise. Retching the present stage, what is the next step which must logically be taken if the workers are to be kept in submission? Since force has proved to be the magic wand to randor subject the slaves of capital, why not accent uate its uso and influonce? And, since discontent is eveu more rife today, than previously among the slaves the machine ;un suggests ltsolt. . . . ' Tis true, we anticipate to Immediate use of tt. Considering present circumstances we can't imagine any use for machine guns, nor even a "hiUy" on May Day. Tho daily press informs us that May 1st will be celebrated as American Day. Being such, we presume that the Declaration of Independence and tbe Constitution and the various Amendments will be read and considered deeply and prayorrnlly by every straight thinking dwoller of Cleveland. We re commend that they do so. Esporlally do we recommend that each inhabitant "learn by .Wrt" th first Amendment and tnke It as a rule of his political and civil life. Should these suggestions bo followed In the administration of city affairs and ALL Its inhabitants adhere strictly thereto, we are positive that the bitter mouths of machine guns would bo closed with mst. That would mean the peaceful passing of the capitalist dictatorship -but history teaches that no ruling class ever passes from power except thru a sea of blood of Its own making. The elemental form; of language may be traced to the animal world. The warning cry of the cock upon sight of a hawk may be distinguished by any one from the call he uses to notify his harem of the discovery of another fat worm. The purr of a cat is readily dis tinguished from its nocturnal loveeAng, The language of animasl may be said to be vocalized expression of mental reactions to definite facts in its environment that may affect the individual for weal or woe. Human language differs from the language of other animals in this; it has evolved definite sounds for de finite things, while animal language has certain sounds for various emotions. A dog howls, whines or bark according to his mood. Human language began in the lower age of savagery, evolving from sign and gesture language, and marks the vsccond great achievement of man. Without language as a vehicle of expression no high order of thought is pos sible. No high order of language is possible without a high order of social development. The vocabularly of all savage tribes is very limited. Thought is a mental reaction to experience. Man can not articulate that which he has not experienced, hence it follows that the greater the social experience the more ample the individual vocabulary. Tho vocabulary of this early age was limited for the reason that the racial experience was limited. Man in lower savagery had no conscious social or ganization. During this age the faint beginning of a primitive marriage system developed out of promiscuity. Rudimentary forms of religion also developed in the form of Sun dances and kindred nerve-reactions. Primitive religions rose from the nerve-reaction which primitiv man experienced at the coming of the dawn. To tree-dwelling man the night was a time of terror. Large poisonous reptiles glided noiselessly trhough th trees and monstrous camivora prowded along the ground. To escape being crashed by the one often meant being crunched by the other enemy. It was thus ihat the night was a time of continuous' nerve tension which was suddenly released at tho coming of the light, manifesting itself bv shouting and dancing, for now the enemies were visible and could be the more easily eluded. Modern religions still describe evil as darkness and good as light. This age of human history closes with the discover" of the utility of fire. ) "Tho Men of the 01,1 Stone Ape" by Venry Fairfield Osborne See also. The Stono Ago in North America, by Warren K. Moorehead. (2 vol. 1910). ) "Riddle of the Universe." ) The reader is referred fro an exeellen work on the Riogonetie Law by Professor J. Howard Moore, entitled, "The Law of Hio"encsis " ) Huxley's "Man's Place in Nature." ) "Tlis meat was locusts and wild honey. "Bible. "Professor Garner in "Researches on African Apes." QUESTIONS FOR CHAPTER POUR. 1. What is meant by the term savagery! 2. What is meant by the lower ago of savage -yf 3. Name the duration of lower age of savagery.' 4. What sciences teach ns of the history of early man! 5. What is meant by the terms, archeology, geology, bioloev? antogeny! philogcny? 6 J' w 6. Who was Tfaeckelf 7. What is the Law of Biogenesis? 8. Show by illustration, other than the text, vour concent of the biogenetic law. 1 9. What were man's first, tools! 10. What we.s the chief desires of primitive man! 11, Name the foods of primitive man. J2- Wha' were tho primitive styles in clothes! 13. How did primitive man communicate his ideas! 14. What was man's first achievement! Second! 15. What is thought lfi. What influence upon the expression of thought may be traced to the uso of tools .' 17. Have animals any form of language? 18. Give illustrations, other than the text, of animal language IV. What causes language to grow? 20. Kxplnin the social organization of lower savagery. (Continued next week) The Lesson of Albany Walter B. Dillon There is much food for thought for all Communists In not only the r-snit of the investigation that took place at Ubany, N mouv and polled from the legislature at A41bany vr. elected to office bv the votes of l rndreds. norhans thousands, of ., but the actual testi-: those who at the time wcro members Statements made bv the'or svronath defendant Socialists. In fact, wo ns ommunist workers are far moro in- Party, but who aro now Communists or Communist Labor in affiliation or terested in the attitude adopted by sympathy. Where are we going to the defense at Albany than we need be in the result of the whole farce. U this point, however, in view of the fnet that this is a presidential year, wo must look the matter fairly In the face from a purely political angle also. We aro vitally interested in! the outcome of this legislative tangle, first, ns showing the limits to which ( :i:iitu! is prepared to go to dominate stand when the afield test is nut to the electorate of theso assembly districts again? That is what we must ociide. Prom all indications we are not going to be allowed to place a Com munist Labor ticket n the field and through such a ticket exercise right of franchise, If not, t.hould voto for the Socialists whom we know up our wo me stare an,, lecond, as den, twt be about as valuable to the work concus.vcy rne HupucitV, ,lo.Jng class and as powerful in pnviiy nmt utter wortiilossness of. :,.,.,., nJ vwt ; n . ... in i in in ur and utter worthlcssncs -uch loaders" nf Socialism as Kill- ejnit, Stedman, et i), There nre very few of us, perhaps, who needed the developments at ai buy to prove the fad! tscarlot mi tun of the Socialist lartv to the work their rensky In Russia! For myself, I most respectfully decline to waste my time voting for puppets of the bourgooise, but I am not sure that such is the attitude of nil of us. Neither am I suro that to leave tho tiaht nm.n rs as the partv Is ronresentcd h,bttwew tho cohorts of Cnpitnl on the such nun as Hlllqutt, Stedman, WtMiww BM" flml ' niiddlo class reform man nnd mnny others of their ilk. "m a represented by the Socialists Mat to thousands of good nnd loyal on ",0 "'her hand, would lie conducive Socialists who chose to remain with the old party rather than split awi . such a lesson was absolutely essential to demonstrate the close affinity of Mich socallcd Socialists to the Kerens kvs, Schcideinanns, Nnskes, Fbcrts end Thomases of Europe. Let us hope t at the Icon was not lost on our honest comrades of tbe Socialist i'arty. From a purely political angle, how ewer, we nre much more interested. It is a fnet that the men who were ex- to tho best interests of tho workers In tho long run, of course, tho reaction will set in nnd wo will logically take our places at tho helm, but we should not stand aside and let tho Socialists be crushed if by enving tbeir skins wo can prevent a great deal of suf fering by tho ontiro working calss. It is certain that in tho evont that I ho Socinlist Part) is wiped off tho slate ns well us ourselves, there will (Continued on page 4.)