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THE STitIKE COMMISSION.
Report of the Commission Ap
pointed by President Cleveland.
An Arraignment of the Pullman Com
pany and the Railway Managers
Their Refusal to Arbitrate
Caused the Trouble.
Organization of the Railway AaaocUtlon
Contrary to Law and a Menace to Labor
Pullman MethodnDenoonced Ar
gument for Unionism.
Chicago, Not. 12. The United States
government report on the preat rail
road strike in connection with the Pull
man trouble was made public to-day.
The report, which is signed by the fed
eral labor committee, Carroll D. Wright
and his fellow-investigators, John D.
Kernan, of New York, and Nicholas B.
Worlhington, of Illinois, is addressed
to President Cleveland, and abounds in
passages which will attract wide atten
tion, particularly the portion referring
to the now famous "General Managers'
association," the organization of high
railway officials that encompassed the
memorable defeat of the American Rail
way union.
The report says the capitalization of
the twenty-four railroads directly rep
resented in the General Managers' asso
ciation was $3,108,552,617. The number
of employes was 231,007. The commis
sion continues:
"This voluntary unincorporated association
was formed in In its constitution the ob
ject ot tbe association is said to be 'the consid
eration of problems of management arising
from tbe operation of railroads terminating or
centering at Chicago.' It further provides that
'an funis needed snail oe raised oy un assess
ment divided equally among the members.'
There are no limitations as to 'consideration of
problems or funds, except the will of the man
agcra and the resources of the railroad corpora
tions.
FIXED THE SCALE.
"Until June. 1894. the association's posslbili
ties as a strike-lighter and wage arbiter lay
rather dormant. Its roads fixed a Chicago
scale 'for switchmen, covering all lines at Chi
cago. In Match, 1893. the switchmen demand
ed more par from each road. The association
concluded that they were paid enough: if any
thing, too much. The roads so informed the
men. Tie hwitcnmen s Mutual Aid Associa
tion of North America wrote to Mr. St. John, as
chairman, acquiescing. He. as chairman ot the
General Managers' association, concluded bis
reply as follows:
" 'The association approves the course taken
by your body and desires to deal fairly with all
employes, and belie'ea that our switchmen are
receiving due consideration.
"This seems to show." the report says, "that
employes upon association roads are treated
as under subjection to the General Managers'
association," and the report, after detailing
tho action of the association in establishing
agencies and employing men. adds:
"This was the first time when men upon each
line were brought sharply face to face with the
fact that in questions us to wages, rules, etc.,
each line was supported by twenty-four com
bined railroads. This association likewise
prepared for its use elaborate schedules of
wages paid upon the entire lines of its twenty
four members. The proposed object of these
schedules was to let each road know what
other roads paid. Finding that the men
tiftou some lines urged increase to correspond
with wages paid elsewhere, a committee of the
association prepared and presenttnl a uniform
schedule for all membership roads. It was
deeuied wise not to act upon the report. It
was distributed to members in November,
1W3. This distribution alone enabled the re
tain to be used with efficiency as an 'equal
izer.' As tho result, during IH!i3 it being then
well understood that as to wages, etc., it was
an incident of the General Managers' associa
tion, 'to assist' each road in case of trouble
over such matters, one form of assistance be
ing for the association to secure men enough
through its agencies to take tho places of all
strikers reductions were here and there made
on the different roads, the tendency and effort
apparently being to equalize the pay on all
lines.
TjsmPATioH or POWER.
"It is admitted that the action of the associa
tion has great weight with outside lines, and
thus tends to establish one uniform scale
throughout the country. Tbe further single
step of admitting lines not running into Chi
cago to membership would certainly have the
effect of combining all railroads in wage con
ventions against all employes thereon.
"The commission questions whether any le
gal authority, statutory or otherwise, can be
found to justify the features of the association
which have come to light in the investigation. If
we regard its practical workings, rather than
Its professions, as expressed in its constitu
tion, the General Managers' association has no
more standing in law tnanthe old trunk line
pool. It can not incorporate, because railroad
charters do not authorize roads to form corpo
rations or associations, to fix rates for services
and wages, nor to force their acceptance not to
battle with strikers. It is usurpation of power
not granted. If such an association is neces
sary from a business or economic standpoint,
the right to form and maintain it must come
from the state that granted its charter. In
theory, corporations are limited to tbe powers
ci anted either directly or by clear inference.
We do not think the power has been granted
In either way in this case. The association is
an illustration of the persistent and shrewdly
devised plan of corporations to overreach
their limitations, and to usurp Indi
rectly powers and rights not contemplated in
their charters and not obtainable from the
people or their legislatures. As extension of
this association, as above suggested, and the
proposed legalization of 'pooling,' would re
suit In an aggregation of power and capital
dangerous to the people and their liberties, as
well as to employes and their rights. The
question would then certainly arise as to which
shall control, tbe government or the railroads.
And the end would inevitably be government
ownership. Unless ready for tbat result and
all It Implies, the government must restrain
corporations within the law, and prevent
them from forming unlawful and dangerous
combinations. At least, so long as railroads
era thus permitted to combine to fix wages.and
for their joint protection, it would be rank in
justice to deny the right of all labor upon rail
roads to unite for similar purposes.
"It should be noted that until the railroads
aet the example a general nnion of railroad
employes was never attempted. The unions
had not gone beyond enlisting the
men upon different systems in separate
trade organizations. These neutralize and
check each other to some extent, and have no
such scope or capacity for good or evil as is
possible under the universal combination Idea
Inaugurated by the railroads and followed by
the American Railway union. The refusal of
the General Managers' association to recognize
and deal with such a combination of labor as
tbe American Railway union seems arrogant
and absurd when you consider its standing be
fore the law, its assumptions and its past, and
obviously contemplated future action."
THE PUIXMAS COMPANY.
Taking up the subject of the Pullman Palace
Car Co., the report says: "This is a corpora
tion organized in ft67, with a capital of $1,000,
000. It has grown until its present paid-up
capital is 136.000.000. Its prosperity has en
abled the company for over twenty years to
pay M per cent, quarterly dividends, and in
addition to lay up a surplus of nearly (25,000,000
of undivided profits."
Speaking ot the town of Pullman, of which
tho report states the company la owner and
landlord, the commission says:
"The principal church and its parsonage are
very attractive structures, but often are unoc
cupied, because the rental required is higher
than any society Is willing tc pay to obtain the
Gospel privileges to be -thereby secured. In
Uie arcade Is a tasteful library of books, care
fully selected and cared for by the company.
Three dollars per year Is charged for its use,
and as manv as 250 persons a year, out of from
4.000 to 5.000 employes and residents, have at
times, as stated by the librariers in charge,
railed themselves of its opportunities. It is
possible tbat the air of business strictly main
tained there, as elsewhere, and their exclusion
from any part of its management, prevent uni
versal and grateful acceptance of its ad
vantages by employes. Men as a rule, evea
when employes, prefer independence to pater
nalism in such matters.
"The company provides and pays a physician
and surgeon by the year to furnish to Injured
-employes necessary treatment and drugs. It
is. however, also a part of his employment to
-secure from the injured party a written
-sufanent as to the causes of Injury,
it lb iU custom to urge the
acceptance of any offered settlement. If nit
follows, the doctor U usually a witness for the
company. We have no evidence that the doc
tor has ever abused his confidential relation
toward tbe injured employes: but this system
is admirably conceived, from business stand
point, to secure speedy settlement of claims
for damages upon the terms offered by the com
pany, and to protect the company from litiga
tion and its results.
AN UNYIELDING CORPORATION.
"As the result of the Pullman system and its
growth, when the depression of 18C3 came, mor
ally calling for mutual concessions as to wages,
rents, etc, we find on the one Bide a very
wealthy and unyielding corporation, and upon
the other a multitude of employes of compara
tively excellent character and skill, but with
out local attachments, or any interested re
sponsibility In the town.its business.tenements
or surroundings. The conditions created at
Pullman enables the management at all times
to assert with great vigor its assumed right
to fix wages and rents, absolutely, and to re-
Eress that sort of Independence which leads to
ibor organizations and their attempts at me
diation, arbitration, strikes, etc. On the other
band, it is an economio principle, generally
recognized, tbat the shutting down of such a
plant and the scattering of its forces usually
result in a greater loss than that exhibited by
the continuance of business. The Pullman
company could hardly shut down for seven and
a halt months at a cost and loss of less than 1
per cent, upon its capital and surplus. To con
tinue running was for its obvious and unfair
advantage, so long as it eould divide losses
equally with Its labor. The men at Pullman
claim tbat the company, during 1893-S4. set the
pace through experts so that they were forced
to loss of time, and an average man could earn
little more than the rent of houses owned by
the company. The company alleges that it
simply readjusted piece-work prices to
suit the necessities of tbe times. Some
witnesses swear that at times for ihe
work done in two weeks they received in
checks from 4c to tl over and above their
rent The company has not produced its
checks in rebuttal. During all of this reduc
tion and its attendant suffering none of the
salaries of the officers, managers or superin
tendents were reduced. Reductions in these
would not have been so severely felt, would
have shown good faith, would have relieved the
harshness of the situation and would have
evinced genuine sympathy with labor in the
disasters of the tunes.
FOB SELF BENEFIT.
"In its statements to the public, which are in
evidence, the company represents that its ob
ject in all It did was to continue operations for
the benent oi its workmen, anu oi traoes peo
ple in and about Pullman, and to save the pub
lic from the annoyance of interrupted travel.
The commission thinks that the evidence
shows that it sought to keep running mainly
for its own benefit as a manufacturer: that its
plant might not rust: that its competitors
might not Invade its territory: that it
might keep its cars in repairs: that it
might be ready for resumption when busi
ness revived, with a live plant and competent
help, and that its revenue might continue. If
we exclude the aesthetic and sanitary features
at Pulllman. tne rents mere are irom zu to '-
per cent higher than rents in Chicago or sur
rounding towns for similar accommodations.
The aesthetic features are admired by visitors,
but have little money value to employes, es
pecially when they lack bread. The company
makes all repairs, and, heretofore, has not
competed tenants to pay for them. Under the
printed leases, however, which tenants must
sign, they agree to pay for all .repairs which
are either necessary (ordinary wear and dam
aces by the elements not excepted) or which
the company chooses to make. Thecompany's
claim that the workmen need not hire its tene
ments and can live elsewhere if thev choose is
not entirely tenable. The fear of losinirwoj-k
keeps them in Pullman as long as there are
tenements unoccupied, because the company
is supposed, as a matter of business, to give
a preference to its tenants when work is
slack. While reducing wages, the company
made no reduction in rents. Its position is
that the two matters are distinct, and that
none of the reasons urged justifying ware re
duction by it as an employer can le considered
by the company as a landlord. Tbe company
claims that it is simply legitimate business to
use its position and resources to hire in the
labor market as cheaply as possible, and at
the same time to keep rents up, regardless of
what wages are paid to its tenants, or what
other tenements rent forclsewhere: to avail it
self to the full extent of business depression
and competition in reducing wages and to dis
regard these same conditions as to rents. No
valid reason is assigned for this position cx
ceot simnlv that the company had the Dower
and the legal right to do it
TBE CHECK SYSTEM.
'Prior to the so-called truck law in Illinois.
rent was deducted from the wages. Since then
a check is given for the amount of the rent.
and another for the balance due for
wages. There is nothing to prevent
the payee of the check from cashing it
outside of the bank, but. as the bank is rent
collector. It presses for the rent, and Is aided
in collecting it Dy snowieuge on tne part oi tne
tenant that by arrears be may lose his job.
The reductions at Pullman after September,
lHiia. were the result oi conferences among the
managers; the employes for the first time
knew of them when they took effect The
company based Its entire contention as to
every department upon the facts in reference
to car building to which we have alluded, and
offered to show its books and figures as to the
cost and selling prices of cars. This offer, on
account ot the strike intervening, was not
acted upon. Had It been, it would have re
sulted in the figures as to car building con
tracts. The purpose of the management was
obviously to rest tbe whole matter upon cost,
etc.. in its most seriously crippled department.
excluding irom consiueration tne iacts as to
wages in the repair department
"The demand of -the employes for the wages
of June. 1893. was clearly unjustifiable. The
business in May, 1894. could not pay the wages
of June, 1893. Reduction was carried to excess.
but the company was hardly more at fault
therein than were the employes in insisting up
on the wages of June, 1K& There was little
discussion as to rents, the company maintain
ing that its rents nad notning to do with its
wages, and that its revenue from its tene
ments was no greater than it ought to receive.
'The company had a legal right to take this
position, but, as between man and man. the1e
mand for some rent reduction was fair and
reasonable, under all the circumstances.
Some slight concession in this regard would
probably have averted the strike, provided the
promise not to discharge men who served coon
the committee had been more strictly re
garded. THE STRIKE.
"The strike occurred on May 11. and from
that time until tbe soldiers went to Pullman.
about July 4, 300 strikers were placed about tbe
company's property, professedly to guard it
irom destruction or intenerence. inis guard
ing of property in strikes is. as a rule, a mere
fireten.se. Too often the real object of guards
s to prevent new comers from taking strikers'
filaces by persuasion, often to be followed, if
neffectual. by Intimidation and violence. The
Pullman company claims this was the real ob
ject of these guards.
"The strikers at Pullman are entitled to
be believed to the contrary In this matter,
because of their conduct and forbearance
after May 11. It Is in evidence and uncon
tradicted that no violence or destruction
of property by strikers or sympathizers
took place at Pullman, and that until July
S no extraordinary protection was had from
the police or military agents against any dis
order. Such dignified, manly and conservative
conduct in the midst of excitement and threat
ened starvation is worthy of the highest type
of American citizenship, and with prudence in
all other directions will result in due time in
the lawful and orderly redress of labor wrongs,
To deny this is to forswear patriotism and to
declare this government and its people a fail
ure." As to the great railroad strike proper, the
report says:
"It Is apparent that the readiness to strike
sympathetically was promoted by the dis
turbed and apprenhensive condition of railroad
employes, resulting from the wage reductions
on different lines, blacklisting, etc.. and from
the recent growth of the General Managers' as
sociation, which seemed a menace. It is seri
ously questioned, and with much force, wheth
er courts have jurisdiction to enjoin citizens
from 'persuading' each other in Industrial or
other matters of common interest . However,
it is generally recognized among good citizens
that a mandate of a court Is to be obeyed until
It Is modified and corrected oy the court that
issued it"
The policy, the report says, of both the Pull
man company and the Railway Managers' as
sociation in reference to applications to arbi
trate closed the door to all attempts at concili
ation and settlement of differences. The com
mission Is impressed with the belief, by the
evidence and by the attendant circumstances
as disclosed, that a different policy would have
prevented the loss of in and great loss or
property and wages occasioned by the strike.
AS TO ARMED FORCES.
The reoort declares the arrival of troops at
Chicago was opportune, and says that the po
licemen sympathized with strikers rather than
with the corporations can not be doubted, nor
would it be surprising to find the same senti
ment rife among the military.
"These forces are largely recruited irom tne
laboring classes. Indeed, the danger is grow
ing that In strike wars between corporations
and employes military duty will ultimately
have to be done by others than volunteers from
labor ranks. United St deputy marshals
to the number of 3.600 were selected by and ap
pointed at the request of the General Mana
gers' association and of its railroads. They
wee armed and paid by the railroads, and
acted in the double capacity ut railroad em
ployes and United States officials. While o-er-ating
the railroads tbey assumed and erorcWd
unrestricted United States authority when so
ordered by their employers, or whenever they
regarded it as necessary. They were not nnder
the direct control of any government offtrial
while exercising authority. This is plaeing
officers of the government under control of a
combination of railroads. It is a bad prece
dent, that might well lead to serious conse
quences. The commission briefly disposes in this way
the matter of the use of federal troops:
Section 4 of article 4 of the Federal Consti
tution reads as follows:
"-The United States shall guarrantee to
every state in this Union a republican form of
government, and shall protect each of tbem
against invasion: and on application of the
legislature, or of the executive (when the legis
lature can not be convened), against domestic
violence.
"United States troops were not sent Into Illi
nois upon the application of the legislature,
nor of tbe executive, against domestic violence:
i. e.. violence affecting the state and its govern
ment as such. The president ordered the
troops to Chicago:
"1. To protect federal property.
"i To prevent obstruction in the carrying of
the mails.
-3 To prevent Interference with the inter
state commerce: and
"4. To enforce the decrees and mandates of
the federal courts.
"He did this under the authority of section
5398 of the Revised Statutes of the United
States, which provides:
"Whenever, by reason of unlawful obstruc
tions, combinations, or assemblages of persons,
or rebellion against the authority of the gov
ernment of the United States, it shall become
impracticable, in the judgment of the presi
dent, to enforce, by the ordinary course of
judicial proceedings, tue laws of tbe United
Stales within any state or territory, it shall be
lawful for the president to call forth the militia
ot any orall of the states, and to employ such
parts of the land or naval forces of the United
States as he may deem necessary to enforce
the faithful execution of the laws of the United
States, or to suppress such rebellion, -in what
ever state or territory thereof tho laws of the
United States may be forcibly opposed, or the
execution thereof forcibly obstructed."
Section n2b9 is also quoted, and the reports
aaas: -inner statutes tend to comer authori
ty in the same direction."
"There Is no evidence before the commission
that the officers ot the American Railway
union at any time -participated In or advised
intimidation, violence or destruction or proper
ty. They knew and fully appreciated that as
soon as mobs ruled, the orgauized forces of so
ciety would crush the mobs and all responsible
for them in the remotest degree, and that this
meant defeat Tbe attacks upon corporations
and monopolies by the leaders in their speeches
are similar to tnose to ue iouna in tae maga
zines and industrial works of the day.
"From the testimony It Is fair to conclude
that strikers were concerned In the outrages
against law and order, although the number
was undoubtedly small as compared with the
whole number out."
The report adds, however, many impartial
observers are reaching the view that much of
the responsibility for these disorders rests
with the people themselves and with the gov
ernment for not equally controlling monopolies
and corporations, and for failing reasonably to
protect the rights of labor aud tcdress its
wrongs, rso one asserts that laws can com
pletely remedy contentions as to wages, etc.
but many do insist that something substantial
can be accomplished in this direction if at
tempted honestly, reasonably aud in good
lauu.
CAPITAL AND LABOR,
In conclusion, the report says:
"Since nations have grown to the wisdom
or avoiding disputes by conciliation, and even
of settling tbem by arbitration, why should
capital una labor, in their rcicnJciu'e
upon each other, persist in. cutting each
other's throats as a settlement of dilTer-
ences.' Orricml rejxtrts show that much prog
ress has lH-en made in the more sane direction
of conciliation and arbitration, even in Ameri
ca. Abroad they are in advance of us in this
policy. Were our population as dense and op
portunities as limited us abroad, present in
dustrial conditions would Keep us uiucn more
disturbed than we now are by contest between
capital and labor. Some of our courts, how
ever, are still poring over the law reports of
antiquity in order to construe conspiracy out of
labor unions. We also have employers who
obstruct progress oy perverting aud misapply
ing the law of supply and demand, and who.
while iusisting upon individualism for work
men, demund that thev shall be let alone to
combine us they please, aud that society
and all its forces shall protect them in
all their resulting contentions. The rapid
concentration of power and wealth,
under stimulating legislative conditions, in
persons, corporations and monopolies, has
greatly changed tho business and industrial
situation. Our cities were constructed upon
the theory that the competition would amply
protect snippers as to rates ana employes as to
wages and other conditions. Combination has
largely destroyed this theory, and has seriously
disturbed the natural working of the laws of
supply and demand, which, in theory, are based
upon competition for labor between those who
demand it. as well us among those who supply
it For instance, as we have shown, there is no
longer any competitive demand among the
twenty-four railroads at Chicago for switch
men. They have ceased competing with each
other: they are no longer twenty-four separate
and competing employers; they are virtually
one.
LABOR UNIONS' RIGHTS.
'However men may differ about the DroDrle-
ty and legality of labor unions, we must all
recognize the fact that we hare tbem with us
to stay and to grow more numerous and pow
erful. Is it not wise to fully recognize tbem
by law; to admit tneir necessity as labor
guides and protectors, to conserve their use
fulness, increase their responsibility and pre
vent their follies and aggressions by confer
ring upon tbem the privileges enjoyed by cor
porations, with like proper restrictions and
regulations? The growth of corporate power
and wealth has been the marvel of the past
nity years, corporations nave undoubtedly
benefited the country, and thus brought its re
sources to our doors. It will not be surprising
if the marvel of the next fifty years be the ad
vancement of labor to a position of like
power and. responsibility. We have here
tofore encouraged tne one and comparative
ly neglected the other. Does not wisdom
demand that each be encouraged to pros
per legitimately and to crow into harmonious
relations of equal standing and responsibility
before the law; This involves nothing hostile
to the true interests and rights of either. The
commission deems recommendations of specific-
remedies premature. ucn a problem. lor in
stance, as universal government ownership of
railroads Is too vast, many-sided and tar-sway,
if attempted, to be considered as an immediate,
practical remedy. It belongs to the socialistic
group of public questions where government
ownership is advocated of monopolies, such as
telegraph, telephones, express companies and
municipal ownership of water works, gas and
electric lightning and street railways. These
questions are pressing more urgently as time
goes on. They need to be well studied and con
sidered in every aspect by all citizens.
EXPERIMENT NECESSARY.
"Should continued combinations and con
solidations result in half a dozen or less owner
ships of our railroads within a few years, as is
by no means unlikely, the question of govern
ment ownership will be forced to the front,
and we need to be ready to dispose of it intelli
gently. We need to fear everything revolu
tionary and wrong, but we need fear nothing
that anv nation can successfully attempt in
directions made necessary by changed' econo
mic or industrial conditions, inner nations,
under their conditions, own and operate tele
graphs and railroads with varying results.
Whetber it is practicable for this nation to da
so successfully when it becomes necessary to
save an investment, or when the people de
termine it shall be done, is an open and seri
ous question which can not be answered fully
except by actual experiment
"We ought now to inaugurate a permanent
system of Investigation into the relations be
tween railroads and employes In order to pre
pare to deal with them intelligently, and that
we may conservatively adopt such remedies as
are sustained by public opinion for defects or
wrongs that may from time to time appear.
"The question of what shall be done is. there
fore, one of expediency and not of power.
When railroads acted as judge and jurv In
passing upon the complaints of shippers, the
people demanded, and congress granted, a gov
ernment tribunal, where shippers and rail
roads could maet on equal terms and have the
law adjust their differences. In view of the
Chicago strike and its suggestive dangers, the
people have tbe same right to provide a gov
ernment commission to investigate and report
on differences between railways and their em
ployes, to the end tbat inter-state commerce
and public order may be Hse disturbed t;
strikes and boycotts.
-When railway employes secure greater cer
tainty of their positions, snd of the right to
promotion, compensation for injury, etc.. It
will be time enough to consider such strict
regulation for them as we can now justly apply
to railroads, whose rights are protected by
laws, and guarded by all the advantages of
greater resources and more concentrated con
trol." RECOMMENDATIONS
The commission contends that law should
make it obligatory upon some public tribunal
promptly to intervene by means of investiga
tion and conciliation, and to report whenever a
difficulty of the character of that occurring
during the iast season at Chicago arises. The
commission, therefore, recommends:
1. That there be a permanent United States
strike commission of thrse members, with du
ties and powers of Investigation and rwwi
mendation as to disputes between railways
and their employes, similar to those vested in
tho inter-state vommerco eommisiioc l w
rates, etc.
"(a) That, as in the interstate eomlero
act, power be given to the United States courts
to compel railways to obey the decisions of the
commission after summary hearing, unattend
ed by technicalities, and tbat no delays in
obeying the decisions of the commission be al
lowed pending appeals.
"(b) That whenever the parties to a con
troversy in a matter within the jurisdiction ot
the commission are one or more railroads, on
one side, and one or more national trade
unions, incorporated under chapter 567 of the
United States statutes of 18S5-6. or under state
statutes, upon the other, each side shall have
the right to select a representative, who shall
be appointed by the president, to serve as a
temporary member of tbe commission in hear
ing, adjusting and determining that particular
controversy. (This provision would make
it for the interest of the labor organization?
to incorporate under the law, and to make the
commission a practical board of conciliation.
It would also tend to create confidence in tbe
commission, and to give to that body in every
hearing the benefit of practical knowledge of
tae situation on both sides).
"(c.) That during the pendency of a proceed
ing before the commission inaugurated by na
tional trade unions or by r.u Incorporation of
employes, it shall not be lawful for the rail-:-uads
to discharge employes belonging thereto
except for Inefficiency, violation of law or
neglect of duty: nor for such unions during
such a pendency to order, unite in. or aid or abet
strikes or boycotts against the railways com
plained of: nor. for a period of six months
after a decision, for such railroads to discharge
any such employes, in whose places others
shall be employed, except for the causes afore
said: nor for any such employes during alike
period to quit the service without giving thirty
days written notice of intention to do so. nor
tor any such union or incorporation to order,
council or advise otherwise. I
"2. That chapter 567 of the United States
statutes of 1185-86 be amended so as to require
national associations to put in their articles of
constitutions, rules and by-laws that a mem
ber shall cease to be such, and forfeit all rights
and privileges conferred on him by law as such,
by participating in or by instigating force or
violence against persons or property during
strikes or boycotts, or by seeking to prevent
others from working through violence, threats
or intimidations: also, that members shall be
more personally liable for corporate acts than
arc stockholders in corporations.
-3. The commission does not feel warranted,
with the study it bas been able to give to the
subject, to recommend positively tbe establish
ment of a license system by which all the high
eremployes or others of railroads engaged in
inter-state commerce should be licensed after
due and proper examination, but it would rec
ommend, and most urgently, that this subject
be carefully and fully considered by the proper
committee of congress. Many railway em
ployes and some railway officials examined,
and many others who filed their suggestions in
writting, are in favor of some such system.
TL
"1. The commission would suggest the con
sideration by the states ot the adoption of some
system of conciliation and arbitration, like
that, for instance, in Massachusetts. That
system might be re-enforced by additional
provisions giving the board of arbitration
more power to investigate all strikes, whether
requested to do so or not, and the question
might be considered as to giving labor organi
zations a standing before tbe law. as hereto
fore suggested for national trade unions.
"2. Contracts requiring men not to go into
labor organization or to ieave them as condi
tion of employment should be made illegal, as
is already done iu some of our states.
III.
c"l. The commission ur?es employers to rec
ognize labor organizations: that such organi
zations should be dealt with special reference
to conciliation and arbitration when difficul
ties are threatened or arise. It is satisfied
that the employers should come in closer
touch with labor, and should recognize that
while the interests ij capital and labor are
not identical they are reciprocal.
"i The commission is satisfied that if em
ployers everywhere will endeavor to act in con
cert with labor: that if when wages can lw
raised under economic conditions they be
raised voluntarily, and that if when there are
reductions, reasons lie given for the reduction,
much friction can be avoided. It is also satis
lied that if employers will consider employes
as thoroughly essential to industrial success as
capital, and thus take labor into consultation
at proper times, much of the severity of strikes
can be tempered and their number reduced."
PIRACY IN THE LEVANT.
It Exists in a Smnll Way, bat Its Palmy
Days Have Fussed.
Id a larpe, wholesale way of busi
ness, indeed, Levantine piracy may be
called extinct. No longer are the tide
less waters swept by the galleys of the
Algerine, nor do we often at church
find collections being made for
mariners captive among the Moors.
The genial old ruffian who made his
prisoners drink to the king over the
water is totally extinct. But in a small
way, with very limited capital and en
terprise sadly thwarted, the isles that
burning Sappho loved and sang still see
a good deal of business done on the old
lines. The practice rather resembles
maritime burglary, perhaps, than
anything worthy to be called
piracy, and the practitioners arc
natives of mixed race. A small
schooner or other vessel, a hardy crew,
a few lucifer matches and such re
volvers as can be "procured suffice for
an outfit. The method is commonly as
follows:
The shores of the isles are studded
by little villages, as far from the sweet
ministry of the police as wild Kintail,
and we can not put it more strongly.
The wealth of the villagers mainly
consists in old silver vessels and orna
ments, often of beauty and great an
tiquity. A sponge diver, for example,
has found more than sponges. In the
British museum there is a recent ac
quisition, a pot made of gold, weigh
ing as much as a hundred sovereigns.
This was brought up from a classical
wreck by a sponge diver, and it is like
ly enough that such discoveries are
frequently made and concealed. The
villagers have also the silver
ornaments of their women's dow
ries, often old and curious, and
there may be a few relics of antique
gems, rings, necklets and armlets,
spoils of the graves of the Mycenaean
age. As the tax-gatherers are prompt
to levy on all property, this little
wealth is, of course, carefully hid ?en.
perhaps tinder the thatch. The pirate's
first care is to obtain private informa
tion as to who is rich among a people
apparently as destitute as the old fish
ermen in l neocritus. w nen ne naa
learned as much as he can he launches
his bark tinder some equivalent, for the
Jolly Roger, he lands at the sleeping
village under cover of night, surrounds
the cottage, and, as a rule, places the
householder on a fire, or ties him tip
in a sack with a pair of cats, or other
wise prevails on him to disclose the
hiding-place of his valuables. Then
the gallant pirate sails away and all is
over. London News.
To llleach. Tt'Joved Lae.
To bleach lace, firct c::vk5 it vu trie
sunlight in soapsuds and afterward
dry it upon a cloth, pinning the points
in their proper position. Then rwb
both sides of the lace carefully witb a
sponge dipped in sues made with gly
cerine soap, and rinse free from soap
with clear water in which a little alum
is dissolved. Next J ass a small quan
tity of rice water ov;r the wrong side
of the lace with a sponge, iron with
care, and lastly pick out the flowers
with a small ivory stick. St. Louis Republic.
WOMEN IN THE PULPlT.
The Gallant Divines of Cleveland, (K, Sur
render Their Churches to the Female Ad
vocate of Temperance. .
Ci.evklaxd, O., Not. 19. From
nearly every pulpit in this city yester
day the voice of an earnest woman was
raised in the cause of temperance. The
local ministers almost without excep
tion allowed their pulpits to be occu
pied by delegates or visitors to the con
vention of the W. C. T. U. The con
gregations were large.
In the afternoon at Music h ill an
evangelistic meeting was conducted
by Miss E. W. Greenwood, Evangelis
tic superintendent of the National
W. C. T. U. The annual sermon was
delivered by Rev. J. W. Bashford, pres
ident of Wesleyan university, Dela
ware, O. Fully 5,000 people attended
the services.
Immediately following the evangelis
tic meeting a gospel suffrage meeting
was held. It was one of the most not
able gatherings of the convention.
Rev. Anna Shaw, of Boston, who
preached in Unity church in the morn
ing, presided. The center of attraction
was Susan B. Anthony, president of
the National Woman's Suffrage associa
tion. Miss Anthony is 75 years old,
and for nearly fifty years has led the
movement for the enfranchisement of
the women of America. When Miss
Anthony was introduced the immense
audience rose to its feet and greeted
her with long-continued applause and
waving handkerchiefs. She predicted
the overthrow of the monster of in
temperance when the ballot is put in
the hands of the mothers, wives and
daughters of the land. The speaker
predicted that universal suffrage was
bound to come and pointed with pride
to the action of the last Ohio legisla
ture in giving to women the right to
vote on educational matters.
Referring to the recent defeat of the
woman suffrage movement in New
York and Kansas, Miss Anthony said
that while the cause had been lost in
bath states, it meant simply more work
on the same line.
Rev. Joseph Cook, of Boston, spoke
briefly, advocating universal suffrage,
compulsory voting and an educational
qualification.
A meeting of the exeutive committee
of the National Suffrage association
will be held at the home of Mrs. South
worth, a prominent local suffragist,
this afternoon. The executive com
mute of the Ohio state association
nieets at Unity church to-morrow
morning.
UNITED STATES AND JAPAN.
The Commercial Arrangement In theXew
Convention ltvtweea Them t'nder Con
sideration. Washington, Nov. 18. Secretary
Carlisle was in conference with Secre
tary Gresliam and Minister Kurino
tCsterday, considering the commercial
arrangements in the new convention
between the United States and Japan,
which has been practically completed.
and now only awaits the signatures
of Mr. Uresham and Mr. Kurino to be
submitted to the senate for its ap
proval. The treaty, which is the result of ne
gotiations extending over several
years, does not differ in any material
features from that recently ratified by
Japan and Great Britain, the impor
tant clauses regarding the abolition of
consular jurisdiction in the treaty
ports and the opening of all Japan to
foreign trade remaining almost iden
tical, t
Secretary Carlisle was consulted in
relation to the immigration clause and
those articles which are affected by
our tariff laws. It was announced that
the treaty would probably be sent to
the senate the first week in Decem
ber. IN STRANGLERS' ROW.
another Arrest Newspaper "Enterprise"
A Reign of Terror.
Dexter, Col., Nov. 19. The police
last night arrested a man giving the
name of Moller, claiming to be an
Italian, in a house in Stranglers' row.
lie was an ordinary quarrelsome
drunk, but the morning papers with a
view to supplying the demand "caught
him red-handed in the act of strang
ling Marie Vendres." Marie is large
enough and could without any train
ing throw Moller over the house.
The man Damey, who was indicted
for the murder of Lena Tapper, is the
most promising "strangler," bnt the
evidence against him is circumstan
tial. The man Rock, who was ar
rested last week, the police claim to
have some damaging evidence against,
but they will not divulge it at present.
The residents of Market street are
very nervous and superstitious, and
the least disturbance, though formerly
of hourly occurrence, is bow sufficient
to create a panic and develop a new
strangler. They have put in electric
bells and employed watchmen to be
constantly on hand.
Am Ominous Outlook for LI Hung; Chang:,
New York, Nov. 18. A special cable
dispatch to the Herald from Shanghai
says: Should the Japanese succeed in
taking Port Arthur there can be no
doubt that Li Hung Chang himself
will answer for it with his life.
The viceroy's forces at Tien-Tsin are
being overawed by an army of Hunan
Tartars and Kiang Naa troops. The
general commanding these soldiers haa
deffounced the viceroy for defalcations
which he is alleged to have committed.
INDIGNANT ARMENIANS
Lay tho Recent Outrages at tho Door ot
England.
New York, Nov. 19. The Armenians
of this city andvicinity held an indig
nation meeting yesterday. The meet
ing was addressed by speakers who
laid the responsibility of the recent
butchery of Armenians in Kurdistan at
the door of England. They also de
clared the eastern question could no
longer remain unsettled, and that war
was inevitable unless further carnage
was prevented. The meeting was very
lar?ly attended
Mr. (reo. U. Ditttterich
The Plain Facts
Are that I have had Catarrh 10 Tear. N
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Sarsa
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c
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wonderfully. My head
Is cleared.se nse of smell
aaparilla is dolus mv "WWWWW
Kite a world of good fur Tbat Tired Feel
ing, Giobob H. Dutterich, Hobble. Pa.
Hood'8 Pills are efficient and gentle. Sc.
wnat better rv
way to spend
the winter even- o
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The Campaigns of
Napoleon
General !
First Consul!
Emperor!
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Napoleon's School Days His
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Egyptian Campaign The Battle
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Ansterlitz Jena Wagram
The Invasion of Russia The
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Days Waterloo Exile Death.
No matter how much you
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Here is the concentration of
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