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1 ! No. 3 Vol 1 TarboroV Edgecombe County, f.N. (I) .Saturday, January 17, 1852. Whole Mo. :) .-! Geo. Howai d, Jr., Editor & Proprietor TERMS-PR ANNUM. If paid within two months, $2 00 O&crvise, - - 2 50 - nh RATES OF ADVERTISING : One square first insertion, 1 00 each insertion afterwards, 0 25 Cards, a year, - - 5 00 rXkurt Orders and Judicial advertise- mewts 25 cr ccnt.hig her. . : 5 Yearly advertisements by contract. til From the Journal of Agriculture SHE GRAMMAR OF AGRICUL- & TURE. BY PROF. J. J. MAPES, NEWARK, N. J. 5 i NO. III. . if Our first and second numbers of this icries were devoted to the explanations cf the organic and inorganic constitu ents of soik and plants, and before re- f Viewing each constituent in detail, we propose to explain the action of the at- , .Biosphere on vegetation. The atmosphere is composed of two I gasscs, Oxygen and Nitrogen, and, in 'iws pine suiic, ui must- ii&sus uur) . jub j . zi r t, i . i i. i all the animal and vegetable matters j in and aoout mo eartu s surraee, are continually undergoing decay, their or . ganic parts take the gaseous form, and, :C1 such, with the atmosphere. Thus, . should a piece of wood or other vegeta ble matter, be burned, rotted or digest ed, all the carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, -end nitrogen contained in it, would pass! ' Into the atmosphere the carbon would , to dissolved in oxygen as carbonic acid while the nitrogen combined with , f hydrogen would be in the form of ' . ammonia, and these two .substances, : tOtrbonic acid gas, and ammonia, discn- ; gaged by the decay of the crops of one jear. The same truths apply to animal substances, they only differing from veg-; ctables in the proportions of these two viesults the nitrogen being relatively j -larger fhan with vegetables. Thus one twenty-five hundredth part .f our atmosphere is carbonic acid, and .ja still smaller proportion is ammonia. We will first show that these organic constituents are received into growing care an,j iabor; for as most of the up plants, and then endeavor to explain the ; ianii grass becomes fit for the scythe at .means by which they may be retained j y soils, tor the use of plants, instead t being permitted to pass over the sur- forrc he control, and all the moments jfoce without attachment. A highly ' which he cannot control, must be ju li jmanurcd, and slmlloio plowed farm, ciouly employed, or his iu jws and bays -jcUI supply manures, by means of the, wjH faji to give out that delicious aroma .atmosphere, to a deeply plowed field j pecuhar to well m ide hay. But as jacent, of less elevation, and containing j each day of business has its hour of proper materials to absorb ammonia. ; leisure," that hour may occasionally be ?This rule will apply, of course, only to ! foun(l by him whose heart, as well as his ;the organic, and not to the inorganic ; hands, is enlisted in his vocation. That tcoustituents of manures. 1 mg heart is there you will learn upon a v Many plants receive nine-tenths of , better acquaintance; and that my han Is ftiieir solid weight trom the atmosphere f,pit may be thus understood; nine-, occupation is that of a cultivator of the .tenths of many plants, by weight, aren. My tastes, as well as my pursuit ' cQmposed of carbon and water; thus clov-; 0f health and happiness, lead me that ;C3? may be grown for many years on the eamc soil, and if half the crop be remov- ' f ed? The answer is simply thus : tho ! . carbonic acid of the atmosphere (carbon dissolved in oxygen,) was received by ; he clover, and in passing through the j plant the carbon is retained by the plant, . ,while the oxygen, in which it was dissol- ,vcd passes off at the surface of the leaves, and goes forth to dissolve new ouanti - quanti ties of carbon ; and by a similar process, jthc ammonia is also received by the ;!lant, and its nitrogen retained. When grains and, dews fall to the earth, they r abstract from the atmosphere both car f bonic acid gas and ammonia, and with . these they enter the roots of plants, Reaving their carbon and nitrogen to in Jcrease their weight. I Large quantities of these materials jare received in the soil, and, its inte I grants are such as will retain them until required, by growing crops, they remain tuntii used, and if such integrants are bsent, they pass off again, from the in- t fiuence of sun and air, into the ocean of "08phere. AmoPg the amendments of soil which f retain tue lertlhzinor cms.fs. mav hf " , G o " j Darned carbon, (charcoal) alumnia, (clay) and some of the inorganic consti tuents of many soils; such as sulphate of .Cd, and the other half plowed under, the c.luses of gratitude for the wonderful coil will increase in weight and quality, things by which I am surrounded. Of--?he question arises, after 20 years of; ten, as I stand iu the sunshine of my 7juch practice, is the soil diminished or 0wn fields, and feel the free wind of increased in weight, and if increased, heaven upon my cheek and see it waiv-fV-l'-'rc this increase come from, and iag mv grain, often come the words of from whence was the large amount of Pope's boyhood poem, limb (plaster of paris.) Tliese however, ten. "And here," said I, "do I acquire will form the subject of a separate most of my knowledge of farming." paper, and will be fully treated. The remark arrested the attention of our In almost every green-house, we find Southern friend,; and opened a discus air plants suspended to the roof, and sion upon what is called book-farming. these come in contact with the air only, That books and newspapers often never touching the soil; they increase in teach what is worthless, and perhaps size, and if, after such growth, they be positively erroneous, upon agricultural burned in a close vessel, they yield car- matters, no one will deny. They have bon. N w where did this carbon come done the same on architecture, upon from? Certainly not from the soil, as ship building, and navigation, and upon the plant never touched it, and there- fore from the atmosphere, by receiving - tlie caroonic acia, (caroon uissoiveu m oxygen) from the atmosphsre and part- ( these matters should reject all that is ing with the oxygen retaining the car- j true and useful in them? Had he bet bon. ter begin a house, or a ship, or an cn- The atmosphere also contains mois- j gine, and build it practically, as he calls ture, and this is required in the soil to ; it, rejecting all rule3 and all the expe dissolve the inorganic constituents, for j rience of others, which lies available at ' plants can only receive manures of an inorganic kind when in solution. It al- j so supplies oxygen, without which mi- ny substances cannot be prepared for j solution, as the oxides of unny substan- just as sensible to reject book-navigation ces are soluble in water, while the sub-: as book-farming, and go groping one's stances themselves arc entirely insolu-; way to London by lantern light, "heav ble. ling the lead," and crying "by the deep When a pitcher of cold witer is placed . in a current of air, the ou' si le soon be- comes covered with drops of water, which are condensed from the atmos phere, and from the same causes when the atmosphere enters a deeply disinte grated soil, it finds cold surfaces upon which it deposites moisture, and it is tor tins reason tnai a morourm-iy suo- .i . . i ,t it i soiled and umhr-draiued field never sufi fers from drowjld. Ever' farmer knows that corn suffers less from drought, if he keeps the soil continually disturbed about if, as the atmosphere can enter the soil to a suffi cient depth to find cold surfaces, if the surface be kept loose. We can always c, during drought, where an old fence has been removed in a grass lot, for each post-hole will be surmounted by a tuft of tall grass not suffering from drought and simply because the soil in the holes is more deeply disturbed than the adjacent parts. These fasts will be more fully treated iu our paper on deep md sub-soil plowing, &c. From the Journal of Agriculture. BOOK FARMING. BY SIMON nUOWN, CONCOItD, MASS. Mr. Kmcr. lour invitation to me "to write" comes in a season of unusual about the same time, the farmer ncces .XTV has a few weeks when all the are thcy will show for themselves. My j W IV antj jn its varied duties I daily find ..w amimra nf fniovmenL and new U V f tJVUl WW V " " I ' T - - - A few paternal, acres bound; Content to breathe his native airs On his own ground." I have a few well-selected books, ar- ranged with some order, which I have hid the temerity to dignify with the title 1 of "Library." In the midst of these ibrary. books we are accustomed to set our ta ble, and while partaking of the bounties of this good earth, in order to strength en and sustain our corporeal body, from our sincere and quiet friends around us, we gather food to freshen and invigo rate our incorporeal spirits. The titles of the books, which we see from our seats, are suggestive of the subjects discussed therein, so that they stand there as prompters, and thus lead us to most de lightful ond instructive discussions. We were thus seated on Friday eve ning, the close of a hot and sultry day. Both sinew and muscle had been vigor- ously exerted, and food and rest were telt as real blessings. Two visitors j crops," say they "in our own way;" for graced our board one a Massachusetts ; getting that they began on a fertile soil merchant, the other a friend from the : which has yielded to them its first fruits, South, on an annual visit to his native and have bequeallied it to us in a lean state. Various were the subjects touch-; and starved condition., 1 ' od upon, and the li brary was not forgot j Men who pa$s' 0s 'investigate tho the construction of steam-engines and rail - roads. But is that a sufficient rea-f s - jh way a person engaging in any of his hands? When would he bo likely to shelter his family from the peltings of the storm, or indulge them by riding on a rail? Booh-Farming! Why it were nine," l.intic. over the broad waves of the At-j The skillful pilot avoids thej lingers that surroun I him, by st ivly in the mips and charts laid djwn by the experience of othzrs. Why should not the skillful farmer : otfcen cuts on nis crops, by availing himself of the rule j laid down bv his neighbor. of deen. i sub-soil plowing?" lie will not profit by O 7 17: the teachings ot the chemist uprathe; process of evaporation, because tluy are j printed in a book. "None of your I nook-farming for me. I have lived hero man and boy for seventy-live years, ana thrown as good manure into my yard as ever passed a barn window, and found it there in the spring. I never tee ao you thinK' gammon oimon t on tho wing, and won't believe ' Brown with the story of his beinS "the these new doctrines till I see it flying off bone and R'inew of the land'" andlium myselfl" So he enriches his fields with buS him into a horror of rience? These what in Africa and on the Western ; arc the fw"crs, who speak now the re Prairies is considered as uood fucL and ally Practical farmers, and they tell us his crops are in proportion to the ffM;. is erop-? uro in ir .ipiruon to tue rei zing substances which he has applied. A firmer of my acquaintance rejects all book-farming, and is not sparing of invective against all who pretend to ad- vise ry me dook. iy long experience and careful observation, he has become quite successful in the culture of grapes .ind trppq TTi" finl la ur-n r.i nnA i fair, and hiirhiv nroduetive. His trns ! vigorous, well adjusted, and profitable, j In a recent conversation with him, he related his experience in raising grapes and trees, enterincr into the minute df- tails, sometimes becoming quite eloquent jrward, claiming to represent "ine prac when describing his victories over the tical formers," and deprive our children enemies which West them. "Hisknowl- of an agricultural education, because, edge," he said, "was gained by dint of frsooth, the plan "squints at a college," application, by actual experience, and ; and the "practical farmers" have no ve hard labor; it was none of your book ry exalted opinion of a college? Judge knowledge, written hv men who vnnw ' Buel uaid that he could "forgive" the nothing ahout farming" "Well " said I, "if all this valuable information, gam - o , l ed by the assiduous labor and observa-1 tion of so many years, and which you have so clearly described, were written out and publisJicd, which would you have a young and inexperienced man do, take this as he finds if from your pen, or go through the same tedious process that you have gone through with, includ- ing all its vexations and losses?" The! I ' question puzzled him, and he admitted that there must be, after all, much that is valuable in the books. Thereis a great degree of perverseness with farmers in the adoption of new im - plements of husbandry, as well as modes of cultivating the soil. They are prejudic ed against the suggestions of a new gen eration, just as though no progress were to be made in agriculture, while every thing else about us is advancing with rail-road speed. The same spirit exists across the water. The English people have seen our agricultural implements, carriages, &c.; they find them light, cheap and durable; sufficient in every particular to perform the service requir ed of them. Still they persist in the use of their immense plows, their ugly hoes, clumsy shovels and spades, and awkward, lumbering carriages. A mis erable national pride prevents the adop tion of the light and graceful imple ments which their children have devis ed; and thus they delve on, expending an immense amount of unnecessrry la bor. The same spirit exists among us. Our fathers, and many of their children, cling with foolish, obstinate tenacity to old notions and old customs. They are unwilling to yield anything to a younger i generation. "We have produced good matter, however, will scarcely ! deny, that the writings of Jefferson or the book-farming of Judge Buel, have been of immense benefit to the country. The writings of the latter, compiled by order of the legislature of this state, are an ex cellent manual, and are better than would be mauy years' experience with out the aid of such a work. That a better spirit is prevailing, is evident from the increase of books on agriculture and it3 branches, and the publication of papers and periodicals de voted to the subject. Men are now en gaged, whose talents and learning com mand respect among the intelligent eve ry where, whose researches and experi ments are infusing now life and hope through the land, and tempting vast numbers into new and better modes of cultivation. You have launched your bark upon this sea with able and experi enced commanders at the helm, and may heaven send prospering gales. However much the doubting may de cry the experience of others, merely be cause it is printed in a paper or a book, I do not hesitate to declare, that with alt the observations and practice which J can apply, most of my knowledai of far- ,mi.ig is arqnired FROM the book?. Tru?, the practical part is indispensible i to the making of a eood farmer, and it is hardly to be presumed that any man who writes docs not practice upon the soil, what he recommends. I am truly yours, Simon Brown. Concord, Mass., July 28, 1851- rllere wo have the whole story, and tol(i y a m WU0 Kn0W3 wnat ne a t 11 1.1 xo- 81011 to lt- 'IU any writer or commit- m tones not to be misunderstood, that an agricultural education is not a mere matter of moonshine. Go, growler, and see the farm of this man, who has "acquired the most of his knowledge of farming from books;" tell us if you often scc one more trimly kcl)t and productive. This farm is worked by his own hands, but he knows also ll0W to 1132 liis heaJ- IIe reads an(1 ne haf learne; and shall we and shall our children lose the experience of such men, because of the foolish prejudice asunst books? Shall a few men come 'practical man,' so called, every thing but his self conceit." We will foririve him even that; for the race of which Judge Buel spoke have almost passed from the scene of action, and the vast majority of the practical farmers of the present day know enough to be aware that they all have much to learn. Remarkable Prophecy, The following prediction of St. Csesa- i Bishop of Aries, in the year 542, 1 may not be considered void of interest at the present moment. It is taken from a book entitled "Liber Maralibis," printed in Gothic characters, and de posited in the Royal Library, Paris : "The administration of the kingdom (France) will be so blended, that they shall leave it without defenders. The hand of God shall extend itself over them, and over all rich; and the nobles shall be deprived of their estates and dignity; a division shall spring up in the church of God, and there shall be two husbands, the one true and the oth er adulterous. The legitimate husband shall be put to flight; there shall be great carnage, and as great a profusion of blood as in the day of the Gentiles. The universal church and the whole world shall deplore the ruin and des truction of a most celebrated city, the capital and mistress of France. The al tars of the temple shall be destroyed, the holy virgins outraged shall fly from their seats, and the whole church shall be Stripped of her temporal gods; but at length the black eagle L and the lion shall appear . hovering from . far coun tries. Misery to thee, O city of philoso phy! thou shalt be subjected! A cap tive humbled even to' confusion, shall at last receive his crownj and destroy the children of Brutus." The Designs of Napoleon. In a let ter published in the "London News," immediately after his escape from Parisj Louis Blanc declares the following to be the purpose of Louis Napoleon an d the absolute monarchs of Europe: "To divide Europe into three great empires a Russian empire extending to Constantinople; an Austrian empire, with the definitely annexation of Italy; a French empire with the addition of Bel gium. From this new holy alliance be tween the three great despotic empires to cause to arise a war to the death against the Democratic party, and against the Liberal and Constitutional party to extinguish beneath the armies, tread out, what the the absolutists call the revolutionary flame that is to say, whatever lights the human spirit on the way of progress, and if England resists to crush her. Such is the plan (who can doubt it longer?) such is the acriligeous plan of which the sack of Paris is the commencement, and for the accomplishment of which Louis Bona parte has delivered France into the uund3 of French Cossacks." Notice to the Newspaper Publishers f tlie United States. The birthday of Benjamin Franklin will be celebra ted by the Printers of the Northwest at Detroit. It has been suggested that a opy of every paper now published in he United States be obtained for the occasion. Those from each State to be bound in a volume by themselves and placed upon a table where the supper will be given, and after the celebration to be handed over to some Dublic li x brary. Our brethren of the Press will confer a favor by mailing a copy of their Daily and Weekly, directed to the "Tribune, Detroit, Michigan." and in return will receive a full account of the proceedings on the day, and a co - py of the address, on the occasion, by ; mile and has about five cleared, and a the Hon. John N. Engersoll, who hasj large forcc driving ahead rapidly, Mr. been selected as the orator. i McRae has the whole balance of the firtf All papers are requested to copy this ; division extending to 6 1-2 miles abov notlce Raleigh, and is ready to wager the work to be done before any other division id JB-A curious question in regard to completed. We who know his activity, the rotation of the earth, has been in-; industry and extensive means, are certain vestigated by Gapt. Boxer, of Woolwich, j he will do it. The problem is the amount of the effect; of the earth's rotation, upon a projectile.) 7 , y j7 ' .. , . . jr. . i . . m ! Alabama and the Compromise.- in causing it, during its flight, to deflect ,Tr , - , . i v.- i i r j- x j We learn from the Mobile Advertiser from the object to which it is directed, : x1 . 0 . - . , , , t .i i x1 . ; i that the feenate ot Alabama has passed or, more correctly speaking, the object . . . , .. , , . . , , , to alter its position with regard to the " J01nt. solf on defrinS Ataba. path of the shot. He finds by calcula-: T support any candtdate fo tion, based npon data taken from actual"16 ff? -fu f PrC1fI,dl:nC7 practice, that m latitude 52, a ball pro - jected due south 5,600 yards, whose t fl;-,u o i,j 10.914 yards to the west or to the right of its direction. The word "Fast." This word is as great a contradiction as we have in the English language. The Delaware was fast because the ice was immovable, and the ice disappeared fast for the contrary reason, it was loose. A clock is called fast when it goes quicker than time, but a man is told to stand fast when he is desired to remain stationary. People fast when they have nothing to eat; and eat fast, consequently, when opportuni ty offers to eat. More Lucky escapes of the Christiana Prisoners. The Christiana rioters are the most fortunate fellows in the world Never was there such a succession of ac cidents as they have had the benefit of. The Baltimore Sun says: Discharge of some of the Chris tiana Prisoners. On Friday, nine of the colored prisoners, charged with treason against the United States, alleged to have grown out of the Christiana roit, were discharged from the custody of the keeper of the Lancaster. county prison. They had previously - been . delivered by the United States district attorney to the authorities of the above county, and, there being no evidence against them, they were liberated from confinement. One of them was immediately taken into custody again, on the charge of being a fugitive slave from Virginia. The clai mant and the officer took him to a tav ern at Penningtonville, where, during the night the alleged fugitive, although handcuffed, effected his escape. Another statement is, that the alleged fugitive is Williams, and that on his arrest the citizens became much excited against officer Kline, who took him into custody. It is said a,warrant was issued against Kline for perjury, which so frigh tened him that he hurried off with the claimant and the fugitive to Pennington- Tje,ereAthey lcckedthemselyes up' in a room. Here they all fell asleep, except Williams, who.embraced the op portunity to make his escape. t From the Goldsboro R publican. North Carolina Rail Road.. We had the pleasure of a short conversation with Col. Gwynn, Chief Engineer of this Great Work, on Saturday. The Col. has just returned from a minute exam ination of the whole length of the line. From him we learn that the whole worb is now under contract, and a. large a mount of excavation and embankment already done. Where the work is nofe commenced, the contractors are busily engaged in preparing for a most active campaign. "The busy hum and note of preparation" is heard on every side. Tho material necessary to a wonderful a mount, the men, the horses and mules, and the provant for their support, tho implements, and every requisite are col lecting in quantities to ensure the most? rapid completion. Pick-axe, thovel, spade, Crow-bar, hoe and barrow," The Road will soon be made. Our workmen 'h.ive the marrow. This is our quotation, and not tha Colonel's, who though he has a taste fop the solid sciences is not at all poetical. But to ms, his description of the vast coU lection of tools, and the truly energetic spirits of those who are to use them, at once suggested "the patriotic diggers." In sober prose, the Chief Engineer asu sured us he fouad the situation of every part of the line perfectly satisfactory, and! the best spirit prevailing not only with those directly interested but through tho whole country, giving evidence of a dish position which ensures the prompt com pletion of this extensive work. At one end of the line those enterprising coa- I tractors, McRae and Kennedy, are uofc j behind any other part of the mute. Mr. j Kennedy has alreadv traded near on 1 J , ? J Xuu,r . T X ? s - K1US luu uomniauou suau euuorse aua sustain the Fugitive Slave law. Right. An exchange paper says: While the public is contributing money ; to aid the cause of Hungary, let it nob be forgotten that we have at hoine thousands of poor starving creatures that misfortune has fallen upon, and who are worthy of and deserve assistance from , the charitable. The cause of Hungary is a righteous one but the hungry ones : at home should be remembered. JBBarnum's Museum in Philadd phia was destroyed by fire on the evc nine of the 20th ult. The building cost $60,000, and its contents were also very valuable, as they comprised Pcale'tf large collection of curiosities, with mapy others which had been added to it since) it fell into the hands of Mr. Barnum. : Fit For a Lawyer. An old lady walked into a lawyer'soffice lately, when the following conversation took place:--"Squire, I called to see if you would like to take this boy, and make a lawyer of him." "The boy appears rather young, mad am. How old is he?" "Seven years, sir." "He is too young decidedly tor young. Have you no older boys?" ' "Oh, yes, sir, I have several; but wo) have concluded to make farmers of the others. I told my man I thought thja little feller would make a first rate law yer, and so I called to see if you would take him." " "No, madame; he is too young yet to commence the study of the profession But why do you think this boy so much better calculated fcr a lawyer than your other sons?" . .. - "Why, do you see, sir, he is just seY en years ojd tc-day.. When he was on--ly five, he'd He. like all wture; ;when o gotto be six, he was andtW aa any critter, could be; and now hejl every thing he can lay . taaJ9$ on J