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""IE " . " ' - t r XT l A TT "L , ) THJ 1. n - j sat m m i i tti i w iow - ' ac. ak few 0. l)0y rlj. I Uly. it a rt jail re. 'm. lly a ad' erf ire to U- OH 'IV 0! a.' he n x (0 It- f - (3Efj. IIonvai- d, Jr., Editor& Proprietor TERMS PER ANNUM. If paid within two months. $2 00 2 50 ' RATES OF ADVERTISING : ' Ond square first insert ion, 1 00 . each insertion afterwards, 0 25 C;rds, a year, - - 5 00 C- urt Orders and Judicial advertise ! mewts 25 per ccnt.hig Iter. 1 1? Yearly advertisements by contract. J ASBJCULTUBAL. From the Working Farmer. BOOK FARMING AND ITS VALUE APPLIED TO AGRI ' CULTURE. , . Messrs. Eiitors: In various convcr '.itloiis held with practical farmers of ' this country, I have understood them to iy that, while they regarded ashes as a 'good manure for any kind of a crop, it is' especially so for the sweet potato. In "dced, if the marshals, when taking the 'census of these upper districts, had aslred this question in every farm-house: " fc'What do you consider the best appli cation far the Sweet Potato?" the an swer i.'f every one observant of matters ;cf this ki:id, would have b-eii, "that ashjs was about the best manure to en sure a pot-ito crop.'' Taking it for granted that I am correct in my premi ges; I think it can be satisfactorily ,Ehown, that Book Farming is not the nonsense" it is deemed to be, by many planters and farmers scattered through cut our land. V5 in the year 1844, the Black Oat Ag ricultural Society, of South Carolina, I lsith a highly commendable liberality, -employed that distinguished chemist, 3?rdt'. C. W. Shepard, of the Charleston !inedicul college, to make an analysis of several of our staple products Cotton :Vpol, Cotton Seed, Indian Com and fsweet Potato. In the Southern Ayri "cuiiurist for June, 1844, we have the a Tialysis. That of the Sweet Potato is as follows: " lOO parts of the undried potato gave 1.09 parts, or rather, over one per cent. of a whitish ash, stained in points of a greenish color. Its composition is as folk ws: , ;Carb. pot. (pearlash) with traces f, r of soda 60.00 iPhoa. of lime (hone earth) 14.57 Ph. snhate of mairncsia 5. GO f i Corbonate of lime 5.37 , ' CJurbonate of Magnesia -3.80 lliloi ide of Potassium 4.10 Sulphate of Potassa Silica . ChliM'iie calcium, sul, magnesia and lime, alumina and oxides A O O.J 70 99 r . 100.00 , -From the foregoing analysis, it ap- pes rs that CO per cent,, or more than j pie-half of the ash of the potato con .,ists f carbonate of potash, or, in other $ vbrds, cf pearlash the very ingredient . iich is extracted by all our house-: , ikcepers from, ashes the chief ingre- dfent, in fact, of the ley emplo3Ted so u aivcrsilly for washing clothes and mak ." ingsoap. Here, then, was an instance t of Book Farming here was a man who had never grown a potato yet while .sealed in his laboratory in Charleston, was able to say, as well as any farmer in the land, that ashes constituted the very , -best manure for the sweet potato that for this particular crop, unleached ashs ' are fir more valuable than those which tave been leached. f But there is one thing more to which 1 would call the attention of the reader. The analysis shows that over 14 per cent, of the ash of the sweet potato con .Vists of thc phosphate of lime, the mate rial of which thc bones of all animals Xire formed: so that 75 per cent, of th -jjpntirc ah of the sweet potato is made . .up of carbonate " of potash and phos- phate ot lime. iNow it is a well known if act, that sound unleached ashes con- t nil a notable quantity ot those two very 'iiiirnrtant elements, and to show this I fnonex the analysis ot the ash ot oak by I S.v.engel a distinguished German chem int. 1 1 00 parts of the ash of the oak consist M the following elements: 29.95 8.14 J A'uauna i Cvide ofiron Oxide of Magnesia Lime 17.33 1.44 Magnesia Potash 16.20 Soda 6.37 Sulphuric acid 3.33 Phosphoric acid 1.92 Chlorine 2.-11 Carbonic acid 15.47 100. Now if the reader will compare this analysis with that of the potato, he will perceive that every incombustible cle ment that every salt needed for the growth of the potato, is either found in the ash of the oak; or may be formed from the elements existing there. This analysis, it seems to me, is a palpable instance of the value of Book Farming. If we apply to the farmer and ask if ashes be good manure for the sweet potato, his answer is, "yes:" but if you proceed a step farther, and ask whether there is any marked difference between the effects of leached and un leached ashes, in a large majority of ca ses the answer woull be vasrue "he hid not noticed particularly" his "ex periment had not been sufficiently exact to determine that point." If in turn we apply to the chemist and make the same inquiry, he answers at once -;ashes are the very best manure for the sweet potato" we are told besides, that the potato requires a large amount of pearlash, and as leaching deprives ashes of this very ingredient, for this particu lar crop, unleached ashes are far more J valuable than those which have been leached. The teachings of the chemist enable the farmer to realize the impor tance of sheltering from the weather all ashes destined for this crop; and he is - also taught that if soap suds be thrown on a heap of leaves or mould, they con-i vert them into a manure peculiarly fa- vorable to the growth of this valuable root. Instead oi vague generalities, the plication, winch enables him to cmtin chemist gives exact analysis, and speed- ue his staple crop on the same land, fic information, together with the "why" and for scries of yer.-s, without mate aud the "wherefore." Now if all this rial diminution of product, be true with what semblance of truth j "Tin: Old Farmer." can any one pretend to say that BookJ Pendleton, S. C.y ()?., 1851. Farming is of no practical value. i Thc abovo is from thJ F(mmr In the summer of 18o0, one of the ptonrr published at Pendleton, S. C. luob. mtuiu-eut uuu bucuu&Siui piamci of Abbeville, passed a few weeks in this neighborhood. While here, ho gave it as his opinion, founded on actual expe riment, that cotton might be planted in succession for many years on the same land, and without material diminution of crop, provided the land did not wash, j mild clhu .to rich Sllb.sils ad vegeta and provided the stems, and limbs to-, We of ini;xhjUdtible cxtent gether with all the seed, were annually returned to the soil upon which they had grown. Coming from the source this did, I regarded it as a highly inte resting and valuable opinion, and one which ought to be extensively known (I wish that I were at liberty to give the gentleman's name as it would add much authority to what I am sajmg whorovpr hf isi known I l-.nt witbont i . 7. V " Z ; 77 fil a. , , conndent ot this, that it the ffontloman referred to had not have been a Book - Farmer, or in other words, if he had not have been familiar with the analy-1 not have been tamihar with tiie analy - . r , . , ..J sis of the cotton wool and the cotton . seed, he never would have arrived at such an important conclusion. That the reader may decide for himself, I an nex analysis of the cotton wool and the cotton seed, by Prof. Shepard: 100 parts by weight of the cotton wool being burnt "secundum artcm," left an almost purely white ash, whose weight was rather under 1 per cent., or 0.9247. Deducting the sand from the ash, the composition is as follows: Carbonate of potassa with possi- ble traces of soda 44.19 Phos. of lime, with traces of magnesia 25.44 8.87 6.85 4.12 1.40 Carbonate of lime Carbonate of magnesia Silica Alumina, probably accidental Sulphate of potassa chloride of potassium Chloride of magnesia, sulphate of lime Phosphate of potassa -oxide of iron and loss 6.33 100. The analysis of the cotton seed is as follows: "100 parts heated as above lost 77. 45, and the thoroughly charred residu- I urn burned under the muffle left 3.856 - parts of a perfectly white ash. The composition was found to be as follows: Phosphate of lime with traces of magnessia 61.65 Phos. of potassa with traces of sola 31.51 Sulphate of potassa 2.55 Silica 1.71 Carbonate of lime 0.51 Carbonate of magnesia .26 .25 Sulphate magnesia, ;nesia, r es, &e. J and loss 0.41 alumina, oxides 100. The Professor adds: "The ash of the cotton seed is fourfold that of the fibre." If these analysis ani these statements; be correct, we see at once the data for the opinion given above. Nothing need be said of the stems, limbs, and leaves of the cotton, as they remain whore they grew but if, in addition to these, all the cotton seed be returned to the land from which it was taken, it is man ifest that four-fifths of all the mineral element abstracted by this great mar ket crop may be restored to the soil. If the average product of our land be 100 pounds clean cotton per acre if the ash of the sail 100 pounds be butonepouu.l, we can readily comprehend how so small a quantity of mineral matter per acre may be furnished by the disintegration of the soil and for a series of years without any material exhaustion. If, by the process stated above, cot ton can be continued on the same land for a succession of years, without mate rial diminution, it places it on a vin tage ground scarcely possessed by any other crop. In Maryland and Virginia, they expert their hay, Indian corn, wheat and oats, and by this process their farm are deprived of salts and miner als of inestimable value. To supply the deficit, they import by a voyage .:f ten thousand miles, and at great or. the Peruvian guana, and apply it to tin soil. The Southern I inter i- fnrnish- ed on his own farm in the re.v'duum of his cash crop, with a domestic guana, easy of transportation and easy of ap- aml ;l fWrilTmer of neiir n tor.. which will prove of more value to the ... r. South than even the ccrjwin of cofton itself. Many parts of our southern country ar. replete with adw.n .iges for agricultural purpiscs, which are not possessed cisewnere; lung seasons, nothing is wanting but the introduction of the truths of science applied to the cultivation of the soil, if southern a ricutturists will adopt the sub-soil plow, uader-drain their wot lands, and add the waste bones of their animals to their soils after aissolving them in sulphuric ; auiJ h m thomselvc by : thjir SUCC2M M well ;13 their uei W , , , , Uotton seed tcrmentea with the biacii leal-mould composing their swamps, i ... -n i illl.i III 1" IS S. W 11 I'M 111 illl rliillll- i rable manure for cotton, and the addi- -- j , r.Kin nt snnnr-n iosnri:itf ot nnfi in ta.ir l 01 ,i m.,n PYnno will quantities, ani at small expense, will materially augment their crops of cot - too, com, wcet potatoes, and indeed will renovate the general capabilities of! southern soils. Wo have analyzed ma- ny of these-soils, and have always found those from old platations to be short ot phosphate of limo. Indeed, when used, as superphosphate ot lime, we have yet to find the soils which are not profitably improved by its use. Ed. TWO PICTURES A FARMEIVS HOME. OF From Maj. Patrick's Address before the Jefferson Co. (Ar. Y.) Agricultural Society. ' An industrious pair, some twenty or thirty years azo, commenced the world . with strong hands, stout hearts, robust health and steady habits. By the bless in of Heaven their industry has been rewarded with plenty, and their labors have been crowned with success. The dense forest has given place to stately orchards of fruit, and fertile fields, and waving meadows, and verdant pastures, covered with the evidences of worldly prosperity. The log cabin is gone, and I in it3 stead a fair white house, two sto ries; and a wing with kitchen in - the rear, flanked by barns, and cribs, and granaries, and dairy houses. But take a nearer view. Ha! what means this mighty crop of unmown thistles bordering the road? For what market is that still mightier crop of pigweed, dock and nettles destined, that fills up the space they call the "gar den?" And look, too, at those wide, unsightly thickets of elm, and sumach, aad briers, anl choke berry, that mark the lines of every fence I Chloride of potassium Carb. of potassa, sul-' phate of lime Approach the house, built in the be quite as much instructed as their road to be con venient, and save land! children. The well-conducted agrieul Two stroies and a wing, and every blind tural journals of. our day throw a flood shut close as a miser's fist, without a of light upon the science an I practice of tree or srub, or dower to break the air of agriculture; while such a work as birrenness and desolation around it. Djwning's Landscape Gardening, laid There it stands, white, glaring and one year upon that centre table, will ghastly as a pyramid of bones in the des- show its effects to every passer-by, for ert. Mount the unfrequented doar- with books an 1 studies like these, a pur stone, grown over with vile weeds, and er taste is born and gros nnst vigor knock till your knuckles are sore. It is ' ously. a beautiful moonlight Oetober evening; Pas3 along that road after five years' and as you stand upon that stone, a working of this system in the family, ringing laugh comes from the rear, and aad whit a change! The thistles by the satisfies you that some body lives there, roadside enriched the m inure hcao tor a Pass now around to the rear; but hold . year or two, and then they die l. "Tu-.-sq your nose when you cams within range ' beautiful miples and graceful elm?, 'that of the piggery, and have a care that you b-autify the grounds around that reno-i don't get swamped in the neighborhood vated home, ware grubboi from the ! of the sinkspout. Enter the kitchen, wide hedge-rows of five years ago; and fla! they are all alive, ari l here they so were those prolific row3 of blackber ry?, all together. The kitchen is the j rie3, and bush cranberries, that shows kitchen, the dining-room, the sitting-j so richly in that neat garden yielding room, the room of all work. Here fa- j abundance of small fruit in their season, ther sits with his hat on, and in hi3 shirt ! The unsightly out-house3 are screened sleeves. Around him are his bv3 and ; from observation bv dene m isses of f 1- hired men, some with hats, and som . v . with coats, and some with neither. Th boys are busy shelling corn for samp; the hired men are scraping whip stocks and whittling bow pins, throwing every now and then a sheep's eye and a : jest at the girls, who, with their moth'r, J are doing ujj the house-work. Th.'j younger fry are building cob-houses, p irehing corn, mi burning their fingers. No"- a book is to be seen, though the Wuiter school has commenced, and the nisber is going to board there. Priva cy is a word of unknown meaning iu to t:. finally; and if a son or daughter vi uid borrow a book, it would be ai- .n impossible to read in that room; and on no occasion is the front house opened, except when "company come to spend the afternoon," or when things are brushed and dusted and "set to ngiits. Yet these are as honest a3 worthy and kind-hearted people as you will find an-where, and are studying out some way of getting their younger children into a better position than they them selves occupy, They are in easy cir cumstances, owe nothing, and have mon- ay loan d on bond and mortgage. Af ter qiu h consultation, a son is placed at school that he may bo fitted to go ,in a store, or possibly an olSee, to study profession, and a daughter is sent away to leara books, and manners, and gentil ity. On this son or daughter, or both, the hard earnings of years arc lavished; and they are reared up in the belief that whatever smacks of the country is vul gar that the farmer is nexssarily ill bred, an 1 his callin g iornoble. Now, will any one say that this p"c ture is overdrawn? I think not. Bat let us see if there is not a ready way to J change the whole expression and char-1 actor of the picture, almost without cost , or trouble I would point out an easi-! er happior , and more economical waylun J .l 1 . ' . .... . J i . ul J ICl' lllllil Ull 'Jl UlllAlCll l.il IU 'IV .4- n. 1 .. ...i tin 11 . K,m i . x .v. .-- . thoroughly, whilo at the same time the - n i. i they are pre pared to cnioy, m the socie- jty 0f thir educated children, the fruits ,; Qf their own early industry, And first: let the front part of that j house be thrown open, and the most j convenient, agreeable and pleasant room n it be selected as the family-room jl0t its doors be ever open; and, when ; thc work of the kitchen is completed, let mothers and daughters be found there with their appropriate work. Let it be the room where the family alter is erected, on which the father of fers the morning and the evening sacri fice. Let it be consecrated to Neatness and Purity, and Truth. Let no hat ev er be seen in that room on the head of its owner; let no coatless individual be permited to enter it. If father's head ! is bald, (and some there are in that pre A. idicament,) his daughter will be proud to see his temples covered by the neat and graceful silken cap that her own hands have fashioned for him. It the coat he wears by day is too heavy for the eve ning, calicoes are cheap, and so is cotton wadding. A few shillings placed in that daughter's hand, ensure him the most comfortable wrapper in thc world; and if his boots are hard, and cut moth er's carpet, a bushel of wheat once in three years will keep him in slippers the easiest kind. Let that table which has always stood under the looking-glass, against tlie wall, be wheeled into the room, its leaves raised, and plenty of useful (not ornamental) books and peri odicals be laid upon it. hen evening comes, bring on the lights and plenty or mem- lor sons ana aauzuters an , . i i j i i -ii who can will be most willing students. They will read, they will learn, they ill discuss the subject of their studies wui discuss uiu suuj'-ci ui oiiA-. with each other; and parents will often w iage; and the many climbing plants that now hang in graceful festoons from tree, and pceh, and column., once clambered along that same hi lge-row. From the meadow, from the woo 1, an 1 from the gargling-stream, miny a native wild fl wcr has been transplanted to a genial soil, beneath the hoaiesteai's sheltering wing, and yields a d lily, offering to the h msihoid gods, by the htndn of th -: fiir priestesses who hive now become taolr in) lusters. Bv the olantluir of a few trees, and shrubs, and flowers, and climbing plants around fh.at once bar-? aad uainvitia house, it has beeomo ' tasteful residence, and its money valui is more than doubled. A cultivated ( taste displays itself in a thousxni form . i ... i .., i, i i. i beauty and value to property. A iudl- clous taste, so fir from plunging its p ressor into expense, m Aes money pay the expense of grabbing it, and of transferring its fruir-briars to the jiar- den, where they have not only su-plied the family with berries iu their season, but have yielded many a surplus quart, to purclnse that long row of red and yellow Antwerps and English gooseber ries: to s iv uof hinir of the scions bought . n , iorhim. The land on which that hedge- OA ' P'H"3'-"-" u' ro.o grew five years ago, for' instance, ; r aS Pe, .md rendenog a has nrodiiend nouh since, to dauU ourJeu It3 Euenca is most d -a i:, witn tneir money, to torm new ueaas tor , , . the trees in the old orchard. caU33 oi bxl .t2:a?3r J 0i il6 Tnose sons and daughters sigh no mxt One string out of tune will de more for town or city life, but love with titr0J th rau',c ' an mstru:n?t' 'itT' intense affection every foot of ground wiso perfect; so, if all the muvoers or a, they tread upon, every tree, and every ca'Jrch neighbornood and i.miay, do vin3, and every shrub, their hands have cultivate a.11kilud vaud 1affcc1l:o1-lta " planted, or their taste has trained. Bat temper, there will be discord and every stronger still do their affections clia to evu that family room, where their minds first began to be developed, and to that centre-table around which they still gather with the shades of evenin- to drink iu knowledge, and wisdom, and Ll-erstandin. ! The stout farmer who once looked upon his acres only as a laboratory for transmuting labor into gold, now takes of m iking a remark on the occasion, a widely different view of his posses- Permission being granted, he delivered slons. His eyes are opened to the beau- himself in this way: tiful in nature, and looks with rever- "Mr. President, I've been almost ence upon every giant remnant of the mad a-listcning to the debate of thes3 forest that by good luck escape! his cro youngsters. They don't know n -h-murderous axe in former days. No ing about the subject. What do they leafy monarch is now laid low without a know about the evils of a scolding w fe? . stern necessity demands it; but many a Wait till they have one for twenty years? vigorous tree is planted, in the hope , and have been hammered and jamm r that the children of his children may ed and slammed all the while; wait till gather beneath the spreading branches, they have been scolded because the ba and talk with pious gratitude of him by ciied, because the fire wouldn't who planted them. No longer feeling burn, because the oven was too hot, be the need of taxing his physical powers to cause the cow kicked over the milk, be the utmost, his eye takes the place of cause the hens didn't lay, h ca is'j the his hand, when the latter grows weary, butter wouldn't come, b aa ?e hey and mind directs the operations of la-j come too soon for dinner, becauv. toiey bor. See him stand and look with de- lighted admiration at his sons, his edu catcd sons, as they take hold of every kind of work, aud roll it off with -easy motion, but with the power of mind in every stroke. But it is the proud mother who takes the solid comfort, and wonders that it is so easy after all, when one knows how, to live at ease, enjoy thc society of happy daughters and contented sons, to whom the city folks make most respectful bows and treat with special deference as truly well bred ladies and gentlemen of; Now, this is no more a fancy picture j than the other, lt is a process tnat l have watched in many families, and in different States. The results are every where alike, because they are natural. The same cause will always produce the ! same effects, varying circumstances only modifying the intensity. i Food for fattening Animals. Th Shakers at Lebanon, in the State of . New York, make the following s'ate- 7 - - 0 - -r- jment in, the Patent Office -Report, They are intelligent, practical farmers, ml any opinion of this nature, comin from them, is entitled to careful con sideration: "The experience of more than thirty years leads us to estimate ground corn at one-third higher than ungroand, as food for cattle, and especially for fatten ing pork; hence it h is been the practice of Our Society, for mors than a qu uter of a century, to grind all our provender. "The same experience induces us to put a higher value upon cookzd than uj on raw meal; for fattening animals, swine particularly, we consider three of cooked equal to four bushels of raw meal. "Until within the last three or four years, our Society fattened auamlly, fir thirty years," from 40,000 to 53,000 pounds of pork, exclusive of lard and offal fat; and it is the constant practice) to cook the nml, for which six or sev en ptash kettles are used." A Il wy Uig. Dr. G-. Watson, of Accomie, Va., killed a hog, a few Ixy.f ago, which weighed 847.1bs. nett. Tht weight of each ham was 211 lbs. Tm animal was only eighteen mouths old. bad tuiper. The following sensible remarks up on the evils of a bad temper, are troni an Saglishjoarn.il the Morning ir but th.;y are so appHite in every at ioule that we are h ppy to reprint tli-.ra. "A oad temper is a curse to the -s-sess or, audits influence is moss d ad-y wherever it is fmnd. It is alLed to m a'lyr io:a oe obl52 rt21i o'i moluuiag t mpor. To it ; ir ou t r.x d und ofeomol.iiiit and nrir- j "rtaS. 10 cvr lat tho t ht Ueare i a w iy by their evil spmt, is, m ! trdth d s',re tr a" lt :s liKe lhy ht ' 1 !.,. .A 1 -X a m luu l'UiU1 wjeu uuu.u re I is couiauimaLCU. into a ueauiy miasia wherever this evil genius prevails. It has said truly, that while we ought not tWdfc the bad temper of others ia llu: nee us, it would be as unreasoa ible to spread a blister of Spanish dies upia the skin, and not expect it to draw, as to think of i t':iim!7 not suffering be- A Powrfd Argument. At a deba- ting society in -Indian i, the quesdon for discussion one evening, was, "When is the gre it-st ova, a scn img wue, or a sinoxy cnimny: Alter tne appoiniea disputants had concluded the debate, a spectator rose and and begged the priv were one minute too late, because hey sung, because they tore their pantalo ns, because they invited a neighbor wman to call again, because they get s.cir, or did anything else, before they talk about the evils of a scolding wife; why, Mr. President, I'd rather hear the clatter of stones, and twenty tin pan3, and nino bras? kettles, than the din, din, of a scolding wife. Yes, sir-roe, I woul : tq my mind, Mr. President, a smoky chim- ny is no more to be compared to a scol ding wife, than' a little nigger is to a lark night." gThe Boston Post says, Mr Walsh writes from Paris that "extravagance m dress never was so great uuder royal ty as since we lived in a republic. There are fabrics in silks and satins a9 high as twenty, thirty and forty dollars h?Tard; the dress, without the m,k;ng, .aJints tofi-om 300 to 5G0 ddlars, Custom is the plague of wise men, ; f f la. and thc-idoi i J