Newspaper Page Text
ed
Mttio rw-
$hc bounty apcv.
BOBYJCS Ac Co., rnbllKkrra,
oiVixjox, - -
MO.
BOOM AT THE TOP.
Ttfiuiicrntico Title, t
Never you mlnil the crowd, lad,
Or fancy your life won't tell;
The wiirk Is the work fur n' tlmt
To him tlmt doeth It vrelj. .
Fancy the world n hill, lnd,
look where the millions slop,'
You'll find the erowd nt the lme, hid,
There's always room nt the top.
Courage and faith nnd pntience.
There's space In the old world yd
The hi'tlcr the chance yon stand, hid.
The further along you get.
Keep your eyes un the goal, hid.
;Ncver despair or drop,
lie sure thnt your path lends upward!
"There's always room ut the top.
I?ARM, GAltDBN, HOUSEHOLD.
Get Kid of Them.
If u flintier Iiiih n poor cow mi the farm
get rid of lier as coon n possible. It costs
w mii.'li fn 1-ppii her us It does a good
row. The onu will make from Id to 12
pounds of butter a week, the other two
or three. The good cow will continue a
a large How of milk right along through
thexummer nnd autumn; the other will
dry up earlv. It Is frequently the case
that a poor" cow will consume more food
than a good one. A cow that gives rich
milk, even If tho quantity is small, Is
more profltablo than one that gives a
large quantity that is of indifferent qual
ity, lmirvmen havo learned this by ex
perience. " In this particular the Jersey
excels. Grades of Short-horns and the
native cows usually give a good quantity
of milk. A good cow is always a profita
ble cow, while tho poor cow is always an
unprofitable one.
Packing Batter.
The lute X. A. Willaril claimed that
butter packed in the following manner
would keep fresh mid good for one year:
Use for a package a tub somewhat taper
lug, witli heavy staves and heads pro
vided at both ends, so as to make a pack
age that will not leak. In packing the
tub is turned on the small end, and a
suck of cotton cloth Is made to fit the tub,
und Into this tho butter is packed until it
reaches to within an inch of the groove
for holding the upper head. A cloth Is
next laid upon tho top of the butter and
tho edges of tho sack brought over this
and neatly pressed down; then the head
is put in its place and the hoops driven
home. The package is turned upon tho
large end and tho sack of butter drops
down, leaving u space on sides and top.
.Strong brine is then poured through a
hole into the small end until it will float
the butter. Tho hole is now tightly
corked, and tho butter is pretty effectual
ly excluded from the air.
; A Delicious Cheese.
Country (icntlonmn.
' The lJondcn or N'eufehutol cheese, of
which considerable quantities arc sent to
Kngland and to this country, is made as
follows: The rennet Is added to tho milk,
in pots holding about thrco gallons, at
its natural temperature, as it conies from
tho cow. Various devices are resorted
lUIIlIJUiltlUllt 11" ll limn
... ,...!.. thi.. InmiiAmliirA it.
winter without warming tho milk. The
rennet being added to tho milk, it is left
for niaiiv hours even an many as forty
eight for tho curd to bo fully deposited;
the curb is afterward placed in a linen
cloth, which is suspended from tho four
corners of a skeleton box, and'isthcii left
several hours to enable tho whey to drain
off. It is then transferred to a clean cloth,
in which it is carefully folded up, and is
submitted to pressure for about twelve
hours, or at least until The whey ceases
to runout; but tho pressure Is neither
verv great nor very even. The curd is
next passed through cylindrical molds,
and tho small cylindrical cheeses thus
formed uro at once salted on the outside.
The cheeses being then made, arc put
into a cellar on boards, each ono being
quite separato from its neighbors. In a
tow days, more or less, according to the
tomperatiire, tho first mould, thick and
white, makes Its appearance, and soon
afterwards, especially in summer, the
cheeses are sold fresh. . . When it is
desired to increaso the richness of theso
small, soft cheeses, tho curds (after being
pressed to expel the wliey) are broken
uj with tho hand and worked into a
smooth paste. To this is added us much
cream as tho paste or curd will abaord.
In this way the delicious cream cheeses
sold iif Paris as 'Fromage Gervnls' are
iriade.
For the Family Scrap-Book.
'tioy TIikck.
$ Never let tea boil.
? For rough hands, use lemon juice.
Strong lyo cleans tainted pork barrel.
Tepid milk and water clean oilcloth
without soap.
p Turpentine applied to a cut is a pre
ventive of lockjaw.
VA hot shovel hold over furniture ro
iioves whito spots.
Sprinkle sassafras bark among dried
tniit to keep out worms
VI '"vvi "
k Popcorn is a good lunch tor Sunday
.rt . ...Ml. j,.H
nights with milk tor drink.
A Willful of hay in n panful of water
HKUil zea smell ot naint.
Ullzcs smell of paint
ako a carpet look fresh, wipe with
rvotiif utor sweeping,
J 7 i ... .n .
iin iiiu ri..bpi..i; u..b.
SjNffco cups with scouring-
iil,JooK goou as new.
the jWK "ilk. woolen or
jnftUijqirits of tur-
the rVUy
K . 1'
IOS0 CU. 1"JP Of
ono
etesWj
mm tml.
ost fel'Mow
ignoimlH
in v
ill iin
ilnti a
iiim sK
kkv
neu
nrttcli; In regard to n new enemy of
wheat In central ami southern Illinois:
A new Insect enemy of winter wheat
1 1 11.1 lately come to notice In central anil
southcrn'Illlnois. where Ithiisdono mot
serious mischief In some localities; nml
an It will soon he too late to make obser
vation upon it, tho Immediate attention
of those interested Is earnestly invited to
this subject. Wherever it has thus far
been detected, it has previously been
confounded with the Hessian fly, ami it
is not Imiiosslble that much of the dam
age attributed to the latter Insect, in the
southern half of tho mate, is really duo
to this hitherto unknown pest. In tho
form in which it may now be found in
the wheat It is a smooth, slender, pule
green grub; about one-fourth of an Inch
in length, without distinct head or feet,
tapering nearly to a point atone end(tlie
uiiterior), ami slightly narrowed, but
thicker at the other. At the pointed
end, two curved black hooks maybe seen,
working actively backward, as long as
the larva Is alive. These nre the Jaws,
and are used for scraping away the sub
stance of the plant. If t ho head is ex
amined with a good magnifier, two very
short antenna.', scarcely longer than wide
may be seen nour its upper surface, and
below these are two circular ureas, pro
bably representing palpi. On each side
of the base of the second segment of the
worm is a small gill-like appendage,
divided Into two lobes, each lobe with
six divison.
The last segment of tho
body is bl-Iobed, and bears upon its
posterior surface two opcnings(spirncle)
each guarded by a circlet of about l'J de-
pressed spines. The larva Is now cluing
iiisr in the sbnthorn part of the state, in
to the pupa or chrysalis, which has the
same general appearance and color as
the grub, but is short ami thick, with
blunt ends, and has not tips imwer of
motion. It lias no appearance of wing
cases or other appendages. Although
the gononl effect of this insect upon the
growing wheat is not especially different
from that produced by the llessia-flyn,
the worm itself can be very readily dis
tinguished, especially at this season of
me year, since me iicssiau-ny is no
longer a free grub, but constructed for
Itself last autumn a dark brown, flat oval
case, like a flaxseed in appearance, from
which it is now emerging as a perfect
fly.
The insect is now burrowing in the
base of the stem of the wheat, just above
the root; and the puna occurs in the
same position. The effect is to stop the
growth of the plant and ultimately to
Kill it. There is iibunditiit evidence that
the grub leaves one stalk for another, so
that a single insect may perhaps destroy
an entire stool. Fields in Fulton coun
ty have been completely ruined by this
pest, so that they are now being plowed
up for other crops. Where the injury
is less complete, it lias theefl'ect to dead
en the wheat, more or less completely,.
In spots. The Insect may be found by
carefully stripping' down the leaves of
the affected stems until the center is
readied, where, if it still remains, it will
be found buried at the base of the grow
ing stem.
As this insect has only been known to
us for a few weeks, it is of course impos
sible to give any sufficient account of its
(levelopement. " It is certain, however,
that the worms hatched in the field in
the fall, after the wheat was sown, und
tiiat the principal part of the injury was
done bclore frost. It will now soon
transform into a minute fly, which will
ill . 1 1 L ' 1
prooaoiy rear n u...... .. ......
inter in
HIU Pl-us.lll, I Ills H nil. I
no larger
than a mosquito, but much
thicker and
more robust
i This insect we do not think can be the
source of any harm to spring wheat.
Break'ng Prairie.
paknlu Knrmcr. , ,
Considerable diversity of opinion pre
vails as to the proper time and the right
depth to break prairie. In some of the
older States tho practice is to break al
most entirely in tho mouth of June, and
thus allow the breaking to lie idle until
tho next season, or perhaps buck-.-et it in
tiie fall. This practice has some show of
reason In most prairie countrios.ironi the
fact that it takes all the allotted time for
the sod to rot sufficiently to produce a
crop. Hut here In Dakota tho case is dif
ferent. The prairie sod hero breaks
about as easily as the meadow lands in
tho Kastern States. In other prairie
States three or four yoke of cattle are
needed to break with, while hero one
good yoke can break from an acre to an
acre and a half a day. It follows, then,
that if the sod is not so tougii.it will take
less time to subdue it, and it is a fact
that good crops of corn, flax and potatoes
havo been raised from soil which was
turned the same season. Now, while it
I ninv be good practice for a farmer to
break in June, it he chooses, still, to tho
majority, it will be more advantageous
to begin breaking us soon as the trust
, leaves the ground. Ilreaklinr done verv
late in the fall Is cminlly as good, and In
some cases better than early spring break
ing. For a majority of farmerH in this
country early spring lias a two-fold ad
vantage, from tne fact that a good crop
may bp raised the first year. The sod is not
so tenacious nut that the grain roots can
1 penetrate it and secure an abundance of
plant loon in tne sou anil nciieatu it
Breaking done In July or August Is ul
most worthless, unless tho grass has been
cut or burned off before commencing. A
heavy growth of grass turned under holds
, tlio sod upon Its edge, and (luring tlio
dry season it is literally t-Tiied to a
l)rfck im,i wlu!U ., iet hck-set
. . ' .
dry season it is literally Wrncd to
.i,,, IMjXt snriiiir. or plowed for a croo.the
entire surface is covered "yeWi dry sods
grass side up. J
For curly breaking, whero It is desir
I ed to raiso a crop tho first season, very
' hIiiiIIow nlnwlnrv Is (ho host. n n thin urwl
i will become rotted in a slnslter time than
' a thick one, but caro slioun bo taken at
I tho next plowing to set tho .Mow an inch
or two deeper than tho brt' Jkiug in or
der to get an abundance n'Mooso soil for
tho preservation of molMsfro,
Juno breaking shouli II i from three to
four inches in deiith, ai ft 'tie re is consid
erable grass on tlio (jmHndit needs moro
woight to hold it dowiM
There is an erroneousjYipiuion among
a certain class of funnel that breaking
.winced not be very well doi.b,,and still tho
llODy, , . ..,(., . ... ... i ,' ,ut.. -r.-
vlu '... ..l .... t.n uu iH.jm.itu.. ti.bv.
wlKiiOYt; tilnwlno. n iMwnnlfl lifi If morn
in1' "OvnK vxpondeiii on the breaking
. . n t ik cun no turti ir trom tne trutn
it or .."n. i ... ... . ,
Ik irit tlihwm mnv'J "Pi
Slng folu and huiiii
obstruct the pi
MiossV
k.a reuiiii
ow at the
i. i,
lien it tt
ho sod has been turn
l ininiVCl.
down flat will
J. In
at tho second
quicker and
lieu.
W"S....ii of corn
Min sod if
iPim-HK nuvrnforo
ckefsl ni'iii
ar
ill!
n r
ov
ud
if
IN TE OLDEN TIME.
The New England Meetlng-Honse of the Fore
fathers IU Influence on Generation.
A most delightful article from the pen
f President Porter appears in the May
umber of "The New Kiiglander," the
of President
number of
subject being tho "New Kmilaiul Meet
lng-1 louse," which the author considers
to lie thosvmbol of much that Is charac
teristic of New Kngland life, as it lias
been tho rallying point for nearly every
tiling distinctive in tne iNcw
Kngland I
communities. Out of tho church grew
tho town, or, rather, the town was c vol veil
or developed nlong with the church.
The church was the germ and the moct-Ing-hoiise
the center of the self-governeil
commonwealth. The name "meeting
house" Is significant. Tho edifice was
used for religious and civic transactions,
and to the early New Kiiglander both
were equally solemn and sacred. There
was no warrent in Scripture for calling
an edifice a church.
President Porter gives an extremelv
Interesting account of tlio way In wltiel
the original structures were built, and
of gradual variations of the original type
as vcars went on. The erection of "the
Old .South Church in lrL'WHI was the
most imjiortant advance in the evolution
of the New Kngland meeting house, ami
became the typical model of all such
places of worship for nearly a century.
Among the best of the edifices of tli'ls
type which survive are the sanctuaries
In Farmington and Wetfiebl. (The lat
ter has just now lost many of its quaint
old features by "restoration.")
With the present century, and its ad
vance in wealth and culture, the meeting
house began to assume a form more like
that of lmdnn church architecture, and
of this sort of work we have admirable
specimens In Park street Church, lioton,
tlio Center and Xorth Churches In New
Haven, and thoe in (iitilford, Springfield
and elsewhere.
The first steeple In Connecticut was
erected iutiuilford in lTl'il.
The interior of the meeting houses was
bare and unattractive. Pews were of
slow growth. There were no means of
lighting them until singing schools made
it nccesarv to introduce candles and
rude chandeliers. Night meetings in
these sanctuaries were not approved.
There were no stoves for a long time,
and ut first no foot stones. The New
Kngland meeting lioit-e was not arti
ficially warmed until from l.HIO to IKL'O.
President Porter remembers such scenes
as, he says, ''make us shiver as wo think
ol them. Of a cold winter morning the
breath of the worshipers not unfrequent-
iv would seem iikc smoke Iroiu a mm
red furnaces as it came in contact with
the frosty atmosphere." These severities
were mitigated by the free hospitality of
tne nouses near tlio meeting House.
Knormous kitchen fires were kept blaz
ing, around which scores of people gath
ered to thaw themselves out and eat their
lunchotis. At sumnier noons the farmers
would gather in knots here and there,
and the women would get together hi
groups, and they had a verv cozy and
gossipy time ot it.
In soma inunlies there was a Sabbath
lay house erected near the sanctuary.
with ample fireplaces for tho comfort of
worshipers.
The meetliiLf house usually was the
central building in the village, as being
tne most important. It stood within or
fronting the "green." Roads radiated
trom it. it was not until a later date
that the sanctuary was placed upon the
high hill, where it could be seen afar.
and so that several of these meeting
houses were within range of vision.
guarding, like sentinels, the lull country.
l'resident i'orter gives a laithtul anil
charming ' description of the spiritual
churches that hud their homes in these
meeting houses. Thcv, at first, hail no
written creed, though their views of
truth lacked neither iieiinitcness nor
positivenc-s. Their pastors were settled
lor lite, unit when u meeting limine wus
built and pastor settled, "a golden can
dlestick was set up" in tlmt place.
lhe meeting house must needs be
eated" places assigned to each mem
her of the community. It New Haven's
first meeting house the sexes weru ,epu
rated, anil the seating was uccord ntr to
rank and dignity. The doctrine of equal
ity in piace, siauon, unit minor m (.'March
and State was no part of the Puritan
creed. In the first generations attend
mice on worship wns enforced. There
was then compulsory public worship as
now we have compulsory education of
children, bum the year ISIS. In Con
nectlcut, and till some years later in
.Massachusetts, ever) citizen was conir
polled to support some religious orirnul.
zation by a tax on his estate. Thus was
formed the excellent habit of regular
attendance at tho sanctuary on the Lords
(lav. A. graphic picture is given of tho
athoring of a country congregation from
a wide-spread township on a pleasant
Sunday morning. What a variety of
vehicles, of horses, of dress, of paco, of
demeanor! 1 hen tho noonings, with van
ous gossip, with secret "swappings.'
with caro of squealing horses, witli steal
thy glances and flirtatious ot young folks,
and no end of news exchanged.
Passing by the description of thanks
giving and fast days, the writer touches
the decorum and dignity which in theory
was exacted in tlio meeting houso. lint
which was not always maintained.
There were occasional outbreaks of lusty
blood and the spirit of independence
which occasioned serious concern and
disturbance. It seems to ns that Presi
ilent Porter touches this nnint very light
ly, as indeed lie has thrown a kind of
noetic glamour over tlio whole theme
This idyl of his was quite another thing
in its prose reality.
Ho discusses witli characteristic gen
tleness the old theology, and quite dis
arms all criticisms as ho sketches tho
ono old meeting house where five or six
generations havo worshiped, in peaco
and in war, and asks what better havo a
half-dozen other places of worship done
which divldo tho zeal of neighboring
communities. It is easy to seo that
President Porter is thinking of tho old
Farmington' church where his godly
father preached, and whero ho also
preached and which has witnessed tho
worship of nn undivided community for
generations.
Three Southern Women.
At the outbreak of tho war tho (laugh
tor of tho late Wilson N. Carey, of llal
tlinore. a maiden of some ISyearsofage,
of striking personal beauty and brilliant
accomplishments, was ureu with deep
I i'..'- .!. .1. LM. !.,.. 1...I..
lovo lur u.u im.i.ui. r..iu m.n j,u.ui....i
outspoken in her tceiings, anil trequent
1 v ni me a red on tho street wearing the con
federate colors.nnd on one occasion waved
a confederate flag from her window in
tho face of a regiment of union troops
who were marching south.. Hor prom
inent position in society rendered her
subject to arrest, hut sho lied the city,
ninda her way across tno J'oiomiie in a
ut, and concealed nerseit on un isiaiiu
SLic.tt.l l.nr nurulinru fill reiU'llltll?
nlltitv,..,,,! yi,n wnsi'drdliillv received bv
llssAv .lnd labored zealously in tho
ius fx . ' rH!uei1 uy norsisiers,.ienny aim
In ti.,.it , . ; . . . . 1
ui M irfiv l i.
InNroy.andher brother, Wlb
v n
llnm N. Carey, Jr. Miss Carey soon
went to Centervillc; then the advance
post of tho confederacy, ami while there
created great enthusiasm among the
ranks by singing for the first time the
now popular ulr of "Maryland, My
Maryland." During the battle of Hull's
1 tun' it large body or troops appeared on
tho left ot the confederate lines. Gen.
lleaiircgarii supposed tlioy were federals,
but soon learned that they belonged to
Gen. Klrliv Smith's command. At that
time tho confederate flag closely resent-
bleu the national colors, nut tne next
day lleaiiregard determined to change
the design, and, after consultation with
i.oe, selected ns the coniederate battle
Hag a red field witli a blue enm-bar and
eleven white stnrs. MUs Hattle. Carey
and her sisters made three of these bat
tle-flags, not. however, as thcv them
selves say, out of their own silk dresses.
T'he flag 'made by Mks Hattle was pre
sented to llcattregard, ami the others to
Gen. Joe Johnson and Gen, Karl Van
Horn, "When I handed It to Gen.
Hcati regard," said Mrs, Martin, in nar
rating the circumstance to friends, "I
requested him to wave it over the Wash
ington monument in llaltimore, and be
iromised mo that lie woiiM. lie lias,
lowever, failed to do so," These were
tho battle-flags of the south until the
close of the war. In the last year of the
war Miss Hattie, whoso beauty and ac-
ompiishmeuts hud won such high ml-
miration, was united in marriage to
Gen. Pegraiu, who was soon after called
uwav from his bride bv Sheridan's
movement on his right, and fell dead
while gallantly leaning his troops at the
battle of Five Forks. His widow and
her sisters remained to the last tenderly
nursing the sick and wounded. After
the close of the war tliev returned to
Daltimorc, where Mrs. Pegram opened a
young ladles' boarding school, which she
conducted witli marked success, A few
years ago she married Prof. II. Lmell
"Martin, one of the professors of John
Hopkins university, and she is now re
siding in llaltimore. Time lias dealt
gently with Mrs, Martin, wlio is almost
as beautiful as ever, anil in the prime of
mature womanhood, .Miss tonstance
Carey married Mr. Ilurton N. Harrison,
of New York, and Is now a resident of
that citv.
Boyish Ambition
When a bov has ceu-ed to wish to be
a clown lie desires to drive an engine;
ami when that ambition is iusfd, bis
next i to go to sea. It is isuiniis to ob
serve the uniformity of opinion among
iovs on these mutters. We never beard
of a lad passionately anxious to lieu law
yer, ami hiding himelt in corners in dr
ier to read about the law; nor probably
is a lad a small lad often found who
li'Vote.H his days and nig its to thlnkiinr
liow delightful it must be to lie n clergy
man. To lie u stockbroker, a banker, a
farmer, to be even a member of congress
s not among the ambitions ot boys.
I hoy would bo willing to shine us uc-
tors, indeed, but on condition that they
nuiear witli whitened cheeks, and with a
g of mutton nnd a hot poker in their
lockets. tl engineering they have lew
ideas outside the notion that an engineer
whether civil or otherwise, is an nidi
vidual with a grimy face a distinct ad
vantage to -boys, "most of whom abhor
soup who stands behind the locomotive
and makes it go along as fast as he
pleases, not to mention whistling when
ever he takes it into his head to enter a
tunnel. The sea, however, is usually the
boy's longest ami most earnest dream.
And it is not a little extraordinary that
the hardest, the roughest, and, having
regard to the routine of itsilisciiiliiieund
the character of its members, the most
irosiae of all callings slumldstauilat the
lead of the professions ll4 un inspiration
nf sentiment, of poetry und of romantic
fancies.
The sea bits u charm lor the young
which men call only understand by be
coming boys again in laiieyaud thinking
out of the minds tliev hud when boys,
Were it possible exactly todeterinine all
that a lad dreams about the sea, tlio Im-
ulsc which moves him toward it, his
ideas of life on board ship and the won-
lers of the world into which the muriner
sails, we should find the picture wanting
neither in humor nor m pathos humor
in tlio litter iinlikenes.s to the truth, und
pathos in the generous, childlike imagin
ation which flings its wonderful light
over ono of the harsbet nnd mot un
sympathetic of human facts, enriching it
to such a degree that even tne mature
mind is captivated by the boyish fancy
regards the sea iroiu tho standpoint oi
tlio dreaming, enthusiastic lad,
Impaled,
The impalement of persons sentenced
to death for great crimes has been prac
ticed in the Kast for many centuries. In
Turkey, where tills punishment was most
frequently inflicted, assusins whose
crimes were of an aggravated character
were always condemned to die on tho
polo; und the traveler who penetrates
into Asia Minor will now and then even
in our times.riile oust slender mists erect
ed along the roadside,on which tlie skele
tons ol the unfortunates arc hanging who
havo been put to death in this horrible
manner.
Saint Kdmo in his Dictiounaire de hi
Penultio describes the manner in which
tills punishment is inflicted us follows;
"The unfortunate man who is to stiller
leuth bv impalement is laid fiat on the
ground, face downward. His hands are
tied on ids buck, and one of tlio execu
tioner's assistants sits down on bis back,
so that the victim cannot move A se
cond assistant holds tho culprit's head
firmly to the ground, and a third assis
tant seizes Ills legs, which ho holds so
i.luit ho cannot move them. The execu
tioner now approaches with tho Instru
ment of death, a long stake or pole, which
ho pushes into the body from behind. Tlio
polo tapers almost to a point' but is
rounded oil' some what at tho end, so that
it will not penetrate the entrails all at
once. The executioner pushes this polo
into the flesh as far as ho can with his
hands, whereupon n fourth assistant
drives it in still further with a mallet.
Now the polo,which has penetrated deep
ly into the body of tho doomed man, is
sot upright into the ground and tho vic
tim is left to die upon it. Tho weight of
the' laxly presses it turther down upon
tho stako every moment, and the point
finally protruues from the breast or side
of tho culprit. Some of thoso upon whom
thisjiorrinlo punishment has been inflict
ed, died quickly, and their suffering was
soon over, but "others are said to have
suffered untold agony for hours, nnd even
days, before death put an end to their
torments."
Impalement, horrible as it is, is not
tho cruelist punishment inflicted in Ori
ental countries. Particularly tlio Chi
nese ami the inhabitants of Anaii), Coch
in China and Slum seem to have exhaust
ed all their powers of Invention in devis
ing now and Insuflerablo torments for
criminals or persons who had incurred
tho mitred ot tno ruier oi uiose coun
tries. In China rebels and traitors are liter
ally cut into a thousand pieces. Tho exe-
cuiiuuer n uo ii w carry uuv nun u.tuu
fill sentence fastens the prisoner, who Is
tied hand and foot, with a chain to a
post, and makes an incision over the
forehead of Ids victim. Ho nulls tho
skin of tho forehead over the eyes of tlio
suiiercr, so that he can no longer see. A
largo basket with small knives is now
placed beside tho executioner, who
shakes them up several times, and then
takes them up, ono by one, On eacli
Kline is written tho name ol a part ot tho
human body which the fiend who takes
tho instrument of torture from the bask
et proceeds to lacerate slowly. Little
pieces of llesh and skin are cut from the
struggling wretch, and w hen tlio execu
tioner lias cut anil slashed one part, in
Ills opinion, sufficiently, lie takes anoth
er knife from the basket and proceeds as
before until at last all the knives have
been taken from the basket. Hut while
the victim sutlers horrible torments the
executioner operates on him with such
skill that no vital parts are touched, and
death diK's not come to the relict ol the
sufferer. And when all tlie numbers of
this terrible lottery of knives arc drawn,
the bleeding body iif the unfortunate man
is thrown to ravenous dogs, who, more
merciful than their masters, soon put un
end to tlie agonies of tlie doomed num.
Another punishment said to have been
inflicted in China on great criminals con.
sistcd in being "brushed to death." The
instrument employed in this torture was
a wire bruh,witli which the executioner
brushed, or rather scraped off the flesh
of the culprit, a proceeding which natur
ally consumed a great deal ol time. I he
tormentor, with cnntimmutc skill, brush
ed around all great veins and arteries to
prevent the victim Iroiu bleeding to
death, and kept him alive for a long
time.
In Siiim tin dentil penally was inflict
ed on rebel by having then'i trampled to
death by elephants. Other had a small
cocoanut forced into their mouth mi that
they had to starve.
Other horrible punishments have been
inflicted by Oriental despots, nnd many
of tlieni have taken particular pains ti
vn rv the pains, changing the mode of
their torment with everv siiU'erer. Itut
the above instances will suffice to show
what cruelties are practiced in those
countries.
Chicago's Mall in n Cindlo Djx.
Chit 1.1:11 Ihlrr.l'rctiii.
"Yes," said old I'licle John Hate yes
terday, "the Chicago post-olllce is a'big
institution, but I remember when one
man could manage the whole business
unit not lie overworked either. In IS.'1'J
the post-office wa situated in an upper
room of a log building which stood on
Lake street, 'flic building wa partly
occupied by an Indian trailer, and in the
other part,' tlie .smallest comer, was the
post-olllce. Jonathan V. Hailey was the
postmaster and 1 was his deputy. There
was not much for either of us to do. but
while we M'pt the olhce I bought hides
ami traded with the Indians. When the
lllack Hawk war broke out in 1K.TJ
Ikiilev's wife, who was delicate, became
so frightened that he had to take her
away, and I was left in charge of the
office. Hailey never returned, and as
Deputy Postu'uitcr I kept the office for
three years. At iirt there was not more
than a pound and a bull' in the whole
collection of letters and papers that came
to the place, but bclore the end ot my
term it increased until it weighed about
KNI pounds. A good part ot the time I
kept the olliee in a candle box. When
any one called for it letter 1 took down
the box and looked over the whole col
lection. I knew very well whether there
were any letters or not, but I liked to be
accommodating to the people 11 ml would
let them see lor themselves that none ol
the letters in the box belonged to them.
A Frenchman came once 11 week from
Nile, Mich., und in a pairof saddle-bags
thrown over Ids horse carried all the
mail that came to Chicago. This was
the olliee for all the northern counties in
thi state and about half of Wisconsin.
The people of Cook. DuPage, Will, Me-
llenry, and l.a nalle counties, and nil
tlio territory between here and the Mis-
sis.iqu Kiver, came into Chicago lor
their mail, I hey did not come very olten
once in two or three weeks, mid then
one nniii would come from n county and
Inquire for all his neighbors. There were
little settlements scattered about, a few
families in a place. I'p where Milwau
kee now is there was one man living, but
at Green Hay there was a settlement, und
an Indian came down for the mail. I
was paid oil' for my services in having
the lionor of serving the government.
(Ion. Jackson was President and W. T.
llarrv was Postmaster General. I re
member both of them that is. in my
ollicial relation."
Oar Golden Days.
When are our golden duv? And what
are tliev'.1 Tlie-o are inquiries that will
naturally suggest themselves to our
minds ho'mestimo during life; but more
especially to those who have reached the
years of womanhood and manhood. Tliev
will readily answer, in childhood were
our golden days. How calm and serene
everything then seemed to glide along
ami fond dreams of happiness and pleas
ure were Mowing trom the soul us the
rays of light from tlie sun.
'Ask the middle-aged or the old when
were their golden nays and they will
certainly say in childhood, when they
were hut sclioobchildreii. Then how
necessary it is that they bo well im
proved. 'This is the time in which to lav
up a store of useful knowledge that it
may yield a rich harvest in after years.
In youth we seo more manifestly and
divinely portrayed, the goodness ami
excellence of God. All nature seems a
paradise of loving purity to tlio youths of
our hind; nut as wo, step ny step, move
onward, its charms for us seem to fade
away until the brightness and brilliancy
are "not appreciated by us as it should
be. If we, during theso flitting moments
use tho power ami talent, which are but
free gifts from God, it will not be said of
us that wo wore but mere stumbling
blocks in tho way of others, but that wo
possessed tlio highest attributes that
properly qualify us to act tlio part of tho
noble men an women. It is true that our
responsibilities will bo greater, but if we
uro guided by tho impulse of conscience
wo can erase from life's history many a
shadow thot tends to make tho pathway
gloomy and forlorn.
Wo should always do thu best we can,
whatever be our circumstances, und when
that is done, wo will seo an opening for
something better. How many to-day
among tho living, have spent and are
spending golden days that were given
tlieni for a noble purpose, In loitering
around like tlio sluggard, saying a little
more sleep and a littlu moro slumber?
Kach ono of us was created for somo
grand and noble purpose, and In order
to find out what that purposo Is, wo must
begin in early life to 'ascertain, because
wo know ()ur days, at most, are but few.
We could make life ono grand, golden
holiday, it we would hut put lorth tho
proper eflbrts to mako It so,
The more an Idea Is doveloped.the more
concise necoiues lis expression; xue more
a tree Is pruned, the hotter the fruit.
CYCLONES.
Electricity the Vital Force of the Windy Mon
sters. (Iiitmlrw with iTof. VAMif (lny, ofChln.Kn.)
"What is the cause of cyclones.'''
"They are tlio result of "atmospherical
conditions. The immediate cause is the
meeting of two bodies of air of unequal
temperature. The greater the inequali
ty and volume the moro terrible the ef
fect. Tlie first effect of the sudden meet
ing of tlie two volumes greatly differing
in temperature is rapid condensation of
moisture. This sets free a vat amount of
latent heat and electricity. In other words
words it releases tlio vast amount of la
tent and electricity, hi other words it
energy, but now become active, or en
ergy in motion, It seeks to equalize it
sell, and in so doing assumes various
forms of motion,
"Tornados only occur tinder peculiar
conditions; that N, where there Is a sud
den meeting of vast volumesofalrgreat
ly differing in temperature, as before
stated. 'I hose conditions nre most gen
erally found (luring the mouths of
March, April and June. You will no
tice tlmt they begin further south early
in the spring. Later in May and June,
the meeting point of the hot and cold
current change its liife and moves fur
ther north. Later still, when the tem
perature lias become sufficiently equal
ized, tornado disappear or very seldom
occur.
"A storm may be compared to a body
of water dammed up. If the water is
released it will run out ami seek Its low
er level. It Mill run fast or slow, ac
cording to the opportunity it ha. The
time it will consume in running out will
depend on two tilings; First, thcumniint
of water pent up; and second, tlie size of
tlie breach made in the dam. If the
breach is small and the body of water
large, it will be a long time "running out.
Hut if the breach is large enough It will
run out in a very short time. In both
Instance the same amount of energy
will be expended in emptying the pond.
In the first case, 110 ilamage will be done
as tlie water runs out gradually and Is a
long time about it. in the 'other In
stance, however, there may be great
damage because the whole force is spent
in 11 very short time.
"In the ease of a tornado, the very
rapid condensation causes a verv rajiiil
ami vast accumulation of electrici
ty. For some unexplained reason the
funnel tissumes a gyratory motion, ami,
as the cloud becomes mure heavily
charged with electricity, it is attractcil
to the earth, which is charged with an
opposite kind of electricity. After con
tact with the eartli it usually rises again
until the charge grows stronger, when it
is attracted to the ground, which re
lieves it of some ol its force. Thus it
goes on rebounding like a ball until its
electrical energy is exhausted and the
cloud rises to its natural position.
"Tlie force which gives the cyclone its
great power is electricity, and' us soon
as it is disarmed 01 its electrical phases
these very violent exhibitions of force
cease.
"We never have cyclones along the
lake shore on account of the inline: ce
the lake has over the temperature of
the air. The hike atmosphere probably
extends to the upper limit of- atmos
phere."
"Is there any prevention of cyclones?"
"Possihlv nothing within tlie imme
diate reach of man. The planting of
torests might obviate their ellect. As
long as cold bodies of air drop into the
hot masses next the ground there is no
ell'ectual way of prevention."
Could not n storm lie broken by ex
plosives?" "Kxplo-ives might disperse a small
water-spout, but not 11 great funnel with
so much energy to expend."
'is there no honoheiul side to cy
clones?" "Thcv could not exist, doubtless,
without the conditions which cuter into
them."
AUniqneSoat of Learning.
A normal school at Hampton, Va,, at
its recent commencement graduated thir
ty pupils, nine of whom were Indians.
'I'his interesting experiment in the co
education of races is achieving results
far beyond the earlier anticipations of
its founders. The school now owns (HKI
acres of land. Tlio general government
allows $K7 a year for each Indian pupil.
Theio are HI endowed scholarships and
some invested funds yielding $t,lHNI an
nually. From the national land grant
10,1 Kill, a year allowed to the school by
tho state of Virginia. Other require
ments of support ure fiirnidied by the
farm, the dairv anil mechanical product.
One hundred and nine of the .'S' students
this year are Indians. There are !ll!l
young men and boys, ami L'.'i'.i girls. The
property of the school includes Weuoimh
lodge, a" line building devoted to the ue
of I iiilian liovs. a machine-shop for finish
ing, and a lir.-t-clas miw mill equipped
with a line Corlis engine and the latet
machinery. The plant of the institute
is valued at ftlod.UtlO, ami oil this there
i pot a dollar of indebtedness. u all
the shop Indian and negro youth work
side bv side in perfect harmony. The
agricultural and mechanical tasks which
torni the baisot the institution are enter
ed into with spirit by both races. In the
shoe-shop a genuine Zulu, Imported by
Harnuiu. works beside the sou of a New
Mexican Indian chief. All are taught
the great lesson'of self-help, and go out
among their kinsmen well cpuipped to
impart to others the knowledge they
have gained. So far as the Hampton
school students are concerned, the pro
blem of race is already solved.
The Future of the Graduate.
Some of tho graduating class always
tells us 011 commencement day that the
college course has been undertaken only
as a preparation for practical life. That
Is, no doubt, the intention, but how few
realize what It means as it trips glibly
from the tongue, That graduate is an
exception who leaves college without
the feeling that the world is to lie very
easily conquered. During his college
days'ho lias been ablo largely to meas
ure his achievements. In one term lie
can say, "1 have advanced so far in a
knowledge of the Latin ami have learn
ed so many principles of geometry and
know how to apply them to tlio practical
end. 1 havo absorbed the essence of
'Kant's Critique of the Pure lteuson."'
In tlio new life It will all be different.
While in college he could count upon
long uninterrupted days for a single piece
of work, he will now find In practical
life liardlv uninterrupted hours, while
business duties will be pulling him a
dozen wavs at once. How often we are
disappointed to find in alter life that the
young man or woman who was looked
upon as brilliant In college ami sure to
make bis mark in the world, bus settled
down into tlio dead level of mediocrity
nml is content to earn Ids livelihood like
tho rest of tho world's working folk.
Tills Is probably for tho best.
Tho best work which the college docs
is not tho elevation of a few nbovo their
fellow-beings, but, on tho contrary, tho
broadening, ennobling and sweetening
of common human life by pouring ed-
Heated men and women into the common
ranks to llvo and to work there. Tho,
"sweet girl graduate" will find impor
tant work knocking nt her door aside
from her regular vocation. If sho is a
girl of tho right spirit, after having been
treated as the equal of young men in
college, she will not lie willing to settle
down in actual life as un inferior and
subordinate citizen of the stnte. Tho
"woman question" is assuming new Im
iKirtencc In these days, nnd the lady
graduates of our schools and colleges
must have it strong influence in deter
mining the result of tills increasing agi
tation. The majority of intelligent men
would today welcome women to equal
political privileges with themselves, for
the sake of getting intelligent help'ln
putting down the drink trallle and other
evils, did pot so many of the women
themselves hang back'and look with In-
dlfi'crence upon the betterment of their
own sex. Our lady graduates will be
asked to take hold of this matter and do
something. One can at least speak to
iter menus nun get them thinking about
it, too. If all would do this, bow great
would be the aggregate influence.
The Confederate Salt-Works.
A correspondent of "The Philadelphia
Ledger" gives an interesting account of
Saltville, near the Clinch mountains, in
West lennessee, where the southern
icoplc obtained their salt during the
ate rebellion. The locality Is 11 basin
inclosing about six hundred acres, the
bed of a former bike, forming ono of
those rieli blue-grass bottoms thill nre
worth a fortune to the cattle-raiser, and
underlying it 1 a salt rock. Hero I
made the salt that supplies western ir-
ginia, eastern Tennessee, and northern
Georgia and Alabama. In IMS George
. Palmer, a New orksalt-niakerfrom
Syracuse, came to the region and went
into tlie salt-making industry in a
small way. Well were sunk, piercing
the salt-rock, the water biineath it wa
raised to tlie surface, boiled In pans, and
the salt thus obtained. Tlie industry was
In moderate operation when the rebel
lion began, ami it then extended in an
amazing way. The blockade of the
.southern ports cut oil' all the outside
supply of salt, and here almost the entire
confederacy bad to come for it. Tim
manufacture was made 11 national one,
each southern state established its agen
cy, paying a royalty for the salt produced
and Col. Pnltno'r, extending hi business,
took in Gen. Stuart as a partner. They
are now probably the two wealthiest inch
in Virginia. Ihiring the war federal
troop destroyed the work, but after
they left the manufacture wa resinned.
It "was enonnoiisiv profitably for the
owners, who turned out as much as ten
million bushels a year. The receipt of
confederate money weie at time so
heavy that they Int'd not the opportunity
to count it, but bundled It up, taking the
account a sent them. As gold appre
ciated and the paper accumulated they
bought land. In this way Stuart got
seventy thousand acres, and Palmer
bought out all the region surrounding
Salt Lick, tints getting a magnificent es
tate of twelve thousand acres, on which
he now lives witli his brother,
ami breeds many thousands of sheep and
hundred of iiuc' cuttle. Tlie salt indus
try by this process often produced tlieni
un acre of land for a bushel id' salt in
the high war prices, but the production
has now fallen oil', about r,(M),tKKI bushels
being turned out annually.
A Patient Wife.
The Texas Siftings thus records the
testimony of a loving wife: "I heard,"
said the kind-hearted Austin female phil
anthropist to the woman who lived 111 a
dilapidated shanty in the suburbs, whoso
head was tied up iiud who bad one arm
in a sling, "I have hoard that your hus
band beat-you, ami I would consult with
you to sc ii' we could not restrain him."
"You ure mistaken, madam; my bus
baud never beats me. We have lived
together fifteen year, and be never beat
me yet," and the woman adjusted her
arm 'in the sling.
"I 11111 so glad to bear that I am mis
taken." replied the female philanthro
pist. "No." continued the woman, sndly.put
ting the bandage over her eye, "he has
never struck me 11 blow yet. He has
kicked 1110 in a dozen dill'erent place
forty different times; he bus taken me
by my two ears and bumped my bead 011
tlie Door or on the corner id' the mantel
piece; he lias poured hot water down my
back; pulled out my hair by the handful,
and be has stuck pins in 1110 a time or
so; he feeds the horse on my new spring
bonnet, but he has never beat me yet,
ami, until he does, I don't think I ought
to complain."
Wrecks of Washington Life.
Wii-liliiL'lim ('nr.
The streets of Washington are lined
with old battered wrecks that the waves
ami winds of politics have east ashore
from time to time, it is a fact, Iiowuut
well known here, that a majority of thoe
who are forced out of public lile and set
tle in Washington turn out a "ne'er do
wools." I know a graduate of Harvard
College, who was himself the President
of a college, a Senator in Congress, and
subsequently in a position of abnost un
equalled power, who "settled" in Wash
iiigton. brink and cards brought him
to ruin, and be was, if 1 am not mista
ken, once in jail and many times in tho
station house. Ho was a superior schol
ar, an eloquent speaker and an able
thinker. It was not unusual for Iiim to
accost Ills former friends nnd ask for 11
quarter to buy him something to eat.
Whore he is now I do not know. I know
of as sad a case in tlio lower houo a
man of commanding mind and presence
and rarely gifted as an orator, lie wns
at one t i tne a member of the constitu
tional convention of Kentucky, nfter
wards a member of tho State legislature
of California, and was elected to codify
the laws of that State; was an elector
on the Fremont ticket in 1850; wns Re
ceiver of Public Moneys in 0110 of tlio
Territories, and stibseqiientley Surveyor
General, and then served Jwo terms in
tlio House. Ho was sought by all tho
scientific, religious ami literary societies
here, and stood as high us any man in
either branch of Congress. Well, what
of it? you ask, Well, thi of it; For
several vcars past that mini kept ono of
tho lowest dives and brothels In the city,
where young men and weak men were
lured llv rum, curds and women. He
died the other day in this miserable hov
el, ami was followed to thu grave by a
depraved creature of the town whom he
called his wife, I can point out to you
ex-Senators hero who can scarcely buy
their breakfasts, who are so seedy and
dilapidated that they will cross tho street
rather than meet an old friend. There
are ex-cabinet officers who used to be
spatter "us common people" witli mud
from their carriage wheels ns they rolled
grandly on, who aro now nut recognized
bv tliolr former associates. There are
ox-Genorals in the nriny, wIiomj names
have liouorablo mention 111 history, ana
on whoso shoulders tho double star of a
Mnjor-Gcneral set with pride, now si
poor ui)d helpless that thoy aril oj'
hungry without a c?nt to buy food
y
f
J
J.
1
' z'
