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iTHE AJUUJS WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER - 27, 100.. 6 ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER STATIONS - - Census Bureau Issues Bulletin Giving Interesting Account of Grotvth of Thjs important Tubtic: Utility Up to Close of ear i 9 02 -Illinois Leads. YOUNG MeCOMB I The bureau of the census has J'istj published a report on central electric, light and power stations for the year ending June 30, 1902, prepared under the supervision of V. M. Steuart, chief statistician of manufactures. It is the third of a series of reports on the operation and untilization of electric current. In addition to the text, which wai prepared by Thomas Comraerford Martin, or New York rfty. expert spe cial agent, there are elaborate tables jtnd an Interesting scries of illustra tions. . The chapters if- Uvtt discuss, respec tively, the scope and method of the in vesting' ion. financial operations, em jdoyess. salaries and wages, physical equipment, output of stations, franchis es, and the history and development ol electric lighting. The statistics do not include iusolat- d electric light and power plan's in stalled in manufacturing, establish ments, hotel), office buildings, etc., for the purport of furnishing light and power primarily for the use of the in dividuals, firms, or corporations oper ating such establishments. lllMtnrjr af l"l--rl- l.lfcbtlaic. Klectric lighting dates back only to the bt ginning of the last century, while the history of central stations proper belongs only to the second half or, more strictly speaking, to the last quarter of the century. Th development of electric lighting was marked by the work of a series of discoverers and Inventors, by whom the evolution of arc lighting from an expensive laloratory experiment to its present cheap and useful form was ac cnmplished. The progressive success at arc light ing imparted a great impulse to experi mentation with the incandescent lamp. Many distinguished inventors devoted Ihcir attention to this subject, but ho Incandescent lamp was not commer cially a success until about 25 years ago, when Edison first lamp was pro dueed. To Mr. Edison the development of the incandescent lamp was associated with the creation of a complete system of electric lighting, a current to be furnished from the central ulatlonitb a large number of buildings in a manner exactly analogous to that in which the supply of gas is furnished. In ISSO he Installed such a system in Menlo Park. The introduction of the Edison "Jumbo" dynamo soon followed. The estimated useful life of a 10 Wntt IG-candiepowcr lamp made today Is over Io.imiu hours, about 2 times as long as It was 25 years ago. In the last quarter of a century a to-! tal of over 250.000,000 lamps has been produced, or not less, than lo.oon.OOO u year. Then came the attempt to uniry arc and incandescent lighting, the develop ment of the use of the alternating cur rent, the evolution or the later arc lamp, the cbauge from open to inclosed lamps, the production of lamp globes, lamp supports, series and multiple me thods, appliances, fixtures, fuses and cut-outs, methods of wiring, modern con veniences, and novel types of lamps. Including the Nerast Incandescent, the mercury vapor, and vacuum tube light ing. irolb ml the ladaatry. For convenience lu Mudy the various electric stations have been divided into two grand elapses. First, those opera- w finii ted by and. l-eet niciill ( individuals or conration8: ond. thos ojM'ratrd tinder ran- PHI control. ivu'n oi incse ijmm . i . . . I . . I Is subdivided into, tirst. those doing nj purely electric business; and. secoud. thos oi-raled in connection with oth er Industries. Th latter are desig nated cot. posit e stations. Further subdivisions have been made, one ldiig based upon -the- population of the lilac in w hich the station ts lo- , cated. and the other upon the horse power capacity of the generating ap paratus of the station. The growth of this industry is shown ' by the following figures: From eight : stations beginning operation in 1881 . the number rose to loo in 1886. to 208 In 189. and to -147 in 1S92. During the following years of depressiou the number of new stations fell; but in 1895. though a time of financial strin r-ency. it rose again to 239. In 189S it reached 277. or more than the number beginning operation in the entire peri S 6-5-4 PREmiTS RUST u Fr at- hr John T. Noftsker. Davi. 7X,.. IdK-k UlMd Hardware company II There ts nottecflliXeit! I One coat Isss months!) I Nomrk!5hiC2sidf! No coiling cf hsnda S) and J. J Purge & Co. The. number for jafltJlTR as 250. and for n months of 19o2 it was 1. In the 20 years from 1881 to 1901. inclusive, an average of 165 private and municipal stations have begun operation each year. The spreafl of the agitation for municipal ownership of public service enterprises is illustrated in a some what striking manner. Of the 815 mu nicipal stations enumerated, only 68 had been Installed up to 1S89. In that year 40 were introduced, and in 1S95 the number of new stations reached 73, mereasing in 1898 to 82. The returns for 19j2. adicatf jttoat the ratio was fully maintafnefl in the census year. In 1902 there were in the United States 3.620 central electric stations, with a cost of construction and equip ment of $.".04,740,332. Employed were 6,996 salaried officials and clerks w ith salaries amounting to $5,663,580; and 23.330 wage earners with wages amounting to $14,983,112. The gross income was JS5.70d.6O5. comprising $S4. 186.605 from sale of current and Jl.514.ooo from other sources. Total expenses were JCS.081.37r. The total output of stations for the year, if Vilo watt hours, was 2.507,051.1 1 V 'lb number of arc lamps was o85,t9s and of Incandescent lamps 18,194,0-11. There has been a striking change In the character of service in these sta tions. In the earlier days of the in dustry nearly all the stations were, in stalled for the purpose of furnishing current for arc lighting, while today the bulk of current is supplied for In candescent lighting, motor power, and miscellaneous service. This last in cludes charging telephone exchanges, batteries for boats and automobiles; pumping; hot water, steam, and elec tric heating; electric current; and nickel plating and electroplating. Comparlitua af Private aad Maalcln1 Matloaw. Private stations form by far the largest portion of the Industry, consti tuting 77.5 per cent of the total num ber of stations in operation during 1902. Their income from sale of cur rent was J7f.73S.500. or 91.9 per cent of ros8 incomuifthe expenses of opera nd K2.3 per o-nt of the tftal. ,-wbilQ j-thjby'gavo employment to 891 pr"-cnt of the total number of wage earners engaged in the industry, and paid 90.5 lr cent of the total amount of annual wages. The primary power plant equipment of these stations formed 91.3 per cent of the total horse power of.. &U .stations, while their generatinj equipment formed 90.6 per cent of th total horse power of all dynamos. The kilowatt hour output of private stations formed 92.2 per cent of the total, and the arc lamps in such stations formed 86.S per sent of the total number wired for operation. The comparisou of the income of the twfi etnKSott of KlatlnnR 1 not a fnlr od from-l&SluJo -18S6. inclusive Indication of.thelrearning capacity. DQ-fifL ,2 cause of tlrte gross income reported ror1c.ene tJ"ttl1 b'11 Bi municipal stations. Of this gross in come J6.8:;6,85n resulted from the sab; of current and included Income from public service which was necessarily largely, if not wholly, a matter of esti mation. The private stations employed 20.8G3 wage-earners, who were paid $13, 500, 771, and 6.016 salaried officials and clerks with salaries amounting to J5. 200.199; while the municipal stations employed 2.407 wage-earners, who were paid wages amounting to $1,422. 341. and 95') salaried officials and clerks, who were paid J157.381. The coft of construction and equip ment of the municipal stations was on ly 4.4 per cent; their Income from sale of current. 8.1 percent; their expenses. 7 per cent; and the horsepower ca pacity of their power and generating plants. 8.7 and 9.4 per cent, respect ively. The output of such stations was 7.8 per cent of the total kilowatt hours produced by all the stations, while heir arc lamps were 13.2 per cent and their incandescent lamps, 8.7 per cent of all the lamps reported for the coun try. In addition to txxitrolHn P artlcally. the entire industry, tin u-r:ta- pri vate station is much larger flan the average municipal station. Consider ing the total of 2.805 private stations. It appears thai the average total ex pense per year per station was $22,401, as compared with $6,437 for municipal stations. The private stations gave employment on the average to 7.4 wage-earners; whih? the municipal sta tions gave employment to 3. The av erage private stations reported 823,938 kilowatt hoors per year, as compared with 210.373 for the municipal stations. It is found that 732 municipal sta tions operated in that number of com munities in which there was no compe titive private service. It would appear that in all probability a great many if not all of these places would have gone without electric lighting had the supply been left to private enterprise seeking a return upon its investment The population served by these sta tions was 2.052.4S5. an average of a lit tie over 2,800 per station, and towns of this size rarely offer inducements to private capital, regarded from the per capita basis of consumption of current These stations also represent a total cost of construction and equipment ot J15.369.3S2, or about J 2 1, 000 per sta tion. whereas the average cost of con struct ion and equipment for the 3.620 central stations of all classes , was slightly short of J 140.000. The largest average population per community is shown for Massachusetts, having 17 stations, wun an aggregate population of 151,407, or an average of 8,906. The smallest population per community is shown for Colorado, with two munici pal stations supplying 1.402 people, or an average of, 701 for, each station. An average of 5 persons to a family or house would give barely 140 houses. IMatrlbatloa af jitatloaa. The largest number of stations was in Illinois, followed by Pennsylvania. New York. Ohio. Michigan, Indiana. Iowa, and Wisconsin in the order nam ed. No other state reached the 150 mark. The New England states were well supplied with stations. Massa chusetts reported the largest number, then came Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Connecticut. Among the southern states Texas led, with Kentucky. Tennessee and Georgia fol lowing. Of the western stales. Califor nia reported the largest number of sta tions, Colorado. Washington. Oregon and Montana being next in order. Of the 1,892 places reported at the 12th census as having a population of 2.500 and over. 1.511 had one or more central electric lighting stations. Of the places with a smaller population. 1,960 had similar stations. I.obk niatnare Traamlnloa Station. A number of companies supply areas of many square miles in which are lo cated scores of cities, towns. Incorpor ated villages, and mere hamlets, all en joying the benefits of electricity and constituting a source of income for the enterprise. The extreme limit of such work at the time of this report was marked by the long distance power transmission on the Pacific coast, where current from the Sierras was actually delivered for general consump tion in San Francisco and Sausalito. and was also delivered from the same plants over lines which ramify into half the counties of the state of Cali fornia. The whole aspect of central station current supply in its relation to population has in reality been utterly changed by the development of poly pnaaavg power transmission plants. Thef eu aite ' at least a thousand such plaijtn with lines frequently 15 or 20 niilf jjung, in many cases 40 or 50 mJltfj. toftcn CO or 90 miles, and some times even 150 or 200 miles. fri . . . " i ntscj transmission enterprises are peculiarly typical of the far western states, but are by no means concen trated there being scattered all over the union. Klaaac-lal Oaeratloaa. The total capital stock and funded debt authorized amounted to J743.296,- 266. but. the amount issued was con slderably1 lens, being J627.51 5,875. Of the total ajpount authorized. J 435,178, 372. or 58.6 per cent, was capital stock, . and fnoji.i 17,894, or 41.5 per cent, was funded debt. Of the total authorized 951.952. or 85.7 pe Issued at the end of the year covered by the report. Of the capital stock Issued. $23,871,671. or 6.4 per cent, was preferred stock and $349,080,281. or 93.6 per cent, was com mon stock. Private stations expended J 10.050, 613 and municipal plants Jl.74l.834 in construction and equipment during the year covered by the report. The total for private stations from theiriorfsin until 1902 was Ji82.719.S79. giving an average outlay of J328 per horsepower of dynamo capacity. It is interesting to compare these figures with those ior municipal stations, wnicn snow a. cost for construction and cqn'pmcnt of J22.020.473. and an average of about! $145 per horsepower of generating ca pacity; it is not safe to accept this, average as a basis t comparison, on account of the wide variations re yealed.ln the different states, which! range from $114 in Ohio to $814 in the state of Washington. Ithough the practice ot supplying current for motive power and other uses had grown rapidly, the supplying! of current for light was still prcpon deratingly the business of both private and municipal stations. Of the total income, $70,138,147, or 81.8 per cent, was directly derivable from lighting. The private stations obtained 80.5 per cent and the municipal stations 96.9 per cent of their income from this source. This income from sale of cur rent for lighting purposes was derived from 385.698 arc lamps and 18,194,044 incandescent lamps. The average in come per lamp for arc lights in private stations and used for commercial or other private lighting was $48.88; used for public lighting. J83.20. In munici pal stations, for commercial or other private lighting, it was $11.46; for pub lic lighting. $69.98. The incandescent lamps in private stations in commer cial use earned an average Income of JJ.40 per lamp; in public service. $$.06. In municipal stations these. lamps earned $1.92 in commercial ser ! vice and $5.93 in public service. , The total expenses for private and municipal stations were $68,081,375. Of this. J20.646.692 was for salaries and wages; J22.91 5,932 for supplies. materials and fnel; Jll.895,206, for rents, taxes, insurance, and miscella neous expenses, and $12,623,545, for in terest on bonds. Par Lra I Kaalaeat. This subject is considered ander the three heads: Power and generating equipment, line construction, and ser vc line equipment.. The power plant equipment showed 5,930 steam engines With 1,379,941 horsepower, and 1,390 Fall water wheels with 438.472 horsepower; and the generating plant equipment, 3,823 direct current constant voltage dynamos with 412,446 horsepower; 3.539 direct current constant amperage dynamos with 195.531 horsepower; and 5.122 alternating and polyphase cur rent dynamos with 987.003 horsepower. The line construction had 107,263 miles of mains and 17.880 miles of feeders. For the service line equipment, meters, lamps, and motors are the Important items. There were 582.CS9 meters Lots of advertising will not establish a sale for if QUALITY is not the backer. r n Brings "repeat" orders, recognized. The daily fact. Made by WE'STEN FLOUIR MEL. D AVENIPORT. Tri-Cito Fashion Event. OUR ANNUAL Millinery Thursday Sept. 28 and Friday, Sept. 29. Every lady visitor will be pleased with her call. Our trouble to show you will be lost in the pleasure. YOUNG & McCOMBS. We Have a SpecieJ Display of Shirtwaists. Suits and Fall Jackets. Entire New Line of Dress Goods, Silks and Trimmings. 575.004 of these were mechanical and 7.685 chemical. The aggregate of arc lamps of all classes was 385.698, of which 334.903. or Sfi.8 per cent, were operated from private stations. In ad dition to these 385.698 arc lamps con nected to the circuits of central ista tions, the street railways operating electric lighting stations reported 33, 863 arcs, making the total for the United States 119.561. (tilt llt. The main function for which a cen QUALITY TELL c t Op eming tral station exists Is the generation of current, for the measurement of which the kilowatt hour is the unit now universally acepted. Using this as. the unit, the average output of cur rent per day for all stations was 6,960,. 7S3T. making a total for the-year of 2507.051,115. ."or private statkms the output was 2,311,146,676 kilowatt hours and for municipal stations, 195.904,439. Among the private stations the totals for New York are at the head of the list; among the municipal, Illinois. N 1 i Its superior quality is being increase in sales proves this Electric lighting, street railway, and other analogous corporations derlvo their charters, which give them tho right to exist and which regulate in a general way their internal govern ment, from the state through the me dium of either a general or special statute. Usually further definite an thorization is necessary before wires may be run along a specified streta or highway, and it is this authorization that Is designated by the term "fran chise" In the more limited snse. an article 3 a nrr V7rJ i