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NORTTT PLATTE SFMT-WRFKTT TmWTNFj BREEDING MALE Cockerels Can Be Bought More Advantageously Now Than Later in Season. SEEK HIGH EGG PRODUCTION (Flock Aver.iue of 150 to 160 Eggs a Year Is Excellent Trapnest Rec ord of Mother Should Al ways De Insisted On. Progressive poultrymen nre already Hooking forward to the muting of thlr Jlocks next spring. Cockerels which hnvo been hntched this spring nro now nvnllnblo for sale on ninny farms for breeders. They niny be bought imorc cheaply now thnn they enn bo Into this fall. A breeding male that will command from $5 to .$10 In No vcmber may he purchased now for :nbout ?3. Head of Breeding Flock. In purchasing cockerels one should Insist that an exnet pedigree be given on delivery of the bird, snys 0. W. Harvey of the University of Missouri college of agriculture. It Is believed that the male bird Is more Important than the female In transmitting the -character of high egg production. Not nil male birds transmit tho character. Ordinarily, a den which lays SO eggs or more during tho winter season of November, December, Jnnunry and February, will lay approximately 200 eggs n year. Of course, some environ mental factor, such as n late spring, Avhlch wo have been having this year, may affect the summer laying cycle, and thus reduce the production of tho hen to a figure below 200, even though tho winter eycle has been 30 eggs or more. The fact remains, neverthe less that with our present .knowledge -of breeding poultry for egg production cockerels from hens that have exhib ited this ItO-egg production during tho winter laying cycle are the ones to buy to head the breeding flock. Secure Trapnest Record. It Is hut a small proportion of tho - flock that lays' 200 eggs or more dur ing the year. The day of the 200-egg flock has not yet been attained. Poul trymen must not be misled by ndver- tlsements that have been appearing In the poultry papers by large fanciers offering birds for sale which have ex ceptional fancy points and at tho same time nre claimed to be from a 200-cgg High Producing White Leghorns, strain. A flock average of IfiO to ICO eggs a year Is excellent production. Of course there are exceptional indi viduals in every liock. Approximate ly ten per cent of the White Leghorn millets on the University of Missouri poultry farm show a trapnest record of more than 200 eggs a year. It Is this small proportion of the flock that Is used in pedigree breeding. Cocker els from this selected number nre tho ones that nre believed to transmit the character of high egg production,. If the farmer buys a cockerel without so curing a trapnest record of Its moth er's pullet-yenr production he has no means whatever of knowing wheth er the bird can transmit the ability for a ,')0-egg production during the winter' season, in other words. 200 egg daughters, or whether be will trnnsmlt an ability for producing no eggs nt all during the winter season when eggs are highest In price. A trapnest record which, shows that the mother of the cockerel has laid 30 eggs from November to March Inclusive- should always be Insisted upon when purchasing new male birds fgr breeding. To buy on any other basis is a very uncertain procedure, and the chances are less than half for In creasing, even In a small degree, the general llock average. SOME ESSENTIALS FOR PIGS Important That Porkers Be Provided With Shade, Fresh Water and Abundant Pasture. This Is the season of tho year when pigs should have lots of good water, shade and pasture, says It. V. Clark, of the Colorado Agricultural College. The farmer who does not provide these things need not blnmo the puck ers next fall when he sells his pork ers. The way some fanners handle their pigs during the growing season they would need a dollar a pound to break ven. A little grain along with pasture will secure good results and It should be provided by all means. Ml A ' ft MARKET ASSOCIATION PAYS LARGE PROFITS Pinto Bean Growers of New Mex ico Making Money. Form Organization, Eliminating Local Buyers Who Were Rapidly Destroying Industry Through Careless Packing. "The pinto bean growers of this stnte have earned $82,000 In additional prollts from their 1010 crop through their co-operative marketing associa tion Initiated by specialists of tho bureau of mnrkets, United Stntes de partment of ngrlculture," was tho recent statement made by a New Mex ico pinto bean grower. Before the association wns formed the beans were purchased by local buyers who practically controlled tho market- and therefore paid almost any price they chose. These buyers wero rapidly destroying the possibilities that offered In the marketing of pinto beans through tho lack of care In grading and packing. Choice re cleaned pinto beans was a technicnl trade nnme thnt came' to mean noth ing, for the benns often contained splits and dirt, ns a result of which the trnde could not depend upon tho quality of the product. Now the farmers do their own marketing through the nssoclntlon. Sixteen warehouses, properly equipped with grading nnd packing machinery, have been erected. Tho beans nro carefully graded and then pneked In new, even-weight 100-pound bngs, which nre neatly sewed and branded.. The nssoclntlon demands clean cars from the railroad, and In loading tho sewed ends of the sacks face one wny. The association believes In the bureau of markets' proved theory that when n buyer throws open the door of n car he Is Instantly Impressed If the con tents present n clean, orderly appear ance. The New Mexico association hns 1.500 members nnd marketed 2."() carionds of beans last year. It Is con pffinMv ' enlllnsr on the bureau of markets for assistance, which Is cheer fully given. , SHEEP REQUIRE PURE WATER Regular Daily Supply Is Important in Winter as Welt as Summer for Best ' Results. Some farmers seem to think that sheep do not need water and will do just ns well without It. Although not heavy drinkers, "sheep certainly need a regular dally supply of water In winter as well us in summer. If they .cnniiot get clean water they will find dirty water, or in winter, will eat snow. Experienced sheep men see to It that water for sheep Is always and easily accessible. The best of feed- ' lug with hay and grain is useless with 1 out water. The body suffers without water, the appetite Is lessened and n I - - 1 ,..l.nl t ,lw. .C-1llf IMJiir, run uuwn uiiiiuui 10 utu i"it ncsldes water, the sheep need salt. All these things are necessary to keep sheep In good condition. SYSTEMS OF FEEDING FOWLS Danger of Bowel Trouble Lessened Where "Dry" Plan Is Used Also Saves Labor. There are two systems In use for the feeding of fowls, In one of which all tro feed Is given dry nnd In tho other of which one or more of tho dally feeds consists of a moistened mash. For convenience they may ho termed the "dry-feed" and the "mnsh" systems, although In the dry-feed sys tem a dry mash Is often fed. Dry feeding Is used by many where It Is not convenient to make and feed a moistened mush. The greatest advan tages tp be derlyed from the dry sys tem are the saving of Inbor nnd tho lessened danger of bowel troiiblo re sulting from sloppy or soured mashes. PROPER TIME TO CUJ WHEAT When Straw Has Lost Nearly All of Green Color and Grains Are Not Entirely Hard. Wheat may be cut with safety vvhen the straw has lost nearly all Itn green color and the grains are not entirely hardened. If cut sooner than trls shriveled kernels will result. If left standing until fully ripe a bleached appearance, duo to tho action of the, elements, often results, nnd loss from shattering may ensue. Wheat that Is fully ripe Is also more difficult to handle. Where the area of wheat Is large, cutting should begin as early as It can be dope safely. Fanners' Bulletin 88,". United States Depart ment of Agriculture. CONVENIENT STABLE RAKE The improvement claimed here Is that the rake has two working edges; tho toothed edge Is used to rake loose litter, and the smooth edge to take up the liner particles which pass through the teeth. It Is made of a single piece of metal. DAIRY FACTS AGE OF CATTLE DETERMINED Each Year Leaves Its Mark on Grind, ers of Animal, Gradually Wear Ing to Stubs. The nge of cattle can be approximate cd closely by the appearance, develop ment nnd subsequent wear of their second Incisor teeth, according to Farmers' Hnlletln 1000 Just Issued by the United States department of agri culture. Cattle have eight Incisor teeth, nil in the lower Jnw. In the calf at birth two or more of the temporary or first Incisor teeth nre present. With the first month the entire eight Incisors have appeared. Each of the six stages In the development of the teeth is 1 snown in me ouiiciin ny uiusirnuoiis which will be very helpful to the per son desirous of becoming proficient In Judging the nge of cattle. As the anlmnl approaches two years of age the center pair of temporary In- (1) Internal Face of Incisors of Calf. (2) At Two Years. (3) At Three Years, (4) At Four Years. (5) At Five Years. (6) At Twelve Years. clsor teeth or pinchers nre replaced by the permanent pinchers, which at two years attain full development. At from two and one-half to threo years the permanent first Intermedi ates are cut and are usually fully de veloped ut three years. At three and one-half years the sec ond Intermediates or Intends nre cut. They are on u level with the first Inter mediates and begin to wear nt four years. At four and one-half to five years the corner teeth are replaced, the anl mnl nt live years having the full com plement of Incisors with the corners fully developed. At five to six years there Is n level ing of the permanent pinchers, tho pinchers usually being leveled at six and both pairs of intermediates par tially leveled and the corner Incisors showing wujir. From seven to eight the pinchers are noticeably worn ; from eight' to nlno tho middle pairs.; nnd by ten years the corner teeth. After six years the arch gradually loses its rounded contour nnd becomes nenrly straight by the twelfth year. In the meantime the teetli hnvo be come triangular In shape, distinctly separated, und show the progressive wearing to stubs. NEGLECT BUTTERBAT TESTS Operation Is Comparatively Simple Where Proper Facilities , Aro Available. Mnny. dnlrymon mnlntnln 'milk rec ord sheets continuously and well, hut thev fall short on doing the dairying sleuth work up brown, In that they neglect to makes frequent nnd regulur butterfnt tests of their milk. This chemical operation Is relative- ly simple where the proper facilities j are available nnd every farmer with ! n little practice will ho able to get accurate and dependable results from Its use. A simple, bnndpower Bob cock test outfit Is Inexpensive and will pay for Itself In n few months In tho increased eillciency which attends its use. DAIRY NOTES Lovn for vunr wnrlt In tin, Irov tn your success, i.earn to love your cows. The season of the fly pests, which mnke life miserable for stock during the summer, Is on, If It pnys to raise calves nt all It pays to feed and care for them from the day they are horn. Each calf should he fed separntely, cnrefully reflating the nmount of milk by the size of the calf. Do not mix new, warm cream with cold creunr until It has been cooled In tho shotgun eun provided for this pur pose. Uso a metallic strnlnor. It'ls prac tically impossible to keep cloth strain ers sweet and clean and free fiim bucterlu. POULTRY CACKLES MAKE SURE EGGS ARE FRESH Method Generally Employed by Com mission Houses for Purpose Is Known as "Candling." When supplying n fancy trnde with eggs, or on receiving eggs from outside sources, It Is often dcslrtihte to deter mine their freshness. The method generally used by commission mer chants for this purpose Is known ns "candling," and consists In holding the egg between tho eye and a light so as to noto the contents. This should be done In a darkened room, using one of the egg testers on the market or slmplo home-made tester. Tho air wpace In a perfectly fresh egg Is very small, nnd ns the egg loses part of Its contents by evaporation this air spaco Increases In size with the ago of tho egg. Fresh eggs should appear clear nnd bright, showing no dark spots. Those accustomed to "candling" soon learn to detect stnle eggs with n good degree of nccurncy and rapidity. Another method employed by somo who have not a great number to test is to put the eggs In n basin of water. If good they will lie on their sides; If bad they will stand on the small ends. Tho older the ' egg the more upright It stands, nnd If very old It will be suspended 1n the water or even float ui the surface. TURKEYS EAT GRASSHOPPERS Fowls Take Bulk of Their Food Fro Field, Insects, Devouring Mil lions of Bugs. Turkeys range fur afield and prey upon Insect forms that escape hens. From the time tho young nro old enough to begin foraging for them wives, perhaps early In Juno, until near frost, turkeys tnke the bulk of their food from field Insects, devour ing millions of grasshoppers and oth er injurious forms in mendow and pasture, snys tho United Stntes de partment of agriculture. In regions where wooded areas are still fairly extensive mast Is an Im portant Item In the diet of tho turkey. When tho Insect stores begin to fall, Turkeys Must Have Free Range to Thrive. tho mast larders are beginning to bo tilled. Feeding on acorns, chestnuts, beechnuts, and the like, turkeys will go a long way toward fattening them selves for the Thnnksglvlng or Christ ians mnrket and will not require much feeding of corn or other grain to finish them. Generally speaking, turkeys will require n lnrgcr feeding of grain thnn chickens to fit them for market, hut, us they utilize forms of waste that hens and their broods would not reach, the keeping of a fair number of turkeys Is good economy. BEST BROILERS FOR MARKET Squabs Should Weigh When Dressed From Three-Fourths to One Pound Each. Tho mnrket demand Is for broilers of three sizes: Squal) broilers weigh ing, when dressed, from three-fourths to one pound each ; smnll broilers weighing from one to one nnd one fourth pounds each, and largo broilers weighing from one and one-half to two pounds each. At tho age of six months the In creased weight Is slight and the qunl Ity poor. As the age of the cockerel Increases above 12 weeks tho quality decreases materially. Mites help to keep cost of eggs high. There Is no .:00m for poor birds on the farm. Heat Is the great enemy of eggs, both fertile and Infertile. Of the Infectious dlseuses of tur keys, bhickheud Is the most destruc tive. Mites multiply more rapidly In warm weather, so that war should bo made on them now. i Ho sure thnt the early hatched pul lets on which you are depending for winter egfcs are making steady growth, When we consider tho fact that the cock Is the sire of so many birds wo may be Iinpiewsud with the Impor tance of n good male bird. ' jpOULTOT NOIEC i ROAD BUILDERS STUDY SOILS Highway Engineers Expected to Ob tain Important Information by Investigation. An Investigation which promises to place nt the disposal of highway en gineers Important Information regard ing the relation of soils to highway durability has been undertaken by the bureau of public roads, United States department of agriculture. This work Includes taking samples of soil nt spots In the subgrade of a highway where the road lias begun to fall, studying surrounding geologlcnl con ditions to determine how moisture ar rived In the subgrade. thus destroy ing Its value; making laboratory tests to determine tho pljyslcnl char acteristics of soils, and obtaining a scientific measure of the bearing value of soils. In this Investigation It ly pro posed ro obtain as much co-operutlon as possible from the various state highway departments. The bureau of soils Is cooperating with the bureau, of public roads In this wont. Preliminary Investigation hns been sfirted In Maryland on the Washing-;on-Bnltlmor road, and will he ex tended beyond Baltimore and on other roads In Maryland. Progress hns been tnnde In the matter of laboratory tests, a number of samples of subgrado material and other samples already having been examined. Tho federal highway engineers point out. thnt soils differ widely In their ability to support londs, particularly iu that dllty to tvhen they are wet. .Hist why this Is tme and Just what nre the chnmcter Istlcs which nmke them different Is little understood ut present. It Is In 4 l Improved Highway Near Washing ton, D. C. this field of Investigation, of Increasing Importance because of the growing vol ume of heavy traffic, that tho federal Investigators expect to secure Impor tant Information. POOR ROADS ARE HINDRANCE Farmer Made Unable to Take Ad vantage of High Prices Cost of Market News Wasted. 'Today the farmer has wlro communi cation facilities unsurpassed In the history of the United States. Ho knows, day by day, Hie fluctuating prices which prevail for his produce at the innrketlirjg points nnd knowing these things he ur.n arrange to got his goods to market on the day when tho price Is tho highest If the road Is good. If the road Is bad or Impassable then much of the effort which has been ex pended In getting the news of market conditions to him Is lost. MONEY TO IMPROVE HIGHWAYS Counties and States Appropriate $1,000,000,000 for Improvement of Local Roads. Our counties and stntes hnvo recog nized the economic Importance of road construction by appropriating more than 51,000.000.000 to local Improve ments. It Is the nation's part to build nnd mnlntnln highways, which ore of national Importance and which 'will servo to effect economy, facilitate- In terstate rnmmerco and strengthen tho common defense. WEEDS ARE VEXING PROBLEM One of Principal Reasons Is That Farmers Have Permitted Plants to Spread Over Land. One of the principal reasons why weeds are such a serious problem on many farms these dayu Is that' farmers and land owners failed to keep a close watch of fluids for nuw weeds nnd to hnvo them Identified before they had spread over such largo ureas as to tunku their eradication costly. Joy Riders on Farms. The day when tho city dweller could be looked on us a Joy rider and could be nccused of wishing roads for his personal Item-lit and enjoyment' has passed, for there are more Joy riders living on the farms than In the cities. Service Is Requirement. Modern roads are being built or planned with service ns the primary requirement. The Interests of both the business man and the farmer are served In the comprehensive programs gu ' jjjjt lllt for road work now under way. ORCHARD GLEANINGS LAN FOR SUMMER PRUNING. Trees of 8ucculent Growth Should Bo Treated Severely In Order to Check Growth. When n young tree Is becoming un balanced or unshapely In form, we can often correct this fault by pinching or uttlng back the several shoots that nre causing the fault. Trees of very succulent gniwth should bo summer pruned rather severely In onlcr to check the growth and thus promoto the vigor and development of tho fruit buds. llrlelly, the principles of summer priming nro the removnl of undesirable Peach Pruned to Make It Grow Into Right Kind of Tree. branches nnd shoots which tend to mnke the head too dense apd excludo the sunlight, nnd the cutting buck or topping of snoot u so as to retain the desirable low-spread form. The bene fits derived from summer pruning nre: 1. The amount of winter pruning Is lessened. ' 2. Correct form of tree Is more enslly secured nnd retained. !l. Frultfulness Is encouraged. 1. A more vigorous nnd hnnller growth, that will resist winter Injury to a great extent, Is secured. COVER CROPS HELP GREATLY Rye, Vetch, Clover or Oats Will Pro- duce Heavy Growth to Be Plowed Under In Spring. Cover crops planted during the Into summer In orchardu have been found to aid materially In producing plant food for trees and keeping tho or chard In good condition ut tho Ohio experiment station. Under the cover crop system, rye, hnlry vetch, crimson clover or oats are sown during tho hit ter part of August, so that they pro duco a heavy growth and then nro plowed under In the spring. The cov er crops hnvo been found to take up tho excessive moisture, which allows the trees to better withstand n Hovero winter. The leguino cover crops also mid nitrogen to the soil, vhlch Is valu able for producing fruit tho next sea son. SPRAY FOR CHICKEN HOUSES Farmers Who Have Been Using Lime- Sulphur on Trees Can Afford to Treat Hen Coops. At this season of tho year n good many people have an opportunity to thoroughly clean and wprny their poul try houses, nnd thereby destroy tho llco and mites. Orchurdlsts who hnvo a spray und aro using llmo-sulphur for their fruit trees can very well afford to uso tho snme spray In a rather stronger mixture to thoroughly disinfect and deodorize their chicken houses. If this Is not available,. thor oughly wproylng with kerosene or a strong solution of stock dip will kill tho uiltcs. Sodium fluoride If (lusted Into the fenthors of the birds will de stroy many of tho lice. It Is quite In expensive and may bo purchased nt practically all drug stores. BLIGHT, RUST AND MILDEW FungouB Diseases Are Effectively Con trolled by Spraying With Bor deaux Mixture. Bordeaux mixture Is a well-known spray which effectively controls fun-, goiis dlsenses. When only a small quantity Is needed It Is made by dis solving one tnblespoonful of copper sul phate In one-half gallon of water, mix ing this Just before the spray Is put on with one-half gallon of water to which one and one-half tablespoonfuls of limestone, previously slnked, has been added. Tho two liquids should lie strained as mixed. Be suro to wash the sprayer thoroughly after using this mixture. DEMAND'FOR NURSERY STOCK Those Wanting Trees, Shrubs and Vines Should Get Their Orders In Before the Rush, There will bo more demand for trees, shrubs and vines than can bo supplied by reliable nurserymen. Those who nre Intending to put JUt ornamental, shade or fruit trees, Kbruhx or vines should get In comma Mien vnii wlili growers of known re ntil.iy iu.4 place their orders early. mm