Newspaper Page Text
' ■ 1 — — -- —t—'' ■ •-■t' aa bw ■'■ • ■■ ■ ■ •——■. r. - 1 •".: VOL XL HAZLEHURST, COPIAH COUNTY. MSS. OCTOBER 9, 1875. , NO 7 1———-— ■ - - - - .- - - -- - ■ ■ _: 2 i - - - . — ___i ‘-i flji* Wttkln Copiahao B/VANCE A MA^KNUILL j Terms; -The Copiahan is pub )i*he<l every Saturday, at $5 {>er annum, in ndvnuce: iwo or more «:»pie* cadi 82 50. Advertisement* published at $1 per square (ten lines or less; for first insertion, and 50 cent* each additional insertion. Liberal arrangements made with yearly advertiser*. Alf bin* due on presentation .!-.H15!lJLJl-■.‘..I MJL11.11!! ,J>. .. ■ THE BLACK CODE. On Sopt. 4tb, Gen. J. Zf’ George wrote the following very able lettor concerning °tbe legislation of 1865, to J. J. Halbert, Esq., Chairman of Democratic-Oonsorrative Club, Terry, Miss. Hear Sir:—I received eev eral days ago your letter, in which you state that there are many colored men in your vicinity, who are con vinced that great mal-ndmin istrafion and waste of pub lic funds have characterized the role of the Republican party in this State, and who are sincerely anxious for re form; but that they doubt the sincerity of the declara tion of principles contained in our platform, and feel an apprehension that if the Democrats and Conservatives get iuto power, the rights of colored people will be, in some way, destroyed or a b ridged. I have similar reports from other parts of the State, coup led also with the information that the reason given for this distrust of the white people, is the alleged injustice of the legislation of 1865, in "refer ence to freedom. The argument presented to the freed men by t hose wlio would still further inflame the colored people against the Democrats and Conser vatives is, that the Demo crats were in power in 1865, and the result was tho legis lation of that vear; and that if they were again in power, it is a fair presumption they would act, as it was charged they acted then. The plea that the whites are not to be trusted, because of the legislation of 1865, will not be received as a good one. The answer to it will he found in the legislation ot the Northern States them selves, in the acriou of the U. S. Congress and Execu tive, preparatory to emanci pation during the lato war, and iu the example of Great Britain when she abolished slavery in the West Indies. A short review of this leg islation will be well; for it will be found after all, that the legislation of 1865, has in most of its provisions, its prototype in the legislation of tho Northern States, and taken altogether, was more moderate in its character, se curing greater and moresno stantial rights to the freed men, and that, at a shorter period than the legislation attending emancipation m any other country. It will be scon that this legislation Was, in fact, an at tempt to solve a great prob lem, to evade a great prob lem, to evade a great difficul ty, and that solution and ovation, were wrought out, or attempted to le so, with less infringements on the rights -of the oolored people than in any other State whjye slavery had been once es tablished. It is complained that the whites of Mississippi did not at once allow the freedmen to hold real estate, and that each one was required to have a home or employment byfirstday of January, 1866 In New Jersey, Pennsyl vania, Oonneoticutand Rhode Island, wlien they were set free, they were not allowed the privilege of selecting homes at all. They were re quired to remain with their old masters and serve with out pay—those already born when enlancipation occurred, for life, and those join after wards, from twenty-one to twentv-eight years. In the British WcsiTndtes an apprenticeship of the freedyaan, to his former own er, of from five to sovieo years was required. The leg islatnre of 1805 gave to the freedmen the right te select iheii own employers and to roceive the wages of their own labor, only requiring that they should have homes and an employer by a day named. Again the States before named just os effectually pro hibited negroes from having real estate, as did the Legts la*nreof Mississippi, for how could they have real estate, when they were bound to re main with, and serve, their former ow ners for the term before stated. But if it be said that it was harsh to require freodntem then just emancipated, to have employment, it will be found that this was much less harsh than the legisla tion of the Northern States. The truth is, that all white people who bad known any thing of negro slavery, doubt ed that, when set free, they would volnntary work and support themselves, and it was feared pauperism wo’d be largely increased by the emancipation of even a few' negroes. Massachusetts prohibited any owner from even eman cipating his slave, unless bond and security we;e giv en, that he should not become a charge on the town, stating as a reason therefor, that “great charges and inconven iences had accrued to divers tow ns by setting free of ne gro and mulatto slaves.”— Ohio, Indiana and Illinois prohibited free negroes and mulattoes from coining into, and settling in those States without such a bond being given, and they imposed heavy penalties on any per son who would harbor, em ploy or give sustenance to such a negro. And finally, after many years experience with this clai-s of people, In diana and Illinois by consti tutional provision, prohibit ed the removing to and set tling within their bordeis of tree negroes and mulattoes, on any terms whatever. Oregon, (w hich was settled almost exclusively by North ern men) likewise, by a sim ilar constitutional provision, prohibited the immigration of tree negroes and mulat toes, and deprived all such so settling in the State, of the power to hold real estate, or to make any contract w ithin the State or to maintain suits in her courts. 4 Rhode Island, more than thirty years after slavery had been abolished there, would not allow licenses to keep a tavern or any kind of public house to bo granted to ne groes or mulattoes, nor wo’d she allow a negro or mulatto to sell liquor as the ageiit or employee of a white person. It is objected to the legis lation of 1865, that the or phan children of deceased freedmen were required tobe apprenticed, and that in bind ing such out, the Court was required to give the prefer ence to the former owner if found suitable. This provision in the laws of 1865 was much more lib eral than similar provisions in North 3rn States. Con necticut, Rhode Island, Penn sylvania and New Jersey, in their statutes abolishing sla very, provided that the chil dren of living freedmen, not orphans merely, should re main bonnd to their former owners till they were twenty one years aid in some of these States, and till they were twenty-eight, in others. The Mississippi Acts of 1865, required colored ap prentices to be tanght to read and write, bnt the Illinois statutes, whilst requiring white apprentices to be taught to read and write and to know arithmetic, provided that colored apprenticessho’d only be taught to read. It is again objected to the legislation of 1865, that onr colored friends were unneces sarily degraded by the pro vision in relation to their be ing witnesses. This provis-j ion allowed them to be wit nesses in all cases where col ored people were interested, or had been injured, alth:)’ white people were also inter-j listed in the wit Qf proceeds ing. This was ample to pro- ! tect the rights of the colored people in all cases where they j Juki, any in‘crest. If any were injured by their exclu sion from being Witnesses in cases where whites only were interested, it is clear that on ly the whites themselves were the sufferers. But this law is more liberal lhan that which obtained in the North ern States for many years af ter slavery had been abolish ed there. In Indiana, Illinois, Iowa and Kansas, negroes and mu lattoee were not allowed to testify in auy case in which a white person was interest ed, although free uogroes and mulattoes were also interest ted. In many States they were not allowed to serve as ju rors. In all the New Eng land States, such qualifica tions wore required and such a mode of selection adopted as almost necessarily exclu ded all negroes from juries. In Pennsylvania, Ohio, In diana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Nebraska and Kansas, free negroes and mu lattoes were expressly exclu ded from the jury service, and in all others, they were practically s«' excluded. Free negroesand mnlattoes were also excluded from the service in the militia in the following States: Massachu setts, Connecticut, as late as 1865, and even up to 1875; ‘New Hampshire, up to 1852, and afterwards; Pennsylva nia, op to 1872; New Jersey up to 1874, and later; Ver mont, np to 1870; Indiana, up to the present time; Illi nois, up to 1870; Iowa, up to 1857, and probably up to this time; Michigan, up to 1870; : Wisconsin, up to 1858, and probably later; Minnesota, the same; Nevada, uptol873 probably to present time; Kansas, up to 1859 and prob ably fill 1868. It is also claimed as an ev idence of the unfriendly feel ing of the whites towards the blacks in 1865, that no pro \ ision was made for their ed ucation. It will be remem bered that at that time the State was greatly impover ished, and that no public schools were, or could be pnt in operation for any race.— The great and pressing ne cessity of our people then was food and raiment; but even then, as above shown, provision was made more lib eral than in the Northern States, for the education of apprenticed freed men. As late as the 6th of March, 1865, (the very year in which this legislation was had,) In diana re-enacted a provision which had long been stand ing on herstatutebooks; that the school taxes should only be collected from whites, and only white children should go to the public schools, and in Illinois the school tax was to be divided between the whites and blacks, by giving to each race what that race paid. Which, considering the poverty and small num ber of blacks, was an effec tual exclusion of that race from the benefits of educa tion. In Nebraska the com mon schools were for whites only till 1869. The police regulations and provisions against vagrancy,' as applied to free negroes and mnlattoes were also more stringent in the Northern States than those contained in the legislation of 1865. It. Massachusetts, long after slavery was abolished, ne groes aud mnlattoes were pro hibitedfrom entertaining any negro or mulatto servants, i. e, apprentices. In Bbode Island they were, as before stated, prohibited from keep ing any public home of en tertainment, or saloon; nor were such persons allowed to keep a disorderly private house nor entertain at' their own private dwelling at un seasonable hours, or in an ex travagant manner, any per son whatever, under penalty of having their privatehonse keeping brokeu np, and them selves bound ont to service for two years. And in Illi nois no person was allowed to permit three or more ser vants of color to meet at his 1 m‘ji&s’'*'*''* ■ bouse for the purpose of dan cing and revelling. Intermarriages between whites on one side, and ne- j groes and mnlattoes on the other were prohibited, and made void in most of thej Northern States. In Massa-1 cliusetts the provision was i that “no one of the English, Scot or other Ghristian Na tion, shall intermarry with a negro or mulatto,” and a pen alty of $250 was imposed on any minister solemnizing such a marriage. In Rhode Island intermarriages be tween whites and colored persons were prohibited and made void, and this provis ion was re-enacted as late as 1872. This provision was re-enacted in Maine, in the revision of 1871. In Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan and Nebriska, and probably in other States, such inter marriages were declared void and these provisions were re enacted in some of these Spates, since the conclusion of the war. In Illinois and Indiana snch intermarriages wore so thorrughly condemn ed, that the parties to them were punished by confine ment in the Penitentiary. And in [llionois they were al so punished by whipping, and an officer granting li cense for such a marriage was made thereafter ineligible to office. In these last two State’s, as a condition of set tling and remaining theie in addition to whatliasbeen be fore set forth, colored per sons were required to give bonds, in large penalties which were to be forfeited upon the least violation of the State by them. As to the right of voting the laws in the Northern States were equally stiingent as against peisonsof the Af rican race. In Rhode Island, Connec ticut, Maine, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Michigan, Or egon, Wisconsin, Nebraska, Nevada, Kansas, free negroes and mulattoes were prohibit ed from voting; and in near ly all of these the provision remained unchanged until the adoption of the 15tli amendment in 1870. In ma ny of these, the provision ex eluding negroes and mulat toos from voting remains un changed in terms in 'their present constitutions, and their right to vote in these States rests entirely in the 15th amendment. It will be noted, too, that in some of these States, unnaturalized foreigner^ and Indians were allowed to vote, yet the right was denied to persons of Af rican descent. And it will be noted also, that this exclusion obtained in the States where the col ored popnlation was so small that if they had been allow ed to vote, the excercise of the right by them would have had but little effect on the result of the elections. That the right of voting was almost universally con sidered as belongly solely to the whites in fbe Northern States, np to the adoption of the 15th amendment, I refer to the proclamation, of Pres ident Lincoln, dated Decem ber, 1863, and July,1864,and designed to seenro a recon struction of the Southern States, in which suffrage was confined to whites only; and Congress, in the year 1864, passed an Act for the same purpose, giving only whites the right to vote. See U. S. Statutes at Large, vol. 13, pp. 737 and 744. And in Mr. Lincoln's pro clamation, above referred to. dated December, 1863, this remarkable passage occurs: “ That any provision that may be adopted by such State government, [referring to the State governments to be re constructed in the Southern States, under his proclama tion] in relation to the freed le of such State, which recognize aiid declare their permanent freedom, provide for their edncatioi), and which yet may be con sistent, as a tempoiary ar rangemtot, with tbe pte^ent condition m 1 laboring,land less and homeless class, will not be objected to by the na tional Executive (meaning himself]. And in a speech which be made afterward", on the lltb of April, 1865, at Washington, being the last speeeh made by him, ho distinctly admitted that lie referred by this clause to a temporary apprenticeship of freeduien, after their eman cipation. The war ended in the sum mer of 1865. The slaves were emancipated, suddenly, wiihonf previous preparation The emancipation was sweep ing, including all. Many thousands of the freed men had abandoned their homes, and had congregated in the cities, and were living on the bounty of the Freedman’s Bureau. The State liad just been devastated by war. The peo ple were without proper far ming implements and stock, and without the means of buying them. Proper food and raiment were not to bo had. A large numbed of men had just returned from the army, without the means of support, and without employ ment. Tho government over the State was partly civil and partly military, and the bounds of neither were accu rately defined and understood. Tbe white people were over whelmed by *he magnitude of the calamity which had befallen them, and the blacks were almost stupefied by the novel circumstances which surrounded them. Neither did nor conld fully compre hend the resnlt of the War. Under these circumstances the white lace was called up on to solve the most difficult problem that had ever been presented to the human in felleei. The tjinc was unsta ted fofr calm and deliberate action, yet the duty to act was emergent, not admitting of delay. Is it to be wonder ed that tho first efforr that was made, though intended only as a temporary arrange ment, was a mistake. Is it strange that, in groping their way through the darkness, in undertaking to solve this greai problem, they fell into the paths which had been ♦redden by the whites of the North an^l of England! And is it not now still more strange that, having correct ed their teror in abont.a year after it Was committed, by a repeal of the most obnoxious provisions, they are now char ged witff vindictiveness and eninitytowards the freeduien, i whilst those who, under cir cumstances far mer favora ble, acting calmly and per feet peace, and in their own good time, passed more strin gent regulations and kept them in force for many years are to bo regarded as having acted justly and properly! I have now done with this legislation. If yonr colored friends, who are convinced of the corruption of the Repub licans, y&ill refuse to act with ns, I can only say I am sorry for it, both for theirsakes and ours, x am glad to be able' to say to yon that there are many thousands of the color ed people of the State who have signified their inten tion to vote with us. These are qnite sufficient to carry the Section. When the feast shall coine I shall be very sorry to see that any of tbe invited guests were kept away they can’t complain. The people of this State have de creed the overthrow of the present corrupt government, and it matters but little who shall; endeavor to support it, that decree wiHbe made effec tnal in November. Tours trnly, J. Z. GEORGE. A wag advises those con templating matrimony to keep on contemplating it and they won't get hurt. Any letters for Mike Howe? asked an individualof a clerk at the post office window. ‘No letters for anybody’s COW,' ” - - :_TatSti&Sb.- * ABOUT TAXES. We copy the following from the Brookhaven Ledger.— Bead and preserve the paper: As some of the Radicals are fond of figures we submit this article to their consideration. It shows the difference in tax es when the government was in the hands of home men and now. When the Radical par ty took charge of the State the entire tax upon the one thousand dollars worth of property was less than five dollars. Now it is six times as great. The following state ment is taken'' from the re cords of Hinds connty: Year. Tax on each $1000 1860, $ 3 25 1867, 3 50 1868, 3 75 1869, 5 75 1870, 16 25 1871, 16 00 1872, 22 52 1873, 25 00 1874, 30 00 In 1859 the Auditor’s re port showed that the aggre gate propertv of the State a inonntcd to $600,000,000,and the amount of taxes assessed was only $453,913. In 1874 onr people were forced to pay $2,167,319 65, on a tax of $154,808,261. Commenting on this, the Raymond Gazette says that on a property valuation of six hnndred millions of dol lars the tax-pajers nnder bon est and economical rnle were required to pay on an average less than $400,000 per annum to carn? on the State govern ment, while nnder the pres ent corrupt and extravagant mis-rulc, on a property basis of only one hundred and fifty four million of dollars, they are required to pay npwards of two millions one hundred thousand dollars under pre tence of defraying the ex penses of the Statp govei n 'ment. To this is to be added more than two millions of dollars for local or countv •• I purposes, which nnder citi zens rale, amounted to less than half a millionof dollars. Notwithstanding this show ing, the Radicals claim that theirs is a party of retrench ment and reform, and that the taxes are now less than they were under Democratic rnle. %Wo would advise every reader to preserve this article as a matter of history. The figures are correct and can not be disputed. Every year the Radicals are increasing nur taxes, and unless we de feat the party, and pat a ; check on them, we will soon have no homes to give in i when tbo assessor comes a ! round. The Holly Springs Repor ter says that cool and patient courage is the companion of success. Let eaoh member ot the Conservative party prac tice it in this canvass. Onr party does not need ‘the blood of twenty or thirty colored men to help it,’ but on the contrary it needs peace and harmony, patience aud pluck aid much of what the Tex ans call, ‘git up and git,* in its work. Work, and see that your neighbor works. Watch as a faithful sentinol npon the tower of liberty. Buttermilk Prolongs Life. — M. Poking, an emi nent chemist, announces to the French Academy of Med icine his belief that life ex ists only in combustion, but the combustion which occnrs in onr bodies,like that which takes place in obiumys,leaves a detritus which is fatal to ! life. To remove this,he would administer a lactic acid with ordinary food. This acid is known to possess tlm power of removing or destroying the incrustations which form on the arteries, cartridges add valves of the heart; and, as buttermilk abounds in such aoid, and is, moreover, an ac ceptable kind of food,its hab itual use it is urged by M. Poking, will free the system from these causes, which in evitably cause death between the seventy-fifth, and bund retb year. J.MJ..LU ,.u„ ,uiai. I IU.-J.J. m. TJM7 FARMERS AROU SED. * The Jackson Vindicator of the 1st says: The masses of our farming population hare now reached a point where protesting and petitioniugarc about to be merg'd into prom’t and decisive action. Honest, true and capable men are the officers they intend to elect, to make their laws and trans act their business. Everywhere there is an abi ding conviction of the neces sity and an evidence of a fix ed determination to reform existing abases and corrup tion in our State government. The farmers have heretofore patiently submitted to the corrupting influence of bad men over onr negro popula tion, but those very men are now cowering before the viv id lightnings and muttering thunders of an aroused and indignant people, and shrink back in trembling horror from the storm they Lave created. Knowing they have been guil ty of sncli acts of degrad atir^ and deception as deserve sum mary punishment, they “flee when no man pnrsuethJ’ We are glad to see and know, that the farmers, the most conservative and law abiding citizens, in this or any other country, are at last aroused to a true sense of the 8itnation, and will now arise in their might and shake off the shackles that have so long bonud them. Whatever may be the opin ion of politicians and dema gogues, one thing is certain, the time has ai rived when the producing classes have determined to nicasnre swords with corrupt and thieving of ficials of whatever name,par ty or complexion, and burl from office the men who have ignored the best interests of onr State and who have for years governed by tlie role or ruin principle. One determ ined effort on the part of the people and the victory is won. Col. Dennett, in the Far mers Vindicator, says: Geo. W. Miller, who lives abont half way between Crys tal Springs and Terry, on the east side of the railroad, has in his orchard as fine apples as we have ever seen grow bn Southern soil. He has about seventy varieties, most of them, the best, from Lang don’s Nurseries, near Mobile. We visited Mr. Miller's or chard lately, saw bis apples on tlie trees, and under the trees; feasted ou them and admired them to onr hearts content. Some of the apples were twelve inches ill circnm ference, and were perfect beauties. We thought thtm perfectly delicious, and have seldom or never eaten better apples raised in high or low latitudes, though some of the favorite varieties of the north may be better and larger. Geo. W. Miller, mentioned above, is one of the anti-rad ical nominees to represent old Copiah in the next Legisla ture, and will be elected. The comet has left us, and not a poet has composed an ode to it. Is giving vent to your feel ing’s letting the cat ont of the bag! A rain of terror—when it rains pitchforks with the tiroes downward. Onr fashion editor notifies ns that sacks will be a little bagging this y ear. If a young man will wear tight boots he mast snner the corn sequences. Dogs undertake to prove their olaims as musicians by the performance of a barky role. - ' \ *iL ■ ■ m jBjfiMJ'usBmHUssaes1 Tire yicksbnrg Business' Chronicle of the 16th jflet.,, in spCakitig' of the HOW cotton coming in, bet this to say:: We observe, iri'samples we1 have seen, a greater propor tion of gin-cnt and napped1 cotton than is usual at the opening of the season. This* result mainly, from not dry ing the cottott' in' the seed, before ginning*—the grower*1 counting oa a gain in weight from the dampneM when the' cotton goes into the gin.— Bren allowing this to be -le gitimate, tbeir gain by it is' very questionable— the loss* in price being equivalent to’ the gain in weight. The dif ference between badly ginned; and well ginned cotton is from ono-half to one and » half cents, requiring a gain of from fifteen to twenty pounds in weight to make up* for it Cotton growers may not always see ft, and may ques tion the benefit of it, but it ir true, nevertheless that a rep* ntation for care in tne man agement of their cotton i»; valuable, just as much bo as-, a good reputation jn anything else. They will gain, wr think, by ginning their cot ton dry, and by keeping their' lint rooms free from dusty sweeping,a handful of which often injures the sale of an entire bale. And they hat? bettor throw away, or give to the ginner, the few ptunds of lint,liavily thrashed,which* fall at the mouth of the flue. This is often put in the mid- * die of the bale, causing, some times, the rejection^ of the bale as mixed, when there may not be more than three to five pounds of it. An industrious citizen a* rose a few mornings ago, while the festive lark was still snoring, and with a tin bucket, under his arm went to the barn to milk the fam ily cow. It was dark and; rainy, and fumbling about for old brindle he got into* the wrong pew, and began to* pail the off mule of his wag on team. He can’t remem ber now which side of the reof he went out at, but hie; recollection of alighting otn the picket fence is very viv id. He expects, the bucket down in a few days. The doctors firmly believe that it is more blessed to give ■ than to receive, in their voca* tion. The man who went to sleep on the railroad track found' his rest a good deal broken— and his leg also. An orange county fanner is allodged to be stabling hie* cow in an ice-house to make her give ice cream. A man may not go crazy by blowing into the muzzle of his gun, but the chances are that he will lose his head* by it. Eggs and butter are gener ally, bat erroneously, regard; ed as perishable articles; for they gain in strength as they grow old. A stout old woman in De troit got mad, one hot day lately, because a photograph-, er wouldn’t let her fan her self while she had her pioture* taken. “Haven’t I a right to be* saucy, if I please?” asked a young lady of and old bach elor. ; “Ye-*, if you please, but not if you displease,” was; the answer. t#"All persons indebted to* the Copiaban office, are re located to oall and settle.— No shenanagin or donble shnffiing. 6-rtf ty Get yonr Havana ci gars from Birdsong, Horne & Brittain. TO THE front; Having after many months’ tri als, succeeded in settling up my affairs satisfactory to all concerned' I hereby announce to the public - my intention to not be out done* in the sale ofGroceries, Having just returned from- the city with the choicest selection of Staple and Fancy Groceries in; endless va riety, I will;oiler them to the com munity at livihg, prices; for- cash. Thanking everybody fo» Hie pat ronage bestowed on me* 1 trust to rn erit its continuance by prompt attention to business, and as pri. ces within the reach of all. JOHN J GABON: Beauregard, Nept. 18,1875—2t -: - - _ - -m - • ’.:-k Duutistbt.—» H Catching, 1) D. Office, Cook, feeding* up “ WUdUMpoatoiMiutiy iicated aynij is Harrison. Flowers & Co.. )