Dakota farmers' leader., December 25, 1890, Image 1

About Dakota farmers' leader. (Canton, S.D.) 1890-19??

Image provided by: Minnesota Historical Society; Saint Paul, MN

                
s'
THE ALLIANCE COMM.
The National Farmers Alliance, Hold
TJifiVPl Convention at
^Tm
s,A
\ffla, Florida.
ii
':i
Over Two Hundred Delegates Attend
To Emphasize Former Pleasvs
•i
1}£*Tf
~,a-: ,v
for Public Reform /jM
[continued fbom last week.]
Ocala, Fla. Dec. 15—Special Cor
retpondmcijik The session of Wednesay
the &i}y^8 vanimated with enthusiasm
*n*"*B£00d
W07^
was
done. A com­
mittee ^BFkppoin ted to investigate the
charges^ireferred against President Polk,
Doctor Macune and President Livingston
of the Georgia Alliance. The charges
have been made against these men that
they have taken undue interest in the
recent senatorial election in Georgia.
They. are of course without foundation
and the committee, in their aeport com
pletely exhonorate the gentlemen.
At the afternoon session Wednesday, Mr.
McCallister, of the Mississippi delegation
introduced the following resolution,
which created quite a ripple upon the
surface of the convention, but after ma
ture deliberation the resolution was ad
opted by a large majority:
Resolved, by the National Fanners'
Alliance and Industrial Union of America,
that we do most solemnly protest against
the passage of the Lodge bill and earnest
ly petition our senators to employ all fair
S*^1 means to defeat this unpatriotic
re, which can result in nothing but
our common and beloved .country,
(evolution received considerably
among the northerodeligates on
theground that there is pervelant in that
section a feeling that the alliance was a
southern organization, and that the pass
age of such a resolution would* give color
to the opinion and impede the growth of
the order- in the north. Among, the
opponents of the. resolution were Ward:
«aUvAnd Loucks.of South. Dakota.~ Dem
ing and others of Pennsylvania and all of
the delegations from Illinois, Wisconsin,
Texas, Missouri and other states. The
council also adopted strong resolutions
denouncing the Louisiana lottery and
favoring the idea of submitting to a vote
of the people an amendment to the na
tional constitution prohibiting the chart
ering of lottery concerns in any .state of
the union
On Thursday the 6th ints., the council
was visited by the National colored
Farmers' Alliance, who attended the
morning session in a body. During the
a delegation representing
jLfiitizens Alliance of Kansas attended
invention. Most of them spoke in
tJVr\aftjgrnoon
Irt af the Farmers Alliance move
nts and stated that their organization
was deeply interested in the success of
the farmers movement and that they
could see no reason why merchants ?f all
grinds should not unite in promoting this
movement. They asked for a committee
of conference to arrange for closer rela
tions and the committee was promptly
appointed.
to,?*
There was a good deal of indignation
among the associated press cotrespon,
dents, Thursday afternoon, over the fail
ure of the press committee of the conven
tion to give out information for publica
tion. The strictest secrecy was maintain
i® ed in the proceedings of the convention,
gl''' and it was next to impossible to secure
%X' complete accounts of the proceedings.
I''"' The chief object of this was to prevent
any misrepresentations of the proceedings
being made by the numerous correspon
ds^ nents in attendance. As a general thing
the proceedings of labor organizations are
•fjp£ .so badly colored and so recklessly doctor
(fp ed to suit the occasion, that there is rea
if, son for keeping the' official proceedings
secret until they can be first published in
officii! papers of the order.
Thursday evening's session
Wt
.7
C0R6KESSMAN PICKLEK,
Who has £ne$ye on the soon to be vacant
Yp? senatorial'seat'in South Dakota, scored a
point in his favor, by getting the ear of
the convention. He made an able speach
in support of the sub-treasury bill and
said that it was the. key-note to the
1
prosperity of the country in the future.
He advocated the free coinage of silver
and spoke in favor of alliance principles
on the railroad question.
During the afternoon the secretary of
the national alliance submitted his report
which shjowed that during the year, 1,069
new charters were issued to sub-alliances
as follows: West Virginia, 252 Colorado,
152 Indiana, 132: Michigan, 106 Vir
ginia, 95 Illinois, 87 South Carolina, 83
Ohio, 61 Pennsylvania, 59, New Jersey,
20 Minnesota, 5 Ooregon, 1 Oklahoma.
VOL. I. NUMBER 27. CANTON, SOUTH DAKOTA, THURSDAY, DECEMBER 25, 1890.
1 State charters were issued to the fol
lowing states: Indiana, Illinois, Colorado,
Michigan, West Virginia, and North Da
kota.
A resolution was adopted Thursday
afternoon expressing the belief that the
recent United States census returns
touching farm mortgages, was grossly in
correct and providing for immediate steps
toward securing and publishing the cor
rect figures. The resolutions were
unimously adopted. & The principal
feature of
THE ST. LOUIS PLATFORM, teS
of 1890 were also again embodied in the
platform of the national alliance. The
following is the platform as now rrdopted:
1. The aboltion of national banks the
establishment of sub-treasuries in the sev
eral states to loan money direct to the
people at a rate of interest not to exceed 2
per cent, per annum, on non-perishable
farm products and real estate, with proper
limitations upon the quantity of land and
the amountof money that the amount of
circulating medium be speedily increased
to not less than 950 per capita.
2. Congress shall pass, laws to effectual
ly prevent dealing in futures on all agri
cultural and mechanical productions,
preserving astringent system of procede
ure in trials to secure prompt conviction
of offenders, and such penalties as shall
secure the most perfect compliance with
the law.
3. It condemns the silver bill recently
passed and demands free and uulimited
coinage of silver.
4. It demands the passage of laws pro
hibiting the alien ownership of land, and
that congress shall take prompt action to
devise some plan to obtain all the lands
now owned by the aliens and foreign syn
dicates, and that all lands held by rail
roads and other corporations in excess of
what are actually used and needed by
them, shall be reclaimed and held for
actual settlers only.
5. Believing in the doctrin of equal
rights to all and special privileges to
none, we demand that our national legis
lation be so framed in the future- as not
to build up one industry at the expense
of another. We further demand the re
moval of the existing heavy tariff tax
from the necessaries of life that the poor
of our land must have. We further de
mand a just and equitable system of
graduated tax on incomes. We believe
the money of the country should be kept
as much as possible in the hands of the
people, and demand that all national and
state revenues be limited to the necessary
expenses of the government, economically
and honestly administered.
6. We demand a most rigid, honest,
and just state and national control, and
supervision of-means of public communi
cation and transportation, and if this con
trol does not remove the abuse now exist
iin^wede^a'Bd^vetrimant-.owaeTBhipof
such means of communication and trans
po^tation.
CoL Livingston, of Georgia, from the
committee on organization, made a report
to furnish a basis for ultimate union be
tween the National Farmers' alliance and
the Industrial union and Farmers' Mutual
Benefli association. Under this {dan the
benefit association is to still maintain its
seperate organization, but will be entitled
to representation in the*National alliance
council. The executive committee of
each organization to meet hereafter and
arrange the details of the union. The re
port was adopted.
Dr. Macune, chairman of the national
executive committee, in his report, re
fered at length to the sub-treasury bill.
The committee's mission with this bill,
he said, was virtually ended because'the
alliance had elected several congressmen
who would look after pushing the bill
through the national legislature. If not
the report recommended the reduction of
salary of all national alliance officers and
the removal from Washington of the
president's office, inasmuch as the reten
tion of it there entails an expense not
commensurate with its usefulness.
The annual election of officers occured
yesterday afternoon and the following
officers were electee: Col. L. L. Polk,
president B. H. Clover, vice-president
J. H. Turner, secretary J. S. Willitts,
national lecturer, H. L. Loucks, of South
Dakota, is on the executive committee.
A communication from the Chicago
World's fair commission, granting the
alliance request for co-operation in secur
ing fitting exhibits for the exhibition, was
received yesterday afternoon and a com
mittee was appointed by the convention
for that purpose. T. V. Powderly, A.
W. Wright and Ralph Beaumont, mem
bers of the executive committee of the
knights of Labor have been among the
distinguished visitors at the convention
and Mr. Powderly addressd the members
of the convention last night. Among
other things Mr. Powderly said:
"Let me say to you our, greeting is the
most cordial and heartfelt. We feel we
area part of your organization. Let us
all agree upon your platform. If it is to
agitate and do hard work upon that plat
form, we are with you, and if we are to
vote with you upon it we will stand by
you at the polls."
The convention adjourned at one
o'clock this morning. The next annual
meeting will take place in Washington,
D. C., the first week in November, 1891.
THE THIRD FAKTY MOVEMENT.
During the convention a call was circul
ated among the delegates and other sym
pathizers in the third party movement, for
[Continued on fifth page.]
MJB
•A Faithful LEADER in tie Cause of Economy and Reform, the Defender of Truth and Justice, the Foe of Fi'aud and Corruption
III CONGRESS.
TheK&w8From the^National Capita/ aa it
Effects the interests of the West-,,
mmmm
ern
Hi 'j'1.
The New Approtionment Bill arid the Fed
era! Elections BUI on Their Way
to Qiori/. -I"*,
Senator Farwell Springs a New Finance
Scheme to Save the Necks of Na-
tionat Banks. ',
MORE BONDS AND MOBE CONGBEBBMEN.
Washington, Dec. 20.—Special Crrr
spondence: Senator Pettigrew today in
troduced a bill in the senate making it a
crime to sell to or by any means placing
fire arms in the hands of Indians. Sever
al other propositions of this character
have already been made at the present
session of congress, indicating a determi
natiofe on the part of our statesmen here
to put a permanent stop to the matter of
Indian disturbances in the United States.
There ar some doubts expressed at the
prospects of passing Senator Pettigrew's
bill, owing to the fact that the business
of the session is very voluminous and it
is, not likely that half the work that is
considered of greater importance than
Mr. Pettigrew's bill, will be disposed of
but there is a prevailing opinion, 'espec
ially among the senators, that something
must be done to settle this disturdance
among the Indians, and as the Pettigrew
bill is looked upon with much favor
among the western senators, it may pass.
Senator Manderson, of Nebraska has also
an aspiration to make a point in the
scale of distinction, by providing the ne
plus ultra in the Indian troubles, and he
has introduced a resolution transfering
the carej of the Indians from the Interior
department and further, providing for
their disarmament and beirig kept under
constant military control.
Representative Pickler returned, a few
days ago, from Ocala, Florida, where he
•went to make a speech, to the National
Farmers Alliance, who held a ten day's
session there, commencing Dec. 2. Pick
ler was there a good deal of the time and
it to believed in political circles that he
was/there for political purposes. There
id aneW HeUiilurio be eleeledic &}pkler'8'
state next month, an incident in which
the farmers will have a good deal of say,
and it is the general belief here that Pick
ler has his eye on the senatorial seat now
held down by the attornay of the Home
stake mines in the Black Hills. The lat
ter does not stand very high in the esti
mation of the members of -the Farmers
Alliance,'and while he and his friends pre
tend to be confident of his return, there
is an undercurrent of appearance that
betrays a good deal of lack of, confidence
in consequence whereof many who are
acquainted with the situation predict
that when Senator Moody goes home next
March, he will go home to stay. There
is no one .who understands the probability
'of this better than does the Major and
he knows, further, that a if republican is
again returned to.the senate from Soutjh
Dakota, it will have to be done by the
aid of the democrats or the independents
—the alliance men—a fact in which ha
realizes the. necessity of talking sweet to
the farmers.
The republicans in the senate are still
in hot water over what -is known as the
"Force bill,"—or the national elections
bill introduced at the last session. The
.democrats are making a united and de
termined effort to defeat the bill -for the
reason—the republicans say that it is di
rected at a pure ballot and a fair count,
and for this reason tends toward prevent
ing election frauds ,in the southern
states. The republicans have but little
opposition to this bill in the last session
and the only reason it did not pass
because the republicans feared the demo
crats would talk it ta death. The
thing is troubling them today fend they
realize that the only hope there is in
passing the bill is to adopt a rule by
means of which the previous question
can be ordered on short notice. The
committee on rules are now having a
scheme of this kind under consideration
and it is expected that when they report
next Tuesday they will make the repub
lican election reformers happy with a
well chosen cloture rule that will effect
ually help them out of their difficulty.
In view of this fact it looks as if the elec
tions bill could be passed.
Senator Stanford, of California, the
father of the now famous Stanford bill,
addressed the senate in support of his
land currency bill yesterday and made
many strong points in support of this
measure. In the course of his speech the
Senator said that land was the best possi
ble security as a basis for currency, in a
sufficient quantity for the needs 6f the
country. He said that the rate of inter
est in the bill was fixed at 2 per cent but
experience would teach the government
that the rate could be considerably reduc
ed, The plan had been compared ta a
system adopted in the Argentine Repub
lic, said the senator, while there was in
truth no Analogy between them. To
compare tbe working of the measure of
that republic, of say 3 million people, to
that of our-own country, with its enlight
ened 60 millions, is like comparing the
methods o£some irresponsible banker to
those of this Rothschilds. The bill was
then refer^d to the finance committee
where, it Unexpected, it will rest until the
farmers, A^fio have a direct interest in the
measure, learn to think enough of their
welfare tootend men of their own class
and kind J(| to bring it to life again.
The republican congressional appro
tionment. bjUl pending in the house will in
all probability pass as it now stands.
Its adoptfiq£ will increase the number of
represent^
crease of
come fros
democrat
war agai
count,
well pie
dissatisfy
es from 332 to 356, a net in
Most of the increase will
republican states and the
ave promised to wage a bitter
the proposition on this ac
iile the republicans are very
with the bill there is great
lion over it among the farmers
and labcipfeople here and from expres
sions coning in from other parts of the
cpuntry,||fcis the same everywhere. The
laboringpllasses are to a man averse to
anythinj^that will increase the* ex|enses
of the gwernment, and as congressmen
are, of geinselves, expensive pieces of
furnituH| to increase their number
at thistle is contrary to the expressed
principle of the labor reform movement.
They estimate that the average congress
man ccfets the government $7,500 per
year aqfrthe increase of the present num
ber to 356 would work a handsome bay
window, attachment to, the piesent con
gressional expense bill amounting to
about $1,500,000 per year and as the new
apportionment will stand for ten years,
the estimated increased expenditure will
be in the aggregate .$15,000,000. This
sum faiply makes the farmers'mouths
water, and the laboring men, too, think
it is worth saving, and as congress can
get along very well without any addition
in membership, they express themselves
favorable to a decrease in the number of
represeritattvesjr'.ntther than an increase.
Senator Farwell, of Illinois is still on
haqd with a patent finance bill
with 4 a .national bank attach
senator seems
to part with the natio&ai Banks witjrfth
usual reluctance. At the last session he
was the father of a Scheme proposing to
perpetuate the national banks by author
izing the deposits of county, state and
municipal bonds as security for their cur
rency, and last week he introduced a sim
ilar bill in the present session.. The plan
he how proposes provides for the refund
ing of the entire national debt in an issue
of 2 per cent bonds running fifty years.
The bonds are to be made the basis of na
tional banking circulation, the same as
now, the only difference being that the
banks shall be permitted to issue currency
for the full amount of the bonds deposited.
Mr. Farwell's idea is that this must be
done because, he thinks, the country can
not get along without the national banks,
and his proposition "to let them issue
bank notes to the par value of' the bonds
deposited, is done in the interest -of thei
increase of the circulating medium -of the
country. He also proposes to abolish all
the existing sub-treasuries, with a view
to let all the money collected by the treas
ury department go out into circulation
Mr. Farwell thinks it the sub-treasury
system could be abolished, money would
be more plentiful in the channels of trade
and there could no longer be any com
plaint of contraction of the circulating
medium. The scheme is a taking one
among the republicans
and while they ap
pear confident that no finance legislation
will be enactsd at this session, there is a
prospect of the new farwell bill becoming
a law. Paul Habpeb.
It,is the policy of our present economi
cal form of government of the treasury
department to buy bonds at a high prem
ium, and even pay the interest on other
bonds a year i% advance every time the
money market ^becomes close in Wall
street. Of a recent date, among the bond
holders of goverment bonds to whom in
terest was paid before due, were the
Standard Oil Company, $20,000,000. the
Bleeker Savings Bank, $9,000,OOOthe Van
derbilts $26,000,000. This was getting
money into circulation among the people
with a vengence. Rob the treasury to
fill the millionaire's pocket, and then
when the toiling masses ask for this whole
sale robbery to be stopped by legislation,
abroad grin will come over the faces of
these legislators, and they will only say,"
"Poor devils, what are you going to do
about it." Men, men, are you blind and
cannot see are you willing to bow in mute
humility to these money kings as though
your strong right arm had dropped par
alyzed to your side, or are you going to
the polls in November and show these
Shylocks that by your votp what we poor
devils can do about it, a strong arm and
a strong vote.—Labor Tribune.
y. ."
Hf
mi
mmd
BEAUMONT'S POWERFUL SPEECH,
Continuation of the Address Delivered by
Ralph Beaumont at Canton, Octo-
SlfeHiw ber18, 1890.
Detailed Explanation Of Some of the
Principles of the Knights of Labor
Organization.
KUMBKBVI.
Article IX, is as follows:
"The abolition of the contract system
on national, state and municipal work."
We simply mean by this, that if the
government has a post office to build in
this city, that it shall go ahead and build
it, and not let the job out to a contractor
for say $100,000, and he steal $50,000 of
that sum, and then ask for an appropria
tion to make the same good before the
building can be completed.
Article X. reads as to!Iowa:
"The enactment of laws providing for
arbitration between employers and em
ployed, and to enforce the decision of the
arbitrators?"
This plank we believe arises from the
present method we have adopted of carry
ing on our enterprises. Associated capi
tal has by the aid of acts of legislation
been given advantages over the rest of
society. We realize that between the
cost of,raw material and the manufac
tured artiole there is a certain increase of
value. Capital, by law and association,
has been Enabled to reap the largest shar6
of this increased value', and through this
fact, labor has been compelled to concen
trate its forces into organized bodies in
order to secure an equal division of the
increase. And in the struggle of these
two organized forces a conflict takes
places. Sometimes it is a strike on the
part of the help, and at other times a
lockout on the part of capital, and in
both cases heavy losses result to both the
contestants. Now, in order to avoid
these losses and their accompanying mis
ery, we desire that whenever there is a
difference of this character, that either
side, as a matter of illustration, shall ap
peal to the judge of the county wherein
such exists for the appointment of two
arbitrators, and these two shall appoint a
third one, who shall examine "into the
merits of the case and render their de
cision and wer the members of the or
«ani»atioitfapse to.abjde^ ithe decis
ion of thearmtrators. 1 am^ftra SsKed
"How ate you going to compel the par
ties to abide by the decision of the arbi
trators Thos who make this inquiry
forget that this board of arbitration is
appointed by the decree of court, and as
such has the power of such court, and in
case of failure of either side to the con
troversey to abide by the decision of the
tribunal, it would make them guilty of
contempt of court.
"XI. The prohibition by law of the
employment of children under fifteen
years of age in workshops, mines, and
factories."
That which I have just read is Article
XI, and we mean bv it that when a man
or women becomes grown the state exacts
of them that they shall abide by and live
up to the law. Now, we hold that if the
state exacts this of the citizens it is the
duty of the state to see that the child
possessed of sufficient education so that
when it grows, to manhood or woman
hood it will understand the law, and not
willfully violate the same.
The twelfth plank is as follows:
"To prohibit the hiring out of convict
labor."
I can best illustrate the evils of this
system by alluding to a few facts. From
1876 until 1881 I worked at the shoe
trade in the state of New York, and every
year during that time there were employ
ed at the trade in the penal institutions of
that state an average of 2,600 criminals,
whose average term of sentence was two
years, so that there were crowded into
the shoe trade of that state about 2,600 of
the dregs of society." And then people
wondered why shoe-makers were such
mean chaps. Now, I have no objections
to taking my share of the criminals in
my trade, providing they will give law
yers, doctors and ministers their share.
And I am of the opinion that, if a the
logical student served his apprenticeship
hammering religion into criminals, he
would be able to discount Sam Jones on a
good revival when he came to do a job
outside. Besides all this, the examina
tion of the contract system in that state
by a legislative committee during those
years reached the fact that some of the
contractors in five years made as high as
$150,000 in profits on a capital of one-fifth
of that sum invested, besides being able
to undersell other manufacturers engaged
in the same business.
"XIV. That the importation of fore
ign labor under contract be prohibited."
We believe in thig plank for the reason
that in numberless instances, whenever a
dispute has arisen between employer and
employed, the employers have sent their
agents over to foreign countries and hired
help in those countries, and brought them
Msg
91.00 PER ANNUM. %m
over here to replace their help. The re-,
suit of this system is to reduce the stand
ard of intelligence of American lalxp. 5^$$
And, in many instances, after these ',-Vv
greedy and unscrupulous manufacturers
have succeeded through starvation in
compelling their American help to accept
the low standard of wages they have es
tablished through this competition, let
the imported help go adrift to become
paupers aud vagabonds in the commun
ity. Hence, we say that the welfare
the nation demands that'laws shall be
enacted that will prohibit this heinous
competition.
Let me read you Article XVII.
"That in connection with the postoffice,
the government shall organize financial:
exchanges, safe deposits and facilities for
deposit of the savings of the people in
in small sums." pp*
'%fi II
,'tx
cotton and woolen mills become directors'''i^y,* *!,
in a savings bank, and they say to the
bees, put your money in this savings^" „'j
bank, and we will give you four per cent ,,
per annum for it. TJien the directors
send it out west and loan it to the west
ern farmers at ten per cent. Then the
western farmer raises wheat, and just be
-fore he sells it he adds that ten cents to
his selling price. When he has sold it he
forwards that ten cents to the bank. The
wheat is shippedeast and the bees eat it.
and when they have done so they have
eaten their own four cents and the other
fellows six with it and are that much
worse off than when they started in at the
game. Then again, they placc one of
their number to take care of. this money.
They call him a "cashier," and every
pnce in awhile we pick up our morning
paper-and find out that one of. these fel
lows has- -skipped over to, Canada with
•JttbneyjnJM? Now what wo
want is, that the government SftOuld""
take charge of the savings of the people
in small sums, and we think that it will
be an impossibility for the government to
get over to Canada "between two days'*
without us knowing something abojit the,
moving when it is going on.
I have been traveling through the
states of Nebraska, Dakota, Iowa and
Kansas, and I find a level section of coun
try. Still you have a great many side
hill farms. Perhaps you who live in this
level country don't know what a side
hill farm is. I live in a very hilly sec
tion of country, I will tell you what a
side hill farm is in my section. There
was a wag in my town who was always
blowing about his father's farm. He
said that his father had the most pro
ductive farm ther was in town. Another
wag became tired of hearing Bill blow
about his farther's farm, so one day he
said to'him, "Bill, what is there about
your father's farm that makes it so pro
ductive?" "Well," said Bill, "it is aside
hill farm."* "iBut," said the other man,
"there is hot any thiug peculiar about a
side hill farm in this section." "Well
there is about this one," replied Bill,
"How is that Bill '"W"ell, you see we
stand it up on its edge and plant both
sides." "How is that, Bill? Is there
not danger of the farm- blowing over in a
good strong wind?" "Oh no," said Bill.
"But how is it, Bill?" "Well" "ex
plained Bill. "I will tell j'ou: It is
propped.np with mortgages on both sides
so it can't fall!" I opine there are lots of
such side hill farms out here in the west.
The Bureau of Labor statistics of the
State of Michigan compiled the mortgage
indebtedness in ten counties in that state
in 1888, but the State officials stopped
him when he had gotten that far. But
placing the same ratio on the whole Stat®
reveals the fact that there is $123,000,000
of mortgages on tho farms of the State
of Michigan. Take that open village and
city property, including bank documents,
and it is one hundred and twenty-eight
million more, making $256,000,000 of
debt on the State of Michigan. That is
one million people in Michigan. That
means $20 dollars in usury, annually, on
every man, woman and child in the State.
Michigan is a favored State. She has
not been subject to the high railroad
freights like Dakota, she has sevsn hun
dred miles of natural water coarse to ship
her produce to market. Besides that she
has been drawing from the virgin forests
the accumulation of a thousand years—
and yet finds herself two hundred and
fifty-six millions in debt.
(Continued next week.)
•-'-:M
'/J'-,
$
#818!
iiiiii
Those eastern capitalists are* very
shrewd and wise fellows. They are off J'
the same cut of cloth as those "Credit
Mobilier" fellows I spoke about in the
fore part of my remarks: They build
woolen mills, and fill/' t/'-X"- $$
and set thes^M"
lot of cotton and
them up with human bees and set
bees to gathering honey and they notictf'
that the bees have a little surplus houey,
that they do not use to feed, clothe and
house them, and they say, "We might'
just as well have that—the" bees don'
want it." How do you suppose they go
to work to get hold of that surplus honey|
my friends? Let me tell you: They are|K'
like those Credit Mobiliers that I referred),.,
to awhile ago. They organize a wheels®
within a wheel. The directors in the?
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