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Advertising Rates Made Known oa Application. —fu 1 fir i' atev THE LABOR WORLD Publlahed Every Saturday* Bsta-blished in 1896 by Sabrie.C. Aikin. Builueu Office. Suit* 610 Manhattan Building, Duluth, Minn. Zenith 'fhone 65. Duluth Phone. Melrose 1311. SUBSCRIPTIONS riie Year, In advance Six Months, !n advance Three Months, in advance... Single Copies, Cent*. Z*Z£*S&r. 1 MflOR W. E. McEWEN, Editor and Publisher. THE ORE DOCKWORKERS' STRIKE. The ore dockworkers* strike has been declared off. It lasted less than a week. Of the poor fellows who were duped by the loud-mouthed leaders of the I. W. W., most of them were obliged to crawl back,to work on their bellies, while others whose pride was stronger than their need for bread are looking for jobs else where. It is not an easy task for an editor of a trade union paper to write about the recent ore dockworkers' strike. Our sympathy goes out to the poor workingmen who, no doubt are underpaid, as most workingmen are, when cost of living, hazard of ployment conditions of Ore dockworkers should take a lesson from their recent unfortunate experience. The Industrial Worked of the World have never won a strike. Their tactics I have been repudiated wherever they have been tried. In every instance the participants in an I. W. W. strike have become so disgusted with what they believed was an organization of labor that they turn against all co operative effort upon the industrial field. But they should not take this view. Labor's only hope for free dom is in organization along well tried constructive lines. [Without organization labor would be ground to atoms. The method of organization followed by the Amer ican Federation of Labor has so far proven to be the best for all laborers. The ore dockworkers have been taught to despise craft unionism and to seek relief through industrial organization. At the same time they are eligible for membership in an international trade union as pronouncedly industrial in its operation as any labor organization in the world. We refer to the International Longshoremen's association, which admits all workingmen who load and unload boats, all men who sail harbor tugs from the captain to the cook, and, all other harbor employes. This great industrial union with Tts long record of achievements, the Duluth and Superior ,* ore dockworkers rejected, to accept the I. W. W., with, nothing behind it but wind and failure. All unorganized labor must learn that good things do not come to it on silver platters. It requires time* sacrifice, patience and hard work to forge ahead. It can not expect to receive at one stroke that whiclt required years of organization for union lShor to achieve. Indeed it is the very height of folly for any group of working men to think of venturing into a strike until they have been well disciplined in organization, having behind them a sufficient treasury to withstand a long seige and mora than all when they ,..91.00 occupation and seasonal em- are taken into consideration. They I were easy prey for such an organization as the In dustrial Workers the World, and its leaders lost no time in taking advantage of them. Now they are back to work again, and the I. W. W. leaders declare that there are sufficient of their mem bers on the job to "do whatever work may be assigned to them." Of course this can be taken as a threat to resort to "Sabotage," which is understood to be "strik ing on the job" by crippling the machinery at the ore docks. How far they will dare go in this direction only the future can tell, but it looks to us like one of their characteristic bluffs. shall have sought and gained the public's good will. When they reach this point they will find it less necessary to strike then when they were unorganized, or but recently organized. The best anti dote for strikes is a strong, healthy and carefully man aged trade union. The Steel Trust too is not free from the responsibility of the recent strike. Its attitude against the organiza tion of its employes makes it possible for such organiza tions as the I. W. W. to exist. Had local Steel Trust officials tolerated constructive organization along trade union lines at the ore docks there would be no such thing as a mid-season strike. Indeed there would be I no occasion for strikes at all, and the contracts they made an issue in the late strike would be made in equity to be kept by men who had something to say about making them which they did not have in this instance. The road to industrial peace runs to the constructive organization of the working classes and by collective bargaining. Through no other method can it be obtained or made secure. ONE BIG UNION. Here is a thought for those who advocate the "one big union." What has that organization which makes the talk for the one big union accomplished? How hag it progressed towards the formation of the one big union? Has it stability? Has it remained for any length of time an any particular place? What different has it to offer the workingmen than they now have? The answer to all these questions is the same. On the other hand, if the American Federation of Labor lias grown slowly and has been unable to make the progress that we would like to have seen made, how does its progress compare with that which has been made by the I. W. W. We should all hope to see the "one big union" materialize, but when we do, it will be the result of a closer affiliation of the unions affiliated with the American Federation of Labor. Theory may look fin© but it is results that count. The natural and logical .plan of organization has been by Crafts. That has been .^ proven by the cold logic of actual experiment. The end $ has not been attained when the craft organization has ibeen formed. The craft is but one step in organization. After the crafts are federated as they will be will come -:*4aJl the much-touted features of the one big union. The impeachment of Governor Sulzer of New York piiihjr the Tammany organization in the legislature shows to lengths the Interests .will go to get a man who has laoi lived a straight faced life* hut who lights for the ?Sjw* $0$ as Entered at the Postofflce at Duluth, Minn., as second class matter. r^vgi &LACKUSTING THE FINNS. The Great Northern Hallway company at Superior announces that it has put the ban on all Finns as em ployes. Hereafter no native of Finland can expect to feed at Jim Hill's ore. trough. This luxury is to be en joyed in the future only by workingmen who hail from countries further south in Europe, and possibly from ABia. There was a time once, and not so very long ago when the Finn was welcome as a workingman by every large corporation. That was before the Russian revolution. He had long been kept in servility in his native land, and when he came to America he was so used to it that he entered no objection when greedy corporations ex ploited h}m at the expense of other labor. Since the revolution in Russia the Finn himself has been revolutionized. He is no longer an abject subject of his Czar, for his country is as free as any in Europe. The educational institutions of Finland are now said to be the best in Europe. They are open to all—rich and poor—and as a result the late immigrants from Finland are a very much different type than those of a decade ago. They once were bent under heavy subjection they now move with their heads erect, and they teach a peculiar philosophy which strikes at the vitals of estab lished institutions, and which, they believe, points the way to comp7/te human emancipation. Unfortunately the Finn does not take kindly to the way of the American workmen in seeking industrial free dom. He looks with suspicion upon the American Fed eration of Labor and its tactics. He had a way of hi3 own to become emancipated which he thinks is better, and which he found mighty wholesome in his native coun try, but which will have hard sledding here, all on account of the difference in the starting point. If he could only understand this and tune himself to the philosophy of the American labor movement by accepting the existing institutions of labor in this country whose objects are similar to those of Finland—the American Federation of Labor is one of them—he would become a most potent factor in affecting a solidarity of labor, the like of which the world has never before seen. The Great Northern Railroad company is blacklisting the Finn now just as it has discriminated against Amer ican unskilled labor for years. It supplanted the Irish and the Scandinavians on its sections with Greeks and Japs. Only recently it brought from the south a band of Negroes to supplant Greeks who left the country to take part in the Balkan wars, and this was done because it was in search of cheap labor, used to servility. The Balkan wars will have the same practical effect upon the workingmen in Southeastern Europe that the Russian revolution had upon the Finns, and in a short time American corporations will find the same objection to them* that they now have to the Finns. The regenera tion of China and the ambition of Japan have hopeful signs for the world's working classes. Soon there will be but the Hottentots left. In the meantime the Finns are to be blacklisted. What folly! A PUBLIC UTILITIES LAW? NO! Last week the president of the Milwaukee Street Rail way company, Mr. Stearns, practically defied the city authorities and refused to listen to the request of the city council to build an extension of its line. So brazen was his refusal that it has caused no inconsiderable com ment in the press all over the country. To quote from the Milwaukee Leader: ""Stearns* at titude so aroused the county board committee that it passed a resolution, submitted by Supervisor Mensing, Social-Democrat, calling on the railroad commission to investigate the feasibility of the county building the ex tension itself, and operating it. Over this proposal, however, Commissioner Harlowe threw a dash of cold water when he declared that the railroad commission would hardly grant a certificate of convenience and nec essity to the county for any portion of the track parallel ing the track of the street railway company. "The public utility law provides that where a utility is giving service, a competing utility, even if publicly owned, cannot enter the field. The law has been so in terpreted by the Wisconsin supreme court AS TO ABSti LUTELY SAFEGUARD PRIVATE MONOPOLY IN ITS GRASP ON A PUBLIC NEED, AND TO PLACE AN EFFECTIVE BAR TO MUNICIPAL OWNERSHIP. "This is the chief reason why utility capitalists gen erally have been fully satisfied with its operation." The time is drawing near for the extra session which the governor of Minnesota is expected to call. A study of the Wisconsin law, which Governor Eberhart char acterizes as a progressive measure, would not be out of place, and we expect to have more to say regarding its operation in future issues. WHAT ABOUT LABOR DAY? Labor Day is only two weeks off, and the trade unions of Duluth are making elaborate preparations for the proper observance of the day. The Federated Trades and Labor Assembly and the Union Labor Pavilion association have strong committees working earnestly to make the celebration a success By a referendum vote of the local unions it has been decided not to have a parade, but there will be the usual picnic at Fairmount park at union labor's own pavilion. The committees in charge are attempting to secure a wellrknown speaker for the occasion. It has been sug gested that time be given to a discussion of state reg ulation of public utilities, its relation to the employes of public service corporations, together with its effect upon the interests of the working classes generally. TMs is a timely topic and the Committee is to be commended for giving it consideration. Every member of organized labor in Duluth is urged to get behind the Labor Day committee and help to make the celebration the success it deserves to be. This year, more than all others proceeding it, calls for loyalty and enthusiasm from the working classes in the observance of Labor Day. It is labor's day in all that the name implies. .. V' If workingmen should cease to give attention to the day it would soon cease to he observed by any one It has been set aside particularly as a day to call society's attention to its obligation to labor, to remind working men of their duty to their fellows, and the responsibility upon each for the advancement of civilization. Surely the workingmen of Duluth realize the obliga tions they are1 under, and they should spare no effort to properly arrange for the observance of Labor Day. .!• W. W. leader, Little, claimed to have been kid napped by special agents of the Great Northern last week His explanationv of the affair sounded so fishy that his henchmen dropped it like a hot potato. JMd it ever occur to you how lonesome a P»Ws THE LABOR WORLD .V'A.' -jS a union card. TtBt in a non-union factor^?, Continued from Last Week. "Law begins ¥as It is not therefore possible to make law by legislative action. Its utmost power is -to offer a reward or threaten a punishment as a conse quence of particular conduct, and thus furnish an additional motive to influence conduct. When such power is exerted to reinforce custom and prevent violations of it, it may be ef fectual, and rules or commands thus enacted are properly called laws but if aimed against established custom they will be ineffectual. Law not only cannot be directly made by hu man action, but cannot be abrogated or changed by such But men forget that their acts, whether in enacting and attempting to enforce written laws, or of what ever other nature, are subject to the great law of casualty and will On the Enforcement of Law,in Cities action." I now present some further para graphs from this book, which show the spirit and force of the author's reasoning and commentary: "The Written Law is victorious upon paper and powerless elsewhere. The attorney-general is sensible of the feebleness of the command rest ing upon him to enforce a law the enforcement of which would send a hundred of the most eminent citi zens to jail and throw the industry of the country into confusion." (p. 213). "The popular estimate of the pos sibilities for good which may be rea lized through the enactment of law is, in my opinion, greatly exaggerat ed. Nothing is more attractive to the benevolent vanity of men than the notion that they can effect great im provement in society by the simple process of forbidding all wrong con duct, or conduot which they think is wrong, by law, and of enjoining all good conduct by the same means as if men could not find out how to live until* a book were placed in the hands of every individual, in which the things to be done and those not to be done were clearly set down." (P. 221). "The principal danger lies in the attempt often made to convert into crime acts regarded by large num bers, perhaps a majority, as inno cent—that is to practice what is, in fact, tyranny.- While all are ready to agree that tyianny is a very mis chievous thing,, there is not a rigtit. understanding Equally general of what tyranny is. Some think that tyranny is a fault only of despots, and can not be committed under a republican form of government they think that the maxim that the ma jority must govern justifies the ma jority in governing as it pleases, and requires the minority to acquiesce with cheerfulness in legislation of any character, aS if what is called self-government were a scheme by which different parts of the com munity may alternately enjoy the privilege of tyrannising over each other. The principal evils of legal tyranny arise from the instrumen tality which it employs, which Is al ways force." (p. 246). "When a law. is made declaring conduct widely practiced and widely regarded as innocent to be a crime, the evil consequences which arise upon attempts to enforce it are apt to be'viewed as the consequences of the forbidden practice, and not of the attempt to suppress it and it is avoiding, or doing away with, these consequences is to jpress the efforts at enforcement with increased en ergy. But when a mistake has been made, its consequences can not be avoided by a more vigorous persist ence in it. The best means of In culcating caution in this employment of criminal legislation is to have clearly in mind its evil consequences. The species Of criminal legislation to which sumptuary laws belong fur nishes an apt illustration of them. "Besides the desire of doing good, the selfish determination is formed of carrying out a purpose, and the purpose comes to seem so important that' no inquiry is made concerning the means except to consider what will be most effective. It suits the judgment of some, and the temper Of others to convert the practices they deem so mischievous into crimes and prevent indulgence^ in them, the fear of heavy punishment will at last be effective, and indeed many think that the force of law is so great that the mere enactment of a prohibition will accomplish the desired end, and all are inclined to believe that even if the laws are ineffective for the pur they will at least do no harm. draw after them their inevitable conse quences. The law when enacted will active interposition of man to put It in force. Evidence must be found and prosecutions set in motion, and as this is a task in which good men are commonly found to be unwilling, or too Indolent, to voluntarily en gage, others must, be sought for who will undertake it. "The spy and informer are hired, but their testimony is open to muOh impeachment, and is met by opposing testimony often false and perjured. The trials become scenes of perjury and subornation of perjury and juries find abundant excuses for ren dering verdicts of Acquittal or per sisting in disagreements, contrary to their oaths. The 1 of enforcement ceedsnf Whole machinery "4"" IT BY BRAND WHITLOOK. the product of the automatic action of society, and be comes in time a cause of the con tinued growth and perfection of so ciety. Society cannot exist without it, or exist without producing It. Ubi societas ibi lex. Law, therefore, is self-created and self-existent. It is the form in which human conduct —that is, human life, presents Itself under the necessary operation of the causes which govern conduct. Inasmuch as conduct is necessarily controlled by •previous thought, and such thought is determined by indi vidual constitution, that is, character, and the environment, nothing can di rectly control conduct, which cannot control both character and environ ment. only," while it others-the law is vio lated with impunity. "An especially pernicious effect is that society becomes divided between the friends and the foes of regressive laws, and the opposing parties be come animated with.a hostility wlilch prevents united action for purposes considered beneficial by both. Per haps the worst of all is that the gen eral regard and reverence for law are impaired, a consequence the mischief of which can scarcely be estimated. "What a spectacle is thus afforded of the impotence of man's conscious effort to overrule the silent and ir resistable forces of nature! He whol ly fails to gain the object in view but objects not in view, and by no means desired, are brought about on the largest scale law and -its administration brought into public contempt, animosity created between different bodies of citizens, rendering them incapable of acting together for confessedly good ob jects!" (p. 247). I shall conclude the quotations from Carter's great work by the fol lowing (p. 251). "I do not hesitate to say that any legislation which bears the characteristics of tyranny, as I have defined that term, is vicious in theory and has never yet succeeded, and never will succeed, in gaining its avowed end, or in having any other .than an injurious effect and I venture to add that if the zeal and labor which have been employed •by what are called the better classes of society in efforts to enact and en force laws repressive of liberty, had been expended in kindly and sym pathetic efforts to change and elevate the thoughts and desires of those less fortunate than themselves, a benefit would have been reaped in the diminution of misery and crime which compulsory laws could never accomplish. "Moral ends can never be gained except by moral means. All the ad vances in civilization and morality which society has thus far made are due to the cultivation and develop ment of those moral sympathies which find their activity in co-opera tion and mutual aid." This same theory has been set forth, more briefly, and perhaps at a higher range of philosophic thought, by, Emerson, WKo, in the opening paragraphs of his essay on "Politics" "Republics abound in young civ ilians who believe that the laws make the city, that grave modifications of the policy and modes of living and employments of the population, that commerce, education and religion may be voted in or Out and that any measure, though it were absurd, may be imposed on a people if Only you can get sufficient voices to make it a law. But the wise know that foolish legislation is a rope of sand which perishes in the twisting: that the state must follow and not lead the character and progress of the citizen the strongest usurper is. quickly got rid of and they only who build On ideas, build for eter nity and that form of government which prevails is the expression of what cultivation exists in the popu lation which permits it. The law is only a memorandum. We are super stitious, and esteem the statute some what so much life as it has in the character of living men is its force." It is difficult to resist the temp tation tq quote at greater length, and from other writers on this subject, but I must forbear. I trust, however, that enough has been said to set forth this theory, and therefore, I shall pass to the practical application of it to our present situation. Bearing in mind, then, the distinc tion between a law and a statute for Sunday closing of saloons, is not, aS" will be at once apparent, the saloon, nor is its chief object the promotion of temperance. It wias not conceived in the belief that saloons are, in and of themselves, bad. It was not pri? marily concerned with that problem, for saloons were allowed on other days of the week. It was but one of several statutes, one prohibiting "sporting, rioting, quarreling, hunt ing, nshing, or shooting on Sunday," another "theatrical or dramatic per formances," or "any equestrian or circus performance of jugglers,, acro bats, rope dancing, sparring exhibi tions, living statuary, ballooning, or any base ball playing, or any ten pins, or other games of similar kind or kinds," another the engagement "in common labor" or the opening of "any building or place for the trans action of business," and still another providing a punishment for any one "who shall, require, any person in his employ or under his control to en gage ln: common labor," on Sunday, and the only activities excepted are, according to the statute, "works of mercy or necessity," and, according to the courts, "intellectual labor,"— the latter exception, no doubt, more likely than the former,, .inspired by the lawyers. The basis of ail this legislation was the contention that the Sabbath should be observed, and Its object was to enforce the observance of the Sab bath, that is, to. enforce ah observ-, a nee of the Sabbath in a certain way devised by the Puritans, brought by them to this country, and handed down to and Impressed upon their descendants. In any community com posed of people among whom the Puritan ideals and traditions prevail, the enforcement of such statutes was easy, because there was a general wish tip observe them, and the other tendency was an exception they rep resented the will of the people^ they were in conformity with their cus toms and habits and employment, they were, in a word, law.- But America was not'for the Puri tans or their descendants alone, it was for all men, and there came here others, of a different tradition, of other, less severe, and in some re spects, more cheerful ideals, people of different custom* and habits and ways of vietffhi life. They wlih&d to observe th*. in gr«-JPPf t' 0 S? !$¥* "UV'ir' We of rest, to ftmm migiy 1 3* a The mode of observing the Sab bath, and the statutes enacted to en force it, found their rise in purely agricultural communities. Men, ac customed to work out of week, coming at were quite ready and willing spend that day in doors. For rest, primarily, is change, and men who have been out of doors all week find a change within doors. Consequently the statutes relating to Sabbath ob servance were the more easily and readily accepted by the people, be cause, aside from any considerations of religion or piety, they were in con formity with,their impulses, their de Sires, and their necessities. In the city, however, a different state exists. Here the conditions Of employment are such that men, for the most part, are in doors all the week, and when the day of rest comes, they, or at least those to whom it does come, naturally as their country cousins. went in doors, seek recreation in the open air. Again, when we reflect upon the intensity of the modern struggle for existence, the rigorous demands made upon the vital forces of men In the economic conflict, the long hours of toil in close and often ill ventilated shops, stores and factories, the nerv ous strain, the risk and danger in operating machines, it will be seen that some relaxation is necessary, and this fact, more than any other/ explains the se&rch for amusement, the theatre, the ball game and all that. These things become a neces sity under the economic conditions of today. The saloon, it is true, stands upon somewhat different grounds, yet, where the resort to it can not be explained on the ground of real or fancied social necessity, it being the only public place where many men may meet freely as equals and enjoy each other's society, it is found to be due to the necessity for stimulation decreed by the same in satiable machine, which, by exhaust ing men's bodies in the mad greed for profits, drives them to stimulants in an impulsive effort to restore theii wasted forces and exhausted bodies. And beyond all this, deeper, sadder, more pathetic far than all this, is the fact that thousands by society's grim machine are driven to drink by poverty, quite as often aS they are driven to poverty by drink. -Indeed, I think that Mr. Tom L. Johnson spoke the truth when he said "that there ire more people who drink be cause they are miserable, than there are people who are miserable because th&y drink." The Sabbath realised by our Puri tan. ancestors has been altered by the conditions of our economic system. And, if as., is often said and the fact deplored, the Sabbath hat been de stroyed it has been commercialism that, has. destroyed it. I have:already tried, broadly to indicate how thai necessities of making a living under our present' conditions,, have affected, the customs and habits of men^ Specific instances might-^,be giyetf whi6h show how directly an4 ppei|' tively the Sabbath has been wrested away from the people. it is a common thing in our. cities to see large stores closed on Sunday, the ?curiain» duly- drawn* and the employes, some of them at least, thus granted a day of rest and recreation. But meanwhile all over the land there aire freight train, running, and, engineers, firemenV conductors, brake, men, switchmen, flagmen, despatch ers, truckers, and numerous other employes, toiling long hours, at hard and dangerous labor to rush goods tc those ^emporiums by Monday morn ing. Now, it is not- fair to lay the blame of this condition on the pro prietors for they can not help it. They, like the men and Men "it op£ortuhi women TF^l && work ing for them, are in the grip of the commercial machine, and can not escape. All they can do, is to use their undoubted influence to bring about conditions of toll less onerous to the masses, and, abandoning the efforts to have statutes passed and enforced to make men good by com pelling. them,to ^bserye.the Sabbath, see to it. that moc* fundamental statutes are so altered and amended that every man will have the same, chance, the same opportunity, to bo good that V* & $ Are Selling Furniture Manufacturers' Sample and Surplus Stock at Bigger, Better Values Were Never Offered. Let Us Furnish Your Home .' At the Big Store Yotir Credit Is Good GOOD Established 1884 1st St. and 3rd Ara W. the appearance of another powerful factor, namely, the economic aspect which the problem assumes. In deal ing with what are called moral prob lems, we are only beginning to take into consideration the influence of economic conditions In determining human conduct. doors all the last wearily to a day not wish to be understood, i& Wh&t I have here said, as saying that the, Puritan method of observing the Sab bath is the correct one, or that it is not the correct one. How the Sab bath should be observed is, I think, a question that should be left to the individual conscience. •. I am speaking only of a fact, of a condition that does actually exist,' here and everywhere. Nor do I Wish to be understood, or represented, as advocating any kind of nullification of state statutes. I am simply trying to make clear the human obstacles.to an absolute enforcement of al stat utes that exist in these modertT cities of ours. There are on the statute hooks, federal, state and local, some thing like 16,000 statutes, and to en force all of these, absolutely, all the time, is of course, to any ihind btlt that of the theorist and the doctrin aire, absolutely impractical and im possible. "4 (To be Continued.) IS THIS RUSSIA? A court in the State of Georgia sentenced a boy ten years of age to serve eleven years in the Industrial School of the State. The oase was appealed to the Supreme Court of Georgia—and the sentence of the low er court was affirmed. What crime did the ten-year-old boy committ to be visited With -Such a-sentence?... Did he commit murder?" ^.. --Did -he apply tbe torfch to theP^Stty in which he lived and destroy^ mil lions of dollars' worth of property Did he wreck a railroad train and usher scores of human beings into eternity? No. This boy only stole a bottle of Boda water, and fir this crime, the A CONVENIENT TOBOGGAN. The boys had made good use of^the steep hill in their search for winter sport, and their sleds and bobs had worn a track down the hill, where the snow had turned to ice. A. gentleman, whom we will oall air. Chesterfield (he was really very po lite), collided with a fat ladjr.jUBt at, the brow of the hill, lost his footing and fell the lady fell also, landing on top of the polite gentleman. And down the hill they went, Mr. Chesterfield forming a toboggan on which, the. fat lady rode in safety. Faster, faster they went down the icy incline, not stop ping until the foot of the hill Was reached. Then the fat lady heard a weak voice saying, "Pardon me, ma dam you will have to get off not*— this is as far as I_go."—Everybody's, The man who is on pleasure bent, Thinks life is one continuous jolce, Until, with all his money spent, He finds that he's on pleasure broke. Your Pair is Herd Trousers, $2.95 Think of it! A fine pair of extra trousers that sell reg ularly for $4, |S, $6 and $7 —your choice-^ (Blue Serges excepted.) SM to be^gtfba 1 i:. highest court in the State of Georgia upholds' a decision which places a I child eleven long years behind the walls of a prison. Georgia must be in Russia. Magazine. ehind the 1 1 ..—Miners* I '\r Mi 4 vii