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s«Fyv §fe- l$ $v THE LABOR WORLD WillUm g, McEw«a, Publisher, A} vet tiling Rgte» Made Knows «n Application. Xntered »t Fwtofffce «t Qulutb. Uina.,** Second Qm* Matter. «t£a^S* Published Every Saturday, 1 EaUblUhcd in 1S96 by Sal^c G. Aftia. Business Office PV Suite 610 Manhattan Building. Duluth. Minn. Subscriptions. One Year, io advance ,... .. Six Months, in advance-,,. l*w Three Months, in advance ... ,30 HUNTING A SOLUTION "While politicians are running 'round in circles hunting a solution of the in creasingly difficult and tremendously important railroad problem, which has during the past three months reached an acute stage, owners of railroad se curities have gone to the source from which the only practicable, workable and abiding remedy has emanated^— the workers. President Harding, too, has evidently Wearied of the selfish and ineffectual advice that has been ao freely offered by railway managers, gamblers, specu lators and their professional lobbyists, for he also is calling in representatives «f the workers and giving respectful Rearing to what they have to offer toward composing a situation that i* »?re critical than many Americans yet Realize. It must be perfectly clear to security owners, as it will eventually b& to President Harding, that the workers* in their advocacy of a democratized transportation system, have no axes to grind. Naturally, they seek stable and satisfactory working conditions, which they know are not attainable under the existing system, but in securing them they are equally anxious that the pub* lie interest, which they recognize as coding first in the determination of all domestic problems, shall bo adequately safeguarded. Organized railroad workers have been insisiting for more than two year3 that private management of the rail* roads has outlived whatever of useful ness it may once have possessed. They realized, perhaps a little more poig nantly than other groups of Americans, the inherent defects of a system that gave first and greatest' consideration to the selfish ambitions pf the banker speculators who have employed trans* portatlon as an instrument of oppres sion and extortion, not only of the workers, but of all the people. In tho face of much abuse and mis representation railroad employes have offered a solution that was rooted in a correct conception of the relation the [railroads should maintain toward the public. They have contended that {transportation exists solely to supply public need, and that when this fact recognized all other questions {would be resolved automatically and Satisfactorily, it is because congress rjftnd tfee railway managers have disre garded the public welfare that the ear jfriers are today facing bankruptcy and [the nation ruin. The most monstrous law ever foisted llpon an unwilling people was the Cum fnms-Esch bill. It sought to guarantee [$hO profits of railroads without anv re gard to the effect of this provision jppon those who were called upon to these profits. The immediate re volt of this law was to impoverish fnUtfons of farmers, manufacturers and tUlineas men, without in the slightest Jflegree yielding to the railroads any of She things they expected to secure fhrough a measure written by their ipwn experts. There may be some Americans so feuileless ®3 to stiU believe that private Management can be patched up and Jwtfe operative, but their number is decreasing with each new revelation of incompetency, waste and graft, and Jthose who blithely declared a few frnonths ago that they wanted anything ijbiit government ownership are now fcinging a different tune* For it must jte patent to every honest thinker, as Jt is patent to security owners, that the only ill that afflicts the railroads la inefficient and erooked management, »nd that it can be removed only by destroying the system under which ic (developed. I ENDANGERS LIBERTY. f-: It: 1 Voluntary arbitration of industrial disputes is founded npon the rights of the parties to the questions at jtw |to have the decisive voice in reaching an agreement. Mutual consent in «1| the details of arranging the terms of Settlement is essential to a harmonious Conclusion. Differences which eannot he adjusted ty the parties themselves are referred, by nomination of all contenders, to a person who has no direct interest in the matter. The understanding, actual or implied, of both parties in issue is that the decision rendered'by the nom inee of both shall be accepted asfinal and made as effective as though it were the mutual decision. This form of arbitration is founded the ^acceptance. of both parties to an issue of the prineiplethat gives each the right of full control over tfc* issues each is contending for. It i« a logical relationship, founded upon r«a sob, insuring the peaceful conduct of industry, end establishing a proper ro lationship between workers and their employers. Compulsory arbitration of labor de putes destroys the principle? of bar gaining, for both employer* and work ers, which the voluntary system ex cepts and, in a measure, guarantees. By the compulsory method* neither em ployers nor workers have any right in the selection of the arbitrator. Hia interest in the question in dispute is a mere matter of chance. Hia opinions as to the rights of the contenders may er may not be prejudicial to either, In any event, he is a fixed quantity, and to his judgment must be left the conditions of labor for the period .de termined upon. There is, however, a greater ques tion involved than the mere character of the judge or his opinions. Back of his decision stands the force of the state. Through compulsory arbitration by law, the workers as workers and the employers as employers are restrained in the exercise of their individual rights in wage negotiations. By this act the state takes control of a purely per sonal relation. Acceptance of this principle, in it self, endangers liberty. Generally ap plied to all personal relations, it will destroy liberty and breed 'tyranny. Slavery is the natural offspring of tyranny. Aside from endangering the liberty Of all the people, the results achieved by voluntary arbitration of industrial questions prove the compulsory method ie wholly unnecessary. Statistics of the division of conciliation of the United States department of labor es tablish this fact. In 1930, there! were nearly 700,000 workers involved in eases that were voluntarily adjusted. These statistics embrace only those disputes in whieh the department actu ally took part. There were thousands of others in whieh the negotiations were carried on by workers and em ployers through trade agreements. Advocates of compulsory arbitration in industrial disputes are toying with a dangerous gun. They are shooting at the workers, but the target they hit is liberty. ONLY EXPLOITER* BENEFIT. Immigration creates grave industrial problems for the American people, and, if continued, will most likely produce serious financial disturbance every where by withdrawing the labor power from Europe, one. of its e&ef resources for the reconstruction of iita industrial and agrarian activities, and conse quently one of its principal means of paying off its war debts. These figures of the influx to this country of the foreign born have been supplied by the bureau of immigration of the United States department of labor: From June 30, 1899, to 1919, the total immigration from all countries was 14,861,483 Prom English-speak ing countries: United Kingdom. 1,397,902 A us a a a mania, and New Zealand 22,927 British North America 793,104 1 3,313,933 Total aliens in customs and language 12,647,550 The world war decreased immigra tion to a striking degree, as these fig ures will show 1913 .. 1914 ... 1915 ... 1916 .. 1917 1918 .. 1919 ». .. 1,197,892 .. .1,218,480 ... 326,700 ... 298,403 ... 295,403 ... 110,618 141,132 In the four-year period of 1910-1919 the wages for unskilled labor advanced to such an extent that native born workers engaged as common laborers, which fact tends to show the fallacy of the belief often expressed that' Amer ican workers will not accept employ ment as common laborers. Men who understand the labor move ment know that the native wage worker will accept employment in every call* ing whieh will enable him to maintain the American standard of living. The American wage earner did this, during the war years, and no one was compelled to make sacrifices,' or no hardships were endured because of his improved economic condition. These years Gko forcibly demonstrate the fat lacy that our national industries must rest upon low' wages, long hours of labor and miserable working conditions. On the other hand, they show that the maintenance of a high American standard of living conduces to high* or labor eftioienoy, fw the volume' of oosunodities produced by the wage workers during the war. was so great aa to astound the world. If it if the purpose of the advo cates Of immigration by this means to assist tho "oppressed people of all eonntries to a better life, and to ad •anee the interests jt humanity in fen- sral, thsy are being ltd astray by &)fo aantiaent into a moimss of social jpl alma* %e greatest braeflt that rn 4/• •tote £r r'V, ."'•lil'i'i bo eonferrederi humanity, particularly in Itarope at this time* is to aid the struggling peoplo of that continent at home by providing the means to en able them to recover from the effects of the war by giving life to their in dustries, The political side of the question should also command the interest of those who believe in republican gov* eminent There is no doubt that de creasing the population of European countries by immigration of their work ing people^ and consequently reducing in like degree, the forces of democracy, the monarohist system will be rejuve nated, and in some countries possibly returned to power. Europe needs every one of her sons and daughters who love freedom to stand guard at home over the liberty won for them in the war. Immigration apparently offers an easy road of escape from the economic and political difficulties arising out of the war, but in reality it only aggra vates the troubles from whieh the world now suffers. .No problem of life was ever "solved by running away from it, and those well-meaning persons who sentimentally favor unrestricted immigration are not safe leaders, even for the immigrants, for they are leaving a land that needs them to enter a country choked with unemployed workers. Their coming here will servs only to increase the measure of the world's misery. UNION LABOR MUiT LEAD Theije can be no question but that to organized labor of America falls the mission of leading iu the great move ment of guarding the human and civil rights of all workers—the right to or ganise, to cease work, to dispose of patronage, to bargain collectively with employers, to speak freely, to peace ably assemble, and to petition the gov ernment for redress of grievances. There are no other means than or ganised labor by which labor may make known its needs, its aims or its purposes. Without this voice to speak for it, it is beyond the power of man to conceive what the present condition of labor would be, or what the condition of the country would be were the plana of the general run of labor haters put into practice. This thought in the minds of stout hearted and far-seeing men and women of the labor movement moves them to greater activity in their endeavor to impress the truth upon the people, This thought, on the other hand, inspires the weak to look with hope tq this labor movement to stay'the hand of the strong, which they feel will oppress them unless a force from their own ranks rises up in their de fense. This fear, of oppression is historically sound. The. strong have always crushed the weak. The strong instituted serf dom, they established slavery, they im posed long hours of labor, they paid low wages, they, founded the "pluck me" company stores, they exploited the labor of children, they robbed the wo men workers in the factories, they have done everything that could be done to oppress the weak., Organised labor has come to their rescue and has remained on guard in the life-saving station. It has spon sored nearly every law on the statute books of nearly every state to protect the weak against being preyed upon by the strong. Organised labor is true to it's histor ical mission. The. men and women of labor know that the safety of the toil ers for today, and their hopes of lib erty for the future, are eentered in the organized labor movement of our coun try. Its highest' expectations can bo realized and its great trust can. be diS' charged through the eo-eperation of all the workers. The logic of the .industrial situation should impel every trade unionist every representative of organised effort of the workers, to use all the powers with which nature has gifted him or her to unite the forces of labor in a solid phalanx, not only to repel attacks di rected against the labor movement, but to march steadily forward to the at tainment of the rights to which the workers are entitled. THfi UNORGANIZED? Unorganized workers have, no, voice in fixing the terms of their labor. They have two alternatives: Accept the terms laid down by organised employ ers or get along as best they can. In our time, we are not called upon to deal with individual employers. In dustry is so developed and wealth so concentrated that we are confronted in nearly every avenue of employment with the associated interests of the employers. I Workmen as individuals in our day are: as much at the mercy of the em ployers as is the rudderless ship at the merey of the waves. -The labor movement, however, con fronts eaeh new economic situation as it arises, ready to give tuecor to the weak and defenseleis, and ready to Sfeak for them with the *oiee of or ganic, power, Labor is defenseless, is.weak, has no voice only so long as it chooses to rwaain in that condition. The labor movement is open to every man and woman who work* with hjM$ orbraia* It voeogniaei bo aristocrat among the toiHng iMUPHis. lorn of ooounon in Merest, *&a«ten «f MJh equality. Its strength, ir limited only by the strength of the men and women who compose it. All the economic advantages which the unorganised worker enjoys is a mere reflex of the activity of the men and women of the labor movement. The standards of hours, the rate sf pay, the working conditions-—all are graduated from tho trade agreements prevailing in the organised trades. The man or woman, then, who holds aloof from* the union of his or her craft, while accepting the benefits whieh ac crue from that organisation, is not only taking something for whieh no serviee is rendered, but is cheeking a move ment which can give (greater benefit to all in the trade were all engaged in the trade a part of it. Unorganised workers gain every thing and lose nothing by attaching themselves to the trade union move ment. By remaining unorganised they retard their own development as free men and cheek the progress to a better life of all who labor. LOSING INTBEE8T. A hammock, heavy laden, swung slowly and gently in the spring, moon* light, Sadie's smooth blond head— only slightly retouched—nestled snugly on Bill's shoulder, while her smooth cheek rubbed a smudge of rice powder into hia right lapel. Bill's good right arm was clamped into what the sport ing editor would analyze as a ''body hold and wrist lock," and he was talk ing in the best tones of his voice. They were the same tones the old time "con" men used to use as th^y wrapped a $2$ bill with apiece of soap for sale to the unsuspecting public. "Barling," said Bill, and the honey dripped from the short syllables, "when I am with you, I feel that I have chattel mortgage oh happiness," Sadie looked down at her undecor ated left, hand and reflected that a solitaire on the third finger would shine beautifully in the moonlight Slowly she lifted her long lashes, care fully darkened with masearo and looked Bill fuH in the eye. "Why don't you foreclose, Bill s^e mur mured. "I'm7 afraid I'd lose.'interest," an swered Bill and thereafter the ham mock swung untenanted in the spring breeze. If there were more people in the United. States, who were afraid they would lose interest, this country and its inhabitants would be far more pros perous, Too many are Jetting their dollars run around loose and uninvested. They are losing interest not only in money but in their future, their safety and their independence, Interest, either financial or mental, can come only through careful and w!s,e investment and grows with each invest ment. The accumulation of a compe tence and financial independence is de pendent on. interest* Yon can acquire that interest both financial and mental through investment in government sav ings securities. Buy treasury savings stamps and treasury savings certificates and you need never be afraid you'll lose interest. KABE EVERT MINUTE COUNT* Organization of labor is more neces sary now than at any previous time in the industrial history of our country, not only to attain industrial peace, but also for the progress of those who work with hand or brain. So long as a nation's energy is armed and in fighting trim, so long is it necessary for her selfrrespecting, vi rile, progressive and loyal people to be prepared for any condition which may confront them. What is true of nations is true of the workers Of a natiom The toilers must be united in numbers, in senti ment, in spirit' and in prineiplev They must be prepared to defends their rights and to advance their interests by mak ing every reasonable effort to improve their economic condition by establish, ing the shorter work day and resisting wage cuts. -V The more thoroughly the workers are organised and federated, the better they are prepared to enter into a con test, and the more surely will industrial conflicts be averted. Militant trades unionism is essential industrial peace. AN IMFUOENT CLAIM. The graduate school of business ad ministration, Harvard university, has issued what it declares, to be' prob ably the first dictionary of labor.ternt! as used by organised labor ever pub* lished." .. The dictionary giyes this definition of the "open shop.1* The, dictionary ignores repeated dec? larations by organized labor that the "open shop*', term is a trieky deviet used by anti-union employers in an at* tempt to conceal theit ihbitifity to col. Jeetive bargaining and the right of employes to be represented by persons of their own ohooaing. The claim that prganiaed labor-accepts the (open shop" term is impudent. 'Tho authors of ihe dictionary an nounee that it ia intended fer the qso of employers cto enable them1' to se cure a better understanding of the point of viow of their men." ^Manufaeturers are so well pleaaed ^tk tto» prospect of tip oarUr^ap JWTil of twMTbmifcft Ufa are BOUGHT BUT BITSOTIVB, This ia the way they treat recreant legislators in Poland. The peiasants Of Galicia eleeted one Miehael Marek as a member of the Diet, which is the national legislature. During the cam paign Michael made a lot of promises concerning what he would do if hon ored by the voters of his district, but when he got down to Warsaw he lis tened to the siren song of the lobbyist and. forgot the pledges he had made to the good: people of Galicia. When the Diet adjourned Michael returned home to fix up hia fences in preparation for another campaign. He made a speech telling of his work in Warsaw and endeavored to explain the incident of the broken pledges. The peasants listened attentively. When he had concluded, instead of ap plauding they took him by the arms, gently but firmly, and led him to an adjacent wood. Then they removed his clothing and applied a cat-o- '-nine tails to his barti back. Brutal Yes. But we are willing to wager a little money that Michael's successor, when he goes to Warsaw, will keep away from the lobbyists and will not forget the pledges he made the folks back home. T£J3 REAL AMS^tlOAN. The 100 per cent American is a man who has respect for his own rights and the rights of others, and will so order his. life as to possess not only the courage but the strength to redress wrongs, and in whom self-conseiousnesa is sufficiently powerful to preserve these qualities, which are dependent upon clean, strong bodies and capable mind?* He believes in education, patriotism, justice and loyalty. He believes. in civil and religious liberty and hi freedom of thought and speech, but not the license which in terferes with the rights of others. He possesses the chivalry that pro tects the weak and promotes venera tion and love for parents, and the phy sical power that is needed to make that chivalry effective. He thinks clearly and speaks straight and thus conquers envy, slander and fear, He believes in and upholds the dig nity of labor, and with it the educa tion which makes democracy worth while and protective of the interests of all. LET YOUR WANTS BE KNOWN. People w)»o refuse to make an effort to help themselves have no right to ask others to make the effort for them, Perhaps the organised workers think you are satisfied and they do hot want to pry your pockets open with a crow bar in order to put better wages iu them. Perhaps they think you would rather give an extra two hours to the em ployers every day instead of spending them with your family. Perhaps they think you would rather work under poor conditions instead of good conditions. Join the union, then, they will know what you want and will help you get it. WHY DOES CHINA PRY? Were there no labor -movement, what would be the condition of the people of the country today* The answer to this question will be found in China— famine,, pestilence, misery, signs every street corner of the land, calling for aid to tho starving and the home less of China, advertise the benefit t* Our people of our own labor movement. Organised labor is the only force that stands hetween the people and the conditions which prevail in China. The union enhances the standard of life. A true American will welcome and support any institution which Taises the standard of living. PURPOSES PT UNIONS. The trade union movement, inspires to higher ideals about the rights of working people it endeavors to im press upon the minds of the workers the necessity Of patience, perseverance and hopefulness it aims to eliminate indifference, apathy and despondency it encourages a higher standard of liv ing with more home comforts, and a more diversified and useful education for the rising generation. The government, declares the New York Herald, gets "skinned'' every time it gets into a busies# deal- The reason is that the government persist# in doing business with "skinners." T*~ 1.^ -. ........ Trying to con^t back prosperity with advertising is putting some lurid claim# of newspapers to a rather sever©, test. They may discover a little late, that it ia wiser to stick to propaganda. in "Keep one eye on German manufac turers,''warns Charley Schwab, on his return from Europe. While about it, it might not be amiss to keep the other on the home crowd. Tho island ol Yap is not much largor than hotelk«ep«r*N gall duet, but ft is plenty large enough to get us into full-siaed war nales« blustering diplo mats are suppressed. Judging by the fuss she is making abont that indemnity, it ought bo im **ln«4 tM CNiiMfey intt*4» paying it mm III. Ill ,L. II llll. Ill PoUUafcl iamoomgp la tk* for#runn*t democracy in, industry. Reasons Why British Miners Suspended WASHINGTON, April 14. Th« strike of coal miners In England in volves several issues, but the outstand ing -feature is the attempt of tfeesq workers to hold their positions of uni fied mine control, established by the government, and national wage stand ards. As the result of the miners' strike that started In October of last year, a national wages board was set up. The government has controlled the price of coal and its distribution* and its plan to turn the mines back to their owners is opposed by the miners, who insist that plans should first he worked out that will stabilize this in dustry. The miners are fearful for their gains if unrestricted private con trol is again established. The railway workers are linked UP with the miners and transport workersi in a voluntary pact called the triple alliance, but the railway work ers are more than sentimentally in terested in the miners' cause as gov ernment control of the railroads is to end next August and their general wages board and other gains will be jeopardised, aa la the miners. The miner* are committed to the nationalisation of mines and this was indorsed in 1919 by the British Trades Union congress by a vote of 4,478,000 to 77,000. The government suggests that the royalty rights of the mines be acquired and the managements of these propertiea be unified. fl How Sly Propogandists Mold Public Opinion In the majority of cases family need was given as the reason for the home work. This work, however, added hut little to the family inoome, since the average earnings per family during the year from this source was only $48. Over one-half the children were unable to earn as much as 5 cents an hour. •Many of the children worked not only after school but also in the eve nings some worked exclusively at night- A few Of the children who worked all day in factories or stores also worked at home every night and eye strain was commonly reported. Teachers and school officials stated that home work interfered with the school attendance an dthe quality of homework. In the story headed "What the Gables Say" is the regulation anti-union story printed in American newspapers with a London date. In the story "What the Facts Are" is a compilation from government statements, from the London press and from English trade union publications- Attention is called to the propagandist's "clever" manner of first spread ing the poison that labor is responsible for muoh of the unemployment, and then inferring that "the causes of the present crisis" are unknown. What (be Cables Say. One of the chief bones of conten tion between the government and the trade unions is the persistent refusal of the builders to permit dilution of skilled labor by employment of un skilled former service men. There is not an unemployed bricklayer in the country and work could immediately be found for 100.000 men, resulting in employment being provided for painters, plumbers, laborers, etc. In the faqe of these facts the 50,000 former service men are forced to re main idle. The tendency here for some time has been to regard every trade as a close pr^perve. Whatever the causes, the present crisis is causing widespread misery in the country and the out-of-work do nations and other government doles are generally looked upon as merely palliative. HOME WORK SYSTEM In an investigation pf children en gaged tu industrial home work in three Rhode Island cities, made by the United states children's bureau, it was found that 8 per cent of all the chil dren between 5 and 15 years of age had at some time during the year done factory work in their homes, either by hand oy machine. They assembled jewelry, strung beads, finished lace and underwear, carded snaps and shoe buttons and performed many other simple operations incidental to manu facture, The homework system makes a fac tory out of .the home, and the work ers are subject to haaards from which they are not safeguarded by law, says the report. The health of the commu nity is endangered by the use of the clothing and' other articles made in homes in which infectious diseaaes are present- More than half the employers in terviewed stated that it would bo pos sible to make readjustments in their factories if the system of home work were abolished' We don't want to strike, but we will not give* up the right to strike, seems The nationalisation demand to ibe less important point time, but the miners' stronges^claim for'nationalization is that thM great inequalities, because of physica con ditions, in th/s mining industry gives low-cost mines the advantage over high-cost mines. The miners insist that every ounce of coal possible is necesary for the economic life of England ana that mine production should be on the ba sis of low-post mines aiding those of higher cost, and that this is only pos sible by nationalization. The 'so-called Sankey commission, appointed by the government re ported in 1919 in favor of nationaliz ation. The government rejecte* this recommendation and advance* the plan of securing mine royalty lights: The miners charge that the govern ment agreed to accept the commis sion's findings. At the recent time the usual claim of inefficiency is made by the coal owners against the miners, and the latter reply that the coal owners, with the consent of the government, raised the prlcei of export coal to continental EJurope to a disgracefully high price in order to reimburse the national treasury. This injured England's ex port trade, and the home consumer is now called upon to maintain profits and the miner is asked to lower work ing conditions. What the Facts Are. The building craftsmen refused to dilute their membership by the ad mission of ex-sei'viee men on the ground that this was no solution to the unemployed problem. The gov ernment offered the unions £5 for every ex-service man admitted. The unionists showed that this meant that those of their number who were now working would be laid off to give em ployment to others. On a referendum conducted by the National Federation Of Building Trades th- plan was re jected by a vote of 310,000 to 3,500, Among those voting were approxi mately 60,000 ex-service men who are members of the building unions. The government has failed to pre sent any constructive remedy for the unemployed problem, and its subsidy schema is laughed at by the union isfcSr who charge its sponsors with other purposes. MCK OF SOCIAL FAITH CAUSE GO-OP. FAILURE The failure of co-eperation on this continent can be traced largely to a failure to appreciate the eixstence of a social faith, says the Canadian Co-op erator, whose editor declares that "vre cannot build up a strong co-operative movement without cp-operators we cannot make good co-operators of people who know nothing of co-opera tion, without steady and persistent education in the history and philoso phy of the movement. It is not a ques tion of temperament, but of co-opera jive temperament. As Professor Stuart put it years ago in Britain, 'Educa tion is the life blOO dof the co-opera tive movement.' "While the co-operator incidentally derives material advantages from co operation, the men and women who have' made this movement what it is today have put far more into it than they ever expected to get out of it, because of their passion for social service their confidence in the social and moral value of co-operative prin ciples and their ambition to contribute to the evolution of a happier social order, "Our weakness on this continent has always been the inadequacy of our facilities for co-operative educa tion, and the widespread practice of economic co-operation before the fun damental principles have been underr stood and appreciated. The societies which have the true co-operative spirit and a clear vision of tho Objects of the. movement are too few in num ber and are financially not strong enough to adequately provide tho nec essary instruction on a national scale. In consequence, hundreds of societies have been organized in the past which never had a chance to succeed. The promoters were applying. principles they did not understand and to whioh they were not sincerely attached," Duluihh a Place of Good Git dens Woee' You Purchased Your Garden Seed} The Money, the Work—-Put In to a Garden pays—-in Health, in in Satisfaction, in Dollars-"- BE A PRODUCER HAVE A GARDEN •&&0P DULUTH CAPITAL, SVBK.VSAKD nOVRV mnnnnim «MWT» ITRM I O I The lack of ooal is proving a men ace to industrial Europe. mm