The Wilmington morning star., September 27, 1947, Page 4, Image 4

About The Wilmington morning star. (Wilmington, N.C.) 1909-1990

Image provided by: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Library, Chapel Hill, NC

HUmingtott
JHflnting S’tar
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• SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 27, 1947
----- l
Star Program
State ports with Wilmington favored
in proportion with its resources, to in
clude public terminals, tobacco stor
age warehouses, ship repair facilities,
nearby sites for heavy industry and
35-foot Cape Fear river channel.
City auditorium large enough to
meet needs for years to come.
Development of Southeastern North
Carolina agricultural and industrial
resources through better markets and
food processing, pulp wood production
and factories.
Emphasis on the region’s recrea
tion advantages and improvement of
resort accommodations.
Improvement of Southeastern North
Carolina’s farm-to-market and pri
marv roads, with a paved highway
from Topsail inlet to Bald Head is
land.
Continued effort to attract more in
dustries.
Proper utilization of Bluethenthal
airport for expanding air service.
Development of Southeastern North
Carolina’s health facilities, especially
in counties lacking hospitals, and in
cluding a Negro Health center.
Encouragement of the growth of
commercial fishing.
Consolidation of City and County
governments.
GOOD MORNING
Do what good thou canst unknown,
and be not vain of what ought rather
to be felt than seen.—Penn.
Higrh Hopes Dashed
It was hardly expected the public reaction
> President Truman’s invertibrate position
.1 prices and his appeal to American house
ives to waste less food and buy food less
travagantly would be clamorously favor
le. It was a flimsy utterance at best, and
grieves us the more because we had high
jpes that the President would show the
quality of leadership he used in pinning
back John L. Lewis’ ears when the miners’
tycoon proposed to shred a contract with
the United States government, and also
when he boosted the stock of the Good
ghbor program during the recent Rio
^rence.
^ut we had not expected the nation’s
usewives to be so outspoken in condemn
l the Chief Executive’s recommendations
a United Press poll indicates they are.
The concensus is that the high cost of living
compels them not only to buy the cheapest
foods but also so sparingly that waste is
out of the question. Rather, they say, their
families are more liable to leave the table
with appetities unsatisfied when the last
crumb has been consumed,
Says one New York housewife: “I haven’t
oought any meat, eggs or butter for about
two weeks. When you eat less meat you eat
more bread. I don’t oven throw out the
crusts.” And another, in Kansas City, de
clares: “I've been feeding my family hash
since before last Christmas. I hardly need
a garbage pail except for potato peelings.”
So it goes. The situation, of course, is not
like it is in Europe’s destitute countries.
But the average earnings of American work
ers of all grades do not provide either for
extravagance in buying or for waste of
food.
It’s Passing Strange
3 This story going the rounds of the news
papers about an eighty-five-year old man in
. northern Ontario who has always worn
' woman’s raiment because his mother de
cided to raise her sixth son as a daughter,
. and who finds no discomfort in long skirts,
is reminiscent of an incident told by General
Custer’s widow in her book on The Last
Stand.
There was a “woman” cook in the fron
••■ tier post, she says,—a burly creature, who
shaved in secret daily, wore calico dresses,
spoke in a falsetto voice, and prepared
marvelous meals considering the quality of
the supplies available. Finally “she” took
sick and died, when the Army doctor re
vealed what he had known all along. The
'cook was a man.
; Unable to make his way in a man’s world,
• despite his strength, he decided that he
,’cculd better make a livelihood as an imita
tion woman in an Army kitchen.
There is this difference between the
Canadian and the Army cook. Whereas the
latter voluntarily masqueraded as a woman
■■■■■■ "* — ■ "
because he vai a misfit, the former could
easily have abandoned the style of clothing
his mother chose for him as a child, when
the mother died. That he did not is the
more remarkable in that he did a man’s
work as lumberman, farmer, construction
hand, railroad fireman—all tough jobs, and
always in bustles and bonnets, crocheted
cuffs and frilly sleeves.
Not so hot in either case, is it?
It Could Be Eisenhower
One of the correspondents who has been
looping the loop on the Pacific coast with
Senator Taft writes that the most potentially
formidable, the most popularly discussed
presidential prospect along the line of march
is General of the Army Dwight D. Eisen
hower.
Not especially solacing for the Ohio Sena
tor, is it? Well, he went west, as Horace
Greeley advised young men to do some
generations ago. He wanted to discover, how
he stood out in the right hand of the Con
tinent. Obviously he is learning plenty.
This correspondent who has sharp and
seeing eye says there is a strong Eisenhower
for-President boom in the making, “lhe
materials for it are visible at every hand.
It has begun to take form and substance in
the past two weeks.”
It would be wrong, however, the corres
pondent explains, to state there is as yet a
strong Eisenhower political tide “running
above the surface.” It is beneath the sur
face “and it is plain that the politicians de
tect it, feel it, and are talking a lot about
j it.” As he puts it:
“There is as yet apparent in this part of
the country — and probably not elsewhere
except in Kansas — no significant organi
zation support among republican leaders for
General Eisenhower’s nomination.
“There is apparent significant and substan
tial responsiveness to the Eisenhower talk.
There is resistance to it which comes from
the feeling of republican leaders that they
would really like to nominate a candidate
who has come up through the party ranks.
But there is manifest receptivity to it by
republican leaders who are quickly con
vinced that in General Eisenhower they
would be winnning the election in the same
act.”
What are the republicans liable to do about
this? It would seem that as they have no
avowed or other potential candidate who
could sweep the country in the forthcoming
presidential election they would be eager
to fix upon General Eisenhower as their
obviously strongest prospect.
As the General has said that he wants
nothing to do with politics, but at the same
time adds that he has known men to change
even their religion, he centrainly has not
closed the door to the nomination.
Wheat Or Meat
j Herbert Hoover suggests that we restrict
use of wheat for animals and save it for
humans as a step toward feeding a starving
world. This is good enough advice from the
cost viewpoint, because bread is the cheapest
human food. But from a nutritional stand
point, Mr. Hoover is on thin ice.
Proteins are absolutely essential to health,
strength, growth. Wheat is not a complete
protein itself. But feed it to cows, hogs, sheep
hens, and it comes out as the complete pro
tein, in the forms of meat, fowl, milk, cheese
and eggs.
The only complete protein that can be
produced without grain is fish. Unless we
propose to live on fish, in view of the
draught-caused corn shortage we must feed
wheat to animals to get the proteins that
make the difference between lowest-level
subsistence and “healthful, zestful, produc
tive living.
Up To Russia
Undoubtedly, it is trite to say that the
United Nations faces its greatest crisis.
Everybody—even the diplomats who tried
hardest to hide their concern—is saying
that the UN has been pushed to where it
must put up or shut up.
It’s trite, but it’s true. It’s so true, and
so important, that it can’t possibly be re
peated too often. The more sincerely one
hopes that the UN eventually will succeed,
the more it becomes his duty to insist that
the world peace organization must abso
lutely find some way—and soon—of set
tling international arguments without ex
ploding atom bombs.
We don’t have to ask whether the UN ex
periment was worth while. It was more
than that. It was inevitable. There had to
be a table around which spokesmen for the
nations could sit and substitute words for
bullets. We provided such a table. It is
the United Nations.
As of now, the UN is not functioning. With
her veto, Russia is stopping dead every ef
fort to attack a potential cause of future war
She has the Security Council stymied. The
General Assembly has no veto, but neither
has it any power to take positive action on
other than procedural matters.
Now the United States wants to build up
the Assembly to fill some gaps left by the
Council’s impotency. Unfortunately, the
possibilities along this line are very limited.
The Assembly can remain in permanent
session through a standing committee, and
it can provide special committees—which
Russia forbids the Council to do—to watch
aggression.. These expedients can make the
Assembly a better sounding board for the
world’s conscience.
But, as the battle proceeds to build up the
Assembly in hope of saving the UN, we must
keep in mind practical things.
There is no way to give the General As
sembly any positive powers without revis
ing the UN charter. Such revision is subject
to exactly the same veto that Russia has in
the Council. It is not conceivable that the
Soviet Union will withhold that veto against
a move to get around the veto.
If Russia would co-operate to the extent
of not vetoing such a charter change, site
would co-operate to the extent of not abus
ing her Council veto. And then the charter
change would be unnecessary.
The crisis confronting the UN today » not
basically procedural. It can’t be resolved by
tinkering with the machinery. It can t-3
stated simply:
The non-Soviet powers have compromised
and backed water until their back's are
against the open sky. One more step and
they totter over the cliff. Russia presses
forward. She refuses to concede or com
promise.
We, and those who share our viewpoint,
have made a stand under Secretary 6f State
Marshall. The crisis is here. It involves one
vital question:
Will Russia bull it through and break
up the UN? Or, discovering that we have
backed as far as we can go, will she play
ball for world peace?
Last OP A Prices
BY ARTHUR KROCK
WASHINGTON, — When the President
next Monday meets with the leaders of
Congress to discuss “world problems”
good manners will doubtless prevail as
usual. Therefore, there will probably be
no dispute over the respective responsibil
ity of the two major parties for existing
high prices of food if these prices come
into the discussion. The debate on this
point to which Senator O’Mahoney and
Senator Taft have challenged each other
is not likely to have its prologue there.
But the cost of food in the United States,
even if the conferees confine themselves
to a survey of needful European calories
and the means to supply them, will be
strongly in the minds of those gathered in
the White House. .And, since there is poli
tical dynamite in the subject, the prophecy
seems safe that neither the Republicans
nor the Democrats will say anything after
ward, or agree to any communique, that
may explode it on their own premises.
Outside, however, the argument over re
sponsibility will continue to rage, led by
representatives of labor unions and other
groups who are pressing for a renewal of
compulsory controls and rationing and are
blaming Congress, while excusing the ad
ministration, for the rising scale of food
prices. The system of voluntary rationing
which everyone now expects the President
to call for, with government assistance,
may suDaue xor a wmie me aemanus ior
compulsion. But it will not end the politi
cal argument.
In this space, in ihe issue of Sept. 23,
one phase of this was examined—compari
sons of the last prices for certain food
stuffs under OPA with prices being asked
last week for the same viands. And it was
pointed out that these comparisons (prime
beefsteak 64 cents a pound then, $1 now,
etc.)- were deceptive fcr several reasons
One reason is that most of the OPA
prices in that period and for some time
before wrere meaningless because the
shelves in retail shops were empty of the
articles. Another is that in numerous in
stances the black market prices at that
time were as high as or higher than at
present. And it was briefly noted that
heavy government subsidies were required
to enable the OPA to fix prices of certain
foods, even though these foods were unob
tainable by the consumer. i
Some details of those subsidies will help
to demonstrate the fictitiousness of the
OPA prices now being quoted as an argu
ment for the return of that agency and its
controls.
To fix the true OPA prices the cost of
the subsidies to the taxpayers, the con
sumers, would have to be pro-rated and
added to the paper prices set by the agen
cy. For, though the consumers did not
pay this impost in the shops, if they were
able to obtain the items on which the
prices were published, they paid it to the
tax-gatherer .
The Roosevelt administration came most
reluctantly to price-fixing and rationing
and adopted a broad system of controls
only after the inflationary pressures of
emergency and war were already power
ful. Up to that time its economic policy
had been to force up the price-scale for
both goods and services, and it was very
difficult to put a check on the conse
quences. But this became necessary, politi
cally and otherwise, and, knowing that ra
tioning and price controls (of food espe
cially) would not halt the war-born spurt,
the administration adopted the subsidy
program. !
Acording to the Byrd report and other
sources, the government in fiscal 1942-1946
spent about $5.5 billions in direct subsidies
to keep down prices, about $4.4 billions of
which was used for foodstuffs. In fiscal
1946 alone these subsidies am'ounted to $1
billion, of which $869 millions was for food
—all coming out of the pockets of the
taxpayer-consumer.
Of the total bill for these artificial price
restraints about $1.7 billion was used for
meats, at an average of approsimately 5
cents a pound—pork, 4.4 cents; veal, 3
cents; beef, 4.9 to 5.9 cents; and lamb and
mutton, 6 cents. These subsidies lapsed
between the time President Truman ve
toed the first OPA extension bill and. after
signing the second, reinstated meal con
trols. But they were resumed for the sev
eral weeks that followed before the Presi
dent abandoned all controls, meat included.
The butter subsidy cost the taxpayer
$185 millions, at 12 and 15 cents a pound.
That on dairy production and fluid milk
cost $1,220 millions—1.3 cents a quart on
fluid milk by retail. That on flour was
about $364 millions, or 1 cent on every
loaf of bread.
To make the comparisons of OPA prices
with present ones mean anything at all,
the amounts per pound, per quart and per
loaf given above, and per case on eggs,
must be added, because that is what the
articles actually cost the consumers who
paid for them in these two ways, one di
rect and one indirect. And. to clarify the
current dispute over who-dun-it, with ref
erence to the upward surge in uncontrolled
nrices. it is necessary to insert the fact
that the government is still subsidizing
many farm products. Since both parties
are equally responsible for this extension,
the political debaters rarely mention it.
Yet even when the subsidies under OPA
are added, the fact remains that for a
long time before the agency died it was
pricing foods which could be obtained in
the black market only.—New York Times.
Quotations
I do not agree with the Russians and I
am in favor of safeguarding our interests,
but I do not want to go to war for our
oil interests or those who have interests
in German cartels—Rep. Adolph J. Sabath
(D) of Illinois.
If the UN is mature enough it should
handle all world affairs, but we believe
the UN is a baby in swaddling clothes
without the power to act. I don’t believe
it is caoable of acting at this tiros.—Paul
H. Griffith, former commander, American
Legion.
The Congress has conceded that Its re
ductions may prove excessive.—President
Truman.
“SCOURGE OF THE GRIDIRON”
The Good Investment
BY JOSEPH ALSOP
ROME.—Here in Italy, it is
easy to foresee and describe the
consequences of American inac
tion in the present world eco
nomic crisis. If we do not
promptly meet the challenge,
Italy’s barely reborn freedom
will meet an early death. And
thus will be set in remorseless
motion a chain of events which
must end with political and
strategic disaster, utter, com
plete and irretrievable except
by the terrible expedient of
war, for us in the United States.
It is less easy, yet equally
important, to estimate the ef
fectiveness of the remedies
which the United States can of
fer. Yet after exhaustively con
sulting all available authorities,
this correspondent ventures the
opinion that Italy is a present
ly good investment in this in
evitably risky world.
Reams of statistics could be
offered to support the statement
that the Italians have already
achieved a triumph in post-war
reconstruction. In every minis
try in Rome, they give you
sheaves of figures — and very
moving figures too — showing
bridges rebuilt, transport links
reopened, factories restored to
production, and farm output
brought up by the unrelenting
labor of the Italian people. But
it is immeasurably more con
vincing, since fallible human
nature has a tendency to reject
statistical proofs, to visit one of
those areas in Italy which were
scenes of almost total desolation
hardly more than tjiree years
ago.
Salerno, the site of the bloody
Salerno landing, was one such.
Yet on that enchanted coast to
day there is hardly a sign of
the outpouring of blood, the
carnival of destruction, which
so recently occurred. More an
cient history is immeasurably
more conspicuous. L;ke a
dream of the glory of Greece,
the honey - colored temples
drowse at Paestum among the
oleanders. Domed house roofs
and pointed windows in the little
fishing villages recall the Sara
cen dominion. And in Salerno’s
Capital Notebook
BY PETER EDSON
WASHINGTON, — Mrs. Ed
ward S. Barber writes the club
news for the Arlington Sun, a
little weekly suburban newspa
per published over on the other
side of the Potomac River. Mrs.
Barber likes to mix in a few of
her own ideas along with her
club notes, however, and recent
ly she swung a few fast lines at
Universal Military Training.
Day after the paper came out,
she got a call from an Army
colonel at the Pentagon, which
is also in Arlington. The colonel
didn't complain about the item,
but he did* invite Mrs. Barber
to go to Fort Knox, Ky., and
see for herself just how won
derful UMT is. She accepted,
got a two-day trip in an Army
airplane, and the on7y expense
to her was $3 for one night’s
lodging.
■While there, she srid she met
a lot of other people who had
been brought in on Army planes
to admire. Most of them came
away convinced. Congressman
Forrest A. Harness of Indiana
calls this “lobbying against
Congress with taxpayers’ mon
ey.”
Dr. Gunnar Myrdal, Swedish
Commerce Minister, was in
Washington recently, and he
told a story of how European
recovery is all balled up.
In Paris, Myrdal had dinner
with Jean Monnet, French eco
nomic expert. Near the end of
the dinner Monnet said, “I’d
like to offer you some good
Camembert cheese. But you see
we are exporting all our French
cheese to build up balance of
trade credits. So I can serve
you only this improrted British
Chaddar cheese."
A short time later Ur. Myraai
was in London, where he had
dinner with Herbert Morrison,
who is in charge of planning for'
i British economic recovery. “I’m
sorry I can offer you only this
imported French Camembert,”
said Morrison. ‘‘As you know,
we are exporting all our Brit’sh
moCp cheese to build up our for
eign trade balances.”
‘Vhen Myrdal was made sec
retary of the United Nations
Economic Committee for Eu
rope, it was generally believed
that he would support recovery
oolic’es which were in line with
Russian idea--. But in re ent
conferences w’ti American offi
cials he gave some surprising
slants on the situation.
L _
The Marshall plan for Europe
will fail, Dr. Myrdal said in ef
fect, because it concentrates its
attention on western Europe.
What it should do is promote
the recovery of eastern Europe.
Myrdal’s argument was that,
traditionally, western and east
ern Europe have always traded.
Eastern Europe supplied the
food, western Europe the manu
factured goods. The Myrdal
theory was that this natural re
lationship must be restored be
fore there can be recovery.
The reason this surprised
American officials is that it re
flects what they have tried to
do since the end of the war. But
they have been blocked at al
most every turn by Soviet op
position.
They have had no success in
trying to get the Russians to
agree to economic unity for
eastern and western zones of
Germany and Austria. They had
no better luck trying to open up
the Danube for trade naviga
tion. They tried to bring Russia
in on the preliminary Paris con
ferences on the Marshall plan,
but Molotov would have none oi
it. Then the Russians browbeat
the eastern European countries
into boycotting the meeting of
the 16 western European coun
tires. And Myrdal complains
nothing is being done to aid
eastern Europe.
One of the main Republican
lines of attack against co-opera
tive business enterprises is that
they escape federal income tax
es. and so have an unfair com
petitive advantage over private
business. Co op defenders come
back with the argument that the
profits—if any— of co-operative
enterprise go to the sharehold
ers as dividends These share
holders must pay income taxes
on the dividends.
Then the co-op officials add
the kicker that one of the prin
cipal tax reforms advocated by
private enterprise is the repeal
of legislation levying direct in
~^r>e- }axes on corporations.
Whatict s the difference, ask the
co-cps, between advocating the
abandonment of all business in
come taxes .and continuing the
present laws, which exempt co
operative enterprises from di
rect income taxes? In both
cases, it’s the one who gets the
dividends who pays the taxes.
cathedral, although the fore
court with its borrowed Roman
columns still shows some signs
of shell fire, the guide points
happily to mementos of the
great Pope Hildebrand and the
superb mosaics of the time of
Ferdinand of Henenstauffen.
Salerno and the countryside
j are restored again. The scars
| of war are cleaned away. The
i peasants labor to make 10
| square yards of arable earth by
building 10 square yards of wall
to hold the land against the
mountainside. The figs, the
lemons and the oranges are
fruiting in the sun on every tar
| race. The lights of the fishing
I fleets twinkle numerously in
every bay at dusk. And only
the empty resort hotels, vacant
because none but Americans
can afford to travel, hint of the
catastrophe of bankruptcy that
■ menaces western Europe.
The lesson is extremely sim
ple. The Italians work. They
work in the factories of Milan
and Turin, in the smiling Tus
can countryside, or on t1^ sharp
s’opes of south Italy. By work
they have got their country go
ing again, so that industry M pro
duction has risen from 25 per
cent of pre-war to 70 per cent,
while farm output has increased
from 60 per cent of pre-war to
80 per cent.
This national production must
provide, however, for a popu
lation increased bv nearlv three
millions s;nce 1940. so that the
level of individual life is still
far below what it was in the
pre-war period. It is, in fact,
something like an internment
camp. The ration of 200 grams
of bread a day provides the bulk
of the individual Italian’s suste
nance. The trimmings—the oil,
fish, fruit, cheese and scraps of
meat — are obtained in tiny
quantities at staggering prices
on the black market, or often
from relatives who own farms.
It is because the level of life
is still so low that the commu
(Continued on Page Ten)
Babson Views"
bam pr;Ctj
kaSLS'Kt
-During the past 24^^.
have been flying over the'51
farming area of the S^t
West. I have not
things vvitn my eves k ,8H
heard things with'mv e“'>
Let me first say that u!'
are not being fooled bv
high prices. Thev knn,- s'
$2.90 tor wheat and
corn is not going t,= hold V01
remember that. thvou«w3
U. S. history, only during /
directly after wars, have r 1
ers made much moron- v*
over, the wise ones are
using their profits to zet „ ^
debt, to buy for cash L"4'
chinery, and lay up a good £
balance for the future
They also tell me 'that ,
thougn farm prices rise t ’*
ally during boom timf^1
when prices fall, thev roil,
ail at once. This i's
farmers get panic sir?
when they see prices berm ,
fall and all farmers try to Tm!
at once. They admit they 7
now playing the same Eam!
with wheat and corn as \
vestors, in 1929, played Ji
stocks and bonds.
Among reasons for hi.i
prices are: i-s'‘
(1) Exports to Europe but
ing 1946 more than 15,000 000
tons of food were shipped ‘1
Europe. Heavy movements 0!
foodstuffs to Europe will (J
tinue due to its poor crop con!
ditions.
(2) Poor U. S. Weather C 3
ditions. The American »rL
harvest will be 15,000,000 tom
under normal, due to spring
floods and unsatisfactory KVo\v
ing conditions, with a constant!
iy increasing population.
(3) Wasteful American Eating
Habits. Americans have alv/jvj
been the most wasteful people
in the world when it come- to
food consumption. H’gh con
sumer income has increased
this wastefulness.
(4) Putting So Much Grain
Into Liquor. The eight billion
dollar liquor business consumes
huge quantities rf grain for
[brewing of alcoholic bevercpe',
! Despite starvation abroad, this
“non - essential” industry con
tinues uninterrupted in the pro
duction of liquor.
(5) Increase In The Currency
From $7,000,000,000 to $27,000.
j000,000. The tremendous in
: crease in currency since before
the war has greatly stimulated
the power of the Amer'cm pub
lie to purchase food products.
There is good reason to be
lieve that large amounts of
grain are held on the farm,
This is not just a case where
farmers are gambling that
prices will continue tn i.se
above present inflated level.
Gram farmers are full” v -e
that, there is nn e.’ ■ !' -,t
chance that Dersonal mcevne
taxes may be reduced in 1948,
The farmer asks himself the
quost'on: i
“Why should I sell my grain
now and par an income tax nj
the proceeds at the 19*7 r?>
when I can wait until 1948 and
take advantage of a new tax
law more favorable to the tax
payers?” Certainly with an
election year coming up, poli
ticians will look with great
favor on some sort of reduction
in personal income taxes in
1948.
There is much talk in the
newspapers about distributor!
and processors of food product!
taking advantage of the present
squeeze in food prices and sys
tematically gouging ih»
consumer. Quite frankly, I thin<
this is plainly propaganda. F
fact is that in most instances
the farmers’ percentage prot't
margins today are no greater
than normal. What nan hap
pened is that, due to a higher
dollar volume of business, tax
normal profit margin produce!
more dollar profits. Hence,
don’t blame the farmers.
The real villain in the pic ure
is unprecedented demand »r
farm products both at home,
where consumer income ^ •5
i never been so high, and ■■ _
I Europe where famine condmo..
■ are so prevalent. ___
A Hero Hanged
An Editorial From The New York Time?
When a nation drapes itself
in the robes of justice to mur
der its foremost patriot, as Bul
garia did to hang Nichola
Petkov, it not only commits a
shameful crime., It makes a
mistake. In the free world out
side it breeds horror and re
vulsion. Among its own people
it sows seeds of resentment
which some day will yield a
crop of bloodshed to drench the
savage band that rules the land
today.
The “crime” for which Pet
kov was tried was devotion to
the freedom of his countrymen.
That, of course, was not the
charge. He was brought into a
packed court on the trumped
up charge of plotting to over
throw the Communist govern
ment by force — a ridiculous
charge because he had no force
other than that of his own
rugged personality and no hope
of help from the democracies
whose principles he had fol
lowed from the beginning of his
career. Bulgaria is a peasant
country. Petkov led the peas
ants. When King Boris infringed
on their rights he opposed the
thrcne. When the Nazis in Bul
ga.r,la, *inally collapsed he was
calied into the coalition govern
ment which opened the gates to
lles' ^en a new and
ruthless tyranny was imposed
from Moscow he opposed that,
» steadfast but hopeless
fight against H.