Inter • American Newt
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EDITORIAL
CIVIC REACTIONS OF FUNDAMENTAL
IMPORTANCE
The citizen, within the free play of political opinion,
can adopt any attitude, according to his opinion, regarding
the functions and way of acting of the parties in which
the national electorate is divided. Nothing and nobody
can prevent a citizen of that type from participating in
political activities, providing that, of course, they do not
attempt against the constitutional and democratic life of
the Republic.
In determined cases, when in the country there is a
political event of transcendental significance, which vio
lates the dignity of the Republic, the citizen has no right
to be indifferent, and even less to lend his support to
that kind of movement. Before a situation of such a
nature, each citizen has the patriotic duty of doing, indivi
dually or collectivellv, what in greater or lesser degree he
is capable of doing to prevent the outrage against republican
institutions. In this case it is not fair to act with parti
san criterium, because the Republic is above parties and
above the programs of its leaders.
The existence of a collective conscience of natural
scope is necessary, in order that, as the opportunity arises,
adequate civic reactions are produced, when the Fatherland
has been the victim of disfiguration of its institutional life
and when the rights of the citizens have been violated bv
the usurper government. A civic reaction of fundamental
importance should be manifested by the citizens, when the
democratic system of Government is in danger of failing
or, even more, when it has been the victim of a military
coup, or a maneuver due to the audacity of unscrupulous
politicians. Before an act of treason, each citizen has to
stand upon his civic rights and defend that which belongs
to all: the Republic.
If from the very moment in which the possibility is
seen of a crime against democracy, the citizens —without
any other platform but to maintain the republican order—
stand up to the usurpers, many troubles for the Fatherland
can be avoided, since history demonstrates that consolida
tion of spurious regimes has always been due, at least in
part, to the lack of prompt action in the part of the
citizens.
On the confusion which prevails in moments of poli
tical unrest, or when the force of bayonets has imposed
the will of a man or a group, they have always succeeded in
strengthening their regime. At a time like this, there
fore, there should not be a great confusion, because each
citizen, loyal to the Republic, must do something, if he
can, to prevent the crime, or at least to prevent consolida
tion of whatever results from it.
Latin American Finance
and Trade News Reports
International Study to Stabilize 1
Prices of Coffee, Other Products
WASHINGTON (UPl) The In
ternational program to study the
coffee problem, started here last
week, may originate a greater at
tention to the world situation of
sugar, cotton, cacao and vegetable
oils.
According to the study some
Latin American economists judge
it will show a eater diversifica
tion of farm production in Latin
America and Africa.
Its the objective of the coffee
study program to fnd out the
means to establish a greater sta
bility of the international distri
bution of coffee.
The 14 Latin American produc
ers have the cooperation of the
United States, the greatest con- i
sumer, and have invited Great
Britain, France, Belgium and Port
ugal to participate. The European
possessions in Atrica produce great
amount of coffee. The Latin
American pruoucers have been
concerned for the growing parti
cipation of the African coffee
in the American market, the in
creasing use of the “Robusta”
African coffee in the growing mar
ket of instant coffee, and the pos
sibility that the European pos
sessions abroad.
The economists consider that if
the study of the coffee program
leads to a greater stability and
prosperity in the coffee market it
would be logical to foresee a simil
ar study of the world situation of
cacao. The subject of coffee and
cacao are somewhat similar be
cause of the competition between
Africa and Latin'America and the
relative great importance of the
American market.
The sugar distribution in the
United States is regulated by law,
mainly in benefit of the produc
tion of the territorial U.S., Puerto
Rico Hawaii and Cuba. But in
Mexico, Peru and Colombia there
are desires to obtain authoriza
tion to sell more sugar in the
United States.
If Latin America and Africa
are capable to establish a common
basis action to benefit the coffee,
the international success aaiaht
5 Cents—Outside Metropolitan area, 10 cents.
lead to new economical ideas in
connection with the world market
of vegetable oils, now affected by
the competition of the Asiatic, Lat
in American and African coun
tries.
ECONOMIC INTEBRATION_
OFFICE CREATED
GUATEMALA— By presidential
decree, the Office for Economic In
tegration of Central America was
formed last week under the Minis
try of Economy. Its function will
be to handle all matters having to
do with Guatemala’s participation
in economic integration of the Isth
mus. ,n addition to a small office
staff, ihe new organization will ha
ve one representative each from
private banks business, as well as
one from each ot the Ministries of
Agriculture, Communications and
public Works. Foreign Affairs, the
Treasury , Labor and finally, a re
presentative from the National
.Economic Planning Council.
MONETARY BOARD REPORT
ISSUED IN GUATEMALA
GUATEMALA—Biggest news of
the vveek was a report by the Mo
netary Board pinting out the need
for a greater industrialization and
1 increase 'n agiicultural produc
| lion. i'he report corroborates po
; ints made in the Plan for Econo
mic Development 1955/60. which
has been in force since 1955. and
j the implementation of which is
is the mayor assignment of the Na
tional Economic Planning Council.
During the heavy press comment
on the Monetary unit, the quetzal
| (whicn is par with the U.S. dollar)
is very strong, and backed by am
ple gold reserves to keep it so.
VOCATIONAL SCHOOL
GUATEMALA —A million do
llar project is now being conside
red under whicn a school for vo
cational education would be built
and "un with the cooperation of
the Ministry of Education, ICA
and the Guatemala Scholarship
Foundation a private institution
that is backed oy the Guatemalan
Rotary Club. The school would fill
a great need for industrial trai
ning in the country.
The AmeiHas Daily
For a better understanding between the Americas
WASHINGTON Senator
George Smathers (D-Fla.) has ask
ed for a ss* million added appro
priation to promote a greatly in
creased student exchange program
between the United States and
Latin America.
He made the request in a letter
to Senator Lyndon Johnson, Chair
man of the Subcommittee on
State, Justice and Judiciary of the
Senate Apropriations Committee.
The Funds would be in addition
to the Administration’s request of
$2.6 million for fiscal year 1959
for the State Department-administ
ered program of student exchange.
An estimated $1.5 million will al
so be added to the plan under
Public Law 489 funds (counter
part funds).
Know thy
Neighbor
By ANTONIO RUIZ
BRAZIL Regarding territor
ial expansion, the history of Bra
zil has some resemblance to that
of the United States. Both spread
out to the west, and both had to
struggle against the Indians, and
the hardships of the backlands. In
both cases, determined pioneers
had to open trails of penetration
iA their desire to conquer new
lands. Even today it is along these
routes that civilization and pro
gress (low into the interior of Bra
zil.
The North Americans, however,
began their task later and complet
ed it sooner. In less that a cen
tury they crossed the continent
from coast to coast, sowing the
seed of civilization that the pil
grims had brought with them. Bra
zil started earlier, in the first cen
tury after her discovery, and lias
not yet reached the journey’s
end. For, though its explorers soon
attained the farthermost limits of
their territorial expansion, giving
the colony a greater area than
that of the United States, they
left behind enormous stretches of
virgin lands inhabited by people
as primitive as those encountered
by the first Porguguese who land
ed at the Atlantic shores at the
beginning of the 16th. century.
The Portuguese and the Spanish
had been for a long time disputing
each other the priorities of over
seas discoveries and the conquest
of new lands. The fleets of the two
| counries sailed on long voyages,
returning laden with faboulous
| wealth from the lands they had
found: gold, precious stones, rare
fabrics from India and China, spi
ces from Malacca, etc. For that
reason, the news of the discovery
of America by Columbus, in the
name of the Catholic Monarchs of
Spain, was not well received at
the Court of the Portuguese King,
Dom Joao 11.
To avoid a war between the two
countries, Pope Alexander V I
divided the world to be conquered
|by a line that was to pass 100
leagues to the west of Gape Verde
Islands, an archipelago 300 miles
I from the coast of Africa. East of
this line of demarcation, all the
land discovered was to belong to
the King of Portugal, west of it to
the Spanish Monarchs.
In the year 1494 Portugal and
Spain agreed, by the Treaty of
Tordesillas, to extend this limit
370 leagues farther west from the
islands, and thus they traced the
Line of Tordesillas, separating the
Spanish and the Portuguese worlds.
When Brazil wds discovered six
years later by Pedro Alvarez de
Cabral, a Portuguese admiral, the
geographer calculated that the
line of demarcation cut through
the new land from the site of the
present city of Belem de Pari, at
the mouth of the ’Amazon River, to
a place called Laguna, in what is
now the State of Santa Catarina.
In tht way the limis of Brazil
were established even before ihe
country was discovered, and this
also explains why, in South Ame
rica, the Portuguese settled on the
Atlantic side and coast. Eighty
years later, however, Philip II
of Spain, was acknowledged also as
king of Portugal, and the two Iber
ian kingdoms were united under
one crown in 1580. The Tordesillas
line ceased then to exist.
Both Spanish and Portuguese ex
ploeres could then extend their
conquests and spread alf over the
world without hindrance, since
they belonged to the same mon
arch. The Portuguese began to ex
plore west of the line of demarca
tion and to occupy .territory be
yond it, in the direction of the
Spanish colonies established on
the Pacific coast, and in a few
years the area of Brazil was iftore
than doubled.
Soanisb Version Page 8
Smathers Requests $5 Million
for Student Exchange Program
With Latin American Countries
MIAMI SPRINGS, FLA., WEDNESDAY, JUNE 11, 1958
Senator Smathers” proposal
would add more than 1,000 stu
dents to the current plan. Pre
sently 208 Latin American
students are enrolled in United
States colleges and universities,
and 48 of our students are study
ing in Latin America.
In his letter, Senator Smathers
said, in part:
“Since the student exchange
program for Latin America leaves
much to be desired, I would like to
ask that your Subcommittee give
consideration to including an ad
ditional $5,000,000 in addition to
those monies already requested
by the Administration, specifically
earmarking them for use in the
Latin American area. This would
provide for an additional 1,000 stu
dents and would make the pro
gram adequate and effective.
“I am convinced that an ade
quate and effective student ex
change program such as proposed
is a worthwhile undertaking, and
will benefit us in.many ways. Tak
ing the long-term view, students
participating in this plan will raise
the educational level of their home
countries. An increase in trained
and literate manpower will entail
a rise in the standard of living and
an incrase in the purchasing pow
er of all the Americas. This, in
turn, wijl create new markets for
the expanded economy of all the
nations of the Western Hemi
sphere. Then, too, these students
will go back to their home coun
tries knowing the truth about us.
We, in turn, will know the truth
about their countries. A better un
derstanding between us will result
in an inestable amount of good
will which will be engendered.
“It is the soundest long-term
investment that the United States
can conceivably make, and will
give renewed faith in the ultimate
triumph of democracy in this Hem
isphere and the world.”
He said that few Latin Ameri
can undergraduate students are
taking part in the current pro
gram of exchange, which is con
fined chiefly to graduate students
or professional leaders.
Roscoe Snipes, Newsman, Expert on
Latin America, Dies in Washington
WASHINGTON, June 10 (UPI)
Roscoe Snipes, Latin Ameri
can writer for the United Press
International died today after an
illness of almost two years. He
was 52.
Since 1946 he had been a mem
ber of the Washington Foreign
Department of the United Press,
and more recently the United
Press International. He wrote dai
ly accounts of the events in the
United States for the use of hun
dreds of. newspapers and radio sta
tions in all parts of South Ameri
ca, Central America, Mexico and
the, Caribbean area.
In this capacity Snipes, had aily
contacts with the Embassies of the
20 other American Republics, the
Organization of American States
(formerly Pan American Union)
the. State Department and some
times the White House.
He probably was better known
to the presidents, ambassadors and
other high officials of the 20 na
tions than any other writer con
HEMISPHERI C EVENTS
Latin America n News in Brief
Inter American |j
Insurance Men to
Meet Here July 8
Miami will become the first city
in the United States to play host :
to an inter-American conference
of insurance underwriters July 8-
11.
More than 300 executives and
delegates from 13 North, central,
and South American countries and
the Caribbean are expected to at
tend the Second Annual Inter-Ame
rican Conference of Life Under
writers at the McAllister Hotel.
The first conference, held in
San Juan, Puerto Rico, last year
attracted representatives from
nine countries.
Mayor Robert King High and
Florida Insurance Commissioner J.
Edwin Larsen, head the list of
speakers for the conference.
Chairmen of the conference are
Arthur R. Eschieman, esident
elect of the General Agents and
Managers Association of Miami
Life Underwriters, and Luciano
Argentine Plane
With 22 Aboard
Crashes at Sea
off Brazil Coast
ALL PASSENGERS AND
CREW MEMBERS SAFE
RIO DE JANEIRO, Brazil.
(UPI). An Argentine State Air
lines plane with 22 persons aboard
crashed in the Atlantic today off
the Brazilian coast near Ilha
Grande.
Ilha Grande is an island about
70 miles southwest of Rio de Ja
neiro, about 30 minutes flying time
from Rio.
The aircraft was Aerolineas Ar
gentina Flight 101 en route from
Europe to Buenos Aires.
Contact was lost with the plane
at 11:53 a.m. after the pilot noti
fied Pan American radio commu
nications that he was unable to
maintain control because of en
gine trouble.
The plane, a DC-6, left here at
10:54 a.m., and when last heard
from was over southern Ilha
Grande.
The ill-fated aircraft was car
rying a crew of six and 16 pas
sengers.
Aerolineas spokesmen said they
had been informed the plane went
down in flames.
The pilot reported by radio just
before the crash that two engines
were inoperative.
At 1.13 p.m. the burning plane
was reported still afloat and res
cue operations were under way.
The Brazilian Air Ministry re
ported that all occupants of the
ill-fated Argentine plane were
rescued.
First reports said that the plane
crashed while trying to make an
emergency landing on the beach
of Ilha Grande, which is a prison
camp located at 30 minutes flight
from the capital.
Those who were injured were
taken to the Santa Cruz Air Base,
from where they will be flown to
Rio de Janeiro.
centrating on daily news reports.
The heads of many American
states, who had been diplomats
stationed here before rising to the
positions of president, knew him as
a Washington reporter.
Snipes covered most of the in
ternational conferences and meet
ings of heads of states of the Ame
rican nations of the last 20 years.
Some of this was done wehen he
worked in Cuba and Argentina.
Before coming to Washington
Snipes had been manager of the
United Press in Cuba, with head
quarters in Havana. He also serv
ed for several years in the United
Press Bureau in Madrid.
He was a life-long newspaper
man.
Snipes was born in Tallahassee,
Fla., on June 30, 1905. His early
schooling, however, was in Tennes
see. He finished high school in
Johnson city in 1923. He was gra
duated from Emory University, At
lanta, Ga., in 1928 but joined the
United Press in October, 1925,
while still a student at Emory,
Velez, insurance executive of Puer
to Rico.
| Assisting them will be Birger M.
j Salberg, president of General
[Agents and Managers Association
of Miami Life Underwrites: W. W.
j Edwards, executive secretary of
Miami Association of Life Under
writers; Thomas McGlinn, past pre
sident of Florida State Association
of Life Underwrites; Walter Sto
kes, president-elect of Miami Life
Underwriters; Joseph Martinez,
member of the Miami-Dade Cham
ber of Commerce; George H. Per
rin, director, international affairs
department of Miami-Dade Cham
ber of Commerce, Jos6 A. Recurt,
Puerto Rican insurance executive.
Other speakers at business ses
sions and sales clinics of the con
ference will be Lester O. Schriver,
managing director of the Nation
al Association of Life Under
writers; Luis Battle, of Puerto Ri
co; Robert A. Thweatt, H. T. Schu
lenberger, Don E. Barger and Clif
for H. Orr, all Certified Life Un
derwriter members.
CLASH REPORTED IN
ARGENTINE BORDER
BUENOS AIRES (UPI)— The
national frontiet gendarmeria de-
Mansfield Supports Idea
of Another Conference of
American Chief Executives
Ike Agrees to
Meeting Idea
RIO DE JANEIRO, June 10.
(UPI). President Eisenhower
has agreed to the idea of a Hemi
sphere conference, either of Presi
dents or of Foreign Ministers, to
patch up U. S. Latin American
Relations, it was reported today.
Informed sources said the Pre
sident’s consent is conveyed in a
letter which U. S. Assistant Se
cretary of State Roy R. Rubottom
will present to President Jusceli
no Kubitschek today.
Rubottom. who arrived here yes
terday, gave Foreign Minister Jo
se C. Macedo Soares a preview of
the letter at a 45-minute secret
meeting shortly after his arrival.
Ministry sources said he also dis
cussed plans for Secretary of State
John Foster Dulles’ visit here in
August.
Macedo called in his top aides
for a strategy session immediately
after his meeting with Rubottom.
No official comment on the mat
ters they discussed could be ob
tained immediately.
Kubitschek had appealed for ac
tion to heal the breaches in U. S.
Latin American relations which
opened the way for last month’s
mob attacks on Vice President
Richard M. Nixon in Peru and Ve
nezuela
Dulles Blames
Over Production
WASHINGTON, June 10. (UPI).
Secretary of State John Foster
Dulles said today that overproduc
tion rather than any slackening-otf
in buying was responsible for the
ecnomic troubles being experienc
ed by Latin American exporters
of commodities.
He said at his news conference
he hoped this would be made clear
at the technical consultations on
coffee scheduled to begin here
Wednesday.
Dulles added that U. S. partici
pation in the commodity talks, as
well as recent loans to Colombia
and other raw materials produ
cers, reflected the U. S. Govern
ment’s sense of urgency in regard
to the possibility of easing these
problems.
Fight for Press Freedom in the Americas
Must Continue With Vigor, Editorial Says
WASHINGTON. Under the
title “Press Freedom Day", The
Washington Daily News, whose
Editor is John T. O’Rourke, Pre
sident of the Inter American Press
Association, published recently the
following editorial;
“FREEDOM of the Press is eele
tachment at Clorinda, in Formosa
Province! reported a clash with an
armed group whicn crossed the Pa
raguay river from somewhere near
Asuncion.
Ten army patrols surprised a
group felling trees in Argentine
forests, and a barge and two
canoes tied up ready to take the
lumber across the river to Para
guay.
When challenged the men fled
to their boats firing rifles as they
ran, while machine guns covered
their letreat from the Paraguayan
shore.
RUSSIN SPUTNIK
OVER MEXICO
MEXICO CITY (UPI)— The Na
tional University of Mexico said it
recorded the path of the third
Russian sputnik as it passed over
Mexico yesterday
A spokesman for the institute
of geophysics said signals from the
man-made celestial body were
heard at 8:55 AM CST yesterday as
the Russian satellite made its 261
st revolution around the earth.
CHILEANS SUSPICIOUS
OF SOVIET SHIP
SANTIAGO, Chile (UPI)— A
■ Soviet scientific vessel anchored
Frank Discussion of Problems Will
Bring an Era of Cordiality, he Says
WASHINGTON, June 10. (UPI).
Democratic Senator Mike Mans
field has expressed his support
to the idea of a conference of
Hemisphere Chief Executives, as
soon as possible, so that the Amer
ican Presidents will understand
better the problems of each other,
and to eliminate wrong interpreta
tions which weaken the Pan Amer
ican System.
Mansfield, however, warned that
such meeting must be well prepa
red, so that present difficulties
will not get worse.
Ricardo M. Arias, Panamanian
Ambassador to Washington and ex-
President of his country, propos
ed last week a conference of Chief
Executives as the most effective
means to reaffirm hemispheric so
lidarity.
Mansfield declared in an inter
view with the United Press inter
national that “a frank and open
exchange among the executives of
our hemisphere should have been
taken place already”.
“A meeting of that nature —he
added— will contribute to' a grea
ter recognitions of the fact *hat
if Latin America has problems, we
also have them and we want un
derstanding as much as they do”.
Mansfield said that he was spe
cifically referring to persistent
complaints from Latin America
regarding United States aid to
Asia and the Near East, and an
apparent negligence of Latin
American problems.
The Democratic Senator, mem
ber of the Senate Foreign Rela
tions Committee, declared that
much of the hostility found by
Vice President Richard M. Nixon
during his recent trip may be atri
buted to dissatisfaction with the
economic policies of the United
States and “a false conception of
our objectives”.
“It is important to make clear
that the solution of the difficul
ties ot Latin America is not an uni
lateral question, because of the
simple fact that the United States
is a partner economically stronger.
The Latin American people share
the responsibility in many aspects,”
he said.
“The time has come to put the
brated annually in the Western
Hemisphere on June 7. On this
day, free newspapers, from Tierra
del Fuego to Alaska, count their
own blessings and remind their
readers and the world not to forget
those newspapers which must pu
blish without freedom.
off the Chilean coast recently and
fired flares for a considerable
time, Dossibly a? a signal to Rus
sian submarines in the area, a
highly placed naval source said.
The Soviet ship OB has been
making oceanography studies in
connection with the international
geophysical yeai but recently en
gaged in “strange activities” off
Punta Topocalma, about 175 miles
nortn of the Chilean naval base at
Talcahuano, the source added.
The OB put in at Valparaiso and
requested help in repairing a pro
peller blade broken during antarc
tic operation for igy studies. Chil
ean authorities granted the ship
permission to go to Talcahimno
but en route it anchored off Tfpo
calma ‘for a long time” and lob
bed rocket flares into the sky, the
informant said.
A merchant ship saw the flares
i and asked if the OB was in dif
ficulty but no reply was received,
the source said.
The OB is -now en route to Bue-
L nos Aires via the tip st fteuth
I America.
MAfihiitor f n Aimanmmi
IVIVIIVWI iFTTw* MVTWIVwWI
Press Association
•
For Liberty, Culture and
Hemispheric Solidarity
NUMBER 286
cards on the table with all frank
ness and to make clear that coope
ration is a two-way street. I be
lieve that if the Chiefs of State
are persuaded to do this, they will
begin a new era of cordiality and
cooperation without precedent”.
It is known that the Depart
ment of State does not approve
a conference of Presidents at this
moment. Some official consider
that it would be better to hold a
conference of Foreign or Finance
ministers, who would discuss the
problems without the protocol of
a conference of Chief Executives.
It is believed that Assistant Se
cretary of State for Inter Ameri
can Affairs, Roy R. Rubottom,
will express this viewpoint to Bra
zilian President Juscelino Kubits
chek, when he delivers President
Eisenhower’s answer to a proposal
of a revision of Inter American
relations made by the Brazilian
Chief Executive.
As an answer to Kubitschek’s
proposal, Rubottom will begin a
series of consultations with the
Brazilian Government, which later
will extend to include other Amer
ican nations.
PERU ANNOUNCES
A NEW CABINET
LIMA. (UPI). The new ca
binet presided by Luis Gallo Po
rras is formed as follows:
Gallo Porras, Vice President of
the Republic, will preside the
Council and the Finance Ministry.
Other ministers are:
Government and Police, Dr. Car
los Carrillo Smith; Justice, Dr. Uli<
ses Montoya Fanfredi; Develop
ment and Public Works, Eduardo
Dibos Dammert; Navy, Real Admi
ral Guillermo Tirado; Foreign Mi
nistry, Dr. Raul Porras Barrenee
chea; Education; Dr. Jorge Basa
dre; War, General Alejandro Cua
dra; Aeronautic, General Polidoro
Garcia; Public Health, Francisco
Sftnchez Moreno; Agriculture, En
rique Labarthe; Labor, Antonio
Pinilla.
This is the day on which those
who would'tell the truth but dare
not are given reassurance that
they are remembered in the free
world, and that the day will come
when they, too, can speak tha
truth.
This year, dramatic gains can
be noted However, there have been
reverses, too. In certain areas the
forces standing for free expres
sion and those Which would control
it have broken into sharp conflict.
Battle lines have shifted.
The Argentine, Venezuela and
Colombia have joined the nations
in which the free exchange of
ideas is recognized as desirable
and right.
But Cuba’s stifling censorship
became worse during the past
year. The Dominican Republic
and Paraguay, still under dictator
ships, haVe no free press.
In Panama and in Haiti situa
tions have arisen which show that
the struggle to maintain a free
press, if it is to prevail, must be
pressed constanly and courageously
by all persons dedicated to the ba
sic freedoms, whether in or out
of government.
However, it is encouraging that
it is becoming more and more
widely recognized that in addition
to the moral and ethical basis for
a free and independent press thero
is also the practical one; that a
free flow of information is funda
mentally necessary if an intelli
gent, stable and prosperous no
dern society is to evolve throut
the Western Hemisphere.
To the 600 members of the Inter
American Press Association, this
must give heart to press the fight
with even greater vigor. The lAPA
was formed to defend freedom of
the press. R has grown into a
powerful international weapon rato
ed to protect those who would
paint to# truth from those who
would tensor it.