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WASHINGTON CITY SATURDAY EVENING. OCT. 17. 1S67. *#-Ur. Iwuu t- Ja*m, of riiiUulelptii*, i? our ??uor*l li*v? g*M, watsUid by J a mid* Dmumi, Joan Ouuuu, J. Uuuunr, l.u? W Wiun, Juan K Haaaiaa, K. A. If am. It t>. Jj?a, T Amuu: A- lUn, K. T. Kuaaaon. ffllr. a W. Ja*ik. No. 1 HarrUoa street, Cincinnati, Ohio, la general ollactlng agent for the Western Slatea and Texna, asstateC 11 J Tuua u?, Wiujam H. Tnoaaa, laoa. M Jesus, Dr. A . L Cn (.kumua Mobkih, and Hinuun Uukm. lleceijiU oI dither yrtll be *<? r. tiao. W HaaT D authorized to collect moneys due lulon Otttuf htr aubacr iiitioius and advcrttaanteuti lathe Ustrt Columbia. THE BANKING SYSTEM, ITS DEFECT'S AN! ABUSES?CON! IN U ED. The bunking business is overdone in the Uni States. There is ?o legitimate or salutary em pi ment for a great portion of the hundreds of milli of ao-called bank capital, which is a mere fi for speculation and extravagance. Almost every tie village, containing some half dozen retail sh keepers, has its bank, a great portion of the loam which if employed by the directors and officers speculations and monopolies of soino kind or ot) The first act of nearly every new State, before i fairly out of the egg-shell, is to authorize the creal of one or more hanks, as a convenient fund for sp< lation. This is the signal for the people to rnn ir Property at once assumes a fictitious value, and, stead or l>eing appropriated to the use nu purpose cultivation, is bandied about from one hand to otlier, increasing like a rolling snow-ball; so long as they continue to whip the top it hi most musically. We read in the newspapers sudden rises in the value of property, wl make our mouths water, in Borne out-of the-i place never known to fame before; and of st of city lots in the wilderness that exceed tl prices even in Wall street. We hear of some foi nate man becoming a millionaire, but wo hear n< ing of the thousands who have wusted their time money, and been ruined, by chasing the uiiBubs tial bubble. The catastrophe is uniform. The t being no longer whipped, makes a few gyrations, rolls away in a tangent. The bunks close their do the officers evaporate, their paper promises bcci worthless, being represented by no value, and good people, having had their frolic, commence world again where they ought have begun at fi Whenever the afTairs of an insolvent b aro laid open to the public view, we find its commodations in a great measure monopolized the directors, officers, and a few favored indi' uals. The public, the surrounding country, rocoi no benefit from their solvency ; and when they come insolvent thoso who wcro not permitted dance are called to pay the piper. The bene snch as they are, are shared by the few ; the i ries are felt by thousands. The whole system is, in fact, open to the n enormous frauds and impositions. The very foui tion is imaginary and delusive, us will he seen I brief examination. The laws of most, if not all States, prescribe that bofore a hank commences b ness the whole, or a certain portion, of its caj "shall be paid in or necureii to be paid." Now, 1 is it paid in or secured to be paid, in a great nnm of cases, if not generally? By subscriptions tr stock, represented not by the payment of specie, by the notes of hand of the subscribers depos with the bank, with the understanding that payn will not be required until perfectly conveni This is considered a sufficient basis for a ban] custom-house oath; the cashier swears the caj is paid in, or secured to bo paid, and then, on credit of one species of paper promises, tho b proceeds to issue paper promises of its own, incur debts from three to fivo, and sometimes times the amount of its bona fide capital. Of manner in which subscriptions to the stock banks are sometimes obtained the following i very common example: A friend of ours once called upon by a person ofhigh standing in ciety, and no small distinction in the church, wi request to subscribe to the stock of a bank ne authorized by the legislature. Oil his dcclinin do ho, the gentleman, as an inducement, assured that if he chose his subscription would be cor ered merely nominal, and that lie would neve called upon to pay any of the instalments as they r?p dnn It is known that, surli uiibxrrmtwiiiH not unfrequently resorted to in order to fill up bank capital, and we verily believe the person made this proposition was not aware that he was only himself a party in a fraud on the public, bul lieitiug another to bocome an accomplice. Tran lions of this kind are not uncommon ; they ac( with the code of bank morality, and may bo just: by scores of precedents. A capital thus "paid ii secured to be paid," is good enough "to swear ] But the more clearly to exemplify the solidit the basis of the present system of banking, le present an example or two as samples of all, considerable portion of the rest. Here is oil them : tho Bowery Bank, in New York, which lately suspended, after a succession of most c fortablo dividends. We give its own statement Capital $336 loans and discount* 950 Specie 25 Forty dollars in loans and discounts?-that is sues of paper dollars?to one of specie. Here co a batch of tlicoi all in a row like the four-and-tw< fiddlers. Tho Ithodo Island country banks have ponded, and present tho following satisfactory st mcnt: Capital stock in the aggregate $8,016,151 Bills in circulation .? 1,029,821 Specie 105,86; Only ten to one against them. Wo could qi fifty other examples of this enormous differenc the issuo of paper promises and the means ol deeming them in specie, but must content oursel with referring the reader to the general statemer the condition of tho banks, rondered, if we rem ber aright, in pursuance of a call from tho Treas Department. There are worse cases there than tl just presented. Now, one would suppose that any man capabl putting two ideas together and drawing a conclm would, on seeing these official returns of hanks, ceiv* at once the utter impossibility of their rede ing their notes in specio. It is not in their va and where are they to get the money ? They cai call on their debtors, to whom they have lent < paper dollars, to pay them in specie dollars. In i of a pressuro their only legitimate resource w< be to purchase specie at a premium. But this ii expedient which we believe seldom occurs to tb The merchants make much greater sacrifices to i their credit. They pay two or three per cei | r mouth for the means of paying the banks, ami * * would ask by what process of rsasoniug, 011 whi principle of justice or equity, tho banks should I es exempted from making similar sacrifices when in iiuih by every obligation of justice and equity ,(p. Oh ! but suys the bank advocate, "This would dimii ish their dividends and impair the value of the i by stocks. It would be unjust to the stockholder iu?, whose interests it is the first duty of those who a< ^jie miuiBter the affairs of the bank to protect." ct?r We must take leave to deny this proposition alt gether. The first duty of bauk directors and of! D cers is not to their stockholders, but the pubti The only pretext ever resorted to either by tl ted applicants or the Lcstowers of bank charters hi loy- been the public good, and there is no other justi ons cation for granting exclusive privileges to any ell mid zen, or class of citizens, than that it conduces lit- this object. Banks are not chartered for the benei op- of the stockholders, hut the public ; and if at ai i of time their interests conflict with each other, it is tl in first and paramount duty of the hank officers to gb icr. a preference to the latter. Is it not far better th t is a few stockholders, who have taken the chances lion loss or gain by their investments, should sustain >cu- temporary loss of a small per ceutage on the vali lad. of their stock and the rate of their dividends, tin in- that the public should be subjected to all the lossi s of and anxieties consequent on the state of things tin ail- have entailed on the whole people ? We say, tlier and fore, the suspending banks should have used evoj ims effort and resorted to every honest expedient to me , of their engagements to the public ; instead of whic licit they were frightened, or pretended to be frighte >vay ed, before they were hurt. Instead of paying out the ales specie to the last dollar, and then shutting the loir doors, they shut their doors beforehand and ke; rtu- what snecie tliev had snug in their vaults. Tl jth- only alternative tlmt here presents itself is this : and thcBO suspending hanks are really solvent, there tan- no excuse for their not making every effort and evei top, sacrifice to preserve their faith with the public ; and they were not solvent?if they had either wilfully < ors, ignorantly plunged themselves in difficulties whi< jme rendered suspension unavoidable?they neither d the serve our pity nor merit our forgiveness, and shou the ij0 brought to a reckoning which would forever det rst. others from imitating their example, ank The people of the United States arc of all othe ac- the most jealous of their liberties. They wou by spurn the idea of intrusting them to an irrespo v'd" sible President, an irresponsible Congress, or an i 'vcs responsible State legislature. They demand to ha1 a voico in the choice of all those to whom the L to rights and their welfare are intrusted. Yet th< Us. have for half a century past permitted their legisl nju' tors to delegate a power which exercises a great influence over tho general prosperity and h&ppine lost than all other functions of government combined lda- a net of bank directors and bank officers, iy a the choice of whom they have no agency, and ov the whose actions they huve no control. They have a usi- quioscod in the delegation of a power, which the >ital legislatures were prohibited by the constitution fro low exercising themselves, to a small portion of thoir f< iber low-citizens; u power to monopolize that medio 1 i,H through which all their wants are supplied ; a pow OUI that may bo exercised at discretion, without limit ited control?for experience lias proved it beyond tl lent reach of the law ; a power to make men rich en*- poor at pleasure ; to convert paupers into millio k or aires and millionaires into paupers by a resolution lital a board of directors ; a power that can make mom the plenty or scarco at pleasure, and gather a harve auk from both one and the other ; a power that affori and the means for the most boundless prodigality ten one moment, the next takes the very bread fro the our mouths; a power whose tyrannical and cap; of cious exercise subjects mankind to exigencies whii 18 a sorely try tlieir integrity, and, by suddon chang was from prosperity to adversity, exposes thorn to tern 1 80* tations beyond tho common standard of human vi t'1 a tue to resist. Wo don't believe, though the people of the Uniti ? States everywhere?except in wise and brave litl ','ni Arkansas?have bowed tlioir necks to this porte l8'('~ tons monster, that if the question wero directly pr r sontod to them they would vote for a continuance ^e" a toleration of this system. AVe are quite sure tl are democracy, the cultivators of the soil, tho mecha ics and laborers of the country, aro opposed to a p w^? per circulation in their hearts. They have had si not ficiont experience of its consequences, and have be ' B0" so often the victims of redundancies, cxpansior 8ac" contractions, reactions, ami rovulsious, as to sick nrH .? ..i ,i .?ii... x n - n i v tliem wiin ine enure system, jjui tney nave uc ified 0ft0U seduced by falso statements and falae reuse n'or ings into at least acquiescence. They have be often misrepresented by their representatives, ai ^ above all, they have suffered their principles * UB yield to the imposing fallacy that what increae or a the nominal price of agricultural products a lt) ?f the wages of labor must necessarily be greal 'las to their advantage. It seems impossible to convin :om* them of what is as plain as the nose on their fac< : that a dollar may be worth in the way of barter 442 one t'lnC 118 muc^ a8 *wo are at anot^er> am' d>af 398 value invariably depreciates in proportion to its m it i8. tiplication. Nothing but bitter experience (mo mes bitter than any they have yet encountered) will co snty vinco them that one good dollar is worth a hundr bus- bad ones, and one industrious man of more value ate- liis country than a whole boat of manufacturers what John Randolph used to call "shin-plasteri [ so But it is to be hoped they will live and leawi, li } other peoplo; that they will get over the spocu ting mania, the mauia for big ships, big houses, b stores, and the mania of all manias?the mania ( e in , . . , big issues of paper promises. I Having begun, wo shall continue our strictur with the same frankness we have commenced the lt It is high timo the truth should be told without di letnguise. rary ______ REDUCTION OK DUTIES IN SPAIN. A royal order lias recently been published * ?f flpain reducing the duties on sago-starch, potato* mon sago in grain, and India-rubber cloths. By this c per cree the duty on India-rubber cloths is, under fc 'em" I eign flag 48 per cent.; under national flag 40 p a'ta' i cent, ad valorem, anot I only THE HERMITAGE, case j Gov. Johnson, of Tennessee, reports the purcha >uld I for the State of the Hermitage, and its tender to tl i an federal government. In case the tender j* not a lein. | cepted, the governor recommends that the proper lavo | be retained as a residence for the future governo it. a I of the State. e ! ALL HAIL, OHIO! It " In Obkcthere w.v* * respectable i uuU-at, but the public attention w<ut too muck absorbed l?y puounUry uuMy, and the republicans polled far low titan their usual vote, 11- and are clearly beaten.'' '* Thus spoke the New York Tribune on Tkuraday. *- It is a graceful apology for a defeat?a inoat diaaaif troua and ignominious defeat?in what haa been ?? heretofore regarded by the Tribune and the republi1 ! can leaders us the stronghold of the republican party. i Ohio, the Empire Htate of the West, whose gallant a~ j democracy have struggled for three years past fr* ! against immense odds, has thrown off the black-rec j publican vampires who had fastened themselves le upon her, bankrupting her treasury, dishonoring her ** hitherto unfinished credit; and in a fairly and hotly'' contested battle enrolled berself alongside her sister I'- States of Pennsylvania, Indiana, Illinois, California, 1? and Iowa, in the front rank of the democratic column. If But, says the Tribune : " The public attention was >y too much absorbed by pecuniary anxiety !" What ie wonder that tho people who had been plundered by '8 the million by dishonest black-rcpublicau officials? it men i^ho, under professions of " economy aud reef form," and by the aid of " bleeding Kansas," had a stolen into power; what wonder that, emanating ie under such republican rule, the masses should be in ?absorbed by pecuniary anxiety" and riso in the -8 majesty of their might and indignantly hurl from >y power such corruptionists! But, no. Tho Tribune c- and its friends?Chase, Giddings, Wade, St Co.?exry pected they could blued Kansas yet a little longer ; 8t that by the aid, of " Dred Scott" and fanatical appeuls I', they could divert the attention of tho people from n- their own affairs and perpetuate their power. But 'if tho democracy met them at ovory turn. Standing >r fairly and equally on the national democratic plat[>t form, yielding never an inch, nor compromising a tittle ?8 of democratic principle, they charged homo on tho opif position their treasonable designs against the Union? is their negro suffrage and negro-equality proclivities ; ry their incompetency and corruption in the manageif ment of public affairs, wherever committed to their or charge, at home or abroad. They wisely concluded h that, under Mr. Buchanan's administration, Kansas e- could tako care of herself, and they would give some Id attention to a "bleeding" treasury at home ; and toer day Ohio stands redeemed, regenerated, and disenthralled from the dominion of the black-republican rs spoilers. It is immaterial what the precise figures Id shall be when the official votes are counted?whether n- the democratic ticket be elected by one or five thour sand votes, or whether Chase and his ticket shall ve have a meagre majority of one or two thousand : in iir either case it is a substantial defeat of the black-rejy publican party. Its prestige of victory is gone, and la- it may bo considered doubtful whether the party, er under its present name, leadership, and organiza68 tion, can ever make another "respectable oontest." to Chase himself, the arch agitator, is politically dead ; in Wade is repudiated; and a democratic legislature er will have the power, should ho be again disposed to ,c- look home for "instructions," to direct him to lie sir loyal to the constitution, loyal to the Union, and m abandon his disorganizing disunion schemes and agiel tations, if he would faithfully represent the sentim meats of the patriotic, Union-loving people of Ohio, er There is another feature in this contest which or is peculiarly gratifying. The democracy of Ohio lie have led the van in proposing to adopt the independor ont-treasury system of the general government in the n- administration of their State finances. They stand of pledged to establish that system in Ohio, cutting the ay State entirely looso from all connexion with banks st as keepers of the public money. This is a step iu js the right direction and at the right time. Now, when at the paper-currency system is about breaking down >m from its own inherent rottenness, and the question of ri- a return to the constitutional currency as the only li effectual remedy for the evil must necessarily emrace t>s the public attention?when the question of a Nationp al Hank, long since supposed to be an "obsolete ir- idea," is being gravely brought forward in certain quarters?it is fit that the great State of Ohio should 3d lead off in favor of a radical reform, inscribing on her :le banner the good old JackBonian doctrines of "No n- union of Hank and State?a constitutional currency e. and an independent treasury." or All honor to the gallant democracy of Ohio I he THE MLSHI88IITT ELECTION. in~ The Mississippian of the 9th instant has the fola" lowing notice of the recent election in that State for 11" governor, members of the legislature, and members cn of Congress : is, ,, returns come in gloriously. The true democcn racy of Mississippi have again put to rout the cohorts of C]1 Samuel, and vindicated at the ballot-box their time-honored principles?electing their entire State ticket by in)n" creased majorities?carrying their entire congressional en ticket and an overwhelming majority in the legislature." id, The samo paper has the following notice of the to triumphant election of Col. Singleton to Congress : ies " Wc have the pleasure of announcing to our readers . that the old fourth is gloriously redeemed by the election of that tried and true patriot, O. R. Singleton, to Contly gress. His majority in the district, exclusive of Lauderce dale, will be not less than five hundred I and in tho whole district prolmbly 1,000. This is glory enough for one B8> day. Mississippi again semis to the national councils u at delegation undivided in sentiment." its The returns which have been received at this oful tice (says tho Memphis Appeal) pretty clearly indiro cute the election of the entire democratic delegation iq. from this State. Tho know-nothings made their ed strongest resistance in the fourth district, represent. to od in the last Congress by Mr. Lake, know-nothing, of We annex the names of the successful candidates, all }." of whom are not only true democrats, but men of ke ability and efficiency. They will do honor to the galla lant people who have honored them : ,ig First district?L. Q. C. I/unar. Second district?Reuben Davis. or Third district?William Barksdalc. Fourth district?0. R. Singleton. CB Fifth district?J. A. Quitman. ln" HOW PROPHETIC I 8 The following is an extract from a speech niado by President Buchanan, when in Congress, on the independent treasury bill: " Tho evils o/ a redundant paper circulation are mani,n fest to every eye. It alternately raises and sinks the ?, value of every man's property. It makes a lieggar of the |,v. man to-morrow who indulged in dreams of wealth toHnv It mnvcrts the business of society into a mere lot >r" tory, whilst those who distribute the prises are wholly Irer responsible to the people. When the collapse comes?as come It must?it casts laborers out of employment, crushes manufactures and merchants, and ruins thousands of honest and industrious citisens.'' no The Augusta (Georgia) Constitutionalist of Thursho day says : "Wo have returns from every county in ,c- the State with the exception of Coffee, which give ty the democratic candidate for governor, according to rs our calculation, a majority of ten thousand nine hundred and seventy votes." I'tDGQBH OF COllMBRTIAJ, FREEDOM THROUGHOUT THE WORLD. Since the repeal of the corn-laws of Oreut Britain, and the introduction of the general ayeteia of qualified free trade, including the opeuingof the coaating trade to foreign flags and the abolition of /he differential duties on sugar, the spirit of commercial freedom i has marched steadily forward, totally demolishing the whole superstructure of prohibitory and restrictive regulations in some countries, as in Belgium, aud to a great exteut in Holland, and in others entering so deeply into the popular mind, and sharing so largely in the discussions of the day on questions of political economy, that the protectionists and prohibitionists are already surrendering the most cherished of their antiquated notions, and governments hitherto most invuterately wedded to the anti-progressive prin ciplea of monopolies and restrictions are gradually yielding ground before the steady, onward : advance of liberal principles. The new cotiiiner| ciul policy of Great Britain was inaugurated on the 1st of January, 1850, aud immediately thereafter the navigation laws of Belgium and Holland were remodelled, because, as proclaimed by the latter country in the act of amendment, "the abolition of the British navigation acts rendered necessary the immediate adoption of thut step." The movement in England was not altogether without its effect in France ; hut the difference between France and England, us respects the progress of commercial freedom, consists in this, that since Sir Robert Peel succeeded in making British statesmen understand that commerce best flourishes where it is entirely free, the commercial legislation of Great Britain has been direct, simple, and practical?the legislative webwork of complicated and innumerable colonial enactments has been swept from the statute-book, and in a few plain sentences, stripped of all ambiguous or technical verbiage, is contuincd the brief but comprehensive code which rcguluteH the commercial intercourse between Great Britain and the nations of the ear tli. In France, ou the other hand, tlio question of commercial freedom has formed a prolific theme for ingenious and learned discussion at the reunions of the different philosophical societies, in the public journals, in the legislative assemblies, aiul, generally, throughout the eighty-six departments into which the empire is politically divided ; but, as yet, notliiug practical has been dune, and but little amelioration can with any just reason be hoped for. And yet there is no country in the world in which commercial statistics, both domestic and foreign, receive more uttoution, or claim a larger share of government patronage. It had been supposed that at the recent sessions of the councils general of tho departments an active demonstration would have been made against the longer continuance of u prohibitory and restrictive policy ; but the sessions have been brought to a close without any conclusive exprersion of opinion either for or against the syHtem of prohibition. It is true, several of the departments passed resolutions energetically protesting in favor of a liberal commercial policy ; but in others a contrary sentiment, was, tvith equal earnestness, expressed and adopted. The great loader of the lil?eral movement, Mr. Michel Chevalier, under whose guidance tho Council General of Ilerault adopted a most earnest protest, was nobly seconded by the department of the Gironde, of which Bordeaux is tho chief commercial metropolis. The resolutions passed by the Council General of the Girondo breathe the true reformatory spirit, while those of the Department of the Ilerault are elucidated with that remarkable power of argument and eloquence of language for which M. Michel Chevalier is so pre-eminently distinguished. Tlioy assert that the existing customs tariff, by the restrictions they impose on foreign commerce, are detrimental to the interests of agriculture, as avcII as to most of the branches of manufactures by which they are not oven required, since those manufactures are in a condition of so much prosperity and vigor that, in addition to tho supply of tho homo market, they export upwards of 3200,000,000 worth of productions annually Avhich have to compote in the markets of the wona wuii similar manumciures 01 countries into which, in most cases, the raw materials are admitted free of duty. They declare that customs restrictions are carried in Franco to a point which was never reached in any other civilized nation?nine-tenths, at least, of manufactured productions being protected by absolute prohibition, and the remainder by duties so high as almost to amount to prohibition ; and that this is contrary to the tendencies of the age which aro the promotion of commercial relations and the rapprochement of nations. They assert that the rigors of the French tariffs against foreign productions have Caused foreign governments to adopt retaliatory measures against French productions, especially on wine, the most important, amounting annually to $120,000,000, and in which the Department of llerault is peculiarly interested. They state, further, that the existing system constitutes a monopoly for the benefit of tlio manufacturers and to the injury of the consumers; that it produces the strange effect of sacrificing the branches of manufactures which employ the greatest number of hands to those which employ tlio least?those of printed cottons and muslins, for example, to that of cotton spinning. They state that, notwithstanding the reductions of duties on iron, steel, and other articles made in 1853, the existing duties are triple what they were in the time of the first Napoleon, ; and ought, for the sake of agriculture, to be reduced. lastly, the Council fiencral resolved to thank the government for the reductions it has made in the . tariffs during the past few years, and they pray it to "render promptly definitive all the reductions of duties provisionally mado by imperial decrees, and to j proceed to a general reduction and revision of the tariffs ; to suppress all export duties on French goods, and to simplify tho formalities of exportation ; to immediately abolish all commercial prohibitions ; to reduce all the duties in the tariffs to a figure which shall permit foreign goods to enter into to reduce gradually all duties on raw materials until they disappear altogether; and finally, in all diplomatic treaties and negotiations, to make special efforts to remove all interdictions on the wines of France." These resolutions contain a summary of the principal arguments iti fuvor of a general modification of the French tariffs, and are important as expressing the decided sentiment of ono of the chief wineproducing and agricultural districts in favor of commercial freedom. On the other hand, how1 evtcr, the dountil General of the Marne has voted ? for the establishment of datiM suttoieeiljf protective on com bad wool, uhI that of the Kurd Km exhibited the roost cWlinttr tdhircKt U? the eye tern of prohibition generally. Thua we And that while every government of Bur ope? from the colossal empire of the fur down to the miniature republic of Sen Merino?is advancing more or less in tlie cause of commercial freedom, France seems to stand alone in her obstinate adherence to old theories and her blind devotion to the anti-progressive system of prohibition and protection. In the words of one of lior ablest political economists : j "France alone stands aloof from this onward movement, and is coutunt with a system of prohibitions carried to an extreme which ia without an example in any ago or in any country." All analysis of iter tariff shows that there are not less than ninetoeu at- . tides of manufactured goods classed among those prohibited entrance at the custom-houses of the Empire; and yet tlieso very articles, thus excluded, are essential to the wants and coiufortB of the great masses of the people, and, if admitted, would materially augment the general returns of French commerce without in any manner competing with similar articles of domestic industry. If we turn our eyes beyond France, wo shall find the spirit of commercial freedom steadily and vigorously advancing. With the exception of one single article?cost iron?and that only to a modified ex- j tent?Russia has expunged from her new tariff the term prohibition. The word is 110 longer known in a system which was but a few years ago almost as oppressive as that of Franco. But j-esterday, as it were, Austria has followed the example of Russia, and prohibition is no longer found in her tariff. Then come the Pontifical States?Holland, Sardinia, Portugal. Rut a few months since Belgium, a country in which the manufacturers themselves, especially those of Verviers and lieige, are strongly repre sented in the chambers of commerce, is urged by those very chambers to remodel and modify the customs tariff; and the initiative has already been taken in the work. Nor is the progress of commercial freedom confined to the governments of Europe j it has wakened up from the commercial torpor which Spanish legislation bequeathed to most of the South American republics?New Granada, San Salvador, Venezuela, Uruguay, Buenos Ayrcs, and Peru. The latter republic has declared sugar, rice, butter, cheese, lard, and tallow free ; and wheat, if consigned to the porta of Arica, Iquiquc, or Payta; while 011 flour she has made a reduction of 50 per cent. England has given the impulse to these important changes. She has but one step further to advanco. Our tobacco is no longor a luxury ; it has become a necessity to her people?to her brave soldiery who vindicate her honor and her interests in India, us well an to her producing and industrial classes, who make her rich and powerful and prosperous at home. Let her abolish or modify her 1,000-per-ccnt. duty on our staple, and the Regie and other tobacco monopolies in Europe will soon disappear beforo the onward march of commercial freedom. THE NEW CONGRESSMEN FROM GEORGIA. I.. ? tlw, (lanri,U T,. I, .1, f',,,,1 ... .. .-.v. ..UU.UV. ... ...w v.w.a.u .V..V.6.UJ... ..V, ....V. the following ?pfcited sketches of the new congressmen from that State : The fourth district, lately represented so ably and faithfully by Judge Wurren, now sends Lucius J. Gartrell, esq. Mr. Gartrell has served with great distinction as nmcruber of the lower house from Wilkes county. He was a southern-rights whig in the contest of '60, and since that time has been an ardent aud devoted democrat. In tiie recent contest ill the fourth Mr. Gartrell mode a most brilliant canvass. He frequently met Mr. Hill, Jhe opposition candidate for governor, on the stump, and always triumphantly. Mr. Gartrell is about thirty-six years of Rge,#of commanding personal appearance, fine voice, mid agreeable mariners. We congratulate the democracy of the fourth in having obtained a representative so well qualilied in all icspccts to maintain their rights and forward their interests. Hie old fifth, the glorious fifth, the. very bnek-bone of Georgia democracy, luis returned to the next. Congress Augustus It. Wright, of Floyd. Judge Wright bus acquired the reputation of being one of the most eloquent men in the State. We liuve beard some of his speeches in the recent canvass spoken of in terms of the liighest eulogy and praise. Judge Wright is about forty-five years of age, graceful in his address, easy and unconstrained in manner, and the old fifth lias reason to lie proud of her new representative. The sixth, so long represented by and known ns Cobb's district, returns James Jackson by a large majority over his iiidiqiendcnt oppone nt, James Simmons, esq. Unfortunately, the party was divided in this district, but Judge Jackson bus triumphed, as we predicted lie would two weeks since, aud the sixth is uow represented by a man who, in our humhlo opinion, is destined in the future to fill no small space in the public eye. Judge Jackson is ttic grandson of the distinguished aud chivalric governor, Jaiucs Juckson, who fought so nobly for the colouies in the revolution, who served his State so ably in the senate, and who, while governor, drew the lightnings from heaven to burn up and destroy the records of the "Yazoo fraud." His grandson lias all the patriotism, less impulse, more discretion, all the chivalry, and greater ability tluui the sire. Judge Jackson, in our opinion, lias more of the elements of character that serve to make a statesman, not a mrt politician, than any young man in our State. He is about forty years of age, quiet, unassuming in his manners, and. If he were unmanied, we would say, not remarkable for jiersonal duty. He is a worthy successor of his cousin, the Hon. Howell. Cobb, the present Secretary of the Treasury. CONGKK88IONAL NOMINATION. The democrats of the fourth district of Maryland have nominated llenry I'. Brooks, esq., for Congress, in opposition to Hon. Henry W. Davis. The Baltimore Republican says : " Mr. Brooks is comparatively a young man, but well known to many of the voters of the district, among whom his life has lieen spent. He is the son of one of our oldest and most enterprising merchants, Chauncey Brooks, esq., now president of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company. He is a lawyer of promise, and one whose interests and those of his family are identical with the general weal. To the people of Baltimore Mr. Brooks's nomination should Ire particularly agreeable. He would lie in truth a representative of the city. Having grown up with it, and having been from childhood familiar with its business men and business interests, he would know Low to take care of them in the hall* of Congress. " The abolition vote* of Mr. Davi* hare alienated from our city the confidence of the South, our natural friend*, i and hi* re-election would atill further degrade the charar- : tor of our city. The presence of H. W. Davi* in Con- ! grows would be detrimental to our Liferent*, and no friend of the city?no one interested in it* welfare?should heel- j tate to give their vote* for Henry P. Brook*. The citi- < *en* of the fourth district who do not want to **c the city : stigmatized and thurmtd a* the ally of abolitionist* should ' turn out in their strength and give a hearty support to ' Mr. Brooks, who will properly represent the city, and re- j move the odium which rest* upon it by the abolition I course of the late incumbent. These view* are thrown out upon the supposition that, the citiaens generally will rise up a* one man and cast off the scurvy sway of ruffianism." Ifkavt Faii.ceb.?There were several failures throughout Pennsylvania on Tuesday lost, among the most prom inent of which was (says the Pennsylvanian) that of Mr. 1 David Wilinot to be elected governor of the State. His deficiency is supposed to be about 40,000, while the assets arc very small. Several minor establishment* connected with the firm are reported to have suffered severely. DEPARTMENT NEWS. TATS UBI-AH3UST. Tk* Ihtm nf lutlomi <jf Xmu Xnthatd.?The Ntale IVport uscu t Uw rscwotly received iufunnotiou that alter* tlo?A have beSIl BISlW- iu till) duties OI CUhtolUS Of New Tiriu-^ By on act of the General Assembly the duties i chuKnl u(K*n the subjoined goods were removed from wi?J iter the 5th day of August, 18M : All orthleo for the supply of her Majesty's laud and aaa forces. animals, living; bricks, slates, and stones f0( | building purposes, and millstones; boata; hooks printed, not Ndug nerouut lawks; bottles full of an article subject to duty; bullion a id coin; casks, empty; coal; corn, grain, meal. Hour, bread, and biscuit; gunpowder, It only for l tn-*'~ir psirpoaeo; [tig Iron ; miu-hiuery; manure; oil, blublwr, sad beat, tbo [troduce of lish or marine animals ; plants, bulbs, trees, and seeds ; passengers' personal haggagv ; ploughs and harrows ; s|?cimeus illuatistive of ualural history ; tobacco for sheep wash, subject to its Icing rendered unlit for human conNUtnption, and to such icgulaUons as the governor shall from time to time prescribe in tiiat behalf. The duties charged upoii the sukjoiued articles previous to the passage of this act have been reduced as follows; Ale, beer, cider, and per.y, in wood, the gallon, lid. ; ale, beer,cider, ar. i perry, iu bottle, the gallon, Is.; cigm and snuff, the pound. 3s. ; coffee, chicory, and chocolate, the pound, 2d ; iron, rod, liar, holt, hoop, and sheet, not otherwise manufactured, the cwt., Is.; salt, the cwt., la.; spirits, aud strong waters of every kind, sweetened or otherwise, of any strength not exooeding the strength of proof by Hvke's hydrometer, and so in proportion for any greater strength tlian the strength of proof the gallon, Us.; sugar, raw and retined, of all kinds, and treacle and molasses, the [touud, jd.; tea, the pound, 3d.; tobacco, the pound. Is. 3d.; wine, in wood aud bottle, containing less than 25 per oeut. of alcohol of a specific gravity of 825 at temperature of 60 degree's Fahrenheit, the gallon. 3s.; wood of all kinds, not manufactured into furniture, the cubic foot, 2d.; boots and shoes, hats, apparel of all kinds, and all materials for making apparel, jewelry, cutlery, clocks, watches, and patent ware, and all silk, woollen, cotton, and linen manufactures, (except corn and gunny hags, and wool pocks,) sperm, stcarinc. and wax candles, (measuring outside the packages,) the cubic foot. 3s.; all other goods, wares, and merchandise, (measuring outside the packages,) the cubic foot, Is.; or at the option of the principal officer of customs at the port of entry at which the same shall be imported, the cwt., 2s. " A draw back of tlie whole of such duties Is allowed for wine# intended for the consumption of the officers of her Majesty's troops serving in tiiat colony, and of the officers of her Majesty's navy serving on board any of her Majesty's ships in the seas adjoining thereto. TBKAHUBY DK^AMUKNT. The United Stales Coast Surrey. ?Subjoined is a letter recently received by the Secretary of the Treasury, giving an account of the discovery of a small Bhoal : Baxoob, Maine, September 12, 1857, Sib : I hare the honor to report, that on the 28th of August a small shoal lying southward and westward of little George's bank, off Cape Cod peninsula, was dincovered by licut. Commanding C. B. P. ltodgers, U. 8. N., assistant in the coast survey. A storm prevailing at the time, the hydrographic party engaged in the steamer Bibb was unable to anchor, but |iosscd repeatedly over the shoal, finding only six futli- r oms on its crest, which is very small, and a depth twenty fathoms surrounding it. Its approximate pen tion, determined under the circumstances justrefern i is latitude 41? 10' N., longitude 68? 15' W. In bearing up for Gloucester harbor during the storm the mainmast of the Bibb was lost, but will be replaced without delay, and the earliest opportunity taken to reexamine and verify the position of the shoal. I would respectfully request authority to publish this communication in the usual form as a notice to navigators. Very respectfully, yours, A. D. BACHE, Superintendent U. 8. Coast Survey. INTKBIOB UKPABTXBXT. Kurthwestern Boundary Ci mmistion.?The Interior Department has received a letter from the Northwestern Boundary Commission, in which it is stated that the party were comfortably located on the shore of BemlAimoo Bay, cast of Point Roberts, near the 49th parallel, and hope soon to be ready for a start into the interior. me r.ngnsn commission nau noi yei preparou icr a siart, the surveying party not iiaving arrived, bo that the United States party are just that much ahead of them. The English commissioner was there in a Bcrew-propelier carrying twenty-one sixty-eight pounders. One of tho party from the United States had gone on an exploration to Fort Langley, on Frazer river, in the British {tosses- ' sions. Commissioner Campbell and Mr. Warren, secretary of the United States commission, hod gone in the Active to l'uget Sound for lumber for the purpose of building huts for winter quarters. The Native Grapes of Arkansas.?It will be recollected that Major Williams was scut out to Arkansas about the 1st of August to investigate tho native grapes of Arkon- I sas, and report to the department from time to time. ! Since then we published a letter from him, written immediately on his arrival in that State. Two letters were received a few days since. Major Williams writes that such wus the severity of the frosts in April last that the limbs of the trees of the forest?even the oaks, In which the sap was in circulation?were killed. Many trees of tender kinds were killed to the ground. As a consequence, there were 110 wild fruits, except those which bloomed late in the season. The cultivated fruits failed entirely. Still, this gentleman has no doubt of the success of the grapes of this part of the country, with tho singular proviso, if they are cultivated in any place where the rummers are long enough to permit the ripening of the fruit. In Texas, the drought in tire early part of tiie season had entirely cut off their corn crop. The prairie lands suffered most. Iu Hampstead county, Arkansas, the oat and wheat cro[w were very good. The General IaukI Office.?Business of General Land Offlee during four weeks ending Oetolier 3, 1857 : Letters received and entered on registers. 3,688 " written and recorded 2,983 Patents engrossed .. ?* 5,217 14 recorded . 7,495 " examined. 7,654 " transmitted 4.S65 Entries pouted in tract-books. ..--13.?" j Acres of scrip issue*" 11,607 ' NAVY DKI'AHTMENT. Trannportatirm of M.?A contract wm closed to-d?v with Wm. F. Weld & Co., of Boston, for the transportation in the ship Orpheus of a portion of the four thousand tons of cool which the government wishes to send from Philadelphia to Shanghai, China. There is still great difficulty in getting a contract for the remainder in consequence of the rise in freights. Promotion.?Chief Engineer Samuel Archibold Iras 1**? appointed engineer-in-chief, in place of Chief Engineer Daniel B. Martin. Omoiativbi Without Emfloymkxt ik Puiladiuum ? We are told that at this moment there are thirty thousand operatives and workingmen of various kinds without employment in the city and vicinity of Philadelphia Many of them have families, and thus the distress msf ho said to extend already, directly and indirectly, to? j hundred thousand souls. In Manavunk nn.l I'rnnklonl alone no lean than fifteen thousand pernors, men, women, S and children, who hare heretofore had regular employ I j uicnt for years, are now wandering atxmt in idleness and I * anxiety, the factorial and workshops in which they h?r? heretofore been engaged lieing closed. This 1* the condi- l|| tion of affairs now. and matter* are likely to liecom'' j -| much worse as winter approaches, unless Some means of | | succor and assistance lie afforded. f [Phil. Painty/Iranian, Od. 15- ft Cattle raoii Msxioo.?Yesterday a drove of cattle, *H j % the way from Texas, reached our city. They were drive" H by some merchants of that State. The drivers rode mine j tangs, which are now offered for sale. The trade of Che 1 ongo certainly reaches to the ends of the Union, if not of v jB the earth. ?Chicago Journal. : l