The Madisonian. [volume], April 20, 1841, Image 1

About The Madisonian. [volume] (Washington City [i.e. Washington, D.C.]) 1837-1845

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THE MADISON! AJN.
VOL. IV?NO. 83] WASHINGTON CITY, TUESDAY, APRIL 20, 1841. [WHOLE NO. 644.
THE MADISONIAN.
THOMAS ALLEN,
F. <11 tor and ProprMu.
AGENTS.
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ladelphia.
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J obi ah Snow Detroit, Michigan.
Fowzmt & Woodward, St. Louis, Mo.
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THE LAW LIBRARY.
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NEW SUBSCHH'TIONS.
MERIDEN ENGLISH AND CLASSICAL
SCHOOL.?Instruction will be given in tho
comnmn English branches, also in Mathe
matics, Li?"n> Greek, French, Drawing, Book Keep
ing, Ac Much attention will be given to Orthogra
phy .leading, Writing, Comjxisition and Declama
tio".
It is the design of all engaged in teaching in this
School to have it second to none Jin the State. The
building is new and fitted up in the most approved
style.
A new and valuable apparatus has been procured
for the School, among which are Steam Engines, a
complete set of Electro Magnetics, Gloltcs, Orrery,
Maps, 1Sic.
No pains will l>c spared to interest the pupils in
what will be useful to them in after life'.
The Principal devotes his whole time to the School,
as he Ims made arrangements with his brother to take
the whole charge of the iiecuniary affairs ofthe Board
ing department. He also s|iends about one halfofhis
time with the pupils, privately to give them instruc
tion anil explanation in what they do not fully under
stand at the time of recitations.
The Principal receives into his family a limited
number of pupils, who will be under his constant su
|ier\isii>n, ami every proper means will lie used to
make them cheerful and hapuy.
Verms are from $4" to ft'ji) per quarter, including
board, tuition, lights, fuel, washing, Ac.
Reference may bo made to Prof. C. Davies, Rev.
G. Robins, Hon. Jos. Trumbull, th- Misses Drapers,
flic, of Hartford, Ct.: Capt. W. H. Swift of Spring
field, Mass. ; Lieut. II. H. Bell, U. S. Navy ; Rev. L.
Griggs and L. Cowles, North Haven ; and to the
People of Meriden generally.
JOHN I). POST, Principal.
Meriden, Ct., Nov. 21st, 1840. nov 27-tf
\ \ r 11 .SON'S FRENCH AND ENGLISH DlcT
vV TIONARY, London lH31t, KI22 large octavo
pages, being by far the most full anil comprehensive
French and English Dictionary yet published ; con
taining full explanations, definitions, synonyms, idi
oms, proverbs, terms of art and science, and pronun
ciation, iVc. &c, compiled from the Dictionary oft he
Academy, Boyer, Chambaud, Garner and others. Ily
Rev. Joseph Wilson, Professor of French in St. Gie
gory's College.
Just imported and for sale by
fob 18 F. TAYLOR.
SIMMS' NEW NOVEL, The Kinsman or the
Black Rider's of Congaree,
And Walsh's Sketches ofthe Conspicuous Living
Characters of France.
Are just received lor sale by F. TAYLOR
Spanish LANGUAOE-ComedicaoiLopede
Nmi, iiuJ Calderon, 1 vol.
Fabula* de Iriarte, 1 vol.
Work* of Irartie and Momtin, together in one vol.
Don Quixote, 2 vol*.
Carte* Marruecaa y Preeio* Selectea, 1 vol.
Colmena Eapanela, 1 vol.
Abelardo y Eloisa, 1 vol.
Hiatoria de la Inquiaicion de Eapana, 2 vol*.
Cucntoa y Satira* de Voltaire, iraduccion en veraoe
Castellaniw.
Alao, Grammar*, Spaniah and Engliah Dklionariea
Ac. for aale by F. TAYLOR. ap 1
Transactions of the royal ENGI
NEERS, Vol. 4, and Professional Paper* on *ub
jecta connected with the Duties of the Corp*, 4th vol.
London, 1841. Quarte aixe with manjr engraving*,
juat imported, a few copie* only, and Una day rereived
for sale by F. TAYLOR.
Alao, Life and Work* of Telford, the Engineer, I
vol. quarto, with folio Atlaa of pi a tea, London, 1840.
Nicholson on Projection and lsomelrical Drawing,
1 vol. Loudon, 18-10. i
Muahett'a Paper* on Iron ami Steel, 1 vol. octavo,
London, 1840.
Robiaon'* Mechanical PbikMuplty, 4 vol*.
And other valuable worlu* on the Maine claaae* of
I science.
*?* Books im|>orted to order from London and Pa
ri*. april 12
LANGUAGES.?A third Evening French Class
for gentlemen will open on Monday the 12th
initant. instruction given w umial, on a ihranrn- I
practical |>lan, by which the willing acholar, after 30
lessons, may perfect himself in the acquirement of thia
language without a teacher.
An evening Spanish Class is now forming. La
dies are instructed in either language from half pant
10 to 12 o'clock in the morning. English, Spaniah,
Italian, French, and Latin tranalation* in all com
mercial, legal, or literary matter*, speedily, correctly,
and neatly executed, at the corner of Penmylvania
avenue and Tenth atreet.
Washington, April 8, 1811?5t
PRESIDENTS MESSAGES, containing all the
Annupl; Inaugural, and Special Messages ; Pro
clamations, Veto*, Sc. Ac. of all the Preeidcnts, com
mencing with Washington's first Inaugural Address
and ending with General Harrison'a?in one volume
octavo, (taged and indexed ao as to offer the facility of
immediate relerence.
Just published and thi* day received for sale by
april 9 F. TAYLOR.
FLEETWOOD'S LIFE OF CHRIST, cheap
in one octavo, volume of 006 page*, with many
engravings, handsomely bound, and containing al*o
a History of the Jews, and Iliatory of the Live*,
tr|nsactions, and aufferings of the Holy Evangelists,
Apoetlee and other Primitive Martyrs. By the Rev.
John Fleetwood ; price SI IS.
A few copies just received, for sale by
ap 3 F. TAYLOR.
PRINCE ALBERT METALLIC PEN.^J^t
imimrted, are this day received, for sale by F.
TAYLOR.
Also, Perry's " Raven black" and Gillot's " Ba
ron's Pen."
On hand more than fifty varieties of the most ap
proved Pens of Windle, Perry, Gillot, Chance, Par- I
tlow and other*.
Goose Quills, No. 80, 90 and 100; and a lot of wild
Goose Quills from Hudson's Bay, just received.
Imported by the advertiser since January, 1841, '
English Sealing Wax, London Parchment, Rodger*'
Pen Knives, Desk Knives and Erasers, English Let
ter and Note Papers, French Letter Paper, London
Writing Ink, Guyot's French Ink, dec.
Writing Papers from the best Amciican manufac
turers kept constantly on supply. ap 1
Life and works of telford?Writ
ten by himself, containing a descriptive narrative
of his professional labors, reports, Ac. Ac. with a large
folio atlas of copper plates?just published?a single
copy imported from London, by F. TAYLOR.
Also, Crewze on Ship Building and Naval Archi
tecture, 1 quarto vol. with engraving.
Robio<i<vu's Mechanical Philosophy, 4 vols.
Britiah Nautical Almanac tor irflJilW I8TC.
Marshall on Soldiers.
Simmons [Capt. Royal Navy] on the effects of hea- [
vy ordnance.
A rmstrong on Steam Engine Roilers.
Mushett's papers on Iron and Steel, 1 vol. London,
1841.
McQueen's Geographical Survey of Africa and
the Slave Trade, London, 1840.
Illustrations and descriptive accounts of the Public
Buildings of London, by Pagin and Britton, 'J vols.
Karraday's Experimental Researches in Electricity.
Nicholson on Projection and lsometiical Drawing,
London, 1840.
And many other of the late English works on sci
ence, history, |s>litical economy, Ac. mar 19
IVES OF. THE PRESIDENTS OF THE
United States, and Sketches of the rcmarkalite
events in the history of the country, from its diatovcry
to the present time, in oue volume of 508 octavo pages,
with portraits and many engravings, in full leutiker
binding $'1 50.
Also, in one volume, Biography of the Signer* of
the Declaration of Independence, price #1 35. '
Just received for sale I.y F. TAYLOR. mar 19
ENGLISH BOOKS.?The writings of Sydney
Smith, the first Editor of the Edinburgh Review,
3 vols. London, 1840.
Landor's Imaginary Conversations of Literary Men
and Stutcsmcn, 3 vols.
Godwin's Commonwealth of England, 4 vols.
Palgrave's History of the Rise and Progress of the
Commonwealth, during the Anglo Saxon peiiud, two
vols, quarto.
Llodge's Illustrations of British History, 3 vols.
Home Tooke's Diversions of Purley, new edition,
in 1 vol. London, 1810.
Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy, new edition,
complete in 1 vol. London, IH10.
Cooke's Life of the Earl of Shaftesbury, 2 vols.
Archbishop Lcighton's Works, complete in one
volume.
Southey's Collection of British Poets, from Chaucer
to Ben Johnson, 1 vol.
Middleton's Life of. Cicero, new edition, complete in
one vol.
Recontly imported [alone with many other valuable
works] direct from London, by F. TAYLOR.
???Books, Periodicals, and Stationery, imfiortcd to
order from London and Paris. mar 19
TOTTEN'S NAVAL TEXT BOOK?Just
published, Naval Text Book, Letters to the Mid
shipmen of the United States Navy on Masting, Rig
ging and managing vessels of War.
Also, a set of Stationing Tables, a Nnvnl Gun Ex
ercise, and a Marine Dictionary, I vol., 8vo., by B. J.
Totten, Lieut. U. S. Navy.
The above bonk will Imi teceived to-day or to-mor
row for sale by F. TAYLOR, who has on hand, im
ported directly himself from London,
Charnock's Marine Architecture, 3 vs. 4to, many
plates.
Crewxc's Naval Architecture and Ship Building,
mnny plates.
British Nautical Almanac fo/ 1813 and 1844.
Falconer's Marine Dictionary, enlarged and im
proved, I vol., 4to., many plates.
Capt. Brenton's Naval History of Great Britain, 2
v*., many engravings.
Captain Glascock's Naval Officers Manunl.
Griffith on Seamanship, Fordycc's Naval Routine.
MacKenxic's Marine Surveying.
Robbin's Surveying, Belcher's Marine Surveying.
Naval Monitor, by C lax ton, (Royal Navy.)
British Naval Biography, 1 vol.
Simmons on Heavy Ordnance.
Clark's Naval Tactics, 3d edition, Notes by Lord
Rodney.
And many other valuable works on Gunnery, on
Courts Maitial, and all other branches of Naval
Science.
??? Books imported to otiWi. march 25
( 1 UIDE TO TIIE NATIONAI,EXECUTIVE
VT OFFICES, Wv Robeit Mills, Architect Public
Buildings, containing engraved Diagrams, designat
ing the severaj Executive Buildings, their relative po
sition, Bureaus, and officers Rooms, and also the
ComiiiitUv Rwnim in the Capitol.
Price 50 cents. Just published [I841] and this day
received for sale by F. TAYLOR. feb 13
Life of commodore perry, by ai?.
Slidell Mackenzie, IT. S. N. in 2 volumes is this
day received, for sale bj F. TAYLOR. tnar23
*)ort(cal.
from the Baltimore Patriot.
"WHAT OP THE NK3HT1"
In the night of Thursday, before Gen. Hanriiion'i
death, he repeated the following veraea from Iaaiah, to
one of hia relatione at hia aide, remarking that it had
made an impreaaion on hia mind which he bad never
been able to efface:
? Iaaiah 31 chap. 11 6l 12 va.
He called to me out of Beir, Watchman, what of
the night 1 Watchman, what of the night 1
The watchman aaid, the morning rometli, and alao
the night: if ye will inquire, inquire yo?return?
come.?Maditunian.
Out of Set he calleth mo?hear ye the word,
Waking drcaina of the |iaai, which my apirit hath
beard 1
" Watchman, what viaiona break forth on thy ai^htl
Watchman," it calla to me, " what of the night 1'
Now it ateala o'er my momenta : what nieaneth that
aouml,
In my aolitude calling at range echoca around 1
" Day ainka?the gray evening faat looaea ita lijyht!
Watchman, old watchman, aay, what of the night 1"
" The night cornea apace; but ita darkneaa and gloom
Have no fright for my viaion?no phantom of doom:
The eye which hath quailed not in teuqieat and fight,
Which gazed on the day, ahull look calm to the night!
" The night moveth on , but a morning aliall apread
Ita orient fluah o'er the realma of the d?ad?
Inquire thou, inquire thou, for thou haat the right?
The daylight ia paaaing?I teak not this niuiit !"
Mount Dillon.
? Without particular reference to the Scriptural con
text, or the legitimate Bonification or arrangement of
the poaaage itaelf, the reader will perceive that we have
appropriated the expreauion to thecircumatancea under
which it waa preaented?to that aolemn preaentiment
of the future which it waa deaigned to inapire?to thai
myaticconatruction which wra|>ped in etrangethoughta
the mind of the diatinguiahed man to whom it came,
in language of awful monition, but a few daya before
the chair of oflice waa exchanged for the cinply ahroud!
fBfsccllancous.
THE LEAD MINES OF IOWA.
A small volume entitled 4 Sketches oj /ou>a,'
by John B. Newliall, has just been given to the
public. It is full of inreresting information with
respect to Iowa and our Western Country gene
rally. We extract from it the following account
of the Lead Mines and Mining in Iowa :
Gai.ena (sulphurate of lead) may be divided
into three classes or descriptions, according to
the relative per cent, of the pure metal yielded
by each.
The first class is that which lies nearest the
surface of the ground, and, consequently, the
lirst species of ore discovered. It is known
among the miners by the name of ' ash mine
ralon account of its being covered with a
substance in appearance similar to white ashes.
This substance appears to be a carbonate of the
protoxyde of lead. It is generally found insinall
bodies at the depth of six or eight inches from
the surface, and immediately under the first
strata of soil, and lying in horizontal sheets of
about one inch and a half in thickness.
The fact of this ore lying so near the surface
of the ground, in which situation it must neces
sarily come in contract with more or less oxygen
or atmospheric air, readily accounts for its being
covered with this ' ashy' substance.
This description of ore is generally found on
or near the highest elevation of the bluffs, and
by the horizontal position of the sheets, the outer
edge becomes exposed to view by continued
vvCKiiaara^o M.na, am! fillip JeUllS to the dis
covery of the entire sheet. This description of
ore, therefore, was easily discovered when the
mining region was first explored, as the pioneers
might, by ploughing or spading up a small gar
den, open to the sight large pieces of the spark
ling ore.
This species of lead is, for two reasons, en
titled to be called the lirst class : first, it yields,
oil an average, from eighty to eighty-five per
cent, of pure lead, while the other descriptions
of ore, at the highest, yield but about seventy
five or seventy-six per centum, and sometimes
but from forty to fifty.
Secondly, because it was the first species dis
covered and the only sort known to tlie Indians
previous to the settlement of the country by the
whites ; it being of so pure a quality that they
were enabled to run it into bullets and ornaments
with the simple aid of their log fires. It is obtain
ed with tlie least expense of any of the varie
ties of ore, although never found in as large bo
dies as that which lies farther from the surface,
the size of the sheet seldom, if ever, exceeding
50,000 pounds weight, and most generally of
about one-tenth that size.
The second class of lead ore may be found in
a soft clay, immediately above tlie secondary
rock, at a depth ranging from ten to forty feet
beneath the surface. It inay be proper, per
haps, to state to the reader that the formation of
the earth in the mining region is composed of a
more mixed combination of earths than almost
any other part of the globe?lying in regular
strata above the primary rock. In sinking a
shaft, (which is generally of as small dimen
sions as convenience will allow, being about
three and a 1mIf to four feet in diameter,) the
miner finds, for the first two or three feet, a soft
light-brown clav, which, at the depth of three
feet, gen* rally becomes mixed with small pieces
of white Hint, and, as he descends, the flint
gradually increases in size; the clay, at the
same time, becomes of a darker red, or 'ochreish'
color. At the depth of five feet, he finds the
flint changcil into a deep blue color, and formed
into regular sheets of about two and a half or
three inchus in thickness, generally about three
sheets lying horizontally above each other, and
separated by j? strata of reddish clay of about three
inches in thic kness. After sinking through these
strata of Hint, the clay becomes of a brighter
red, and mixed with a kind of spurious iron ore,
frequently in so great a proportion as to carry
the appearance of a soliu bed of rust or oxyde
of iron. This strata varies in thickness more
than that of any other, being frvquently eight
feet thick,, and at others entirely disappearing;
below this strata lies a soft dark-brown clay,
sometimes mixed in a variegated manner with
small strea.ks of green, red, blue, white and yel
low clay. The yeliuw stiataol clay has the ap
pearance of the protoxyde of lead, and often is
the only colored clay found in the strata as
above mentioned, in which case ft is frequently
eighteen inches in thickness, and is more regu
lar than the other colors. Theclay at this depth
is of a very moist nature, and is found imme
diately above the sand or secondary rock, and
intermingled with it. About eighteen inches
above the rock is found what is called by the
miners ' chunk minerald.-riving it3 name from
the form, in which it is found, haying the ap
pearance of being thrown together without regu
larity, being found in chunks of no regular shape,
varying in size from half an ounce weight to
1,000 pounds. This species cf mineral is free
from every substance but sulphur, which it con
tains in greater quantities than'the 'ash mineral,
and consequently y iritis a less per centum of the
metal, the average being about seventy-five ner
ccnt. ; this ore, however, is found in large bo
dies, sometimes intermiwd with c.'ay f?r 'n0
thickness of eight feet, and, from the s"'1'
ness of the clay, is taken from the oa.'lh with
great facility. When the miner has sunk his
shaft to the bottom of the mineral, he 'dri,fts' each
way from it, hy digging out the earth lor the
t ?i?r ,n widlh l'v three in
height, until be comes to the extremity of the
body o? mineral; he then runt* cross drifts, lear
Wi ? "'"or,"lPPort ?' (he clay above,
until be obtains moat of the ore; sometimes, how
ever, too anxious that nothing shall be lost, he
leaves an insufficient support, and is obliged to
use wooden props or stays to keep the earth from
caving in upon liini, This ore is generally found
lying at the heed of a ravine; the surface of the
ground mi medially over it has a concave appear
ance, and, when the miner selects a place for
sinking a shaft, he deceuds a short distance from
the summit, where the clay is of greater depth,
and where the secondary rock is of a softer na
ture, and not so regular in its formation. The
strata of clay, in which the chunk mineral is
lound as it runs into the hill, frequently forms a
horizontal opening between the santl rock, in
which the mineral assumes the form of a regular
sheet, and lies at the top of the strata of clay, and
partially adheres to the upper rock, which may
be considered somewhat singular when it is
known that the ore is about six times the speei- i
uc gravity ol the clay, and would naturally be
looked for underneath this strata of clay. The I
sheet thus formed between the rocks is not genc
^ X . ,norc than one inch in thickness, and
ol (united extent, unless it meets with a per
pendicular crevice or opening in the rock, in
which case it often decends in this crevice until
it rvaoV's another horizontal fissure orcrevice, in
which it forms a horizontal sheet or ore
Third Class.?This she et or strata is gene
rally found from forty to sixty feet in depth. It
is hard and solid, varying from two inches to
three feet in thickness, and from forty to sixty
feet in length, varying also much in width. Mi
ners arc often led to the discovery of this species
of ore in the pursuit of the chunk mineral; the
general course, however, pursued, it* to sink a
long shaft on the summit of the b|uff to the sand
rock, in order to find a perpendicular crevice or
'seam.' When found, they are enabled to pene
trate the rock with much more fncility by the
aid of the fissure. When they have sunk to the
depth ol forty feet, the opening generally be
comes horizontal, and of a width varying from
two inches to four feet. In this opening there is
generally found a solid sheet of ore adhering to
the upper rock, and beneath it is found a soft
claf, which, when removed, the miner, with
gnat facility, breaks down the mineral from
abive, when he places it into a tub, and it is
drawn up to the surface of the ground by a wind
lass. Sometimes the horizontal fissure is only
of sufficient width to contain the mineral, and
the sheet adheres to both the lower and upper
rock, in which ease it requires much more labor
to remove it, as the rock has first to be removed
from beneath, which requires a skilful blaster;
but from this horizontal opening there is fre
quently another perpendicular one which leads
down to a strata of lime-rock, al>ove which last
isalways found another horizontal opening which
contains a sheet o( lead ore, which is generally
thicker than at any other depth. At this depth
the miners are put to much inconvenience on ac
count of water, and, in order to avoid the difli
culty as muck as possible, they sink a basin, in
which to drain the water, and draw it from
thence to the surface in barrels as necessity re
quires. (It may be worthy of remark that this
water, althoigb mixed and running over several
sulphurets, is of the purest quality of spring
water, and perfectly healthy ; so much so, thai
the miners use it while at work.) The sheets
of ore found in these horizontal fissures are more
or less mixed with spurious metallic substances,
which renders the ore of less value than the two
first classes: its average yield is about seven'.y
two per cent.
A substance, called by the miners 'Black Jack,'
is sometimes found iu large quantities in these
openings, and which so much resembles galena
that inexperienced miners are often deceived by
taking it lor the pure ore. In appearance it is
very similar to the protoxyde of lead, nn<l, when
ex|H>sed to the air, it decomposes rapidly, leaving
a substance similar in appearance to small pieces
of slate, and, when exposed to a strong heat, it
emits large quantities of sulphuric smoke: about
nint-tenths of the substance entirely disa] pears.
Snnll particles of pure sulphuret of silver are
found intermingled with this species of ore:
pica's of two ounces weight have been discover
ed. At the outer edge of this sheet a substance
known among miners by the name of' dry-bone,'
is found, which has the appearance ol melted
quartz, being very hard and full of pores, and
seems to have been formed by volcanic action.
Many of the miners believe it to be the infantile
stale of lead ore, from the fact of its having
small portions of ore imbedded in it; and, what
is somewhat singular, the octagonal shape of (he
ore is much better preserved in these particles
than in any other species of the ore. 'Dry-bone '
when exposed to n strong heat, loses nothing
but a small portion of sulphur which is in com
bination with the particles of ore: no effort has
yet succeeded iu dissolving the substance.
Another substance found in this opening in
great abundance is chrystalized sulphur, which,
iu consequence of its Dei air in contact with ga
lena, and entering into combination with it so
easily, has a greyish appearance, which renders
the vnlue of the ore deceptive to the eye. Sul
phur, at this depth, is also found in combination
with lead and arsenic together, so that it pre
sents, when broken, a beautiful appearance, the
small particles having the appearance of orpi
j mcnt, but its color is of a more greyish cast.
1 Dust mineral' is a species of mineralofsoine
' what singular formation. It is sometimes found
at the depth of three or four feet from the surface
of the ground, intermingled with sand and clay,
and in small particles about the size of a grain of
sand. It has a bright and sparkling appearence
when taken from the earth, and is separated
from the clay and sand by being placed on a fil
ter in a swifl current of water; the sand and clay
being washed away, while the mineral, from its
specific gravity, sinks, through the filter into a
box beneath. This mineral undergoes the pro
cess of smelting with less heat than any other
except the ' ash mineral,' yet it does not yield so
much per centum of the metal; it, however, has
never been found in large quantities, and is con
sidered of but little value.
' Kloat mineral' is small detached pieces of
'ash mineral' which have, by the washing of
the rains and repeated frosts, become exposed to
view. It is found in the bottom of ravines and
upon the side of the bluffs where it is clear of
grass. It is seldom found except in small pieces
of about an ounce in weight, and is considered
of no importance further than it denotes the exis
tence of a body of mineral in its vicinity.
I'HOCESH or SMELTING.
The first process observed after the discovery
of the mines was smelling in log furnaces, which
were constructed in the following manner: a
stone wall of about two feet in thickness, eigh
teen feet in length, and ten feet in height, was
erected at the lower side of a small hi.lock, with
an inclination of about thirty five degrees, and
Irom the extremities of this wall two wings were
built on the upper side, thereby making a hollow
space of a triangular form, at the bottom of which
a small Hue was left for the double purpose of
giving a draught to the fire, and for the lead,
when melted, to run intoa vessel placed beneath.
Irom which it was put into the moulds by a la
dle?when the furnace was finished, logs wire
rolled into the space on the upper side, and the
lead ore intermingled with fagots and charcoal
until the space was filled up, when the logs were
ignited and melted the ore, or destroyed the com
bination of the lead w ith the sulphur. When the
heat was not sufficiently intense, quick-lime was
thrown on to increase it. But it was ascertain
cd lhat the heat could not be
intensity by thi? process to obtain all the leadUh.
mineral contained, consequently cupoUJ"
ces' were c onstructed in tie following nianner.
a large oven was first built, to which waa c
BHMl a ' stack' or chimney of front forty tolif
ty feel in height for the purpose of giving
draught to the fire, and thereby increasing
heal; the mineral was then |daced in this ov? n
intermingled with charcoal, fago's and quick
lime, when the combustibles were ignited. "na
the oven, with the exception of small vent-holes,
is closed up, and the lead, as it is separated from
ihe sulphur, sinks to the bottom of the oven, and
is drained off into a basin, from which it is dip
ped by ladles into moulds. But these lurnaces,
from ihe cost of construction, and from the con
stant need ot' repair, have given way to 'blast
furnaces,' which are now generally used. These
are constructed similar to a blacksmith's forge,
having a large billows which is worked by water
power, and the mineral, after being beaten up
into small particles, is placed on the forge in
small quantities mixed with charcoal, lime, and
small pieces of pine or linn wood, where, by the
means of the bellows, a strong heat is produced.
The lead, when separated, tuns off on an incli
ned ' apron' into an iron vessel, from which it is
dipped into moulds. These furnaces, when well
managed, cause the ore to produce more lead
than any others yet introduced, bui an inexpert-1
ehccd smelter may produce contrary effects with
Yhem in several wf a: for !n*ni?e, if ?<*> much
ore be put on at one time, or if the heat is not
kept uniform, a portion of the lead will combine
wiih the charcoal and lime, and form ' slug ; or
should the heat be too grdat, the lead is rendered
brittle and of an inferior quality.
The chemical change produced in the smelting
of lead is, that the sulphur is driven off by means
of the heat. The charcoal at the same time ab
sorbs the oxygen which has, by exposure to the
air combined with the ore ; the lime also absorbs
the sulphuric acid, which i? formed by the union
of the sulphur of the mineral, ihe oxygen of the
air and the water from the wood, which lorms a
sulphate of lime. The metal being thus freed
from other substances by the heat, becomes fused,
and, from its specific gravity, sinks to the bottom
and runs off.
external indication* or the existence or
MINERAL.
Krom observations by the miners, it lias be.n
discovered that there are several external ob
jects which denote the existence of lead ore. li
has bei n remarked that blur gr?*? alone grows
in the vicinity of mineral. It has also been per
ceived lhat over a heavy body of mineral there
is a sway or concavity in the external appearance
of the earth; likewise over perpendicular crevi
ces a peculiar vegetation has been found to exist.
An interesting and somewhat singular occur
rence in mining is, that perpendicular crevices
running north and south, seldom, il ever, con
tain lead ore, while those running east and west
are seldom found without more or less in them.
TheSe last two are sometimes found to run tor
miles in a straight line, crossing several ravines
in their course; thus when a perpendicular^re
vice, running east and west, is found to contain
mineral, on one bluff its course is taken, and
shafts are sunk on the adjoining bluff.
GEMS FROM EMERSON'S ESSAYS.
Forms ?Why, being as we are surrounded
by this all creating nature, soil and fluid as a
cloud or the air, should we be such hard
and magnify a few forms? Why should we
make account of time, or of magnitude, or ol
form ? The soul knows them not, genius, obey
ing its laws, knows how to play with them as a
young child plays with greybeards and in church
es Genius studies the casual thought, and far
back in the womb of things, sees the rays part
inir from one orb, that diverge ere they fall by
infinite diameters. Genius watches the monad
through all his masks as he performs the me
tempsychosis of nature. Genius detects through
the fly, through the catcrpiller, through the grub,
through the egg, the constant type of the.indi
vidual; through countless individuals thefixid
species; through many species the genus; through
all "?enera the steadfast type; through all the
kingdoms of organized life the eternal unity.
Nature is a mutable cloud, which is always and
never the same. She casts the same thought in
to troops of forms, as a poet makes twenty fables
with one moral. Beautifully shines a spirit thro
the bruteness and toughness of matter. Alone
omnipotent,it converts all things to its own end.
The adamant streams into soltest and prec|sc
form before it, but whilst 1 look at it, its outline
and texture are changed altogether. Nothing
is so fleeting as form. Vet never does it quite
denv itself. In man we still trace the rudunen s
or hints of all that we esteem badges of servitude
in the lower races, yet in him they enhance hi.
nobleness and grace; as lo, in jEschylus, trans
formed to a cow, offends the imagination, but
how changed when as Isis in Egypt, she meets
Jove, a beautiful woman, with nothing of tm
metamorphosis 1'eft but the lunar horns as the
splendid ornaments of her brow.
Archetypes.?The trivial experience of every
day is always verifying some old prediction to us,
and converting into thiags for us also the words
and signs which we had beard and seen withou
heed Let me add a few examples, such as lull
within the scope of every man's observation, ol
trivial facts which go to illustrate great and con
spicuous facts. .
A lady, with whom I was riding in the forest,
said to me, that the woods always seemed 10 her
to wail, as if (he genii who inhabit them sus
pended their deeds until the wayfarer has passed
onward. This is precisely the thought which
poetry has celebrated in the dance of the fairu s
which breaks off on the approach of human ti t.
The man who has seen the rising moon break
out of the clouds at midnight bas l.een
like an archangel at the creation of light and o
the world. 1 icmember that being abroad oni
summer day, my companion pointed out to me a
"cloud! which might extend a garter of a
mile parallel to the horizon, quite accural! ly' in
the form of a cherub as painted over churches
a round block in the centre which it was easy to
animate with eyes and mouth,supported on either
side by wide stretched symmetrical wings.
What appears once in the atmosphere may ap
pear often, and it was undoubtedly the arche
type of lhat familiar ornament. 1 have seen 111
tf, ? sky a chain of summer lightning which at
once revealed to me that the Greeks drew from
nature when they painted the thunderbolt in the
band of Jove. I have seen a snow-drift along
the sides of the stone wall which obviously gave
the idea of the common architectural scroll to a
but a tower.
GncATNEH* op Simplicity.?The costly charm
of the ancient tragedy and indeed of all the old
literature is, that thc#persons speak simply
sneak as persons who have great good sense with
out knowing it, before yet the reflective habit
has become the predominant habit of the mind.
Our admiration of the antique is not admiration
of the old, but of the natural. The Greeks are
not reflective but perfect in their senses, perfect
i in their health, with the finest physical organi
i /ation in the world. Adults acted with thesiinpli
city andgrace of boys. They made vases, tragi
dies, and statues such as healthy senses should
?that is, in good taste. Such things have con
tinued to be made in all ages, and are now,
wherever a healthy physique exists, but, as a
class, from their superior organization, they
have surpassed all. They combine the energy
of manhood with the engaging unconsciousness
of childhood. Nobody can reflect J--?
conscious act wilh regret orxoniempl. Bwd o
hero cannot look down ou the word^or gw^ ui
a child. It i? as greal as they. Tht atU*
of these manners is, that they belong ?? ? ^
and are known to every man in virtue o h
in? once a child; beside thut always there arc
individuals who retain these chf rac^r'*''f'-r
person of childlike genius and inborn in rgv
I, still a Greek, and revives our love of the
muse of Hellas. A great boy, ? 1
good sense, is a Greek. Beautiful is
Nature in the Philoctetes. But in reading Ibjw
hoe apostrophes to sleep, to the stars, .
mountains, waves, I feefiime pM^ngaway as
an ebbing sea. I feel the eternity of mail, the
identity of his thought. The Greek had, it
the same fellow beings as I. The stm and nwx .
water and (ire, met nis heart precisely as .
meet mine. Then the vaunted distinction be
tween Greek and English, between < la88J??'! *
Romantic seems superlicial and pedantic. W ntu
a thought of Plato beconus a thought to ni?
when a truth that lired the soul of Pindar "res
mine, time is no more. When I fed that we
two meet in a perception, that our two souls are
tinged with the same hue, and do, as it were,
run iuto one, why should 1 measure degrees 01
latitude, why should 1 count Egyptian years
Self-Relunce.?Trust thyself: every heart
vibrates to lhat iron string. Accent 1 he place
the divine Providencc has found for you; llie
societies of your cotemi'oraries, the connexion
of events. Great men have always done so ana
conlided themselves child-like to the genius oi
their uge, betraying their perception that I tic
Eternal was stirring at their heart, working
through their hands, predominating in all tlieir
being. And we are now men, and must accept
in the highest mind the same transcendent des
tiny: and not pinched in a corner, not cowards
(teeing before a revolution, but redeemers and
benefactors, pious aspirants to be noble clay
plastic uuder the Almighty effort, lut us advance
on Chaos and the Dark.
What pretty oracles nature yields us on tin-s
text in the fact and behavior of children, babes
and even brutes. That divided and rebel mind,
that distrust of a sentiment because our arith
metic has computed the strength and means op
posed to our purpose; these have not. 1 heir
mind being wnole, their eye is as yet uncon
quered, and when we look in their faces, we are
disconcerted. Infancy conforms to nobody : all
conforms to il, so that one babe commonly makes
four or iive out of the adults who prattle and
play to it. So God has armed youth and puber
ty and manhood no less with its own piquancy
and charm, and made il enviable and gracious
and its claims not to be put by, if it will stand
by itself. Do not think the youth has no force
because he cannot speak to you and me. Hark .
in the next room, who spoke so clear and em
phatic ? Good Heavens litis lie! it is that very
lump of bashfulness and phlegm which for weeks
has done nothing but eat when you were.by,
that now rolls out lliese words like bell-strokes.
It seems he knows how to speak to his cotem
poraries. Bashful or Uld, then, he will know
liow to make us seniors unnecessary.
The Uhebof Ad\ ersity.?The compensation!
of calamity are made apparent to the under
standing also, after long intervals ot time. A
fever, a mutilation, a cruel disappointment, a
low of wealth, a loss of friends, seems at the
moment unpaid loss, and unpayable. But In
sure years reveal the peen remedial force that
underlies all facts. The death or a dear friend
wife, brother, lover, which seemed nothing but
privation, somewhat later assumes the aspect ot
a guide or genius; for it commonly operates re
volutions in our way of life, terminates an epoch
of infancy or of youth which was waiting to be
closed, breaks up a wonted occupation, or n
household, or style of living, and allows the for
mation of new ones more friendly to the grow th
of character. , It permits or constrains the for
mation of new acquaintances, and the ri"ceP
tion of new inlluences that prove o the hrst
importance to the next years; and the man or
woman who would have remained a sunny gar
den dower, with no room for its roots and too
much sunshine for its head, by the falling of the ?
walls and the neglect of the gardener, is made
the banian of the forest, yielding shade and lryit
to wide neighborhoods of men.
The Worth or Books.?The effect of any
writing on the public mind is mathematically
measurable by its depth of thought. How much
water does it draw ? If it awaken you to think;
if it lift you from your feet with the great voice
of eloquence ; then the effect is to be wide, slow,
permanent, over the minds of men ; ilI the pages
instruct you not, they will die like (lies 111 the
hour The way to speak and write what shall
not go out of fashion, is, to speak and write sin
cerely. The argument which has not power to
reach my own practice, 1 may well doubt, will
fail to reach yours. But take Sidney's maxim:
" Look in thy heart, and write." lie that wiites
to himself, writes to an eternal public. 1 na
statement only is (it to be made public which
vou have come at ill attempting to satislv your
own curiosity. The writer who takes his sub
ject from his car and not from Ins heart, sliou <1
know that he has lost as much as he seems to
have gained, and when the empty book has
gathered all Us praise, and half the people say,
??what poetry! what genius, it still needs
fuel to make (ire. That only profits which is
profitable. Life alone can impart life; and
though we should burst, we can only be valued
as we make ourselves valuable. There is no
luck in literary reputation. They who make up
the final verdict upon every book, are not the
partial and noisy readers of the hour when it
appears; but a court as of angels, n public not
to be bribed, not to be entreated, and not to he
overawed, decides upon every man's title !?
fame. Only those books come down which ui
serve to last. All the gilt edges and vellum and
morocco, all the presentation-copies to all llie
libraries will not preserve a book in circulation
beyond its intrinsic date. It must go with .111
Walpole's Noble and Royal Authors to its late.
Blackmore, Kotzebue, or l'ollok may endure (or
a night, but Moses and Homer stand forever.?
There arc not in the world at any one tunc
more than a dozen persons who read and under
stand Plato;?never enough to pay tor an edi
tion of his woiks ; yet to every
come duly down, for the sake of these 1 w per
sons. as if God brought them in his hand. No
book," said Bentley, " was ever written down
bv any but itself." The permanence of all
books is fixed by no effort friendly or hostile, but
by their own specific gravity, or the intrinsic
importance of their contents to the constant
mind of man. 'Do not trouble yourself too
much about the light on your statue,' said Mi
chael Angelo to the young sculptor ; ' the light
of the punlic square will test its value.
Ladies 1 rho cultivate flover* will gratefully
receive the following recipe for destroying a
very troublesome reptile. It is taken troui lio
vey's Magazine of Horticulture :
Worms in pots may be easily destroyed, sim
ply by watering the soil with lime water, which
may be made by putting a piece of lime, weigh
ing about 2Hh. info a pail of water; when the
whole is slacked, and well stirred up, it should
be allowed to settle. The clear water may then
be turned off, and the soil in the pots should be
liberally watered with it. The worms will soon
leave ihe premises, by crawling out upon the
surface, when they may be taken out nml de
stroyed. If any remain, another watering may
be applied. W e have never found any dilliculiy
in destroying them by this method.
An lnridr.nl.? An a straml>oat was aboill Ira^ng
Whirling, crowded with passenger*, a hearties* niioi
observed, lhat he regarded the President'* death s? :?
public Meaning. The remark startled those who lioar.l
it. and for a time deep silence was the only answer
which was made. At length a man venerable in ap
pearance and ycara, in a voire stifled with grij' , ?
1 that *u?h wanton levity was not ronaiateni? ith
American, and that he would not travel <ntU ?
?. .nk a., ^
in this opinion, and the ' "* 0>(
onshore ** being unfit to two^u'f