The Catholic times. [volume], May 28, 1954, Image 4

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4—THE CATHOLIC TIMES
Friday. May 28. 1954
THE
CATHOLIC TIMES
Published Every Week by
The Catholic Times, Inc
Columbus. Ohio
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This Paper Printed by Union Labor
Our Diocesan Schools
The annual school report of the Catholic schools
in the diocese of Columbus for the school year 1953
1954 has just been completed. Besides renewing
statistics and indicating present and future prob
lems, it presents a picture of growth, progress,
cooperation, and accomplishment.
Over 2000 more children attend the parochial
schools this year than last year. This increase has
moreover, been constant during the past decade
Statistics show that since 1945 there has been an
increase of 73 per cent in the elementary school
registration and of 83 per cent in the high schools.
Population trends show that this growth will con
tinue to rise steadily during the next ten years.
As a result of this higher enrollment, problems
have faced the parochial school system New schools
are needed for the recently settled neighborhoods
and parishes, new classrooms for many established
schools, and. above all. more teachers and funds
that will make these classrooms a reality.
The building problem has been met in many sec
tions. Since 1945, seven schools have been opened
in Columbus, Christ the King. Holy Spirit, Our Lady
of Peace, St. Christopher, St. James the I^ess. and
St. Michael. Classrooms have been added to many
others. And still the building continues. This year
the new St Gabriel School will be opened for the
children of the Amvet section of Columbus, and
Watterson High Schoo) will open its doors for its
first group of freshmen.
Typical of the rapid enrollment rate in even
these new schools is the registration at Holy Spirit
School. Situated in Whitehall, it opened in 1952
with an enrollment of 165. Ry September 1953 the
number had jumped to 330. and now in the spring
of 1954 is 400. “We have registrations almost every
day,” Sister Michael Joseph, the principal, says.
Meanwhile, the needs of existing schools have
been met and facilities have been improved when
ever possible Diocesan meetings and programs have
been sponsored in order that the administrators and
teachers of the schools may benefit from the ex
periences of others The Annual School Lunch Work
shop resulted in new ideas for the lunch programs.
Education-Industry flusme.'!- Day v hen business
men from varied fields visited the schools and
watched the training of the executives and workers
of the future, proved a profitable venture both for
the business men and the schools.
The diocesan Guidance enter has come through
its first few months most successfully. Eventually
it will be the counselling agency for children of
unusual capabilities, either above or below average
So far, however, the program extends only to those
who are unable to maintain the same pace as their
companions because of emotional social, or mental
P’Dblems. This year, moreover, parents have had
an opportunity to see classes in session hy tuning tn
to the TV program "Touring the Town’’ each Tues
day morning at 8 30 On these programs, the Sisters
have taught such subjects as history geography,
reading, and health
Fundamentally, the Catholic schools nf the Co
lumbtia Diocese are giving an excellent education
to their pupils The problems still persist More class
rooms, more schools, more teachers are needed.
These needs are being met courageously by the ad
ministrators and generously by the Catholic parish
loners The year work has hern an indication of
the continued high service nf the parochial school
system to the people of the Diocese of Columbus
An “American** Saini
It might seem improbable that we ourselves
would ever have a particular friend of ours raised tn
the honor of God’s altar and he known to the world
as a saint. But that is just what is going to happen
tomorrow morning
Pops Pius was never reticent about display
ing his deen and special affection for his American
children The first public audience that the new
Pope granted was to a group of Americans. The
last such audience of his memorable Pontificate wax
•Iso to a group of Americans.
"I love these Americans,” Pius said, “they
are the blooming youth of atholicism I gladly
give my apostolic blessing tn their whole country
Those are the words of a man who throughout
his reign as Pope wanted the world to know that he
held us and our country in love and esteem. Now
that he is being raised to the altar can we think
that his interest and love will be any the less?
Truly, we Americans can say that in Saint
Pius we have an "American” saint Our rejoicing
and thankfulness to God for the signal honor being
paid this humhle and holy man comes from the
realization that he was and is one of our own.
not only in time, but in interest and nearness.
Every class and state of American society has
a special reason to dedicate themselves to a solid
devotion tn this new Saint the general laity, par
ents, priests and children they have all received
special and particular gifts from this great Pontiff
while he was alive on this earth
Now that he is with God in heaven, now that we
can honor him as one whom we know for sure is
close to God in one of His cnosen places in heaven,
let us all turn to him as Catholics and Americans.
Let us take our own particular needs and those
of our country to him who in life felt us to he his
special interest and concern
The Pentecostal Novena
The people of today can take heart in recalling
the history of the early Christians as it is portrayed
and remembered in the great Feast days celebrated
by the Church in her liturgy A sense of compan
ionship and nearness, nf hope and confidence comes
with the thought that we are going through nothing
new. that we are not lost or forgotten, hut are suf
fering w’hat must always be the lot of Christ's fol
lowers.
The day after Dur lord’s Ascension into heaven.
Mary the Apostles and the disciples were all gath
ered in the unner room where they had eaten the
last supper with their Master. They were afraid
and bewildered as they awaited the coming of the
Holy Ghost Whom Christ had promised to send to
them to teach and strengthen them.
We are told in the Acts of the Apostles that they
all ‘‘with one mind continued steadfastly in prayer.”
They did this for nine days, until the day of Pente
cost. we are tnld.
This was the first Pentecostal Novena We ean
easily compare our position today to that of those
first Christians in the upper room.
Beset on every side with examples of the uorld’a
hate and wickedness, we too are afraid and be
wildered. We have, however, the comforting knowl
edge of the effect of the Holy Ghost upon those who
made the first Pentecostal novena to spur us on
to imitate them in constant prayer in awaiting his
coming.
Today, every church and chapel of the Diocese,
of Columbus, a public novena to the Holy Ghost is
being started and will end the day before Pentecost
Sunday.
Let us all make this novena the center of our
extra devotions for the next nine days asking the
Holy Ghost to purify our lives with the fire of His
Divine love and 'to favor and guard His church in
Columbus with a great increase of priestly and
religious vocations.
Just Among Ourselves
Passing Commant Considered or Inconsiderate
In the Look article which we discussed last week,
the article which inquires "What Disturbs Protest
ants about Catholics?”, there occurs a sentence well
calculated to add to the general disturbance. Just
eighteen lines from the beginning of the essay,
after a well-meant but mistaken statement that "the
great bulk of Roman Catholic teaching and preach
ing is common” with non-Catholic teaching and
preaching, occurs the sentence we mean: ‘‘Protest
ants also believe, however, that Catholic teachings
have become associated down the centuries with a
number of dogmas, ideas and practices which are
neither true nor Christian.”
In other words. Catholics have gone wrong.
Theirs is not now, if ever it was, the true religion
Therefore, for a Catholic, the whole discussion is
finished. If his religion is not the true religion, he
is not surprised to find that he disturbs Protestants,
nor concerned to stop disturbing them. He is merely
a phoney, seeking notice or publicity, and, of course,
disturbance is what he feeds on. But if the Protest
ant, in turn is not secure in his awareness that he
possesses the one true religion, then he is a phoney
too, and ought to be disturbed. In this case, there
is neither rhyme nor reason in the. current discus
sion in Look. Just a couple of mixed-up parties, each
(as Arnold Lunn quotes somebody as saying) trying
to interest people in its own particular brand of
error.
a
The Catholic is the only person bearing the name
of Christian who actually takes the word and actions
of Christ into account. The Catholic reads in God’s
word that Christ is God. that Christ founded one
Church that Christ gave this Church the mission of
teaching and spiritually directing all men that
Christ imparted to this Church His own voice and
authority that Christ promised to abide with this
one Church to the end of time. And therefore the
Catholic knows that, down the centuries, there may
be many unworthy Catholics, there may arise local
practices alien to the will and teaching of the Church,
hut the Catholic also knows that there cannot—on
Christ's own word—arise in the Church itself "ideas,
and practices which are neither true nor Christian
How can the Church go wrong if Christ is with it as
He promised how can Peter feed the flock poison
when he is appointed' by the God-Man to feed it
truth?
The sentence quoted bogs down discussion for
another reason. It is expressed in terms that, how
ever familiar, are nevertheless vague and foggy.
Just what does the writer of the Look article mean
by "ideas, dogmas and practices?” What is suggested
1o the modern mind by the word dogma? Does a man
of our times consider the teachings of history as
dogmas? Does he consider the formulas of labora
tories as dogmas? Is the discovery of America, as
recorded in the books, a dogma? Is the theory of the
atomic and sub atomic structure of matter a dogma?
Yes. of course these things ore dogmas. But does a
modern person ever think of calling them by that
name?
A
A standard Greek dictionary defines the Greek
word dogma as, “1. that which one thinks true, an
opinion. 2 a resolution, decree And from the sec
ond meaning of this word comes the Greek dogmattzo
(our dogmatize) which means "to lay down a decree
Both the noun and the verb here considered derive
from the root-verb dokeo which, in its primary mean
ing, signifies "to think to suppose.”
A
The facts of established history are things which
w have good and sufficient reason to think true
therefore, they are dogmas. The theories of science
which deal with the sub-microscopic world, a world
that cannot be immediately seen or handled, are
dogmas, for they are things we have good reason
to think true. And the decrees of our civil laws
are dogmas, because they are reasonable and au
thoritative ordinances. But does anyone nowadays
think of calling these things by the name of dogmas"!
No the word dogma has taken on. through mis
use, an ugly meaning wholly alien to its original
signification. Maybe the word acquired this evil
meaning from the catch-phrasing of old religious
arguments. At all events, the current meaning of
dogma in non-Catholic ears is a harsh and un
believable thing, without show of reason, which a
person is compelled to accept as a truth, or to obey
as a tyrannous decree. Thus understood,—and the
word is thus understood by millions of modern men,
a dogma as such is detestable it is an outrageous
imposition on mind or will or both it is oppression it
is enslavement it is its own condemnation, admittng
no explanation or justification. Call a thing dogma
today, and you blast it out of the realm of things
fit for human consideration.
But a Catholic uses the word dogma in its old,
useful, and legitimate sense. To him it is either a
teaching of the Church which Christ established to
teach truth, or it is a decree the realm of morals
laid down by the Church which Christ sent to give
men spiritual guidance and so to govern them in
the way to heaven. Thus, to a Catholic. a sentence
like the one quoted here, the first paragraph
of this column, is silly and even meaningless.
e
To say th(B Catholic teachings have become "as
sociated with a number of dogmas” is to say that
Catholic teachings ha\e become associated with a
number of teachings. A teaching is necessarily dog
matic a teacher is one who gives out what he thinks
to be true. But the teachings of the Church founded
by Christ cannot become “associated” in any sig
nificant manner with alien teachings otherwise
the word of the God-Man is falsified and this is a
manifest impossibility.
The Catholic is not a mere stubborn man who
refuses to give ground on any point, and rebuffs
the efforts of his Protestant neighbor who is will
ing to make concessions and compromises. For the
Catholic’s belief is not his own. hut what God has
given him to believe he is not competent to alter
his beliefs by adding, subtracting, or modifying. Ca
tholicity and Protestantism can no more be drawn
into a common body of belief than oil and water
can be mingled into a common substance.
Religion points to the only real issues of human
existence In last analysis, nothing else matters than
having the truth and living according to it, and so
coming to the eternal bliss of heaven. This is. after
all, what al) men want. It is tragic that futile dis
cussion should blur the importance of this quest,
and should tend to bring men together in a bland
and deadening mdifferentism.
WASHINGTON LETTER
WASHINGTON—in the midst
of a great deal of turmoil here
in the National Capital, Secretary
of State John Foster Dulles slip
ped down to Williamsburg, Va.,
and emphasized a fact which ev
eryone should ponder.
"Basically, the present conflict
between freedom and despotism.”
he said, “is a conflict between a
spiritual and material view of the
universe and of the nature of
man.”
This is an elemental, crystal
clear appraisal of the w’orld sit
uation It spotlights the source of
the fight, and it helps to explain
why it has spread into all parts
of the world. Communism is not
merely a political and economic
theory. It is a philosophy that
many have embraced as a relig
ion
Secretary Dulles touched upon
the effects of this when he said:
"If one does not believe in the
spiritual order, if one does not
accept the fact of moral law and
what the Virginia Bill of Rights
referred to as ‘the duty which we
owe to our Creator,’ then it is.
indeed, difficult to combat the
thesis that men should be the
servants of the state that one
state should be the master over
LOHS F. MJDENZ
V
No secret is made of the Red
success at hampering and halt
ing Congressional investigations
into subversion. True, in its
editorial of April 27 the Daily
Worker lets us know that it is
not pleased at the way the hear
ings have gone, so (ar as the
evidence is concerned. It would
like to see such a distortion of
the facts as would "smear” in
quiries into subversion and kill
them off altogether. Rut its
joy is registered in the fact that
the Communist cry of many
months standing, "investigate
the investigators,” is now being
brought forward on a big scale
in American life.
Lin* Advancing
The Red daily organ, encour
aged by the stoppage of all ade
quate investigation of subver
sives, now shouts out that the
present inquiry should be ex
tended to the Federal Bureau
of Investigation. That is the
point to which we have now been
brought by the stoking of the
fires against "McCarthyism and
Let’s Try Harder, Sam
The Material vs The Spiritual
all other states.”
We could well be reaping the
fruits of a materialistic philoso
phy that has been taught for
decades round the world. That
would explain why the preachers
of despotism find some ready
listeners in ail places. Not every
materialist is necessarily a com
munist, of course, hut for some
communism has filled the void
that was their lives because
they did not have spiritual val
ues.
“We often speak as a matter of
convenience,” said the Secretary
of the State, “about the ‘free
world,’ meaning thereby those
portions of the world which are
not now dominated by commun
ism. In that sense, approximate
ly two-thirds of the world is
‘free’ But in the free countries
‘only a part of their people are
inspired by the kind of faith
which alone is potent against the
materialistic and aggressive
forces of despotism.
"The future of freedom rests
with a small minority of man
kind This is why it is indispen
sable that the people of our Re
public for their part, should hold
fast to the faith of our fathers.
Just as freedom is contagious, so.
Before It Is Too Late
new note of triumph is to
be found in the current Com
munist press. Moscow and its
fifth column in this country are
telling their
followers that
the United
States is being
seriously e
feated. both at
home and
abroad. The
Daily Worker
is full of ex
ultation at the
hearings n o w
being held by
the Senate Subcommittee. A
huge headline over the issue of
April 29 declares: “McCarthy
Hearings Reveal: How the Red
Menace’ Racket Works.”
o
McCarranism” made possible by
Communist infiltration and in
fluence in too many agencies of
opinion making.
In other words, the Commun
ist line is advancing within this
country in almost the same de
gree to which it marched for
ward during those tragic years
when the United States was per
suaded to betray China and
Poland.
Great satisfaction is expressed
by the Daily Worker that the
Geneva conference has been
"linked up” with this "struggle
against McCarthyism and McCar
ranism,’’ as was the announced
Communist plan since the Red
secret national conference last
September. The Red organ's
leading editorial of April 28
registers Moscow's verdict that
the United States has been given
a big hlow by gotng to Geneva,
particularly through our alleged
allies. It calls for thousands of
letters and telegrams to Wash
ington. demanding complete sur
render by the United States to
to all Soviet proposals in those
“negotiations.”
Matter Of Life Or Death
These communications, of
course, will not be sent under
the Communist label. They will
apparently be from non-Com
munists. and many officials in
the nation s capital will not
recognize their origin.
It is clear that patriotic Ameri
cans will have to rise to this
occasion more than they have
ever done before. The well
known columnist David Law
rence is correct in stating on
May 11 that this nation is in
the greatest peril. And it is
in that condition because of the
lack of a forthright policy, which
experience should long ago have
taught our national leaders was
(N1WE
loo, faith is contagious. One nf
the best ways to keep our faith
strong is to recall the faith of
our forefathers and to keep fresh
in our minds the great deeds, the
near miracles, w ic they
wrought through faith
The occasion was the annual
commemoration of lhe Virginia
resolution tor American inde
pendence and the Virginia Bill
of rights. The Secretary of State
did not speak long it is to be
doubted if the present conflict
has been described more succinct
ly. For example, he also said:
"If it is accepted, as a premise,
that man is merely matter, then
it is easy to conclude, as the
communists do, that the greatest
harmony and greatest productiv
ity comes from organizing a so
ciety of conformity, where diver
sity is treated as grit in the gears
of a delicate machine
These and other passages help
one to understand why some
people become communists. And
they help, too. to bring home
that fact that "freedom faces a
formidable challenge,’’ and that,
"the survival of freedom depends
not merely on the number of the
free but even more upon the in
tensity of their faith
a matter of life or death
Even now, we learn again that
the United States lost the war
in Korea because of the restrain*
mg hand of the State Depart
ment upon our military com
manders at that time. In Gen
eral Mark Clark s recent book.
“From the Danube to the Yalu,
he states emphatically that this
country could have won the war
in Korea had it not been for the
orders of "political superiors.”
He asserts that General Douglass
MacArthur was correct in the
recommendations he made for
victory against Soviet aggression
in that conflict. Thus, we have
the word of every man who was
in command there and who is
now on the retired list, includ
ing General James Van Fleet,
that it was our policies which
defeated us.
And even now, under the cover
of a Korean “truce” dictated by
Moscow, and while we are “ne
gotiating" at Geneva, the
Chinese Communists have been
unloosed to aid their fellows
the conquest of Indo-China. All
Asia trembles in the balance,
the peoples under the satellite
regimes are subjected to even
more misery and the United
States has as yet no policy ex
cept the bankrupt one of sup
posed “containment.'*
Freedom At Stak*
Before it is too late, can we
not learn from Stalin’s words in
"The Problems of Leninism”
that “world revolution” or world
conquest is the set purpose of
the Kremlin? Can we not come
to understand, from Stalin’s di
rectives in “Foundations of Len
inism,” that this world conquest
is to be advanced through th*
penetration of all agencies of
decision and opinion making in
the United States?
Inquiry Corner
A. The Catholic Church can
not change God s law. Individual
Catholics may disregard this law
of God. but the natural law does
not change like the styles in
clothes, homes or automobiles.
While there are cases where di
vorce seems to be the reasonable
answer to a real problem, the
acceptance of this solution
creates many more problems
than it solves. For these cases
of real hardship the Church
permits separation, but it exists
to guide men to heaven. To
grant man what he wants is not
the same as granting him what
is good for him. Christ taught
clearly that man and woman are
united permanently for their
own happiness and the good of
children and society and "What
God has joined together let no
man put asunder.” (Matthew 19:
4-8) St. Paul points out in many
passages the beauty of Christian
marriage which is like the noble
union of Christ and His Church
and insists upon the permanence
of this sacred union. (Ephesians
5:24 Romans 7:23 I Corinthians
7:23-39.)
Written in French by Canon
Brys, Chaplain General of the
Belgian Christian Worker s
Movement, this document, re
presents the consensus of
author­
itative Catholic scholars from
many different countries. Trans
lated into English by Michael
Fogarty of the Catholic Social
Guild in England, it has been
published in both languages in
the March issue of Industrial
Relations, quarterly publication
of Laval University. Quebec. In
our opinion, it is the best avail
able summary of Catholic teach
ing on this subject.
Q. How much must a Catholic
contribute? Can he be refused
entrance to the Church for re
fusal or inability to contribute
at the door, where such a collec
tion is taken up? What if you
can't make it to your own parish
Sunday?
A. There is no set amount, but
each Catholic should share ac
cording to his income in the
maintenance of the Church. With
our schools and other expenses
necessary for the service of the
faithful in our time each parish
ioner should try to find out what
his share should be. Church law
(Canon 1181) forbids the practice
of charging people to hear Mass.
If there is a collection at the
Church door, usually a kind of
pew- rent, it must be voluntary.
If it is impossible to attend Mass
at one s own parish church it is
still the parish to which a Ca
tholic has the obligation of
Church support.
Highly Desirable
Granting that economic co
determination or co-management
may not be claimed by workers
as an absolute requirement of
the natural law. the Malines dec
laration repeatedly emphasizes
that some- form of partnership
between workers and owners,
adapted to the varying conditions
of different industries in differ
ent countries, is highly desirable
and should be actively encour
aged not only by the parties
themselves but by government
as well.
"Every honest attempt to work
out by experiment practical and
satisfactory forms of participa
tion, the statement reads,
should be given its share of
praise and support. The aim
should be to generalize the for
mulas worked out
This may be done by collective
agreement between individual
managements and their workers,
hy industry-wide decision
through each industry’s own ma
chinery-
of.
in particular cases,
at some future time, by Jaw.”
(The statutory method of
achieving economic co-manage
ment is not likely to be adopted
in the United States, but it is
interesting and instructive to
note that representative Catho
lic scholars are prepared to en
dorse it under certain con
ditions.)
Q. Isn't it true that tn the
early Church penitents were ab
solved without going to confes
sion?
A. No. It was the practice of
the Church in some times and
places to absolve penitents in a
group. The confession of sins,
MONSIGNOR HIGGINSway.thisin
-------------Father Healey-------------------
Will the Church ever ac
cept divorce? There certainly
are many Catholics who are get
ting them, and most everyone
else accepts them.
The Malines Union
At the conclusion of its 1953
meeting the International Union
of Social Studies—sometimes re
ferred to as the Malines Union
ab e a u s e its
periodic o n
ferences are
always held in
Malines, Bel
gium under
the auspices of
Cardinal Van
Roey made
public a policy
e 1 a a tion
which ought to
clear the air
cons iderably
on the subject
of economic co-determination or
co-management.
however, had taken place earlier
and these penitents had been
given a time of penance at the
end of v.hich they would receive
sacramental absolution. In emer
gencies. such as ministration to
the dying or soldiers in combat
sacramental absolution may be
given without a detailed confes
sion of sins. It is to be supplied
later when those absolved are
able to receive the Sacrament of
Penance in the ordinary way.
Christ gave the Apostles and
their successors the power of
judgement and of guiding souls
and from the beginning that has
presumed the confession of sins
to the priest.
Q. Why was it necessary for
Pope (Saint) Pius to issue a
decree about frequent Commun
ion? Did someone deny the
advantages of early and frequent
reception?
A. In the first centuries of
the Church frequent and early
Communion was taken for grant
ed. From time to time, however,
there have been lapses in this
correct practice. In the third
century special appeals were
made for reception of the Sac
rament at least three times a
year, and the Lateran Council
«1215 A. D.) decreed that every
Catholic who had come to the
use of reason should receive
Holy Communion at least once
a year (at Easter). In the Middle
Ages children were ordinarily
admitted to their First Holy
Communion at the age of seven.
Jansenism in the seventeenth
century taught that the sacra
ments could be received only,
after long and severe prepara
tion and that Communion is
more a reward than a remedy.
It was this error which led to
the abuse which Pope (Saint)
Pius corrected by his decree
of December 20, 1905.
Q. Is Sampson a saint’s name?
A. Yes. In the sixth century
there was a priest of Constanti
nople of that name who was
called “Father of the poor”. St.
Sampson insisted upon the erec
tion of a magnificent hospital
for the poor when the Emperor
Justinian was erecting the mag
nificent Cathedral of St. Sophia.
Another St. Sampson, also in the
sixth century, was a bishop in
Wales, or rather an Abbot of
|Wales who became Bishop of
Dole in Brittany.
Send questions tn Father Ed
ward F. Healey, The Inquiry
Corner. The Catholic Times. Box
636. Columbus (16) Ohio.
Human Personality Deserve*
Attention
The various types of co-deter
mination or co management
recommended by the eminent
scholars of the International
Union of Social Studies are not
the same thing as “joint control
of commercial decisions.” The
latter has been warned against
repeatedly by the present Holy
Father as an infringement on the
right of private property. The
Malines declaration is at pains
to remind us, however,, that
there are many other types of
co-determination or comanage
ment which are perfectly con
sistent with the right of private
property and have been endors
ed. in principle at least, in
various papal documents. These
should be promoted by affirma
tive action, for “it is not enough
to take a stand in defence of
private property, and repel cer
tain unjustified attacks on it.
Human personality also deserves
attention its rights, and its call
to grow and develop in and
through work.”
The rights of human persona
lity modern industry can best
be protected and advanced if
the workers are permitted to
share in some way in the control
of their particular company or
firm and in the control of their
industry or profession and of
the national economy as a whole.
Action at each of these levels,
according to the Malines declara
tion. should supplement and en
rich action at each of the others.
Workers in the United States
have made considerable progress
in recent years at the first of
these three levels—the level of
the individual company or firm.
Through the method of collective
bargaining—the scope of which
is very flexible and is constantly
expanding—they have achieved
a certain measure of economic
co-determination or co-manage
ment on a wide variety of prob
lems directly or indirectly af
fecting their personal welfare.
To be sure, they and their em
ployers being less ideological
and more pragmatic than their
European counterparts—seldom
if ever use the word—co-deter
mination or co-management to
describe the results of their col
lective bargaining negotiations.
But a rose by any other name is
still a rose.
At the other two levels—tha
level of the industry or profes
sion and of the national economy
as a whole—progress in the dir
ection of economic partnership
has. understandably, been much
slower than at the level of the
individual company or firm. The
main difficulty, in the opinion of
those who drafted the Malines
declaration, is psychological.