The Catholic times. [volume], September 09, 1955, Image 7

About The Catholic times. [volume] (Columbus, Ohio) 1951-current

Image provided by: Ohio History Connection, Columbus, OH

                
Youth Notes
HI. 4*2193
Youth Bureau Plans Expansion
Of CYO Adult Leader Group
The Committee for adult leaders of the CYO Program will
be expanded this Fall according to the plan announced by the
Catholic Youth Bureau this week. The Committee last year
included adult leaders for the boy scout program, the girl
scouts and the Campfire girls.
The new plan calls for a com
mittee which will include leaders
of all these groups plus a mothers’
committee for the CYO programs
on the high school level. Mrs. W.
G. Belanger of St. Al^vsius parish,
Columbus, has been ^jsisting with
WHERE THOUSANDS
SAVE MILLIONS
Current Return
07 Accounts
/o Insured
MB A To $10,000
CENTRAL OHIO
FEDERAL SAVINGS
66 South Third Street
Available in tho following: Red Calf,
Blue Calf, Brown Suede, Blue Suede and
White Linen. Sum above 10 slightly
higher.
It JI “■Hid
200 E. State St.
CLASSIFIED
SECTION
29e per Hne
Send Ads Te
P.
O. Box 83»
Columba.
COMPLETE DRIVING COURSE
We pick you up at your home and tai
you back. We will also help you obta
you? driving license and furnish our ci
for your driving test at no extra charg
Easy Method Driving School
Dial 2-0212, evenings 5-3932_____
Massey-Harris Fergruson Gehl Foragt
Choppers—Sales and Service. Also Farn
Feeds. L. S. Russell, Farm Machinery
Phone 81, Cardington. O.
USED CARS—Complete selection of thi
very beet. Open evenings. Richwood’i
Ford Dealer since 1936.
SWARTZ MOTOR SALES
DON’T DIG
Bowers and drains opened with tha n
electric eel. Lewis Stanley, 714 Dav
St. Dial 2-4758.
ROOFING and SPOUTING
Roof Coating H. C. Wils
364 Blaine Ave. Di»l 2-71
OPEN HOUSE, 625 N. Greenwood
Now Open For Your Inspection. 1
Contemporary By Metropolitan. WILLI1
WILSON SR., 137 S. High St., Ph. 2-57
Associated with A. S. Daniels, Brok
For Your Next Sale
Call JOHN PFARR. JR.. Auctioneer
Richwood. Ohio Phone_24:
Automobile Dealers
McDaniels
Your Pontiac-Cadillac Dealer
Marios** Oldeet Dealership 1918.
309 W Center Dial 2-31!
BANKING SERVICE
Complete Banking Service
The Campbell National Bank
Phone 77 .............. LaRue O
Member Federal Deposit Ins Cc
MARION COUNTY
Farm Bureau
Cooperative Association
Marion New Bloomington
Caledonia LaRue
NOBLET
CAFETERIA
198 East Canter Street
Marion, Ohio
FRANCIS J. VOLL
TAILOR
Cleaning—Pressing—Repairing
337 Lafayette Street
Marion. Ohio
SHOP AND SAVE
Fine Furniture For The Home
(srrybody Says ft
£bys
3e rad? (h
Lennon’s
the formulation of the plan for
the committee. Mrs. Belanger as
sumed the first chairmanship of
the corfimittee for girl scouts and
campfire girls when it was organ
ized last year. She will assume the
role this year of Diocesan chair
man and the duties of central
deanery chairman will be taken
over by Mrs. Leo Meyers of Holy
Rosary parish.
The committee is organized for
the purpose of training adult lay
volunteers to assist with the work
of the youth programs in the par
ishes and to encourage the partici
pation of the youth in the work of
I the Lay Apostolate.
L. A. WIRTHMAN & SONS
606 636 Parsons 4ve
New Truck Parts Used
Trucks Bought end Sold
PUMPS
Slocked in
black tuedo
and
black
calf
We carry this pump
in 3'/z to 12
AAAA to width.
Hl. 4-2194
have that certain something
FOR STREET
FOR BUSINESS
FOR SMARTNESS
You'll Love the Dretsy LOW HEEL!
SHOE SIZES AVAILABLE
FROM RITCHEY BROS.
AAAAAA
AAAAA
AAAA ..
AAA ....
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
(0
10
10
10
to
to
to
to
to
to
5
5
..3
..3
I'/z
to
..2
.4 to
E
EE
EEE
BROS.
1374 Grandview Ave.
MARION
These business firms deserve your patronage. Use this section as a guide when buying.
Dry Cleaners PET SHOP
HARRAMAN DRY CLEANERS
288 E. Church St.
1 Marion 2-1627
Furniture Stores
GROLL'S-—WALDO
Authorized Dealers
HEYWOOD-WAKEFIELD
Fine Furniture
Open Tum„ Thnrs., and Sat. Eves. TUI 9
LANDSCAPING
Scout TREE Service
CODY HARTMAN, Owner
e 18 yenr’e experience. Free estimates,
n 641 Oak St Dial 2.7472 Evenings
MOVING—STORAGE—PACKING
MOVING Local, also trailers for rent,
two and four-wheel, all types, hitch fur
nished. Move yourself, save fSS’t. Dial
2-1763. 197 S. Prospect St.
MARION CARTAGE
Local and coast-to-coast moving.
Low independent rates. Agent. Ste
vens Van Lines. 893 Wilson Ave.
Dial 2-2747.
ue WRIGHT
4 Transfer & Storage Co.
AGENT
ALLIED VAN LINES
126 Oak St Dial 2-2537
_____Painting Dscorating
PAINTING and DECORATING. Many
Years of Satisfactory Work. Reverse
Calls. Daugherty Brothers. Phone 8727
after 5:30 p.m. Richwood, O.
R. A. CHAPMAN
& SON
Freeh Dressed Poultry and Eggs
WHOLESALE RETAIL
217 N. Prospect St. Ph. 8-8620
Marion, Ohio
Westinghouse TV
You can be sure IF IT’S
WESTINGHOUSE
BON NEFF, INC.
Harding Highway East
Dial 2-6660
at the
RITZ BAR & GRILL
1 in Marion
You can get the best Italian Spa.
ghetti. Ravoll, Italian Pisaa, Good
Steaks & Chicken and HOME MADE
PASTERIES.
Premium Beers A Fancy Drinks.
MARION
Lincoln-Mercury Co. Inc.
Robert H. McMahon
Ph. 2-3195 2-3189
“Good Quality Used Cars"
292 8- Main St. Marion. O
RALPH'S
Hub Bar and Grill
i“WHERE SPORT FANS MEET"]
Il31 S. Main Phon* 3-9989i
i 1
Marion, Ohio
Miss Dolores Egger of St John
the Evangelist parish, Columbus,
and Mr. Earl Vermillion of Immac
ulate Conception parish, Colum
bus, have been added to the staff
of the Catholic Youth Bureau.
Miss Egger, a s-econd year student
at Onio State University, and coun
sellor at Camp St. Rita during the
past summer, will do part time
work assisting the CYO program.
Mr. Vermillion, who will graduate
from the University in the spring,
will handle the athletic program
for all CYO teams and will assist
in general with CYO activities.
CYO
The first monthly CYO Holy
Hour of the school year will be
held Sunday, Sept. 18, at Christ
the King church in Columbus. The
monthly religious program of the
Council of Parish CYO’s was start
ed in January of 1954 by a group
of high school students from the
parishes in Columbus. Since that
time the Holy Hour has been held
in 20 different parishes in Colum
bus. Regular standard Holy Hour
books ye used ih which are con
tained prayers and hymns used by
the congregation.
The time for the Holy Hour is
2:30 p. m.
-----------------o --. —......
London Boy Wins
4-H Club Honors
Paul Sullivan, 20, of RFD 3 Lon
don, was adjudged the "outstand
ing 4-H Club youth” at the Madison
County Fair in London last week.
A member of St. Patrick’s
Church, he is the son of Mr. and
Mrs. Leo Sullivan.
Active in 4-H Club work for 10
years, Sullivan has specialized in
raising corn, soy beans, and swine,
tractor maintenance and junior
leadership. He has invested profits
from hog raising, in dairying, and
has 25 heifers and cows, in addi
tion to 15 Holsteins.
-----------------o----------------
Movie Premier to Benefit
Boys Towns of Italy
NEW YORK (NC) Msgr.
John Patrick Carroll-A i n
founder and director of the Boys
Towns of Italy, will make a spe
cial trip to the United States to
attend the premiere of the new
20th-Century-Fox movie, “The Left
Hand of God,” at the Roxy Theater
here Sept. 21. Proceeds from the
premiere will benefit the Boys
Towns of Italy.
The movie is based on the best
seller book by William E. Barrett,
noted Catholic author.
SHOPPERS
GUIDE
Beautiful Baby Parakeet*
KAYLEE PET SHOP
543 S. Prospect St. Dial 2-0596
PLUMBERS
SEWERS & DRAINS
F. E. Robinson
Plumbing Heating Power Digging
232 S. High Dial 8-1774
Electric Roto-Rooter Sewer and
Drain Service. 592 E. George St
Marion 2-2726
HOWARD & VERNON BAKER
Plumbing & Heating
Pump W’ork A Specialty
630 Oak St. Dial 2-8904
RELIGIOUS ARTICLES
A Religious Gift •& Truly
Appreciated.
Benson Elchert Religious Shop
328 Silver St.. Marion, Ohio
SHOES
Smart & Waddell
GOOD SHOES
for nearly 50 years.
137 E. Canter 118 S. Main
TELEVISION REPAIR
Television Antennas
Installed & Repaired
John & Bob Paulus
Th* Diamond Store of Marion
MAY’S
DIAMONDS WATCHES
Marion's Oldest Jewelers
The Diamond Center Of Marion I
LORDS
JEWELERS
114 S. Main St.
Phones 2-0118 2-2605
MALO BROS.
&SONS
Silver and Bartram Area.
Marion, Ohio
THRIFT MARKET
129 S. Main St.
rion, O. Ph. 21725)
Marion's Oldest Established
Produce Center
'Ihe tenth annual Region IV
conference for Catholic chap
lains and laymen in .scouting
will be held in Columbus at the
Neil House Sunday and Mon
day, Oct. 16 and 17.
The conference theme, "Catho
lic Ideals in Scouting,” will out
hne the work that chaplains and
laymen are doing to carry out the
Church’s plan of emphasizing the
supernatural in the Boy Scout pro
gram.
Scouting for boys was approved
by the Bishops of the United
States many years ago and was
adopted as part of the program for
Catholic Youth. A National Ca
tholic Committee on Scouting made
up of priests and laymen was form
ed to introduce the supernatural in
scouting for Catholics. This com
mittee has its counterpart in every
diocese and is pledged to bring
Catholic life into the scout troops
and to cooperate with the Boy
Scouts of America in establishing
their program.
Every two years a conference
is held for chaplains and mem
bers of these committees in the
Boy Scout regions of the country.
This year the Diocese of Colum
bus will play host to Region IV
scouters from Ohio, Kentucky and
West Virginia.
The conference will open on
Sunday evening at the Cathedral
with an address by Father Thomas
Corrigan, Youth Director of the
Diocese of Cleveland. The St.
George Award for Catholic Scout
ters will also be made at this ses
sion.
The following sessions will be
held at the Neil House, closing with
Another aspect of the compila
tion, the priest stated, would be
to look over some of the better
hymns written by non-Catholics
to see if they would pass the
necessary tests for inclusion in
the volume. He cited one hymn,
in particular, "Holy Holy! Holy!"
written by an Anglican bishop
in praise of the Holy Trinity.
In the past few centuries, he
explained, the Church in the Eng
lish-speaking world has been nec
essarily concerned with missionary
work and this has caused it to fail
to keep pace with hymns in the
vernacular.
Many Catholic hymns have been
adopted in Protestant churches, he
said.
“The Protestant Eposcipal Hym
nal, for instance, lists five hymns
by St. Ambrose, four by St. Ber
nard of Cluny, two by St. Clement
of Alexandria, four by St. John of
Damascus, six by St. Thomas Aqui
nas and 12 by other Stains.”
Before a hymn written by a non
Catholic can be included in a Cath
olic hymnal, it must be approved
for its orthodoxy. The sentiments
in it must be measured against the
rule of the Catholic Faith, Father
Ginder added.
Opening the door to the
hymns "accumulated by our de
vout non-Catholic friends," Fa
ther Ginder continued, moans
that the Catholic faithful will be
inspired, but also a "bridge"
will be built which
some Protestants to
the Church.
1
1
Ph. 27684 Ph. 2-4691
I
576 E. Church 437 Oak St.
Television Antennas
kONALD W. ARNDT
289 E. Walnnt Dial 2-8480 rvMh|r»
Tile Bath Room
Tile Work of All Kinds
Call or Write for Free Estimate
H. K. AND R. M. STONER
FINDLAY MANTEL
and TILE CO.
116 W. Front St.
Findlay, O. Phone 4470
may help
coma into
diretcor of
Father Ginder is a
the St. Gregory Society of Amer-
Liturgical, Architectural
Week Set at Bologna
BOLOGNA (NC) The
Fourth National Pastoral Uturgi
cal Week will be held here from
Sept. 18 to 25 under the guidance
of Archbishop Giacomo Lercaro of
Bologna. The theme will be "the
active participation of the people
in Holy Mass.”
Grave Markers
$45.00
Guaranteed granite, includes letter
ing, delivery, foundation, erection
in
cemetery.
Full line of granite or marble
markers and monuments
DARDEN MEMORIALS
291 N. Hague Ave. BR. 4-0688
KENTON
PLUMBING
SEE up for Air Conditioning units, Plumb,
ing, Plumbing Supplies and Hot Point
Appliances. KEITH’S, Phone 8153,
Kenton, Ohio.
Read the Timos Classified Ads-
Scout Committee Plans Regional Conference
Proposed Hymnal to Reclaim
Those Adopted by Protestants
PITTSBURGH, Pa. (NC) The first step in compiling
a Catholic hymnal for this country might be “to reclaim all the
Catholic hymns that have strayed into Protestant usage,” Fa
ther Richard Ginder maintainec
A foremost hymnologist, Father
Ginder spoke to the 12th national
congress of the National Federa
tion of Catholic College Students.
His speech dealt with the work of
a committee to put together a
hymal for the United States.
here.
Serving Special Sunday Dinners
Members of the Catholic Committee on Scouting in the diocese
have begun plant for the Region IV co iterance which will convene
in Columbus Oct. 16 and 17. Chaplains and lay leaders representing
Catholic troops in Ohio, Kentucky and West Virginia will attend
the meeting. The conference theme, "Catholic Ideals in Scouting,"
will emphasize the committee's work in keeping alive supernatural
ideas in the scout program. Three scout leaders from Columbus are
shown above making the preliminary arrangements. Left to right are
Wallace Stephens, program chairman Ray Eyerman, lay chairman of
the Catholic Committee on Scouting and Hilary Falk, chairman of
arrangements.
a banquet Monday evening at which
Bishop Ready will preside.
Featured at this year’s confer
ence will be demonstrations on the
new manual. “Catholic Ideals in
Scouting,” which has been devel
oped by Catholic laymen. The man
ual contains the Catholic approach
to the scout oath and scout laws.
Father Earl Whalen of the Arch
diocese of Cincinnati, a tommit
tee member, will give the demon
strations.
ica. editor of The Catholic Choir
master and the composer of sev
eral Masses. He is also the only
priest in the country with fellow
ship in the American Guild of Or
ganists.
0-----------------------
School Board
To Continue
Bus Service
NEW ORLEANS (NC)
Reversing its previous deci
sion, the Orleans Parish (coun
ty) School Board has decided
against curtailing the number
of parochial school students to
e transported o n public
school busses during the 1955
56 school year.
The board said that all the chil
dren who were transported in the
1954-55 school year will be accom
modated in the 1955-56 year.
Some weeks ago, the board rul
ed that 382 of 598 parochial school
students who were transported on
the public school busses last year
would not be accommodated in
the coming year. The board said,
at that time, there was to be a re
routing of the busses and if the
382 parochial school students were
to be transported, it would require
the purchase of four new busses
and the hiring of four more driv
ers.
The board’s ruling brought pro
tests from Msgr. Henry C. Bezou,
superintendent of schools of the
New Orleans archdiocese,
Knights of Columbus, and
Name Society groups, and
Senator Harry H. Howard.
192$
Since 17
146 E. STATE
from
Holy
State
tho
Monsignor Bezou told
board that the decision to
tail bus service to the 382
dents might cause an increase
rather than a decrease in ex
pense. He cited the possibility
that many, or all, of the 382
might register In public school
and demand transportation. Ho
also pointed out that if the 382
did enroll in public schools, tho
board would be forced to pro
vide additional teachers as well
as additional classrooms.
cur
stu-
Louisiana public school policy
regarding school bus transporta
tion is that public school busses
must transport parochial and pri
vate school students whose schools
are on the bus routes, providing
there is room in the busses.
In its decision to continue the
service given parochial school stu
dents last year, the board said that
a readjustment of bus schedules
had been worked out which would
eliminate the need for four new
busses.
BUYERS'
GUIDE
Hardin Quarries
Company
Crushed Stone
Agricultural Limestone Meal
BLANCHARD. KENTON. PH. 4-1229
60c
CHILD'S PLATE
Fresh,
Served
Flown From L4ke Erie French Fries Salad Etc.
PATTY’S LUNCH
John and Issy Kleinman 793 W. Lima St.
OPEN DAILY 6 A. M. TO 12 P. M. SATURDAYS 2 A. M.
Protestants 35.3%
Catholic* 20% of
U.S. Population
Funeral Directors
NEW YORK (NC) Protest
ants make up 35 3 per cent and
Catholics 20 per cent of the U.S.
population, according to the Year
book of American Churches to be
published on Sept. 15 by the Na
tional Council
estant).
The Mader-Peoples Funeral Homes
42 Putnam Ave. 810 Forest Ave.
Phone 2-4551
Arthur A. Bryan Kenneth O Bolin Wendell Swope
Information Z-9
Terrace Appliance
2213*15 N. Maple Avt.
ZANESVILLE, OHIO
Your Beauty is our Career11
i Ann's Beauty Lounge, Inc.
620 Market St.
ANITA H. FLOOD
47 N. 4th St. (Main Floor) Phone 2*6152
THE CAMERA SHOP
Everything Photographic'
To BUY or SELL Your Home
DON HUNTER REALTY
Office, Corner of Blue and Adair
Phone 3-8272, 3-4708
NEW A USED Sewing Machines. Re
pairs Electrifying Parts. White
Singer A all Makes. George Bartholomew,
CoopermiB Rd. Ph. 3-1643.
W. J. HECK CO.
General Contractor*
Zanesville
Bohn & Kern
Mfg. & Supply Co.
Plumbing Heating Supplies
SO S fhird St Zaneevt
Williams
Bakery
626
Market St. Dial 2-1076
TRAIN for an office position. Fall Term
Sept. 6. Register now. Meredith College
554 N. Sth St. Dial 8-8136.
Radio Service Appliances Repaired
ELECTRIC SUPPLY CO.
GEORGE SMITH
Ill Galighor St-. Zaaoevillo, O.. Ph. 8-T838
Eloetriea) Wiring Maintaaanee
Commercial Industrial Residential
Want ads are profit tested and
proved.
j| For That Better Food.
No Hard Beverages Sold.
Mickey’s Restaurant
East Pike
East Pike
Ph. 2-8862 Zanesville, O. V
PICKEREL ZANESVILLE FEDERAL
SAVINGS & LOAN ASSOCIATION
of Churches (Prot-
to 1954 the Catho
increased 2.9 per
Protestants gained
During 1953
lie population
cent and the
2.3 per cent, the Yearbook reports
The annual study gives these fig
ures for the various groups: “Prot
estant. 57,124.142 Catholics, 32,
403,332: Jews, 5.500.000 Eastern
Orthodox. 2,024.319 Old Catholics
and Polish National Catholics.
367,918, and Buddhists, 63,000.
The relative strength of Protest
ants and Catholics in this country
has remained “virtually the same”
for more than 50 years, the year
book said.
The yearbook also indicated that
60.3 per cent of Americans are
church-going, compared with 20
per cent 100 years ago.
The largest Protestant group is
the Methodist Church with 9,202,
CHOOSE YOUR OPTICIAN
WITH THE SAME CARE USED
IN SELECTING YOUR EYE PHYSICIAN
GUILD OPTICIANS
CApital 1-3697
SPECIALISTS IN FILLING YOUR EYE PHYSICIAN'S PRESCRIPTION
EMERGENCY REPAIR SERVICE
ROBT. E. HAGMAN
0HI° STATE
ZANESVILLE BUYKSGUIDE
Phon* 2-4503
Phone 2-7302
Where to Dine Z-9a
Casino Restaurant
The finest place to eat on
on Route 40
424 Market St. Phone 20295
Zanesville, Ohio
Business Announcements Z-30
Appliances
ELECTRIC APPLIANCES
Drive to Dunean Fall. A Save
W. DEITRICK
We trade Ph 4-4385 Ev«e 4-4400.
Beverages
WRIGHT VESS COLA BOTTLING CO
1840 W Main PH 3-2112
Cleaners and Dyers
DUSENBERRY
Saper-Zorie Cloanore
417 Underwood Ph. 8-SM2
Learn A Trade With A Futurel
INQUIRE TODAY'!
Franklin Linotype School
Phone 8-5613 Dresden, Ohio
TELEVISION
Mattieoa Silver Koekot 83. ChaacD
Raaor-Sharp Edgo-to-Edae Fo*m
Fineot in TV
DISTRIBUTED BY
L. A. EMMERT
Sine. 1912
34 A ThM 8t PhoM 8-0*11
Zaneovilte OWo
Deposits made before 10th earn
dividends from the first.
Zanesville, O
33 S. 5th St Dial 2-4533
THE CATHOLIC TIMES—7
Friday, Sept. 9. 1955
728 members. The next largest
group is the Southern Baptist Con
vention, with 8,163,562 members.
In the past 15 years, 32,000.000
persons have joined churches. The
book placed church membership
at 97.482,611, a gain of 2 8 per
cent over the previous year in a
population growth of only 1.7 per
cent.
■........ O-----------------
KARACHI. Pakistan (Radio. NC)
—Shahid Suhrawardy, Pakistan
Ambassador to Spain since 1954,
has been appointed first Pakistan
Minister to the Holy Sec. He will
continue as Ambassador to Spain.
|ADAB=|
J. Thoburn John
D.C., Ph.C.
CHIROPRACTOR
Graduate of Palmer Scientific Course
SPT NEOGRAPH
and NEUROCALOMETER
PHONE 114
RESIDENCE PHONE 125
127 South Main Street Ada, Ohio
ADA NURSING HOME
For Men and Women
Ambulatory and Bed Patient.
24-Hour Nursing Service
Convalescent*
Doctor. Available at all Hours
Opal Clay, Manager
125 S. Gilbert Phone 320
Passenger Cars and Trucks
Parts and Accessories
Liberty Chevrolet Sales
Inc.
S. Main, Ada
‘143
Drug
Store*
SHIRLEY’S PHARMACY TERRACE
POINT
1«#8 Dreetl.n Road -hna. 2-1171
INSURANCE
FINAN INSURANCE AGENCY
FIRST TRUST BLDG.PH. 2.5248
Money To Loan
AID BUDGET- LO AN
Awtomobile Hoose hold Goods Loans
13 Market St “Bill” Hart Dial 3-7511.
Painting
Painting Decorating
R. L. FULKERSON and SONS
D’*1 _________ Since 1926
Hanifan Decorators, Inc.
Domestic and Industrial
Painters and Decorators
629 Park St. Zanesville
Office Phone 2-5179 Rm. Phene 2-9651
Z-73c
Television
PLUMMER RADIO SERVICE
TELEVISION
tMtalUtien ead Service
Home and Aeta
Radio Beoairt
382
N. 7th Ph. 8-1488
BAKER'S
RESTAURANT
OPEN EVERY DAY
10 Miles East of Zanesville
on Rt. 40
Frank A. Leone
REALTOR
51 N. 5th St. PH. 3-1116
BUILDING BLOCKS
BRIKCRETE-DUN8TONE
DUNBRICK-BTEPPING STONES
ALL COLORS
ZANESVILLE BRIKCRETE
PHILO PHONE 4-4171
Edward F. Warner
Building Contractor
1150 Talley Ave.
Ph. 3-6838 Zanesville
BORDEN'S
Gail Borden Milk
PHONE 2*5451
•••••••••••••••••••••••aOhioZanesville,
WISEMAN
DAIRY
“Quality Products Since 1926”
Phone 45R Crooksville, O.
Adams Bros. Inc.
Excavating A Grading
Ready Mixed Concrete
Building Supplies
1501 Woodlawn Ave.. Zanesville. O.
Phone 2-7588
Concrete Plant at Coshocton. Ohio
Phone 992 W-2