The Catholic times. [volume], April 13, 1956, Image 4

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14—THE CATHOLIC TIMES
Friday, April 13. 1956
THE
CATHOLIC TIMES
Published Every Week by
The Catholic Times, Inc.
Columbus. Ohio
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Shepherd and Hock
Siner the liturgy is now commemorating (hr
time hrist spent among His disciples, after the
Resurrection, it is natural that He should ha
presented, a- Sunday's Gospel presents Him,
under the figuie of the Good Shepherd.
is a title He applied to Himself—“I am the
Good Shepherd, and 1 know Mine and Mine know
Me.” It is a title that would have special mean
ing for the people to whom He spoke, for His
life nn earth was spent ii. a pastoral country,
where the flocks of sheep grazing quietly on the
hills, under the watchful care of their shepherds,
were in constant view, a picture of peace and
»curity.
It is a figure, inherited from the Old Testa
ment, that has heen part of ‘Christian thinking
from the beginning: it inspired frescoes and
carvings in the catacombs and has been continued
in the. development of all branches of Christian
art through the centuries. And it has a deeper
appeal than ever to our modern mechanized civ
ilization, for we sorely miss the tranquilly, the
simplicity, the wholesomer.ess that it suggests.
Tn worried, bewildered people everywhere, the
thought of the Good Shepherd, concerned for
their welfare, exercising His divine wisdom and
power in their behalf, must bring consolation
for the refuffs of daily life, and courage to
meet the trials that press in so relentlessly.
Christ warns His flock, too, against the
false shepherd—the “hireling, who is not a
•hepherd, whose own the sheep are not.'’ The
hireling pretends to guide and help the sheep, hut
when he sees the wolf coming he “leaves the
gheep and flees. And the wolf snatches and scat
ters the sheep.” How many of these false shep
herd are among us today, boastful, pretentious,
claiming to ho able to show the way to hap
piness!
There is the atheist, who urges men to forget
their obligations to God and to rely upon “their
own” resources and the materialist, who says
that worldly possessions are all that man needs
and the secular scientist, who insists that knowl
edge of the workings of nature will make man
upremely content and the Communist, who of
fers a detailed plan that combines the worst
features of atheism and materialism and tcl|s
man that he must make himself a slave of the
etale, there arc other advocates of selfishness
and indulgence, of indecency and immorality.
All nf these arc hirelings, seeking for their
own profit Io mislead men and bringing only
sorrow and disillusionment upon themselves and
those who are so foolish as to believe them.
The wolf of disorder and hatred is waiting to
pounce upon the flock which puls itself in charge
of these false shephards, and the sad effects
ran be seen all over the world today.
With what confidence and thankfulness should
we, then, stay close to the Good Shepherd, Who
leads and guards us. and Who has laid down
His life for us! Shall wo not listen intently for
the sound of His voice, as He calls us from
places of danger and into the course Ho selects
for us? And can we not help hring to Him
those who now dn not know Him as He
pleads for us to do? They, too, belong to Him,
and He wants them to hear His voice so “there
ahall be one fold and one Shepherd.” Toward
that unity we should strive, for it is the unity
of peace in Christ..
An Apology Io the Parson
The term “Malthusian,” though not so com
mon now, still moans one who advocates the prac
tice of birth control. Moralists have heen wont to
call Neo Malthusians such people as Margaret
Sanger, Doctors Abraham and Hannah Stone
among contemporaries, Annie Besant and Charles
Bradlaugh in the nineties of the last century. We
are, of course, not speaking of natural family
linpitation, but of the use of artificial means of
prexcntion. The first calls lor self control. The
aefond, as Chesterson wittily observed, means no
births and no control. Perhaps it was the awarc
neiss of this further moral weakness in their posi
lufn that led all these people Io substitute for
“birth control” the handsome term “planned par
enthood which sounds so appealing, hut lays
the emphasis on the adjective.
Wr are wandering a hit off the point. We set
C"1 tn say that the wind Malthusian is derived
from Malthus Thomas Robert Malthus was the
•V*hnr nt the famous Essay
on
the Principle of
Population, which gave Darwin the key idea for
his theory of evolution, caused Carlyle after read
ing it to label economics “the dismal science.”
god hung an infamous tag around the neck of its
Clerical writer. We hasten to add that gloomy
Pgfrson Malthus was done an injustice. He was
indeed gloomy but he was morally good.
The Essay purported to show that nature’s
was for population to outstrip all means of
lubsistence Malthus thought he had discovered
an iron law The population increased in geo
metric proportions (1. 2, 4. 8. 16) whereas food
Stores could he increased only arithmetically (I,
2. 3, 4. 5). The result? Famine seemed to hang
©ver the world as a constant threat. Indeed the
argument will be familiar to us who have read
the pseudoscientific works of Vogt and others,
sheltered by the birth control wing of the UN.
i Perhaps we should ad I immediately that the
theory has been largely discounted today by stu
dents who aie willing to turn their attention to
expanding the means of food production rather
than to negative ways of stopping natural pop
©Litton inreases Me .should have all starved to
death (or nur grandparents would have starved
and we would not even be) were Malthus right
fohei figures show that, though Malthus knew it
Hot, the world nf his riav consisted of some 900,
000.000 people, rose by halt centuries to about
1 500,000,000 in 1850, Io 1,550,000.000 in 1900
tn perhaps 2.400.000,000 in 1949. On the other
hand, though real difficulties face us in produc
ing food, consumption levels, calorie contents,
dietary variations, and the world level of health
have significantly increased It lies within the
realm of positive thinking scientists to increase
all these factors further
'Again we tend tn w andei nff the main point!
The point still is that Parson Malthus u the un­
witting victim of those who have assumed his
once influential name. hile perverting his moral
teaching. The fact still is that Malthus was no
"Malthusian!”
The poor worried Parson who meant no harm
tn anyone did indeed write seme black pages in
his famous Essay, which may have merited for
economics in that day the name of dismal science.
Panicked by the fancied prospect of limitless
human ihcrease he did seel solace in a grim ac
ceptance of plagues and famines, for they did
away with people. He went so far as to denounce
early marriage, even charitable forms of relief,
for they tended to produce or maintain people—
and all his trouble was with people. He was hag
ridden by a wrong impression and so we have
rejected his homemade monstrosities.
Rut be did not believe in birth control at all. in
Margaret Sanger’s sense of the term. His eco
nomics may have heen wildly improbable, how
ever convincing to him and to some others hut
his moral standards were no innovation, they were
traditionally sound. He advocated self-control
alone.
Just Among Ourselves
CT
Passing Comment Considered or Inconsiderate
The other day we came upon an advertise,
menl which described the article on sale as “a
many splendid thing.” Ah. shades of Francis
Thompson! Misquotation becomes doubly and
trebly infamous when if involves not only mis
understanding but complete lack of intelligence.
The newspaper which carried the witless thing
in 12-point type had some admiring editorial
comment on modern schools and present-day
culture and enlightenment. Absurdity can go
no further.
And one of our pert reviews recently broke out
anew with an expression which belongs to the
measles, mumps, and whooping cough of cliche
dom: it. described some athlete or actor (we are
glad to have forgotten which) as an athlete’s
athlete or an actor’s actor. It is now five years
at least since this type of phrase began to fad©
out under the Sock Treatment of reputable edit
ors and speakers. Yet here it is again persistent
polio has a rival. It is a disease's disease!
There's no accounting for the genesis, de
velopment, and disappearance of phrases. But
one might expect, in general, some enrichment
of the language by reason of their passing
through the mazes of living speech. Yet their
effect seems to be a weaning of the mind from
justified and classic forms of expression with
out supplying solid substnite for the pabulum
they proscribe.
Many a man, college trained and long past
the inanities of what is horribly called the teen
age. is practically inarticulate, save for angular
cliches and semi slang expressions. He can talk
breezily, but he doesn’t speak in sentences.
His language is wholly outside the domain of
textbooks, to analyze or to interpret.
A man ol importance in the business world,
a man with money and therefore a model for
aspiring youth, was- known as an entertaining
and inspiring speaker. He filled many an engage
ment on the Streaked Coffee Cup circuit. Hardly
a luncheon duh or Ki Roto group but had heard
his words with pleasure and possible profit.
He was always pleasant, personable never horing
or tiresome not over-long in his slay at the
microphone. Ho was fully entitled to the name of
popular after-dinner speaker.
Now this experienced and acceptable man re
cently had one of his speeches recorded on tape
—unknown to himself. Afterwards a steno
grapher typed a copy of the address, and this
was sent to him. The man was appalled. For, by
his own declaration, there was not, in the entire
twenty-minute speech, a single complete sent
ence! It was a mass of catch phrases, elliptical
remarks, cleverly constructed side-references,
interlarded comparisons and illustrations, state
ments half-completed and left hanging in air.
There was not a sentence in the lot not one
sequence of words that the ablest grammarian in
the wqrld could line up under the heads of sub
ject, predicate, and modifiers, and finish off
with a period.
It is true, of course, that the most perfectly
constructed speech, conforming skillfully with
all the laws of grammar and rhetoric,—can be
a deadly wearying thing to listen to. Grammar,
rhetoric, and logic, combined with an important
subject of discussion, cannot of themselves make
an interesting or valuable address. It is the man
who talks, his manner, his appearance, his own
interest in what he is saying, the quality of
his voice and other personal facts about him.—
those things are what gives life and effective
ness to the speech or leaves it prosy and inert.
To the speaker who has all pleasing qualification*
for his work, grammar and rhetoric ought to be
a great aid, but he can do without them. His
presence and personality can give life to the
dry bones of his discussion, even if the bones
of grammar and rhetoric are absent He can make
an effective speech without any sentences at all.
This is one of the near miracles of human
communication Yet It is a pity that the effective
speaker should lack his proper equipment. We
may wonder at the work nf an artist who pro
duces good results without the ordinary tools
of his craft Rut we should not discount the value
of those tools, nor cease to regret the fact that
our artist was denied them. If he does so well
without them, what very superior things he
might do hy possessing and using them.
Besides, not all speakers are artists. Not ev
ery man can charm the Brotherhood Boys at
their weekly luncheon hy masterful mutilation
of sentences. A speaker poor in personal at
tractivcs. and poor in words and in knowing how
to turn a phrase, is a heavy trial upon an audi
lory. Hr is a heavier trial than the speaker who
reads or recites his opus with perfect correct
ness and with about as much living inspiration
as that of a clicking telegraph key.
To know one's language adequately and to
have smooth facility in using it is a great and
desirable art. Surely our Bachelors of Arts ought
to possess it. But they do not. generally speaking.
They talk, in public as in private, in slang
phrases, quips, half sentences, cliches. They say,
"O.K.” “Roger,” “See you later, alligator.”
“Thais a good cigar them." ’1110 last phrase is a
quote from S. l^acock.
A generation or so back, pupils were urged
hy prissy teachers of English Io study Pater.
Newman, and Stevenson (R. L.) as the great mas
ters of style. We cannot, and do not, expect
modern writers and speakers to imitate the
manner of these notable stylists, for the tempo
of our expression has changed. Yet we can have
good style in the modern manner but for that
we must have words and skill in using them.
Maybe, despite the changes of fashinn in
speech, we might take profit still from Dr.
Johnsons prescription for style and “give our
dajs and nights to the study of Addison."
IS
Lu
U/
0.
o
WASHINGTON LETTER
WASHINGTON—Once again,
world events have developed in
such a fashion as to emphasize
the timeliness and wisdom of
a discourse by His Holiness
Pope Pius XII.
In his Easter Sunday mes
sage. the Holy Father prayed
for the rulers of nations, that
the “race toward abyss” of
atomic catastrophe might be
checked. His Holiness said the
“alarm and terror has heen in
creased recently hy the devel
opment of radio-guided miss
iles.
The very next day, the U.S.
Atomic Energy Commission an
nounced here that Soviet Rus
sia had conducted the sixth
nuclear weapons test in the
last eight months. It was not
stated whether it was an atom
ic or hydrogen explosion that
had been detected.
Also on the day after the
Holy Father’s talk, the U.S.
Government announced that a
nuclear weapo’ fest has been
scheduled for Eniwetok in the
Pacific Ocean about May 1. It
MONSIGNOR HIGGINS
On March 14 George Meany,
president of the AFL-CIO,
stated in a public address that
“we (in the American labor
o v e ent)
believe in the
capitali s i
system ... a
mortal sin in
the eyes r.I
some of our
E u o a on
friends.” This
statement
so typical of
Meany’s
bluntness, which has earned
him the admiration and re
spect of friend and for alike
calls for a word of explana
tion.
Mr. Meany obviously did not
mean to imply that the Amer
ic abor movement believes
in any old kind of capitalism
without distinctions or qualifi
cations. Capitalism has many
different definitions. It means
one thing in the colonial areas
for example, and another in
the United States. Even with
in the United States it means
different things to different
people. In the sense in which
Mr. Meany uses the term it
stands for a system of private
ownership regulated through
collective bargaining and leg
islation. according to the
norms of "decency and mor
ality.”
Wh«f Kind of Capitalism
On the one hand, it means
the very opposite of Socialism.
On the other it does not mean
“free enterprise” in the sense
in which that much abused term
is so often used in the conserv
ative wing of the American
press. Nor does it mean that
American labor is completely
satisfied with its present role in
the American economy.
American labor is not inter
ested in co-management or co
determination in the German
usage of these terms. It is in
favor of. and will continue tn
fight for, the expansion nf col
lective bargaining to cover all
matters directly affecting the
welfare of the workers. “Those
Pontiff's Penetrating Knowledge
was not said directly that this
will he an H-bomb, but the an
nouncement that it would be
a “megaton range nuclear de
tonation” (the equivalent of a
million tons of TNT), led to this
assumption.
The day alter that, the Unit
ed States put before Russia a
new disarmament proposal aim
ed al eventually “decreasing
the nuclear threat over the
world.” The proposal called for
a nuclear census providing
data of the possession of fis
sionable materials, the produc
tion of such materials, the pos
session of nuclear weapons, and
the planning of tests for nuc
lear weapons.
The day that this proposal
was made the U.S. Navy an
nounced that its air-to-surface
guided missile. “Petrel,” will
perform with "a degree of re
liability considered exception
ally high”
Also in his Easter Sunday
discourse. Pope Pius XII warn
ed against the machinations of
“the enemy of peace,” saying
No Time for Exaggeration
matters,” Mr, Meany recently
staled, “that do not touch a
worker directly, a union cannot
and will not challenge
hut where management deci
sions affect a worker directly, a
union will intervene.”
In summary, the kind of cap
italism endorsed by the Amer
ican labor movement is pro
gressive. even “radical” in the
bes| sense of the word.
Flattering to Church
It is important to emphasize
this point if only to counter
act the relentless criticism
which Marxists at home and
abroad continue to direct at
the American labor movement.
According to the Marxist line,
the American labor movement
is hopelessly reactionary and
therefore is not to be trusted
by the working people of the
United States, much less by
the proletariat of poorer coun
tries. It i termed “reactionary”
because it believes in “capital
ism" and is opposed to the class
struggle.
The Marxists, and particular
ly the Communists, are in the
hahil of blaming the Catholic
Church in large measure for
American labor's continued sup
port of “capitalism” and its
opposition to the class strug
gle.
William Z. Foster says that
“typically in the recently
merge two federations into
AFL-CIO (December 1955), the
leading eight man Executive
Committee contains no less than
four Catholics."
This is a typical, if somewhat
ungrammatical, expression of
the Communist Party line with
regard to the American labor
movement and the Catholic
Church and the relationship of
tween the two. It is very flatter
ing to the Catholic Church, but
very unfair to the millions of
non-Catholic members of the
AFLCIO whn thoroughly agree
with the philosophy of that or
ganization as expressed by Mr.
Meany and are instinctively op
posed tn the philosophy of the
class struggle.
he “exerts pressure to sow con
tusion in minus.” While His
Holiness did not mention So
viet Russia, his words were tak
en here to be a powerful de
scription of the tactics employ
ed by communism in its "cold
war” against the Free World.
Speaking at a new conference
held two days later. U.S. Sec
retary of State John Foster
Dulles said the current "down
grading of Stalin” hy the pres
ent rulers in the Kremlin
does not of itself demonstrate
that the Soviet regime has bas
ically changed its domestic or
foreign policies.” He added that
one can hope “for changes
more fundamental than any
that have so far been reveal
ed,” but that this country
would maintain a cautious at
titude in the whole matter.
The Easter message was an
other of the multitudinous oc
casions on which the Holy
Father has shown an acute and
penetrating knowledge of world
affairs on a strikingly broad
basis.
Mr. Foster’s attack on the
American lahor movement
serves to emphasize again
the importance of telling
American labor’s story to the
rest of the world as clearly as
possible. Foster in this country
and many other Marxists (in
cluding some Socialists) in Eu
rope and Asia are determined
to destroy the influence of
American labor by identifying
it with “capitalism” which, for
their own purposes, they equaie
with everything that is anti-soc
ial and injurious to the wel
fare of the working people.
The only way to counteract
this kind of propaganda is to
take the trouble to explain—as
Meany does on the average of
once a week in articles and
speeches precisely what is
meant by capitalism in the
American sense of the word.
There are two Americans
who currently have the chance
of a lifetime to tell the story
of American labor and Ameri
can capitalism to the working
people of the world Walter
Reuther, president of the Unit
ed Automobile Workers, pres
ently touring India as the hon
ored guest of the Indian labor
movement, and Charles H.
Smith. Jr., a Cleveland indus
trialist just appointed head of
the U. S. Employer Delegation
to the International I^ibor Or
ganization.
Delicate Assignments
Reuther may be tempted in In
dia to undersell the American
economical system by exagger
ating its faults and imperfec
tions. or by minimizing the
gains American labor has made
during the past 25 years.
Mr. Smith, in turn, may be
tempted in the I.L.O. to exag
gerate the merits and the ac
complishments of the American
economic system, and to under
estimate the merits and accom
plishments of other economic
systems in other parts of the
world. This is no time for
either management nr lahor tn
indulge in the luxury nf exag
geratrd praise nr blame of
American capitalism.
such
Inquiry Corner
Q. If a person is married out
nf the Church because of a
previous marriage but the chil
dren are being reared as Ca
tholics what can such a person
pray for? It seems the only so
lution is the death of the first
wife, but that can scarcely be
the object of prayer!
A. Such a situation is a com
mentary on the need for pray
er, reflection and prudence in
choice of a partner in the first
place. Many young Catholics
ill not accept the fact that at
tractive partners are not al
ways convinced of the perman
ence of marriage or of Chris
tian principles for the married
state. When a true marriage has
been entered upon, however,
the Catholic is then bound until
death to that union. In the sit
uation you suggest it is obvious
that there is another—although
a tragic and drastic solution—
course that is called for. The
presence of children make it
much more difficult and
naturally sneaking extremely
unlikely but the Christian
solution is the dissolution of the
second (invalid) marriage or at
least some kind of separation.
For
No one need lament the fail
ure of the United States Sen
ate to approve the proposal
that was be
fore it recent
ly for chang
ing the meth
od of elect
ing a Presi
dent and Vice
President.
The present
system a y
not be ideal,
but the re
jected amendment would have
been no improvement. On the
contrary, it would have accent
uated some of the faults of the
existing system.
As we now elect a President,
the candidate who receives a
plurality of the 531 electoral
votes is declared the winner,
the entire electoral vote of
each state going to the candi
date who polls the greater
number of the stale's popular
votes.
For this system the amend
ment would have substituted
optional methods of allocating
the electoral vote of each state
in the proportion of the pop
ular vote received by each can
didate. Each state would have
heen permitted to choose
which of the two methods it
wished to follow. The simpler
of the two would have given
each candidate the proportion
of the state's electoral vote
that his share of the popular
vote bore to the total popular
vote.
For Instance
Thus, in the state of New
York, for example, a candidate
who received 51 per cent of
the popular vote would have
been credited with 51 per cent
of the state’s 45 electoral votes,
while his rival would have
been credited with 49 per cent.
The second method would
have made the Congressional
district the unit for allocating
the electoral vote. Each candi
date would have received one
electoral vote for each Con
gressional district in which he
had a plurality of the popular
vote. And the candidate who
received the largest share of
the popular vote statewide
would have received an addi
tional two voles.
Th« Why of Chang*
Many arguments were ad
vanced during the Senate de
hate as to why the election
machinery should have been
changed. But the one on which
the Senate’s action really turn
ed was that the existing sys
tem permits minority groups
in the populous states to in
fluence disproportionately the
outcome of Presidential elec
tions.
A Congressman from a
Southern state, for example,
urged that the present system
“accentuates the building up
and solidification within these
states of relngioua, economic
Father pal ay------------------
complicated moral
questions, however, the pastor
should be consulted. Assuming,
as we must from observation of
many who are living in invalid
marriages, that a Catholic is so
involved and is not prepared to
take the step mentioned above
he can only pray for God's
mercy and hope that God will
grant him a solution. He cer
tainly cannot pray for death of
the first wife or husband direct
ly. but he can pray- for a solu
tion that would not destroy the
“second” family and the lives
of the children, even though
the death of the other party
non Id seem to be the only way.
Q. What pood did it do if
Christ adeemed us if we can
still be lost? 1 believe that He
meant what He said: He who
believe., and is baptized shall
he saved (Mark 16:16).
A. The redeeming sacrificial
death of Christ made salvation
available and possible for all,
but did not destroy man’s free
dom. We have the beginning of
eternal life (called sanctifying
grace) in our souls by baptism,
but Christ made clear that it
JOHN C. O'RRIEN
was not necessarily permanent.
Often He referred to the good
and bad fish in the Church, to
the good wheat and the weeds,
etc., indicating e separ
ation of good members of the
Church (i.e. all the haotized)
from the bad. In Lent we re
call His words. "And he w'ho
does not take up his cross and
follow me, is not worthy of
me.” (Matthew 10:38) The fa
mous passage in St. James’ Epis
tl can be cited among others:
“You see that by works man is
justified, and not by faith
only.” (James 2:14-26)
Election As Usual
Q. Do we have any of the or
iginal copies of the New Testa
ment books? It not how do we
know that we have accurate
copies?
A. We know from the Bihle
as history—and it ranks with
the best historical source*
apart from its religious content
that Christ established his div
inity by public and evident mir
acles that He established a
Chur-h. We know that that
Church spoke and continues to
speak for Him and that it au
thoritatively listed the hooks
of the Bible, approving them
as authentic in their substance.
W« know from history too that
we have authentic copies, veri
fied by such authorities as Pa
pias early in the second cen
tury to St. Irenaeus (140-202
A.D.) The widespread use nf
the hooks of the New Testa
ment by Christian and pagan
authors (e.g. the Epicurean
philosopher Celsus about 178
A.D.) in the second century is
part of the proof of the authen
tic dates and texts. People who
disagreed on the meaning and
on practically everything else
(e.g. early rebels or heretics
within the Christian Church)
agreed on the actual texts. Mod
ern research has uncovered
abundant evidence of their au
thenticity. with fragments going
hack to the second and third
centuries. There are more than
12,000 ancient manuscripts of
the four Gospels, of which al
most 2,500 are manuscripts of
the original Greek and all are
substantially in agreement.
Send questions to Father Ed
ward F. Healey. Inquiry Cor
ner, Catholic Times. Box 636,
Columbus (16). Ohio.
and racial blocs which caw
and do hold the balance of
pow’er.”
The Southerner complained
that the candidates of the ma
jor parties now are compelled
to pay too much attention 1o
the views of Negroes in the
big Northern cities, to the
“radical wing” of organized
labor, to the Jews, the Italians,
lhe Irish and the Poles. These
groups in the big cities, he*
pointed out. are capable of
tipping the popular vote in fa
vor of a given candidate and
thus assuring him of the state's
entire electoral vote.
Populous Stafot
From this line of argument
it is evident that the aim of
those who advocated a division
of the electoral vote in accord,
ance with the division of the
popular vote, was to reduce the
influence of the so-called min
ority groups in the urban cen
ters.
As a matter of fact, however,
the argument that the existing
system gives the populous
states undue influence in elec
tions will not stand examin
ation. Actually, these states ria
not have as strong a voice as
they should have, considering
their populations, and the pro
posed change in the election
system would have reduced
their influence still further.
In the 1952 election. 39
states having less than half
the nation’s population con
trolled 294 electoral votes,
while nine large states contain
ing more than half the popula
tio». controlled only 237 elec
total votes.
On* Party Statas
If either of the optional
methods proposed in ths
amendment had been in opera
tion in 1952. the net effect
would have heen to reduce the
electoral votes credited to
President Eisenhower and to
increase those allocated to
Stevenson, hut without affect
ing the outcome of the elec
tion.
Neither plan would have rec
tified the disparity between
the influence of the small as
against the large states. The
sole gainers would have been
the Southern states and a few
states in New England and the
M.dwest which are dominated
hy one party.
With only token opposition
from the other party, these
one-party states would have
been able still to deliver all,
or nearly all. of their electoral
votes to one candidate. But the
influence of the large states
would have been diminished,
since they would have had to
divide their electoral votes
among two candidates.
Fortunately, a sufficient
number nf Senators sixed-up
the scheme for what it was to.
block it* adoption.