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TH£ DEMOCRAT Is published at St. Cloud, Stearns County, Minnesota, every Thursday afternoon. Ornca—1» POST OFFICE Btntnnra, WASBINQTON AVEifUK. W. MITCHKLl, Editor A Proprietor. E S TWO DOLLARS A TEAS, I ADVANCE. A E S O A E I S I N tine column, one year,' One-half column, on« year. One-fourth column, One year, One column, six months, One-hatf column, six months. One-fourth column, six months, One square, one year. One Square, six months, isirtess cards, five lines or less, $5 per annum six lines, $6 seven lines, $7. $75 00 40 00 25 00 45 00 30 00 18 00 10 00 700 Lrgal advertisements at statute rates. en lines of this sized type constitute a Square, and cards will be charged propor tion te to the space they occupy in brevier solid.] O W O Of all kinds executed with neatness and di-p tch, and at reasonable rates. Real Estate Agency, ST.» uova EXTENSIVE i. I N N E S O A Explorations of Land in this District subject to private entry, nnd long experience in Land Office business, give the undersigned peculiar advantages the S on of a And location of Land Warrants. a W a a or sale at a small advance on New York rices. Contested Pre enoption cases prosecuted ofore the Local and General Land Offices. Attention paid to THE PAYMENT OF TAXES In Benton, Sherburne, Morrison and Sdte-irns counties. T.iwnlt-ts for sale in St. Cloud. \6nl8-tf L. A. EVANS. H. WAIT, A N E AND LICENSED DEALER IN E it it l^anil W ii S CoMitt)', a S a O A S 9 P. E IN SEAL ESTATE. Cell :tions and Remittances prompt) Madt*. -Taxes paid for Non-residents. Ofli on Washington avenue, one door south of the Central House. v6nl8-tf W I I A A S O N S Attorney and Counsellor at law IT. S. Bounty, Claim and Patent Agent, ST. CLOUD, MINN PRACTICES in all Courts, State and Fed eral prosecutes claims before any of the Departments at Washington. 9SST Particular attention paid to the cel lertion of Bounty and Arrearages of Pay •of Sol Hers, Pensions for Discharged Sol diers for the heirs of those who have died in the service. Offi in 3d story, Broker's Blo.k, over J. C. & H. C. Burbank & Co. v6n23 EDWARD O. HAMLIN, Has resumed the A I E O A W IN ST. CLOUD, MINN. Office, Plve Doors wmth of H. 0. Wait's Bank GEO. W, SWEET, ATTt'RNEY AND COUNSELLOR AT LAW, 1 ILL' attend promptly to Collections, and payment of taxes in Stearns and Benton Counties. Special attention given to*.:ases before' the Local and General Land OOices. Offica oa St. Germain at, over Broker's Store. ST. CLOUD, V"':' rMINN. M. O. TOLMAN, M. D., S I I A N A N S E O N ST. CLOUD, Office over Edelbrock's Store. WM. R. HUNTER, S I I A N AN SURGEON, ST. CLOUD, s.i.MfNN. J. W N S I I A N AN SURGEON, Will practice Medicine in all its branches including midwifery and operative surgery St.Cloud, Minn, Dec. Ill*, 1862. A A ST. CLOUD, MINN. O A 8 O JOB PRINTING, S E N O O E S O JTl»e a 0 1 ST. CLOUD BOOK STORE J. M. RQSENBERGER, BOOKSELLER, STATIONER NEWSDEALER lias .always on hand a Fin* Assortment of anal a —Aid*— THE LATEST PAPERS & MAGAZINES THE STANDARD SCH00LB00KS, And everything usually found in a first class Bookstore. vtm18-tf PHOTOGRAPH GALLERY. PHOTOGRAPHS, AMBROTYPES, A TAKIIT AT OF All kind* of Chairs and Household ST, CLOtIP, MINN. St. Cloud O O JL±TT S O E S O JAMES BIGGERSTAFF HAVINGGermain .... ..v*.*-«rfst,«j.«-a»».a«.,»:*, a Opposite the DEMOCRAT Office, Lower town. Hours between 9 A. M. and 4 r. M. Every variety of Albums, Frames and Cases kept on hand. v5n52-tf C. E E [FROM LIVERPOOL."! WATCHMAKER AND JEWELER, SAINT CLOUD, MINN. N. B.—Watches, Clocks, Time-pieces, Mu sic Boxes, Jewelry, &c, &c. Neatly Fixed and Warranted. Old Verge and Lupine Watches made in to New English I'aieut Levers at a small cost. Engraving done to order. v5n5l-ly JOHN SOU WARTZ, Keeps constantly on hand Saddles, Harness, Carriage Trimmings, $c. St. Gerniainr street, neir Washington ave nue. Saint t'luud. Minn. A. BIAKKMAX DEALER IN WATCHES. CLOCKS AND JEWELRY S a W a 126 Third Street, St. Paul, limr tlmurt Mow Thompson's Bank. Watches, Clocks and Jewelry carefullyre paired by experienced workmen. ST. PAU HAT STORE. W A S O N W O E S A E E A E Case or Package, Corneraf 3d and W»ba*haw its., opposite the Bridge S. Oc CRAWFORD, DEALER & BxAlfUFACTURER opened a Boot and Shoe Shop on St. street, two doors above Burbank & Go's store, is prepared to make boots and shoes, of every style and qual ity, at REASONABLE RATES. Repairing done with eare. He respect fully invites his friends to call and see him at his new stand.. JAMES BIGGERSTAFF. St. Cloud. Sept. 16th 1808. v6nl8-tf ANTON SMITH, BOOT AND SHOE S O E A full supply of a S BUFFALO OVERSHOES & MOCCASINS, Kept, always on hand, and for sale at fa vorable.prices. '/•'•isoli A good stock of Leather and Shoemaker's Findings. Particular attention paidto Custom Work. The highest market price in Cash paid for Hides. ANTON SMITH. Washington av, St. Cloud. v6n!9-ly '•". It ii.i -'. ..•! -.fti'il•.".'•'/'• I !.•• Manufacturer and Dealer in .»•/•& Boots, Shoes, Leather and Findings, (Between Tobey's and. Book Store) -•. ST. CLOUD. V7n24-ly MINjK E N W W E A I A E removed to my new shop near the Bridge, where I am prepared to do all kinds of work -in the CnnMnufctkin* line. Wagdhs, carriages and* sleighs made in a neat and substantial manner at low rates. Particular attention paid to repair- lttg» %T. a AL n« :•-:••:, v8-tf O A S O N E S BLACKSMITH. kinds of work done in the best possible manner. Particular atten tion given to horse and ox-shoeing, plow work, and repairing of all kinds. Shop in same building with Henry W. Weary. W E O E A N A I O WOULDcall invite his friends and the pub- lic to and examine his New Styles to Gentlemen's Furnishing Goods. Partic ular attention paid to custom work. VOL. VII. ST. CLOUD. MINNESOTA, THURSDAY, MARCH 16, 1865. A O N 6 A S IT BUM C. H0WA1TH. A MONO forgotten gravM I too have wandered oft at midnight hont, But not where o'er white atone* the Willow wavtt, Or incenee float* Iroih nightly breathing flower But o'er the lonely grave* in mine own heart, Where love and friendship hath been buried long, Where name* are traced by •orrow'e sculpture art That never yet were breathed in jeat or aoag» Til here, forgotten by the oareleM throngY 1 muH among the grave*. Hera lias taf bttrled hope, With girlhood faith torn from ft* fragile at»m, Alas I no Resurrection day shall ope The earthly gates of light and life Arre these grim ghosts. In winding sheet and shroud, Th earthb gates of light and life to them. those grim ghosts I winding sheet and Which haunt at midnight boar those silent aisles, One half to lonely as the spirit proud That like a spectre paasea through the crowd. And while its pale, sad fcee is Wreathed with smites. Is thinking or the graves There la no weary heart, It matters not how reckleea It hath been, But'mid its desert life hath left apart Some little spot which tears keep fresh and green*-* The memory of some little golden head Laid on that heart to still its passions strong, Some early love, whose tender sweetness shed A charm that lives through sorrow, sin and wrong) And mid tho loudest laugh, the wildest song. Reminds us of the dead. For the fit. CloudDemocrat. "FOSSILS." Origin W it Jerushed, the founder of Persopolis, is said by Persian writers to have been the inventor of wine. He was immod erately fond of grapes, and desiring to preserve some, they were placed in a large vat for this purpose and lodged in a vault for future use. When the vessel was opened the grapes had fer mented, and the juiee was so aeid that the king supposed it was poisonous.— So it was poured into other vessels which were placed in the king's room and labelled "poison." It happened one day while they remained there, that one of the king's favorite ladies had an intense nervous headache and wished for death. Seeing the vessel* labelled "poison/' she took some of the contents and drank it. She soon became drow sy and tell asleep. When she awoke the headache had disappeared and she felt much refreshed. Tho experiment was repeated so often that the king no ticed that his "poison" was disappear ing. When he ascertained the cause, more "poison" was made and others shared in the pleasures of the blood-red wine. The circumstances which led to its discovery gave it the name ever afterward of Jeher-c-Kooshon, "the de lightful poison." And thus originated a blessing and a bane to mankiud. Coal. It is not known when the first at tempts at coal-mining were made. The coal spoken of in the.Scripture is sup posed to have been charcoal, as there is no coal now found in the Holy Land or Arabia, and none nearer than the Black Sea and the Bosphorus. Theo pbrastus, a Greek, who wrote 238 years B. briefly speaks of the nature of coal end tells how it was used in his day by the smiths. Flint a tea, some times found imbedded in coal beds, are a very strong evidence of early mining. Ancient excavationj or mines are some times discovered. The extent of coal beda is under stood by but few. If the world is not to be destroyed until all tho coal is used up, this generation need be in no ex pectation of the millenium. The coal field in South Wales alone has an ac tual thickness of strata of ten thousand icet, with an area of about seventy-five miles. The average: supply per annum" is about eight million bushels, and at this rate the supply will last two thou sand years. '!':v! The thickest vein yet discovered in the United States is situated in Vir ginia and is about one thousand feet in Lhickness. The average thickness of the strata is about seven feet. Goal mining in Great Britain is generally done* by shafting. This is, seldom re sorted to in America, owing tq the po sition of the strata Excavations are not often made iu England to a greater depth than four thousand feet,' owing to the increase in temperature, the in crease being about one degree for ev- '. Gree»l*ad. In the tenth eentury, ThorWald, a chieftain of Norway, with his sou Erie, fled to IcelanoTto avoid the consequen ces of one of those deeds of violence which were of so frequent occurrence in that age. After the death of Thor wald, Erie, imitating the example of his father, quarreled with his neighbors and was banished by the Icelandic Par liament. Having heard that a sea-cap tain, while sailing round the northern coast of Iceland, had seen a strange land to the westward, Erie fitted out a ship, and with his followers set out on a voyage in search of the Great Un- known. Sailing westward he soon dis covered the new land. Having select ed a site on which he supposed would be suitable to make a settlement he re turned to Iceland. He there fitted out twenty-five ships and set out again for the country which he had called Green land. His colony was planted and pros pered. Frequent voyages were made in different directions, some to Iceland and some to the South. Some are said to have been as far south as the coast of Massachusetts where grapes were foundi From various causes tho inter course between Iceland and Greenland gradually ceased and the colony was in the course of time forgotten. Frobish* et visited the supposed site of the col ony in the year.. 1586, and Davis in 1686, but no traces were found of the Scandinavians. It is supposed that quarrels arose between the natives and the colony, and that the latter was ex terminated. In the year 1821, Hans Egede was Bent out as a missionary from Denmark, and after encountering many difficulties, succeeded in introdu cing Christianity among the natives.— Thus God chooses his own times and instruments for accomplishing his works —always simple instruments and at un expected time*. Vicissitude. William the .Conqueror divided England an.ong the commanders of his army and created about twenty earl doms. Not one of these now exist.— Nor do any of the honors conferred by William Rufus, Henry I., Stephen, Henry I I Richard I., or John. All the dukedoms created from the insti tution of the order of Edward III., down to the commencement of the reign of Charles II., have perished except Norfolk and Somerset, and Cornwall enjoyed by the Prince of Wales. Win. Chester and Worcester, the latter now merged in the dukedom of Beau fort, are the only existing uia- quisates older than George III. Of all the earldoms conferred by the Nor mans, Plantagenets and the Tudor?, eleven only remain, and of those six are merged in higher honors. The House of Lords does not contain among its members, a single male descendant ofauy of those barons who were ho sen to enforce the Magna Charta, or of any of those who are known to have fuught at the battle or Agincourt The Wrottcsleys are the single family among the Lords who can boast of a male de scent from the date of the institution of the Order of the Garter in 1349. It is different with the nobility of Scotlaud and Ireland. Many of the ancient titles of the former are still held by male descendants of those whom the titles were conferred} and few an cient Irish titles have expired. 1 mt Wales. Of the sixteen Princes of Wales, six married when they were in possession of that title: li The celebrated Edward,.the Black Prince, who married Joan of Kent. 2. Edward, Son of Henry Vl., who married Lady Jane Neville. 3. Prince Arthur, who at fifteen pledged' his boyish vows' to Catharine of Arragbh, afterward one of the. many wives of Henry 4. Frederick, eldest son of George II., who at the age of twenty-nine years married the Princess Augusta of SaXeGotha. no tf en «. Prit.cc Regent, afterward George IV., who married Caroline' of Bruns ••'wmkJMi., TJ. And the present Prince Albert. ._ n:- •.-•••... 9(fi—1» VrQOtibi O a O a ,. The Pythagonan doctrine of the mu sic ef the spheres has a. poetic interest at least. The planets were' supposed to emit sounds from their different spheres which were combined into a harmonious 'symphony, the moon repre senting the grave end of the scale, the stnrry sphere the higher, and the more rapid of the spheres, the acute end.— The inaudibility of the sounds emitted was ascribed to their having been con stantly heard and even Cicero from whom we might have expected better, tells us that they Were so loud as to transcend our eapability of hearing. During the long period of four cen turies which elapsed between the time of Homer and Herodotus, tho earth was regarded as a circular plane surrounded by tho heavens, which were supposed to be a solid homi-spherical vault. The ocean was supposed to flow around this plane as a horieon, and the stars to arise from and set in the circle of the Water. The theory of the diurnal rotation of the earth was advaneed at an early day but was not successfully established un til the time of Galileo It Was his great mind whieh grasped the idea and estab lished it upon a firmer basis, and Well does he deserve the name of Father of Astronomv, as it is known and under stood in modern times for from his great and important discoveries, astrono my properly dates its beginning as a sci ence. The Egyptians and ancient Germans had but three seasons, spring, summer and winter, and in our language those three seasons are indicated by Anglo Saxon words, while autumn is borrow ed from the Latin. Why that season Was omitted is not easily explained, for it seems to be ss strongly marked by its seer and yellow leaf as the other sea sons. In the earliest time was measured by years. The Bible frequcntlj speaks of them and Homer, the blind poet, also speaks of them }—as that the Beige of Troy occupied ten years, and that the great Nestor outlived two generations of men and reigned in the third Hes iod, an ancient writer, advises men to marry at about the age of thirty years, and women at about nineteen, which would be a very good rule to follow now-a-days. Solon, the great lawgiv er of Greece, divided the successive ages of men into ten periods of seven years each—the perfection of man's physical strergth being in the 4th pe riod between the ages of twenty-eight and thirty-five years, and the perfec tion of his intellectual strength in the seventh and eighth periods, or from forty-nine to sixty-three. Some mod ern writers place the perfection of both intellectual and physical strength be tween the ages of thirty and forty-five. The Grecian year was three hundred and fifty four days in length, and the Roman year, as regulated by Romulus, contained three hundred and four days or four month*, but was afterward in creased to three hundred and sixty-five days or ten months by Numa, whence originated our year and names of our months. The Arcadians divided their year in to tbtee months the Carians and Ac arnaniana into six months the Lavinians into three hundred and sev enty-four days and the early Egyptians into three or four months. Time was measured in various ways. There was a sun dial placed upon the Pynx at Athens In the year 433 B. C. By it the day was divided into thirteen parts from sunrise to sunset, the length of the hours varying with the length of the days. In cloudy weather and at night water clocks were used. In these instruments time was measured by the flow of water from an orifice in a cylin drical vessel, and were used in Athens in the time of Aristophanes, for the purpose of regulating the length of speeches in courts of law. It is a great pity that we cannot have such regula tors in these tithes. It such a regula tion was ibtraduced now,' people would probably live lohgei. OUR CHATTJUIOOGA LETTER. BINEWIB ACTIYIfI Iff 1EPAET MEN? Of TIE TENNESSEE. Important Movements Laokeu For. I O I A I I «f A A N O O A SUERILHi-EIODUS OF CITHERS. THE FUTURE OF E N N E S S E E Items Concerning Minnesota Troops. CHATTANOOGA, TKMN., March 1st, 1865. EDITOR DEMOCRAT.-—I have neglect ed to inform you lately of matters per taining to this locality, for the reason that there has been a dearth of news and items which would interest your readers After the driving of the rebel army from this State by Gen. Thcmas, all excitement and interest in this di rection subsided and the daily routine of military life gave little to interest the public Just at this time, howev er) great activity is apparent in all this Department. Quartermasters and com missaries, always, the first to move, are displaying unwonted activity in their several places and it is safe to assumo awcrr iiOr4 that important movements are afoot, and that soon troops will be astir fully arm ed and rationed. Engineers are busily engaged in putting the railroads branch ing in different directions from this place in a good state of repair, and the busy hum in the shops and wan houses Statea beyond. sounds ominous. Fatigue parties are This State has great mineral and saTK r.._.i. •_»: 4the t-_ JT ,. .. itilll further perfecting different forts-' and one or two new works are being thrown up for guns of heavy calibre. The old army which drove the rebels out of Tennessee, Is lying along the Tennessee River and preparing for any emergency that may arise from move ments of rebels in that quarter, or in any other whefe their presence may be needed., Late information indicates that a portion of Hood's army has gone to Augusta, Ga., and also that the roving bands of guerillas and scouting cavalry men which have been hovering about northern Georgia and East Tennessee have been ordered to report to the same place. This looks to a combination of forces by the rebels for the purpose of assist General Lee in the shock which will ere long take place between him and Grant and Sherman. Should Lee be forced away from Richmond, it is but reasonable to suppoae that he will endeavor to retreat through Virginia into East Tennessee, capture Knoxville and Cumberland Gap, and besiege this place—the key city of the South—be fore troops could be hurried here for its defense. The great activity noticable here shows that Old Safety (Gen. Sherman) is wide awade and fully alive to the necessity of guarding every av enue through which Lee could escape and having every outlet well fortified and protected by troops. The descent of Lee is anticipated. He will never occupy this impregnable position and prolong the war a twelvemonth. The same disappointment awaits him, if he comes, that Hood met with in his en deavors last Decembr to winter in Ten nessee. No force that he can bring against this place can take it Enough cannon bristle from the breastworks and forts to sweep every square inch of giound within three or four miles of the place. With the subsistence, am munition and material which are stored here, and the help which would soon arrive from places north of us, it would be impossible for Lee to unlock this door and march through to the coveted The coming year will see the rebels foiled at every point and their armies disorganised, scattered, and either seek ing protection within the Federal lines, under the amnesty oath, or forming in to roving guerrilla bands, to prey upon the people of their own country and isolated bodies of troops. The guerilla system inaugurated by the South—fostered and nourished by it—has been and is a curse to the South em people—a viper that stings and kills friends and foes alike. For fear of lawless men, many of the residents of this portion of the country daily come to this post and request and receive transportation North with their families and household goods. Robbed of their horses, stck, and such products a« they have succeeded in getting, they stand in constant danger of their lives, so long as the nation is at war and the country liable to be overrun by armies. They have no encouragement to remain.— Those who can, seek to flea the coun try familiar to them from their birth. A reign of terror exists. Murders com mitted by guerrillas in the surrounding country, are daily reported Peaceable citixens who come here for .provisions from the government, are met some ten or twenty miles out and robbed of ev erything, lucky if they escape with their lives. On the 4th of March the election takes place in this State for Governor —the redoubtable old Parson, W. G. Brownlow, being the nominee of the Union party. He will be Tennessee's next Governor, and is keenly alive to the necessity of ridding the State of all pestiferous gangs of outlaws. Meas ures are already afoot among many to organize, and with the countenance of the Governor and the energy and will he always displays in matters pertain ing to his country's welfare, loyal Ten nesseesns will uproot this terrible sys tem of guerrillaism, whieh is now deso lating the fairest portion of the State and driving the bone and sinew from their native soil to the North. Tennes- I \!.'V v' I rri 'fej0- .-•• ../^? 3$ see is suffering, arid fJHtf Indiana ami Illinois a in in net thrifty, hard* working farmers. Yet this exodus will in fttttfe year's be largely made up for from the ener getic and progressive people of the bortb who will migrate to this section. cultural .wealth, which if properly de veloped will redound largely to the wealth of the people and benefit of the State. Coal and iron exist in large quantities in this section, and the rich nets of the latds in the valleys of Ten nessee afe Well known. With the insti tution of slavery in her midst, she fol lowed her sister States With the bles sings of freedom, she will lead the van as one of rhe wealthiest internal States in the Union. Many men already see her destined future importance and are hastening to take advantage of it. Even for this immediate locality I am inform ed that there are now two hundred ap plications on file in the office of the post commandant from Northern men. to engage in business pursuits in this town. Many discharged officers and soldiers' remain here and are buying up lands and engaging in pursuits mercan* tile and agricultural. The government gives discharged soldiers the first chance, and then loyal residents and men from the North. Chattanooga, from its great central position, is des* tined to be a large city. Bishop Otey, of Memphis, one of Tennessee's promi nent men, asserted it would be second to no city in the State. The Government still continues io the work of erecting warehouses and other necessary buildings needed for its wants. There are fifteen large steam saw mills, some with shingle machines attached, kept constantly at work in sawing lumber from logs brought down the Tennessee river. The timber is mostly white wood, poplar, oak and some pine. Notwitnstanding these fa cilities, it is almost impossible to keep up the supply demanded. Barracks are being erected for the infantry, a vast improvement on the miserable lit tle huts they have been obliged to live in during the winter. Lieut. Alex. Kin Lead, the enterprising quartermas ter of the Garrison artiDery, ia also alive to the importance of proper build ings for the artillerymen whose wants he eaters to. He has organized and equipped a lumbering crew from the artillerymen, of one officer and a hun dred men, who are now engaged in pro curing timber one hundred and fifty miles up the Tennessee. This crew is composed largely of Mionesotians who have lumbered in the pineries of ouv own beautiful State, and are from their experience good and valuable men in this business. There are at this place quite a num ber of Minnesota troops. There being no less than five batteries: 3d Minn Light Artillery, and Batteries A, B, C, and D, Heavy Artillery. Battery E is also expected at this place. The Cap tain of the 2d Minn. Battery, whose commission expirss by limitation this month, will likely be mustered out, as also thirty-five men whose term of ser vice will expire. Some eighty odd men w:.U go out next September, leav ing the "Old Second" with but a cor poral's guard of "Veterans" to see the rebellion out. Lieut. Ayer, of the 2d Battery, has been appointed Ordnance officer of this Post, and is on the staff of Col. Carle Ion, the Post commandant. Capt. Sterry, of Battery A. is absent on leave. Capt. Ljyde,'of Co. B., has resigned. Battery D. has been temporarily placed in Fort Phelps, named ia honor of Col. Phelps, 38th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, who was killed in the as sault on Mission Ridge. This Fort is a detached one, half a mite from town, on the Roseville road. It was partly built by the rebels and finished by the Union troops when they occupied this place in 1863. We bave three colored regiments here, the 14th, 16th and 42d. The lafc ter is an engineer regiment, and is com manded by a Minnesotian, Col. Putnam, formerly of the 2d Regt They are all in a good state of efficiency and drill and fully up to the white regiments in tactics. On pleasant days hundreds of soldiers and cividians wend their way to the camps of the colored troops to witness them at dress parade. The winter just past has been unu sually severe, with heavy continuous rains. Lately it has been warm and pleasant, and farmers and gardeners are very busy plowing and planting. I WXJE.