Springfield weekly Republican. [volume], April 06, 1911, Page 4, Image 4

About Springfield weekly Republican. [volume] (Springfield, Mass.) 1851-1946

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4
NEW THEORY IN INDUSTRY
TO INCREASE LABOR EFFICIENCY,
AS EXPLAINED BY MR BRANDEIS
At a Meeting; of the Boston Central
Labor I niou.
"I want" said Mr Brandeis, “to dis
cuss with you the question of the relation
or what should be the relation of organ
ized labor to the new movement known
as the scientific management of industry.
I don’t want to make a speech. The mat
ter is a very serious one to all of us.
AVhat we want, all of us, is to see the
truth, and I believe the truth can best he
arrived at by discussion. I wish that you
would make known to me your doubts
and disagreements in order that I may
meet and explain them.
“This is a matter of extraordinary im
portance because, as I view it. this new
movement for scientific management fur
nishes an opportunity for organized labor
to secure for the workingmen of this
country all the things which organized
labor desires. It will secure to the work
ing people regularity of work, a thing
which is certainly most needed to-day. It
is au opportunity to secure to them higher
wages nud shorter hours of work, and
with all these that leisure, that calmness
which is necessary to the development of
the individual and the attainment of dem
ocratic ideals. It offers an opportunity
to produce products with less labor and
less effort, with less waste of capital and
human energy than is the case to-day.
When the opportunity came for the
change from hand labor to machine labor,
a tremendous opportunity was lost. That
change from band to machine labor did
not inure to the benefit of the working
men or in any large part to the con
sumer.
“The profit which lay in the machine
was in large part consumed by capital
and helped to make the large capitalists
who arc to a great extent a menace to
the world. The social sense of the com
munity was such that when the machine
was introduced it could not take to the
ninsumcr its fair share of profit in the
micltine. Now when tills new idea, which
in importance i< ccmpnrabr? with the in
troduction of the machine. Is introduced,
if is for you to sec that you get Ibo ben
efit of its introduction. You should see
that things are made cheaper and that
men. women and children are made more
valuable. Wo recognize that if we apply
to business that knowledge of laws and
things called science we will find Out
things we never knew before and may
put to an end a large amount of the mis
eries of human life. Ten years ago the
isthmus of Panama was one of the most
dangerous places in the world to go to.
Now medical science introduced by the
American coyernthent has made it one of
the healthiest places in the world. We
thought that when the harvester was in
vented n great thing had been done,
and so it had. but the real advance in
rericultnre has come in the last 10 years,
ft has come through science. Knowledge
has "hanged what was mere chance so
v w <-an predetermine results. The same
thing is coming to be done in business.
When it comes into business the attempt
of science is to observe each particular
«ten in business to see why it is that so
little is produced here and why the pro
cess i« so irregular. Scientific management,
says the manager, has got to manage, and
when things vo wrong he has got to find
out what, is the matter.
“The first time I had occasion to look
into this matter was in reference to a
strike. I asked what the men received
:iud the employer said that they were
veil paid for the time they worked. I
asked how much they got a year nnd the
employer said that ho didn’t know. He
promised to get up the figures and did ;
so. The figures showed that many of the
men did not get in a single week of full
work and that there were many weeks
when they did not hare work at all. The
employer said: This is very expensive for
us. We have got to pay our manager,
our superintendent, taxes, rent and other
expenditures whether work is done or not. I
It is expensive to us as well as to the I
men, I said to him: 'The men are not '
managing this business, you are managing
it. and T am afraid you are not doing it
very well. I think you ought to so regu
late your business that you can work them
regularly.’ Hr said that he os going to
find out whether when men did not work
it was because there was no work or be- !
cause they did not come to work, and he i
instituted individual cards treating of i
each man. A few years later he showed I
me his cards again and said: ‘Every man I
1 have can get work right along. When !
I haven’t orders T make stock.’ In that !
business the work moves right on from I
one department to another. There is never '
any piling nn and there is never any stop- |
ping of work.’’
Asked if the actual earnings of every
man in a place under scientific manage
ment was higher wouldn't it have a ten
dency to reduce wages in other places Mr !
Brandeis said it would have the effect of
stimulating efforts in other industries. i
Asked if the piece-work system is a nec- '
essary part of scientific management, he j
replied: "I am very much against the
piece system as ordinarily applied. I
think that, as it is ordinarily applied it
is based on entirely inadequate ideas of
what man can and should do.”
"I should like,” said another questioner,
"to ask about the bonus system.” "The
bonus system,” said Mr Brandeis, -‘as
applied to the piece-work system, is ordi
narily highly objectionable, but I think
it can be applied in connection with sci
entific management to produce very differ
ent results. You have got to know what
the proper time is to do work in. You
don’t find it out by taking the best man
and you don’t find it out by taking the
worst. When ymt have found out by
study and observation the proper time and
nay and have taught the man the proper
way you may properly pay the man not
for speeding tip. hut for doing it in the
best way. If yon try to apply it without
allowing the man bow to do the work it is
highly injurious, first in causing speeding
up and often in the reduction of the rate
per piece after the establishment of some
new standard.”
Asked as to the effect on the consumer,
Mr Brandeis said: “As to the consumer,
I don’t think scientific management has
any effect except that when vou reduce
the cost of production it is’impossible
usually to resist a demand for a reduc
tion in price. If an industry has great
profits, more and more men come in. The
sugar trust 15 years ago controled over
90 per cent of the production and held up
prices. To-day the sugar trust controls
Only 42 per cent of the production. Unless
you get an absolute monopoly it is almost
certain that when you reduce the cost you
will be obliged to reduce the price.”
To another questioner lie said: “I don’t
know of any way the worker can be sure
of getting his share except through com
bination. through organised labor. Yon
want to be on hand in every establishment
and see that yon and your fellows get
their share." Regarding overproduction
he said: “There is no such thing as over
production. There is such a thing, and it
is permanent with ns. as underconsump
tion. Ah long as the inability to secure
and consume exists we want things cheap
so we ran buy more. The moment that
the beef trust raises prices markedly
down go sales. . That is because the peo
ple have just so much to spend. I hare
been talking about the amount of money
which could be saved on the railroads.
If it were saved it would lie spent in new
woyk. The railroads want to do all sorts
of things, and there is no trouble about
borrowing money; the trouble la in the
payment of the interest. The railroad
loans are practically permanent ones.
They will never be paid.”
“Hasn’t your scientific management got
to shake -bauds with the piece system or
the bonus system?” was another ques
tion. “I don’t think it need to shake
hands with the piece system/’ was the
answer, “and not absolutely with the
bonus system. 1 am absolutely against
the bonus system as applied in ordinary
business. Bitt I believe it is the best
thing so fnr devised as applied to scien
tific management. If there is one thing
that scientific management stands for. it
is that it is against the fellow that knows
it all. There ought to tie no unskilled
labor. The crime is to put men to work
and fill up the ranks with the untrained."
Another delegate quoted the case of n
man who handled three times as much
pig iron under a scientific management
scheme as before, and received an ad
vance to but sl.^s from 51.15. and then
asked. "Doean’t it mean that larger pro
portion of the product goes into the hands
of the capitalist'" "It isn’t necessarily
true." was the reply. ' There should be
a clear distinction between labor and
product. Labor is the amount of work a
man does. Product is what he produces.
Every end anil aim of applied science to
the labor problem is to nnd out the way
to save human effort. The thing you
speak of would be a pure case of speed
ing up.
He was asked; “Hasn't scientific man
agement to he successful got to be built
nn the defeat of organized labor?" "On
the contrary." said Mr Brandeis, “scien
: tifie management can't be a success in
i reaching the results desired unless organ
-1 ized labof does its share. There is ab
-1 solutely nothing in scientific management
opposed to organized labor. YVe have got
to have the union to fix the rate of day
' labor, and to see that when profit is made
from the introduction of the new method
it is divided with both views properly
presented. When the question arises
whether the men are working too regular
ly there should bo someone else besides
rhe employer to decide on the matter.
I have had that very matter come up in
reference to one of the places working
under scientific management. The ques
tion has arisen in such a manner that it
will probably be decided that regular va
cations should be taken. If organized la
bor wasn’t there, there would be all sorts
of injustices in the change to the new
sy stem."
President O’Brien read to Mr Brandeis
some expressions of F. W. Taylor In a
recent magazine article to the effect that
the workers work os slowly as they dare
while appearing to work as fast as they
can nnd Mr Brandeis said: “I think it is
greatly exaggerated." Answering another
question. Mr Brandeis said: “The saving
in labor is not ordinarily the major por
tion of the saving Under scientific manage
ment. In most cases the larger part of
rhe saving comes from the saving of cap
ital. the investment in equipment and in
a large number of other things which hare
no direct relation with the work of the.
mon." He spoke of tests of efficiency
showing a great saving of eoal used to
drive a locomotive on the Erie road and
also to the work of George Baker .in the
same line’of work on a western road. He
then went on to explain that under sci
entific management a perfect machine,
the materials required and all the tools
needed were ready in the order required
throughout the working time.
He said, iff answer to another question,
that it would reward,rather than discour
age individuality, and said that, so far
as his observation went, it had not result
ed in the discharge of any one. as there
was room for most of them to grow; but
that it would not lead tn centralization,
because there was a place Where a-plant
became too big Tor efficiency.
One of the women delegates, connected
with a textile organization spoke of the
case of a woman working for a bonus and
almost reaching it. and then asked if the
worker should be paid for the difference
between the regular minimum and the ex
tra amount. Mr Brandeis said that this
was a detail; that some of those who were
for scientific management believed that
all work over the minimum should be re
warded and others that nothing should
be so rewarded until a new point of effi
ciency was reached. The woman dele
gate remarked in reference to this partic-.
ular case: "You can call it scientific man
agement if you want to but I call it sci
entific driving." “There is' nothing scien
tific in what yon talk about,” responded
Mr Brandeis. “No human being who
knows anything about it calls the bonus
system scientific."
BACHELDER WOULD RETALIATE.
National Grange Master Threatens
President Taft With Opposition to
Tariff Commission.
In an open letter. to President Taft,
made public in Gonctmd. X H., Friday,
former Gov Nahum J. -Bachelder. master
of the national grange, practically threat
ens to withdraw the support of the grange
from the advocacy of a permanent tariff
commission because lie considers the pro
posed reciprocity agreement with Canada
unfair to the farmers of this country. lie
points out that the grange at successive
annual meetings indorsed the creation of
a tariff commission, and took an active
part in bringing the influence of the
farmers, to bear on Congress in favor of
legislation for that purpose.
He says further: "Now that a tariff
board is at work, and it'is .probable that
a. tariff commission will 'be created by
Congress in the near future, the farmers
of the country are amazed tn find that
their industry is to be excluded from con
sideration. Without any hearings before
the tariff board a bill has been prepared,
•and Congress called in special session to
enact it. that abolishes entirely tne slight
tariff protection given to farm products
and subjects our farmers to the free com
petition of the farm products of Canada."
Mr Bachelder asks the president if he
believes the principle of protection is pro
tection for the manufacturers and free
trade for the farmers, and propounds sev
eral other questions of a similar nature.
His letter concludes: “If, as it would ap
pear. the farmers are to be excluded from
the benefits of a tariff commission, ft can
hardly be expected that they will take
any further interest in the creation of
such a body, but will rather be inclined to
use their influence against it m the fu
ture."
SENATOR PAGE NONCOMMITTAL.
Saya Editorials Favor Reciprocity,
But Letters From Farmers Oppose It.
In response to his invitation to the peo
pie of Vermont, issued through the press
of the state. United States Senator Car
roll 8. Page of Hyde Park, Vt„ has re
ceived hundreds ot letters giving the view
of the writers on the proposed reciprocity
agreement between the Lfiited States and
Canada. In his invitation to the people
to submit their personal conclusions and
opinions tn him. Senator Page said that
if his action on the measure were to be
determined by the editorial attitude of the
papers of the state lie should vote for the
measure; hut on the other hand, should
his action b« determined bv the letters he
had received from any of the farmers, he
would be forced to oppose the measure.
Senator Fags, in commenting upon tha
nature of the responses to his letter to
the people said that the farmers were
very largely opposed tn reciprocity. The
quarrying interests- which represent a
considerable investment in Vermont are
divided, although the majority of ihe
quarry owners seem to favor the agree
ment. As n rule the professional men.
auch as lawyers, doctors, teachers and
clergymen, favor the agreement. The
senator declines to say whether he had
reached a definite conclusion as to.wh*t Uis
action on the measure would be.
r
THE SPRINGFIELD WEEKLY REPUBLICAN: THURSDAY, APRIL 6, 1911.
REFORMS PROMISED BY DIAZ,
i —• —- . .
MESSAGE TO MEXICAN CONGRESS.
. Xo Hc-Electlon of Executive Amanis
the Important Features of the
New Polley—Reform of Electoral
Gen Diaz, committing himself to the advo
! cacy of many of the reforms demanded by
the revolutionists, although professedly bow
ing only to Hie influence of public' opinion,
answered bis critics through his semiannual
message at the opening Saturday of the
national Congress. The principle of no re
i election of the chief executive and incum
bents of other elective offices, and the reform
of the electoral laws so that the privilege of
the ballot may be enjoyed by those citizens
j "who are considered capable of voting,”
were advocated.
The message refers specifically to the ap-
I plication of the no re-election principle to
; the naming of governors, one of the chief
contentions of the discontented element
, throughout the republic, and the president
t states if a bill providing for .the “periodical
: renovation” of the officials in question
should come before Congress, it would have
his earnest support. Abuse of power of
jefes politico, another of the evils com
j plained of by residents iu the rural dis
: tricis, is to be abated, according to the plan .
| outlined by the president. The presidebf. l ,
; proposes to improve the efficiency pf'lbbi'd
I judiciary through a more careful selection.l
J of its personnel and lengthening of the J
- tenury Pt' office. Efficacious punishment' df
.iailieinl functionaries for malfeasance is to.
be brought about through the enactment of
niqrß'.stringeßt measures. ;
, i.On the subject of the division of the ? r ?at
private-...-states, first broached by Minister
Limanipitr in his Varis- interview, the ex
! cyhHve declared his deteriuinalion to find
! efficient means for bringing about th^iMO
va'&ffG In uO'pwious message .Of iKe’teees
?4<ie_nt?.h.Ts’tt-r'ii been anything in the nature
tTtNgU»vA<latiot>. Until ycsierdajuhis
,itu<sisag»,'v Bevy been resumes of Ihiugii ihv-
T|te jinblic. knowing that the president
would in . this message to jbk Con
.gress depart from the ordimtry\<oui>e arid :
,suggest special legislation, has shown .flic
iiidit .’intense interest. This feeling Of
TxjyerTinc.v found expression in the mcm
dk-jg 4if Congress, nnd from the minute
Lfhit’tne chief executive entered the Chain
be,: of, Deputies until the last word of his
message every man nn the floor, as well
aC.thoSe pwAOus in the galleries. listened
■ inhMjly. •Every available scat in the Cal
: lefies-iWcupicd, either by iHiilopiats,,.
• officials or by those, NCmTiMt^te
obtained curds ■w'-'Vdwi^
sion.
President Diaz appeared no more aged
Saturday than he did when he read his
message in September, and notwithstand
ing that the reading required more than
an hour, his voice was as strong nt the
*conclusion as at the beginning. Only once
was the president interrupted by applause.
At the mention of reforms there was a
spontanedns dapping of bauds for a brief
tninute. and then no more was heard until
the close, when the big auditorium re
sounded with handclapping nnd cries of
“Viva." The audience followed the read
er keenly. Now and then some.one would
cough or a shuffling of feet would be
heard, and instantly scores of frowning
faces would be turned toward the origin
of the sound and a low chorus of hisses,
the signa! for silence, would arise.
After ,reviewing! the progress of the na
tion during the last six months and more
briefly the .events leading up to thi rebel
lion and its progress, the tnc^Sge'bon
titmed; /Recent expressions of public
.opinion ,on yarious questions of govern
mental policy have attracted gendrSl at
tention and for this reason the executive
deems fit to make known the measures
which he believes ought to he adopted
and the views by which he will be guided
in his endeavors to warrant the con
fidence which the country has reposed in
him.
.“The change of ipinistry just effected
aims, for example, .-it satisfying in prac
tice one genera! aspiration, which is that
the political personnel be renovated from
time to time. I hare not hestitated to
part with the services of capable, loyal
an'd hnnest advisers tvho for a greater ok
less, length of time had given me their
valued co-operation. My singile aim has
been to set the precedent of not carrying
on the government indefinitely with the
fame cabinet, however high may be the
merits of the persons composing it, and
to show that room should be made from
time to rime to new energies In the
direction of public affairs.. Furthermore,
measures will be taken that will demon
strate a firm purpose to give heed to rea
sonable complaints that are made against
some of the authorities, especially those
who are in closest touch with tlie- peo
ple. It is to be hoped that in this policy
the federal government will lie seconded
by the governors of states, which by rea
son of the administrative, instrumentalities
depending on them are better able to
remedy the evil in question.'
‘ The principle of no re-election for ex
ecutive functionaries elected by popular
suffrage had not of late been broached
tn any of the legislative assemblies of
the republic, and for that reason the fed
eral executive had not thought proper to
express an opinion as to a question which
by its nature falls withiu the province
of- those assemblies, but seeing that the
issue has recently been brought up in
some of the state Legislatures and dis
epesed, in. the press, the executive takes
this occasion to manifest his hearty as
sent to the principle in questinn. and to
declare that if a bill is brought before
Congress providing for periodical renova
tion of the functionaries referred to. the
administration will give to such measure
its earnest support.
"Intimately bound up with the adop
tion of the principle of no re election is
the question of the reform of the electoral
laws, for inasmuch as th® long continu
ance in power of certain functionaries is
believed to be in part attributable to the
defects of those laws, it is indispensable
without delay to amend them, in order to
insure the electoral activity of those cit
izens who are considered capable of voting
with a full consciousness of what they are
doing.
"Ui view of the not very satisfactory
results of the measures hitherto taken to
bring about the division of large rural
estates on terms that would be fair to all
concerned, so as to render those estates
a- » c •ho < y .’cuivr is de-
termined to find means for carrying out
this important project in the most effi
cient manner possible.
"At different times endeavors have
been made to introduce reforms in the ad
ministration of justice in the federal courts
and in the local courts of the federal dis
trict and territories nnd these endeavors
alnue suffice to demonstrate the impor
tance which the executive attaches to the
improvement of this vital function. At
the same time the excutive is not unaware
that much remains to he done to complete
the work and to correct the defects which
observations bring to light and public opin
ion points out.
“The various measures which it is pro
posed to introduce after a mature and
minute consideration of all the elements
of the problem, will aim fundamentally nt.
insuring more effectively the independence
of the judiciary by semiring a more select
personnel and lengthening their tern) of
office, while another object of the meas
ures in question will be to render more
Stringent the responsibilities of judicial
functionaries by providing really effica*
cions forms of procedure for bringing them
to account in case of malfeasance."
Gen Diaz paid n high tribute to the loy
alty and valor of the Moxirae- soldiers, and
took up the subject of the mobilization of
the American army. Relative to these se
rious occurrences, the executive bad ob
served that the rebels wer recruiting fil
ibusters and effecting their organisation on
American territory and therefore drew the
attention of the government of the Enitnl
States to their aet<. That government,
acting by virtue of its laws of neutrality,
at once aihqued such measures is it
deemed adequate, which the government of
Mexico reeogtiized and appreciates. A lit
tle later there was an unusual cqlu-entra
lion of American forces near the border.
'The executive, as in duty bound, says
Get. Diaz, “gave insiructions ^to American
Minister De la Burra nt M ashiqgton to
ask for an explanation of the step. That
explanation crossed a message from I resi
dent Taft, in which lie spontaneously gave
assurances that this eonvcniration of forces
had no significance which should cause iym
eern to the triendiv neighbors of the I nited
States on the South. The withdrawal of
American warships which bad lieen ordered
to the waters of both our coasts and the
fact that the land forces are shortly to
engaged in maneuvers afford the best proof
of the simcritv of these asaurances which
have been reiterated on subsequent oc
casTOns."
(•naes ot the Rebellion.
Rtviewiug the circumstances leading up
to the rebellion, rresident Diaz said: "A
group which at the last federal elections
presented <■ indidntcs tor the presidency nnd
vice presidency of the republic, only poll
ing. however, a small minority of the votes,
proved unwilling to limit its activity to
the legitim-ite exercise of-the popular suf
frage, which it had advocated, but after
the elections w. re over took up arms,
disturbing the pgave which the country bad
for long years enibyed:"
A'ftcv relating the disvovory..m advance
of efie plot uti.f the ..’atbrewk- at Fiiqbla.
■ihe: .trih»*a‘gc jTsiimctl:. “Dm tlie diVfc. set
Tyr' the gpfieral insm're.-tfou various
etoups. irtmliixscd of the peasant class, roue,
in arms in tin- -mouitfaiaons region of,
western Chihuahua, taking advantage of
tavorable local conditions enabling thfeih
to defend themselves'. These circtml-:
stances, together with the effliheious Ti
opevqtion Which the rebels Imve receiycd.
in men and warlike suppljes. both from
foreign sonreek and from a group of Mei-'
il-ans who for years have eOiispired. not
only ngainsj: the present fibvdrnmenb. but
also ngainsf dtlli . social m-der., affbrd a.
ready explanation why it "Ts t-hst,t tl^iy
revolt., has gradually cxtcmhsl over almost"
fW effrtre st^tc -of C’uWiuahtm; and 'to;
’siindiy" fff>uits,in the. state's tar Sonora atqh
IJapingo. -tiowitlistan<Hrirr ilte efforts of
the- federal gdVgrnnicnt lint! the goyern
nrouts of the several atatea ;n question tee
dtm-k it."
Tlie presideat describes- briefis-' tlic
growylv es. brigandage following the dis
orders in the north ,-ind the outbreak in-
Lower Californjh. Th>; : latter, be said,
was initiated by .nminunist bands, in
cluding a niihlliev;ibf American, tilibristers.
for the ’ pilffcose of founding a socialist
republic. "Tlhs iniquitous CBtcrjiri,sf."' he
said, “cannot fiutCprbvoke flic ptrnnat -in
diLimtioii throughout tlie epi.lhG-y. nnd 'I.
am sure that if necessary the -Mexican
pf.ipjtt.i«X«r patriotic nud .ie.uT”n.s^of..(beir
AmtaKaßiy. will hasten .to tfe defense of 1
the national territory."
In order that the campaign against the
rebels may be waged efficiently, the spe
cial appropriation for the war department
will be somewhat larger than that usually
nskpd for nt the spring session of Con
gress. Announcement was made at Mexi
co City Saturday Hint Congress would
be asked to make a special appropriation
of $2,500,000 to cover the expenses dur
ingi the remainder of the fiscal year.
RABBI WISE ON NEGRO PROBLEM.
Also Arrnlans Russia for Discriminat
ing Against American Citizens .of
Jewish Birth.
“The recent attack on Booker T. Wash
ington in New York” was declared io be
“renewed evidence of race discrimination”
by the national association for the ad
vancement of colored people in resolutions
adopted at the dhsing,sessions of its third
annual conference in Boston Friday.
In a declaration rof principles, which was
adopted . also, it was asserted that, “in
every pnft of t|)ft:tf)oun.try negroes are de ;
nied eqnaj right* and. opportunities, their
persons, are not secure from violence, they
nre not protected in the enjoyment of
their property, the funds raised by taxa
tion for education are unequally divided
between white and negro children, sys
tems of peonage exist and and they the
victims of an ignorant race prejudice."
At a final mass-meeting held in Park
street church Friday night, the chief
speaker was Rabbi Stephen S. Wise of the
Free Synagog of New York, who .declared
himself firtnly in sympathy with the ob
jects of the association. "It merely re
mains for us to have the courage to face
Russia and to confirm in name the de
nunciation of the treaties which the con
duct of Russia has terminated in fact,”
said Rabbi Wise in his address on "The
moral and economic effects of race dis
crimination." America's countenancing
Russia's refusal to recognize passports is
sued by this country to former Russian
Jews is to accept such discrimination as
valid in Dr Wise's opinion.
Dr Wise began his discourse with the
declatatlon that "few tendencies in Amer.-,
icah life to-day are more menacing than
shutting out the negro toiler from the
ranks of organized labor.” The result of
continuing to bar the negro, lie said, would
be to "Cossackize the negro race. His end
will be tragic, but no less tragic will be
the consequences to American industrial
democracy." Negroes, he added, would be
converted into an army of hirelings, bought
and bribed ftom time to time to break
down the strength of the American toiler.
“The terrible effects of persistent race dis
crimination. ” he continued, “came to light
in the recent campaign of a southern
statesman for the office of United States
senator, his platform being the observance
of the golden rule and the subjugation of
the negro. Was ever such miscegenation
known before as the attempt to unite the
observance of the golden rule and the sub
jugation of the negro. The subjugation of
the negro is the anuullment of the golden
rule: it is a repeal of the deealog. The
persistent and the permanent subjugation
of the negro is the annullment of the
religion and the bankruptcy of civilization.
Shame upon the South if this man rep
resent it as happily he does not. alas for
the South that this man should misrep
resent it.”
Reverting tn the Russian passport prob
lem. Dr Wise said: "The urging of the
.secretary of state that thq Russian dis
crimination as against American citizens
of Jewish birth, who. hold an American
passport Is no worse than that practiced
against similarly situated citizens of Euro
pean countries, is added ground for Amer
ica raking the lead in demanding that Rus
sia shall not be suffered to make such dis
crimination as violates international
treaty, “The moment one type of discrim
ination is tolerated, other types will speed
ily follow, The attitude of our nation to
other, nations is to he determined not by
the side of the other nation, but by the
imperative and inviolate mandate of the
moral law. We must deal With Russia as
we do with Mexico."
COLONEL'S SUIT AT REST
Panama Libel Cnee Laid Away at
UashlnKton.
The curtain was rung down Friday
at Washington on the celebrated Panama
libel suits against the Press publishing
company, proprietor of the New York
World, and Delavan Smith, publisher of
the Indianapolis News, when United
States Attorney Wilson requested permis
sion of Justice Wright in criminal court
No 1, to enter a nol pros. The United
States supreme court hnd decided the
eases in favor of the defendants.
The indictments nolle prossed Friday
charged that the newspapers libeled Presi
dent Taft, former I’wsMen' Roosevelt.
Charles I’. Taft and William Nelson
Cromwell, when they published a state
ment that in the buying of the Panama
• nnnl s4o.o<H’>.o<X) had been made by the
syndicate which bought it from the French
owners and. transferred the property to
the United States.
JUDGE O’GORMAN IS ELECTED.
NEW YORK CHOOSES SENATOR.
, Democrats Reach nn Agreement I pon
Tammany Justice nt the Last Mo
ment.
Supreme Court Justi.ce James Aloysius
J O’Gormah, democrat, of New York city,
' was elected United States senator at Al
• bany, N. Y.. Friday night by the
j Legislature after the most protraet
<cd struggle over this position that
'is recorded iu the annals of the
। Empire state. On the final ballot, the 64th
since the contest began, he received 112
votes to 80 cast for Chauncey M. pepew,
whose term expired on March ’4.
The result was in doubt almost up to
the minute of recording the vote. This was
due to the uncertainty as to bow many,
of the democratic insurgents, who for over
two months bad prevented the election of
a senator because of their opposition to
William F. Sheehan, the original caucus
choice, would enter the second caucus,
which had been adjourned from day to
day since Monday. At the‘close of a day
marked by almost continuous negotiations
between the two democratic factions, the
insurgents dually capitulated and Justice
o'Gorman's election was accomplished. A
few minutes before the ballot was cast, his
.•resignation from the bench was filed at
tlw ,ofli< i- of Socgetaiy of State Lazunsky,
for a coiistitutional provision would have
prohibited his cloctiqii' while holding the
office of jnslit'O of the stiprdnie court. M ild
apidanse marked the end of the long con
test and the Legislature, driven from the
state, lajluti-J by last week's fire, quickly
adi’ifitod a resolntioa adjourning until the
17'h.
: Griv Dix Friday expressed gratififa
tidfi at the rdkult. “The state of New
York'.” ho said."has elected for its repre
setitative in the federal Senate an eminent
■jiiiist, a yuan of pronounced ability of
’«yciit attaiiuncmts ami Of the highest
Wbariictet'- The election: of Judge O Gor
tuan cannot, hut inb^t with the approval
\qf the citizens of this state, regardless of
ndiTy He will rank with the ablest
statesmen the Senate bus. known, will well
repgejseat the Umpire .-stale and bestow
honor upon the party: that: elected him. I
am’gratified''at this solution of the proh
'foni: winch .fids confronted the democratic
members- of., tlfe Legislature for the past
Hi weeks,’’ The gpyernWr at once scut
this telegram; sq flic. senator: -
Nation and state are to be congratulated.
•Tlie- (lemocrativ party )>a« ignored Itself by
elerittig v«». the people of the common-
Wealth will ever remember tlie signal un-
Kpll'slinfSs von <len»tmstritto in your willing
'uess to serre'AvW linHy. and your state at
-persbfiar-sai-rlncC-' s ’ A . -. John A. Dli.
Charles F. Murphy, leader of Tammany
ball.'who for weeks has been striving to
bring about the election of Mr Sheehan,
expressed himself as highly pleased at the
outebme. “No better selection could have
been made by the party after the unfair
and unmerited defeat, of, yx-Lieut-Gov
Sheehan, whose position before the people
has been greatly strengthened,” said Mr
Mnrphy. “Judge O'Gorman needs no com
mendation from any one, but the public
will undoubtedly sec that in the triumph
of majority rule and in sustaining the
p'arty caucus the power of the party and
its opportunities to serve the -people have
been greatly increased."
A PROMINENT TAMMANYITE.
O’Gorman Has Been One of the Fore
most Orators of the Organization
for Years.
James A. O'Gorman has long been one
of the most prominent members of Tam
many hall. He has been one of its fore
most'orators for 30 years, having estab
lished his reputation aS a public speaker
in the interests of the political Organiza
tion when, at the age of 21. his eloquence
was credited with having saved a doubt
ful Assembly district for the democrats.
Mr O’Gofman was born on the lower
West side of New York city on May 5.
1860. and is therefore approaching his 51st
birthday anniversary. He is the sdn of
Thomas and Ellen O'Gormah. and married
Anne M. Leslie in New York citjy on
January 2, 1884. They have nine chil
dren, seven daughters and two sons.
After finishing a course in the public
schools. Mr Gorman, as a lad of 17, en
tered the college of the city of New York,
where he obtaied an academic training.
From there he went to the university of'
New York law school, was graduated and
entered at the bar in 1882, ,He began
building up a law practice with rapid suc
cess and from the time he' east his first
vote he had aligned Himself with Tammany
ball, so that before he was out of the law
school his services as an orator, were in
demand.
Tammany favored . him generously. In
1895 he was elected a justice of the
municipal court, and 1 was assigned vari
ously to the 10th and Util municipal court
districts. He continued active in every
Tammany campaign, and in 1899 he was
elected a justice of the supreme fourt for
a term of 14 years, from January 1. 19410.
His salary as such has been $17,500. or
almost three times what he will receive
its a United States senator. He had al
most, three years yet to serve as a sm
preme court justice, while as a senator
he has six years.
Since 1885 Mr O'Gormah has been a
member of the general committee of Tam
many hall, the controling body of the
organization. In 1902 he W«s' chosen' it
grand sachem of the Tammany society,
defeating Mayor Van Wyck for the posp
tion. The new senator is a member of
the law institute, the medico-legal so
ciety. Catholic club. 'Friendly Sous of St
Patrick. New York athletic club. Cham
plain <lub. Royal Arcanum and other or
ganizations. Ho has received the honorary
degree of doctor of laws from the college
of St Thomas of Villanova. 1904; Fordham
university. 11X18. and Now York univcv:
sity, 1909. His home is at 318 West lino
Hundred And Eighth street, New York
city.
WHAT HE STANDS FOR.
Senator O’Gormnn Favors Reciprocity
■nd Tariff Revision.
The new senator from New York will
support all the progressive -policies of the
democratic party and will join hands with
President Taft in urging reciprocity with
Canada and the fortification- of the Pan
ama canal. "My best efforts shall be de
voted to meeting the just expectations of
my fellow-citizens,” he ?aid ip a state
ment issued nt his home at New York
late Friday night. "As I stated In my t«lo
gram to the aomoeratip caucus to-day. I
nm in thorough accord with the principles
enunciated in the platform of the Inst
democratic national and state conven
tions.”
Mr O'Gorman stand# for immediate
downward revision of the tariff: reciproci
ty with Canada; the parcels post; forti
fication of the Panama canal; direct elec
tion of United States senators and Jhe
federal income tax. He fuvors rigid econ
omy in government expenditures and is
opposed to "nil special privileges and pri
vate monopoly: t« the new nationalism
and tn the centralizing tendencies of the
republican purty.” He was flooded with
congratulatory telegrams and telephone
messages last night.
Mr Sheehan's <onirrnlnlatlons.
Among the congratulatory telegrams re*
ceived Saturday at New York hy Senator
elect James A. O’Gorman wns the follow
ing:— ...
Hot genixos. April 1.
Hon Jamas A. O'Gorman. New York:-
I congratulate you and the party nnnd your
election as United States senator. Tfie state
and imtloh have secured the servk^s of an
honorable, emisclentlons null able represent
ative. Wn.ii.ot F. SnEuiisx-
Upward of 100(1 messages and more than
K M.i caller* wore received nt bis home Sat
urday murning. Charles F. Murphy, the
Tnninuiny leader, called him up on tlie
telephone- before leaving for Hot Springs,
Va.. where he will join YVillluni F. Shee-
Ir.in. the lending defeated candidate. Mr
Sheehan joined Edward M. Shep
ard aqd Martin YV. Littleton, also
feHow-enndtoates. in good wishes and
cougratulnfrous.
STIRRING SIGHTS AT 'PANAMA.
SPRINGFIELD TRAVELER'S REPORT
Efficient Management, Sanitary Con
ditions, and Rapid Progress—Some
of tlie Hard Problems Encountered
—The Impressions of Samael M.
Green.
It requires some stretching of the im
agination to picture a hole in Main street
from State street to the arch 20 feet deep
and the width of our chief thoroughfare.
How many people would believe that such
a hole could be made and $30,000 worth of
cement concrete put into it in a day’s
time? The imagination would not be so
severely taxed it one knew that 35,000
workmen were assigned to turn such a
trick, and that 'they could have all the’
giaiit dredges, steam shovels, drills and
dynamite they wanted, besides 150 trains
of 20 ears each to carry away the ex
eavated. earth. But even then the task
doesn’t appear easy to accomplish. It is
accomplished, however, every • day at
Panama, where the big canal is in process
of construction.
Samuel M. Green of this city has re
cently returned from tlie canal country,
whither he went with the American so
ciety of civil engineers, wfio were invited
to take the trip by President Taft. There
were about 21)0 iu the party, including 100
from New York and 75 or so from New
Orleans: Thore were also about 30 wom
en in the party. They were gone three
weeks: a week going, another coming and
the sbven days in the middle having a look
at things as they are on the isthmus. The
canal is about 60 per cent done, according
10 Mr Green, and the progress now is
more rapid’than it has been since the big
cut was-started.
In two years the canal should be ready
for use; in three it should be in active
operation. YVhen that time arrives the
United States will have some big problems
on its hands. Mr Green believes, if certain
phases of the eanal projjbsition 'are not
attended to now. Among these are the
questions of toll rates and the settlement
Of the control, of coaling stations at either
end of the canal. These are things which
must be settled. Mr Green believes, and
settled at once. The railroad interests, of
course, do. not want to see the canal be
come a success. It will kill their business,
and anything they can do to impede prog
ress. or to thwart the successful accom
plishment of what this government has set
out to, do, will be done. Already there is
agitation over the coaling station question.
The largest amount of coaling will be
-done at Colon, on Limon bay at the. At
lantic entrance to the eanal, and it will be
absolutely necessary for the government to
control stations at this point if the canal
project "is to be the success it now promises
to be, Col Goethais made an attempt to
get a .toll rate bill through Congress, but
was unsuccessful on account of railroad
opposition.
The engineers who made up the party of
which Mr Green was a member were
greatly impressed with the way the work
is being done on the isfhtuus. Much crit
icism has been heard from time to time
•Since the canal wfl started, of the meth
ods employed, the amount of money being
spent. ortgantza4>onscf« the working force,
■etc.-iMr t.-Green .-says that om the way to
Panama he heard mere or-less adverse crit
icism of the way the canal project was
being executed. There were in the party
perhaps 45 large contractors, and they all
had their opinions of the way the canal
work should be done. This was on the
way down. When the party arrived on the
scene of the work, this criticism was
dropped, and instead was heard nothing
but words of highest praise for the way
in which the great work is being carried
Out. Contractors who have completed big
undertakings, men who are capable of
great engineering feats, were united in
their praise and approval of the system.
Mr Green says the organization of the
working.force is a marvel of perfection,
and this and the constant attention that is
paid to the work of sanitation, arc the
secrets of Col Goethals's success at
Panama. Engaged in the actual canal
"Work is nn army of 35.000 men. Coii
nected ■ • indirectly with the big project
are no less than 52.000 people. They are
the minute parts of one gigantic machine,
which works and works from day to day
in two shifts of eight hours each, and gets
ever nearer to the goal of a completed
waterway from ocean to ocean. The pay
roll for this army is $80,000,000 a. year.
The base of supplies is 3000 miles away—
here in the United States.
Mr Green says that tins methods em
ployed at the isthmus are the only ones
which could possibly succeed. In no
other way could the canal he put through,
than that followed by Col Goethals. There
arc few. if any, natives doing work on the
canal. The reason is that they won't
work. There are to be found Jamaica
negroes. Spaniards, English, etc. The
workmen are divjded into two groups,
known as the “gold" and the “silver!’
employes. This amounts really to a ; color
Une. They are all fed .by the United
States government, and the “gold” em
ployes can get a men! for 40 cents, while
the “silver” employes Have to pay only
30 ' cents. The "30-centers” are the
rnmroes. The government .sets a fine
table on the isthmus, Air Green says.
There are numerous eating houses where
they serve excellent meals—excellent even
from our own standpoint.
Early, in the morning, say about 4.30
o'clock, a trainload of supplies starts from
Cristobal, and runs across the isthmus,
dropping, off cars here and there at the
noin ts. w here : thf re are ea ti ng-houses. This
train 'hn? its supplies delivered by the
time people are tip and around for the
sdny’b work. ■ Mr Green's party skirmished
abmir the country, stopping at meal times
at ope or another of these dining-rooms,
where they were served the same sort
of meals that the government furnishes to
its employes, and the members of the
.party wore well satisfied with what they
had to eat. Mr Green said that while
he was oh the isthmus he saw hardly a
fly or a mosquito. The sanitation is al
most perfect. The streets are cleaner even
than the streets of Springfield -they have
to be. No tilth can bo tolerated, if it
were, disease would come and with it
interruption of the work ■ that is now
going along so well.
Mv Green brought home with him sev
eral small souvenir models of the <aunl,
showing the immediate vicinity of the cuu
al as it will appear wb?n cnmpletid. 1t
is perhaps the most interesting map that
could be obtained, as it shows the canal
region from ocean to ocean, the bills atand
ing out in has-relief. the rivers and other
water ways.being indicated accurately. At
one end. the Atlantic, is the big «4atun
dam, 8000 feet long, 1500 feet thick and
IftO feet deep, and along side of it the
Gatun locks. These are shown in red. The
dam is about 79 pci; cent done. It Is at
this end of the canal 'thnt they put in
330X100 worth of cement concrete a day,
I or about 4000 cubic.yards. The. map shows
j the large artificial lake that will bo made
When the canal is ready for use. This is
between the Gatun dam and th.' ('iileluo
cut. which is on the other side of the
ivthmiw. This lake will fill up the valley
of the Chagrea river and flood' the terri
tory now traversed by the Panama rail
road. It will flood 110 square miles aud
Will hi- 90 feet deep n< its'greatest depth.
The I'hagres river, which is about the
<ize of tin- YVestfiild. runs down from the
bills tHn! rise from the Panama shore.
It is a very quick river and stnnetinl"s
rises 24 feet in 24 hours. ,lts outlet is
"U the side of the isthmus near Limon
July, and it has been cut iu two by the
big Ga'tun dam."
The, Culebra eat whigb is. being made
through the most hilly part of the isthmus
is about 60 per cent completed. It is with
iir about 60 feet of tlie depth to which it
is going. The peculiar quality of the ma
terial through which the gut is being made
forces the wqrkmep to do "their work again
and again, as the sides are continually
r?\ ,ns J?.’ K l *. vo »d the Culebra cut is the
I euro Mignel locks, and’ beyond these the
Miraflorcs locks. YVhen the Culebra cut
is done the bottom of it will be 40 feet
above sea level and about 300 feet wide
at the bottom. The water in the cut will
be about 45 feet deep. It' is on this cut
that so much material is taken out every
day, and carried to the dumping place in
the buy of Panama by 150 trains of 20
cars eiich.
*
TRAVELS OF THOMAS M. SHEPHERD
Northampton Man’s Strong: Impres
’ slons of the Wonders of the West
ern Hemisphere.
Thomas M. Shepherd of Northampton,
well known in this city and throughout
thia section, Jias just returned from a tour
ot nearly four years through North and
South America and Europe. He started
his trip in July of 1907, going first through
the p-eptern, portion of the. United States,
Canada and the panhandle u£ Alaska, tour
ing that region very thoroughly in the be
lief that a man should become familiar
with his own country and continent before
undertaking to view the sights abroad.
Mr Shepherd then toured through Mexico,
Panama and all the South American coun
tries with the exception of three. From
South America he went to Europe, trav
ersing Portugal. Spain. Mprpcco, Italy,
Switzerland. Austria. Germany. France,
England, Wales, Ircraml, Scotland. Nor
way. Sweden, Denmark, Holland. Belgium
and Channel islands, ending with a short,
tour through the various winter resorts of
France and northern Spain.
An interesting feattirt of Mr Shepherd’s
trip is that, although lie lias not in the
least slighted the art galleries of Europe,
lie has given particular attention to the
lives and customs of the people of the va
rious countries wliich he has visited. The
I nited States ho describes as being tha
most wonderful place, so far as the works
of Nature arc concerned, oFall ho has vis
ited and, in his opinion, of all places in
the world- Beyond all doubt, he says, al
though Europe may load in art and archi
tecture. the United Stales leads in nat
ural wonders. In this regard he refers
particularly to the Y’ellowstone park, the
Grand canyon of the Colorado river and
the big trees of California.
The first of these three places he de'
scribes as being weird and unennnv. Say
ing that a strange sensation, almost of
apprehension, followed him all during his
trip through the park. The grand canyon
he considers one of the grandest —’most
■beautiful sights to be viewed in the world.
He seems more enthusiastic, however, over
the big trees of California than either of
the others. He counted the rings on one
of the, trees which had fallen, nnd, after
reaching 400. was obliged to estimate the
rest, judging the 400 already coimted to
be but a 10th*df the total. In spite of
their tremendous age, however, these trees
have on them fewer dead limbs and alto
gether seem far more alive than many
trees to be seen along State street.
Mr Shepherd also spent much time in
California and the lower part of Alaska.
A mistaken conception exists in the minds
of most persons, he says, concerning tha
Climate of siiutheastern Alaska. The pan
handle section is- similar ip edimate io
Lower California. In sopite, of the ice
covered mountains in the background of
the country there was one winter when
the city of Sitka was unable to- proeura
Jcc enough to last it through the summer,
while just below the panhandle he discov
ered a man who had never seen a sleigh.
He describes the conditions, climate and
fertility .of ihe valleys of California in a.
most enthusiastic manner.
Mr Shepherd next toured through Mex
.jco. attenipting so far as. was possible in
tlie time at his disposal to study the lives
and customs of all the classes to be found
in that country. He says that Mexico is
a peculiar country in that every class of
people may be found there, from the
peons of the interior farms to a class as
highly developed as any to be found in
the cities of Europe. Slavery exists be
yond.all doubt, he reports. _but in bis opin
ion it is not such a condition as can be
compared to the Amcricah conception of
slavery as demonstrated in the earlier days
of this country. The Mexican peon, lie
says, is satisfied with the simplest mode
us life, his principal belongings being a
pajama suit, a large hat and a sort of
shawl which be is never without, and
which serves him as a bundle carrier, a
covering or as a shield as the case may be.
While in Mexico lie devoted much time
to studying the relies and ruins of the an
cient Aztecs, the bbst’of Which are to be
found in the ruins of the aneietit city of
Milla. This city is located far from the
railroads and it was necessary for Mr
Shepherd t<X make a two-days' trip on
horseback in order to reach it. It is, ha
sayS, the ruins of what was probably the
Capitol of (he Aztec people, although it is
merely speculation.as to what the various
buildings may Have been used for. The
ruins show immense courts inclosed by cor
ridors aud with numerous subterranean
pasages and rooms. The work is evi
dently that of a once powerful and highly
developed people, for there is nothing hap
hazard nor crude about it. One peculiar
thing alwlt the work is to be found in
the. decorations of the building interiors.
This work has been done by insetting long
and vari-shaped stones in the walls so
that their ends form decorative lines, all
of which are geometric in ,design aud of
varying colors.
In comparison with the Incas, however,
whose ruined buildings may still be seek
in Peru. Mr Shepherd thought that beyonX
all doubt the Aztecs were of an inferior
order; Eroni his observations he became
convinced tbitt the Incas were of a wonder
ful development and civilisutiou. a civili
zation which he says shows many signs of
being parallel to that of the Egyptians.
Their temples are of .remarkable construc
tion. the stones being cut in peculiar
shapes and tit ted together much after the
manner of the parts of a child's puzzle,
this being done to enable then, more suc
cessfully to withstand the shocks of earth
quakes which so frequently occur in Peru,
’i'he stones are of wonderful workmanship
and are fitted so closely together that Mr
Shepherd was unhblc to insert the blade
of a penknife between two of them.
Eurthermorn not an ounce of mortar was
used in the work, the stones standing as
solidly in plttce ns though formed of one
solid block. He also investigated the
mummies of the Incas which show great,
siptijafily, to those embalmed by the
Egyptians, and brought home a number of
instruments and utensils which he had pro
cured from a pot in which a mummy nad
heed btli'led.
What Ifrq claimed to be the descendants
of the Incas, he soys, are found to day its.
the modern Indian of Peru, some of whom,
however, have Spanish blood. In this re
gard it is said that the pure blooded
Indians'are perfectly honest, so much so
tbnt it Is safe to entrust them'with any
thing. while those of mixed blood are of
so thieving a nature that they must be
watched all the time.
An-investigation of the wenther bureau
is, among the things under consideration for
thp new Congress Extravagance in ex
prtidfture is the charge and not the high
percentage of misses in the forecasts.