The Helena independent. [volume], May 15, 1892, Morning, Image 9

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VOL. XXXIII...NO., 88 HELENA, MONTANA, SUNDAY MORNINGO MAY 1., 1892. PRICE FIVE OCNTS
7A Dashto tke PoleO.
By. Herbert D.& rd..
WRITTEN ESPECIALLY FOR THE HELENA INDEPENDENT.
UIIArii1t1 ViII.
THE LANDING.
T THIS NEW BOUND EVERY
man started. Four looked ques
tioningly into the enginL room.
One haggard face looked out of it
appealingly.
The delicate maebinery seemed to grate
upon itself, as if it were running on files
instead of on oiled bell-bearings.
"We are still going, anyway," ventured
the tutor, with a ghastly smile of hopeful
ness. "What is that noise?"
"It is the propeller," said the inventor
mournfully.
From the forward window in the engine
room the revolving blades of the huge pro
peller could be distinctly seen. They no
longer turned smoothly. They rotated
with a staggering reluctance. The light
bronze shaft seemed to grind in its
groove. Were these erratic motions due
to an irregularity of the alternate current,
or to the effect of forty degrees below zero
upon the oiled parts of the machinery?
Or, had the sensitive mechanism partaken
in all its part of the nervous syncope at.
tributed to it by its sympathetio eonstrue
tor?
"Oh, for another hour!" ejaeulated the
Arctic hero, almost beside himself with the
possibilities held out before him. Already
they had done what no one else had ac
complished. What might he not hope for?
He pulled out his watch. It wasnine o'clock
in the morning of the day after they had
started.
Such an achievement as this is not more
marvelous than the telephone, the phono
graph, the pneumatie gun, the new urint
ing press, or a dozen other mechanical de
vices for overcoming distance, for destroy
ipg space, for conquering time.
The five aerial adventurers had not slept
these twenty-one hours nor had they
eaten. How could they? Thus far their
experience had been unique. Thecommon
place had been driven out. If they could
have stopped breathing during these tremu
lonus hours they would have done so, that
their whole energy might be concentrated
upon their voyage.
But, after having been hurled like a me
teor upon the north pole, they were now
only traveling to their mission as fast as a
backwoods excursion train, and that only
fitfully. At any moment the Aeropole
might halt. True, they were not more than
fifty feet above thsepaleooryptie ravines be
neath them, but even such a fall was not to
be risked.
"With what velocity can she sustain her
self?" asked the sergeant, troubled.
"When we only move at the rate of five
miles an hour," replied Professor Wilder,
thoughtfully, "I will transmit,the little
power left to the horizontal wheels, that
we may descend as safely as possible."
"Bat supposing they don't work?" whis
pered the tutor.
"Then we shall come down in a circle
llke a lird of prey. Our lateral fins will
aot like a parachute. I apprehend no con
tact dangerous enough to wreck the air
ship, only perhaps a series of sharp
bumps."
The cold had grown worse than intense.
Huddled together, congealed by fifty-five
degrees below zero, the younger men were
WORsE THAN BURNING.
objects of sympathy. They were literally
almost frozen to death. No one had
noticed them. The window in the bottom
of the car was still open, and the view of
eternal, jagged, crystalized waves of ice
emote the two sufferers with nervous terror.
Why did this fear overcome them now for
the first time? Because they were the only
ones who inordinately realized theirdanger.
It congealed them. The tutor did not
seem uncomfortable. Pole fever burned
him.
"Up, men!" cried the sergeant, slapping
them mightily upon the backs. "Jump!
Fling your arms about! Have a little action!
You wouldn't die yet?"
The first oath heard from their com
mander and the oeroo look of contempt
awoke the men and their manhood, That
was their turning point. From that hour
they did not lose heart again.
"You are revelling in luxury now. That's
right. Brace up," said the sergeant, en
couragingly. "In ten minutes we'll be cast
down there to work as never man did be
fore. Keep away from the fire! You'll
grow spongy!"
As he spoke he looked at the great heater,
and the Atkinson cooker. He had not felt
the cold. He revelled in it. The inventor
also seemed untouched by the icy breath
of farthest north. The pallid, thin tutor
had shrunken into his furs far out of sight.
He had read how to do these things, and
his intelligent mind protected his body.
The sergeant cast one glance at the two
stores, and then glared upon Jack Hardy,
to whom the care of the stores had been
entrusted.
"Come here, sir!" he commanded. Jack
was so startled that he did not stir at first.
"You have disobeyed mel Come here,
sir!" 'I'hen Jack walked toward his com
mander. He had never obeyed, in the
military senser before. He did not know
what was comNing.
"After all," thought the commander, "I
must be lenient with him. He didn't
know. He couldn't help it. No," he
continued aloud. "pardon me. Don't
comel I shouldn't have entrasted it to
you."
The two stoves were burned out. Jack
had quite forgotten to fill them. They bad
had no oil sine they started.
"How long have they been out?"
queried Royal. He took off his mitten and
touched the stove with his fingers, He
knew better, but had forgotten where he
was. With a yell of agony he withdrew
his hand. oSomething more than the skin
was left behind, The iron, more dangerous
in extreme cold. than it red hot, had
burned his flesh from his hand. This inci
dent started Royal's circulation agoing,
and perhaps saved his life.
The sergeant could not suppress a grim
smile. But he did not speak. He was too
much moved.
"Forgive me. Trust me again. I'11 de
serve it." said Jack slowly.
"Only twenty-five left!" he continued to
himself. He referred to the matches in
the tin box, which he carried next to
his heart. Be tounhed the sergeant upon
his sealskin sleeve. It was too much for
him to say.
The commander looked at him. "A man
may fail once in this latitude and live. But
it must not happen again," he said, without
a smile.
"We are moving at only about the rate
of ten miles." observed the inventor, eager
to afford a change of topic. "But I cannot
range our speed accurately. The wind is
blowing pretty heavily at our stern. The
anemometer feels it. Perhaps the gale will
help us along."
The sergeant brightened. Anything for
an advanee. The snow now began to fall
blindly. The inventor sent the airship to a
higher altitude to avoid a collision in the
dense flurry with a berg or an island crag.
The storm raged furiously about them. But
it carried them on towards their destina
tion. This is probably the first gale in
NAMING THE NEW LAND.
Arctic regions that afforded comfort to ex
plorers. The horrors that these viercing,
burying winds are accountable for!
"God bless the gale!" cried the sergeant
in rapture. Earth was blotted from sight.
The flakes rendered the defiles of blue ice
below them invisible. They were only
guided by the barometer. The compass,
owing to the magnetic deviations, had long
since proved useless, and charts more so.
The fierce wind, which would have proved a
boon to the French aeronauts, bore them
on resistlessly. At least here was a modi
cum of luck to compensate for the loss of
seven matches!
For two hours they speed with the storm.
They did not heed the terrible cold.
Everything freezable within the air-ship
had already congealed to stone. The in
tense reflex action of excitement alone kept
the men from following suit.
"The engine has stopped!" suddenly
ejaculated Professor Wilder.
But for the space, even this dreaded in
formation fell upon the callous ears. What
cared the discoverers by what means they
advanced so long as they did! It was in
these furious moments of advance upon the
wings of the powers 'of the air, when the
propeller airship had become only a storm
blow gigantic parachute, that the two Arc
tic laymen drank for the first time of the
intoxication of their mission.
"It is dying away!"
"It has stopped!" exclaimed the two
breathlessly.
"Then we must descend" said the ser
geant imperturbably.
At that moment the undying sun shone.
Cautiously the inventor manipulated the
helm. The downward impulse was enough
to keep the craft coing. In a broad swoop,
slower, slower, slower, the Aeropole felt her
way to her icy bed. With consummate
skill the professor guided the vessel. A
mistake-and the ship itslf would be shat
tered beyond hope of return. Beneath
them the eternal ice began to yawn in
wicked chasms. The final contact-what
would it bring forth?
The men held their breaths, as well they
might.
"Try that little ravine!"
"Look at that smooth glare over there!"
"I'd risk the snow-bank!" added Jack to
the.list of suggestions. pointing to a sur
face of glistening white.
"That's clever!" replied the professor.
"What do you think, sergeant? Is it the
safest?"
Oh. for ten minutes of power! The lift
ing wheels could have let them down as
gently as a mother lays her babe in the
cradle.
"Let her go! Keep your wits, boys!"
shouted the sergeant.
There was a lasttplunge, an upward leap,
a crunch, the crackling of metal against
snow and ice, a breaking of the six legs of
the car, a lurch to pert, a rattle of crook
ery, and the monster had finished its un
paralleled voyage.
Four men were stunned, but the fifth,
clutching In his hand a light pole with tri
colored bunting wound in folds at the top,
leaped with sure feet upon the drift of
snow, planted the pole filmly in the high
est spot ever attained.
"In the name of the president, congress
and people of the United Sitates."' cried the
explorer solemnly, "I take possession of
this soil, and name it 'Abraham Lincoln.' "
fI'To HE OOTNrono.]
Copyright, 189lSd, by the author. All rights re
A Million Friends.
A friend in need is a friend indeed, and
not less than one million people have found
just such a friend in Dr. King's New Dis
covery for consumption, coughs and colds.
If you have never neused that great cough
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has wonderful ourative powers mn all dis
eases of throat, chest and lungs. Each bot
tle is guaranteed to do all that is claimed
or money will be refunded, Trial bottles
free at it. S, Hale & Co's. drug store. .Large
bottles, flo and I1.
National Caveantlon Pares.
The Great Northern will make a rate of
one fare for the round trip to all national
conventions. The first one will be the re
publicean convention at Minneapolis.
lORT CLARK BOGIE MAN,.
T Tale of the New Hampshire Colony
in the Early Eighteenth
Century.
The Rivalry in Stoty Telling Be
tween Sam Quashee and a
Philip Sanborn.
War Cry of the Mumbe Jumbos More
Terrible Than That of the RIedskins
-War Begun. t
fWritten for Tar HrLENA INDrPDeENDuT.1
N 1715, A SMALL SLAVE BCHOONER,
from the coast of Africa, bound for f
Virginia. was blown far out of her
course, toward the north, and put in at the a
port of Boston. d
The cargo consisted of little else than a
few families of Congo negroes, destined for
the new plantations of Virginia.
New Englanders did not then feel any
special abhorrence to slavery. If not re- I
garded with positive favor, it was not re
garded with disfavor, and the captain of f
the slaver found little difficulty in dispos
ing of his cargo of men, women and chil- s
dren to the good citizens of Messachusetts t
bay. C
Among the purchasers was Mr. Lemnel a
Clark, owner of a large tract of land on f
the Merrimac river, in New Hampshire.
Three families of negroes were bought by
him and taken to his estate in the wilder
ness.
Once the tenant of an English baronial s
estate himself, he inclined to lay the
baron on his New Hampshire domain. A
great stockade was built upon an eminence
overlooking the Merrimac, and within the
stockade. upon the crown of the hill, stood
his large loghous;. Lower down, but
within the stockade were three cabins of
the slave families, and the more preten
tious houses of three families of English z
laborers who accompanied Mr. Clark to z
the New World. Back from the stockade,
and stretching to the foot of some cliffs
that formed the abutment of a range of z
low hills, was a wide expanse of level f
cleared land, on which the estate raised its
corn and potatoes.
Beyond the few charred stumps that
marked the edge of the clearing was the I
forest stretching away as far as the eye
could reach.
As the Merrimac was one of the highways i
of marauding French and Indians, the
stockade was very strongly built, and from
embrasures in its walls projected three
small brass cannon commanding the sweep
of' the river in every direction. No fleet of
canoes could safely pass the stockade by
day. The importance of the place was so I
well recognized that Mr. Clark held a col- i
onial commission ad major, and the stock
ade was officially styled "Fort Clark."
The children of the fort made no dis
tinction between white and black. The
little Clarks, Banborns, Tenneys and Mars- I
dens played with the little Quashees, Cush
ees and Gamban upon terms of perfect
equality.
The children of both races visited from
house to house. About the hearths of the
negroes the little Englishman listened with t
fascinated horror to wild tales of devils
and evil spirits, great serpents, huge liver I
monsters and the gigantic man-like apes of t
the mysterious continent of Africa; of
bloody tribal wars and human sacrifice to i
the heathen gods. T'he little black boys i
learned of the gay elves and gnomes, dainty i
sprites and fays of merry England, of the i
good cheer of Christmas and of the sports I
of May day. The rival story tollers strove I
to outdo each other in the marvellous tales.
¶l:B `\LE Ol 1 NO1
THERESTALKD FOTH INO TH CLEARING TWO IMMElNSE
HIDEOUS GIANTIS.
But nothing so pleased the children of both
laces as Bam Quashee's stories of the
Mumbo Jumbo, for in his nltive village
Sam himself had been Mumbo Jumbo.
The big Congo negroeujoyed telling how,
when a crime had been committed by some
person unknown, Mumbo Jumbo was called
upon to detect the guilty one; and bow,
mounted upon stilts, with a long grass
cloak completely enshrouding him, a great
false head fastened above his iown head,
and a pair of wooden arms sticking out be
low it, he stalked about the village like a
giant, terrifying the guilty one until he
confessed his crime.
The children delighted to hear of the
Mumbo Jumbo marching up and down the
paths of the African village, crowds of ipeo
ple dancing about him, beating on tom
toms and singing wild chants. And when
Cuehee and Gamba gave the battle yell of
the cannibal tribe-for those were cannibal
families-the satisfaction was complete.
Of the tales of English nierry-making,
none pleased the little Africans so much as
Philip Sanbora's descriptions of the May
day sports. T'l.e jollity of Christmas they
knew, for Lemuel Clark was not a Puritan
and kept the Christmas holidays, but they
wished to dance around a May pole,
crowned with flowers, One Christmas
night, as all the people of the fort were
gathered in the big common room of the
"great house," Mr. Clark promised that
the approaching May day should be
aelebrated in English style, Philip
Shnborn was told to take the matter it
hand and make any preparat one he wished.
Philip -inborn was pleased, but seeing a
cloud upon the face of his rival story teller,
Sam Quashee, he asked if the negro fami
lies might not have the afternoon of Mtay
day for showing their native games and
sports.
The request was readily granted, and os
the next day Sam Quashes dragged to his
cabin two well-seasoned pine logs that had
been left after building the stookade, and
for weeks thereafter, employed every even
ing in carving from the logs mysterious
objects which even his own children were
not allowed to see,
The winter of 1722 melted into an early
spring in New Hampehire. The rivers were
free from Ice in April and the first canoes
that came up the ierrimae brought the
news that war was declared with France.
The weapons and defenses of the fort were
duly looked to, but no other precautions
were taken, for it was a long month's
journey through the wilderness of Canada,
besides it was not likely the enemy would
move at once.
May day eame at last and a tall Maypole
decorated with wreaths of flowers and
strips of colored cloth stood in the broad
stretch of greensward before the gate of the
stockade. Around this pole the children
danced and played old English games. A
bountiful outdoor repast called the merry
makers from their fun. Hastily eating
what was first placed before, the older
negroes left the others at the feast. Going
across the clearing they disappeared among
the heap of rooks at the foot of the craggy
hills. All the mysterious things Sam
Quashes had been laboring upon for the
past month evidently were hidden in the
cliffs. The children impatiently awaited
the advent of the weird procession whose
grotesque strangeness would cause them
that delightfunl terror all children enjoy.
An hour passed, but as yet there were no
signs of life about the heaps of rocks. The
delay was unaccountable. Sam Quashee's
oldest boy, Bob, proposed that they start
across the fields to meet the delayed pro
cession. Theother ohildreneagerly agreed,
and off they all started.
Picking their way over the soft ploughed
land, they went toward the hills, all the
time on the alert, expecting to turn and
flee at any moment before the approach of
the Mumbo Jumbo.
"Why they are not at the cliffs all all,"
said Mary Clark when the children had
reached the middle of the clearing. "Look
over in the edge of the pines."
Sure enough, they could see dark figures
among the burnt trees at the border of the
forest hastily concealing themselves from
the gaze of the little crowd so suddenly
turned upon them.
"I saw 'em!" cried Luke Sanborn." One
of'm had a feather hat on. I could see it
just as plain, but I didn't see anybody on
stilts with a false face. Let's go over."
"It's too far away to see any stilts or
false faces and we had better stay here,"
said Patience Tenney, the oldest of the
group.
Just at that moment there sounded from
the fort the harsh blare of the trumpet used
to call the laborers from the fields at meal
time. Looking back the children saw a
sudden flash of flame, a wreath of smoke,
and a moment Inter the deep roar of a can
non reverberated among the hills. The
next instant the crackle of musketry came
faintly up from the Merrimae; it was an
swered from the fort; a blood-curdling war
whoop burst from the edge of the clearing
near them and three Indian warriors raised
from among the stumps and came leaping
towards them!
Almost before they could turn toward the
fort a load drum-roll sounded from the
rocks at the foot of the hills. As if in re
ply to the war-whoops there rang forth the
wild, savage African battle cry. There
stalked forth into the clearing two im
mense, hideous giants, acsompanied by
four strangely-bedecked creatures beating
on tom-toms and screaming forth the bat
tle cry of the Ansgari cannibals. Fearful,
huge, red, distorted gaches of mouths,
knobby black cheeks, terrible staring white
eyes, altogether diabolical faces had those
two giants stalking stiffly out into the
clearing. Scarcely less terrifying were the
bepainted creatures with.moose horns ris
ing above their' heads, who leaped and
danced along before the giants.
Away, with loud shrieks, the children
rushed toward the fort. The Indians halted
amazed. The giants and their attendants
halted, too. They had just discovered the
Indians. They had thought the firing of
the cannon a salute in honor of the day.
The Indians hesitated and the Mumbo
Jumbos hesitated.
But one cannot stand still on stilts. The
tallest of the Mumbo Jumbos staggered
forward and one of the Indians turned and
fled. The other giant advanced, the at
tendants struck their drums again, and
again the horrid Anesari war song pealed
forth, and the second Indian followed the
first. The third Indian dropped on one
knee and before the Mumbo Jumbos could
turn he drew a bead and sent a bullet
crashing through the wooden forehead of
Sam Quashee's mask.
T'.l. ,.iantith, r l'. nr , ol.f.'.a- on-l
with a ory of terror the last Indian
rushed after his companion, down to the
river edge.
dlowly, as befitting their brave conquests
and the softness of the ground, the proces
sion of Mumbo Jumbos passed acrous the
field and through the gate of the fort where
the ohildren had just preceded them. The
idols of Africa had overcome the redskin!
'iTh rising generation of Clarks, 'i'ennees,
Sanhorns, Mardens, would never doubt that
fact.
Meantime the white-coated body of a
Frenoh otfficer went floating down the river,
and two canoes rapidly disappeared op the
river. The attack upon Fort Clark had
been repulsed. The war with France had
begun. LI.ur. W. A. Co.TIs.
Copyright.
A WVarning-Don't Use Big Word+.
In promulgating esoteric cogitatiouns or
articulating superficial sentimentalities
and philosophican or psychological obser
vations, beware of platitudious pouder
osity. Let your statements possess a clari
fied conciseness, compacted comprrehensi
bleaoes, coalescent consistency and a
concentrated cocency. Eschew all coun
glomerations of flatulent garrulity, jejune
babblemenut and asinin affectations,. in
trying to impress upon others the superior
ity of the Wisconsin Central lines. audwhy
you and so many others use this thorough
fare from St. Paul and Minneapolis and
Duluth and Ashland to Milwaukee, Chicago
and points east and south, it I. not neces
sary to use jawbreakers. Let your extem
poraneons destantinta and unpremeditated
expatiations have intelligibility and vera
ei.us vivaoity, without rhodomontade or
thrasonical bombast. Seoduloucly avoid all
all polysyllabic profundity, psittaceous vao
ulty, ventriloquial verbosity and vandilo
quent vapidity, shun double entendres.
prurient jauosity and pestiferous profanity,
obscurent or apparent. In other words,
talk plainly, naturally, sensibly, and trath
fully say the Wisconsin Central lines is the
route, and that nule it.
·ANIMAL DRAWING FOR CHILDREN#
BY CAROLINE HUNT RIMMEB.
WRITTEN ESPECIALLY FOR THE IIHELINA INDEPENDENT.
B
HE GREAT SIZE AND 'THE AL
most shapeless form are the first
- things that attract one's attention
when looking at the elephant.
The bulk of the fleshy body being so
great, the frame upon which the whole is
built is not easily traced, and one does not
wonder that in very early times this ani
mal was supposed to have no joints, so
completely are they hidden; for instanee,
in the legs, which were called "pillars of
flesh."
Sines it is so difficult to trace the ele
phant's bony framework, the skeleton is
given in Fig. 1 to explain in a measure the
contour of the animal.
It will be seen that the outline of the
back and also that of the jaws and fore
head follows quite closely the bony frame.
The general form of the elephant is
shown in Fig. 2. The dotted lines.aive
the speeial characteristics. Note carefully
the curve of the line of the back. and that
it is highest a little forward of the center,
as is noticeable in the skeleton (Fig. 1).
The under line of the body is remarkable
for its uncommon slants upward from back
to front, starting from the hind leg and
rising steadily along up to the under lip.
These upper and under lines are very im
portant in giving the peculiar character of
the form.
In Fig. 2 also note the pointed lines which
give the direction and articulation of tee
bones of the frame. It will be seen that
after all they are similar to the general
plan of all animals.
In Fig. 1 see how the tusks extend from
the bone of the upper jaw. In Fig. 1 and
Fig. 2 note how the trunk, the most re
markable and distinguishing feature of the
elephant, leaves the outlines of the fore
head and, like the caricature of an enor
mous tapering nose, falls between the tusks
nearly to the ground.
The legs end abruptly and seem almost
without feet, though the bones are all
there, as will be seen by referring to the
skeleton (Fig. 1). The chief indications of
feet are the three toeswbere the ends of the
feet should be.
So well, however, do these formless feet
serve their purpose that the elephant is
never known to stumble.
A difference between the hind and fore
F 9
legs is found in the hollow at the ankle in
the front outline of the fore leg.
A front view of the elephant's head is
given in Fig. 3. The fan-like, pendulous
enrs are here shown extended. They must
be drawn with a ragged lower edge in old
elephants. The forehead projects but
slightly forward. The eyes, though small,
are notable for their odd setting in the
rough line of the eldeof the face. 'tlhe line
of the upper lip passea over the tusks, smak
ing a marked fold of fleshat the side of the
month. Note how the trunk falls between
the tusks and tapers to a point, giving a
slender, triangular form to the entire front
of the head, The trunk iL marked by hori
zontal seams, especially when the muscles
are contracted. Cunier states that in the
trunk are nearly forty thousand muscles,
which have the power of distinct motion.
In the three-quarters view (Fig. 4) ob
serve the bony projection of the head and
the odd appearanoe of the eves, which seem
to be looking around a corner-a character
istic expression.
Note in Fig. 4 the length of the legs com
pared with the height of the whole figure
and the close setting of the legs and feet,
which is a marked feature in all positions.
Fig. 5 shows the way in which the joints
bend when the animal is kneeling.
The character of the elephant's outline
is clearly given by a plain, smooth line,
simply broken by the leather-like roughness
and wrinkles of the surface. These mark
ings are most noticeable about the joints
and along the sides of the body where the
flesh is not firm. (Fig. 6i.)
In regard to expression, the elephant car
ries with him an atmosphere of dignity on
all occasions, and wherever studied will be
found ponderous in all his movements. In
spite of his clumsy bulk, however, the
elephant is astonishingly active at times.
In combat with other animals be is fierce
and terrible.
The baby elephant seems to differ little
from the adult, save in size, being so small
at first as to be able to play "hide and
I
h, 6
seek" around its mother's legs. The head
is a little large i~ proportion to the body,
and it is noticeable that the bones of the
head so plainly seen in the older animal
are not well defined. The upper line of the
body curves the same and the under line of
the body also slants up toward the front as
in the adult.
Copyright.
GROWTH OF AMERICAN LAW.
From the Seeds of Jurisprudence Trans.
planted From Other Lands.
[Written for THE hIELENA INDEPENDENT.1
To obtain an adequate idea of the law of
any country, one must travel to its sources
and follow its growth from its very begin
ning. Let us pursue this method in a few
studies on the growth of our law. In the
first place the seeds of American juris
prudence were transplanted from the old
world. The navigators, explorers, mission
aries, reformers, gold seekers of the very
earliest days, brought to our shores along
with their intense desire for conquest, for
individual gain, for the glory of sovereigns,
and for religious freedom, the customs and
laws of the homes they left and adopted
them in the new world so far as they were
fitted to their circumstances and their
environment. The English brought with
them the priceless heritage of the common
law of England, and the French and Span
ish brought the principles and codes built
u; on the foundations of the civil law-the
law of Rome.
Of the early explorers succeeding Col
umbus there was Juan P1ouce do Leon, who
landed in 1513 near St. Augustine, in Flor
ida. in search of the fountain of youth; in
1520 Spanish ships touched the coast of
Carolina: in 1521 the territory now known
as Texas, New Mexico and California be
came a part of a great province attached to
Spain by the conquest of her
great explorer, Cortez. Do Soto. an
other Spaniard, led a party from
Florida across the country to the Missis
sippi in 11142. In 1584-5 Sir Walter Raleigh
sent two expeditions to North Carolina. A
Spanish settlement was made at St. Augus
tine 1565. Jamestown, Va., became the
first English settlement in 1607, New York
(New Netherlands), in 1643, was settled by
tihe Dutch, and Plymouth. Mites., by the
English in 1620. La Salle explored the
great lakes and the Mississippi in 1682, the
French establishing settlements at Kas
kaskia and Arkansas Post in 1685, and Mo
bile and Vincennes in 1702. Thus England,
Spain and France divided among them
selves the great continent of North
America. Spain got the Southern, England
the central, and France the northern por
tion.
The discoveries thus made vested the new
lands in the sovereign. His title was that
by discovery grounded upon the three fol
lowing ideas: 'he Christian nation that
discovers a heathen land owns it to the ex
clusion of all other Christian nations, This
nation to complete its title must within a
reasonable time, occupy and use this land.
The native inhabitants are only the ocou
pants of the land and not its owners.
For over one hundred years from the dis
covers by Columbus no settlement deservr
ilug of more than passing mention was made
in the new world by the English. Many
and feeble attempts were made, fearful
hardship endured, hleroic efforts put forth,
but in vain. Raleigh's and Drake's efforts
were unsuaccessful. The Spanish settle
ments were more succeusful, and for
a clear reason. Spain looked upon her
explorations as means tiward extending
her domilo ion. She looked forward to an
other great RIoman empire. Her explora
tions were, in a sense, ollicial, and once a
post was planted high otficers of state with
largo salaries were annexed to it, thus
drawing patronage, wealth and copulation.
It was otherwise with the English. In
nearly every case colonleization and explorn
tion was pirivatg enterprise; if unsuccessful
drawing in its wake individual suffering
and loss, but if successful, resulting in lit
tie indeed to the individual, but everything
to the crown. Left thus to their own re
sources, English colonies in America had a
precarious existence for the first 150 years
to 200 years, leading one writer to say of
the iritish colonists as late as the end of
the seventeenth century, "they were rob
bers and pirates on a large scale." o
For Rent.
IKranich's grove, saloon and private boause
for a term of several years; terms very rea
Ssonable; the only summer resort near 5.1.
ena. Inquire at the gsov