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Home Course ■ ■ " ■■■ — In Making III.—Method of Financing ^Improved Roads. By LOGAN WALLER PAGE. Director Office of Public Roads, r United States Department of Agriculture. CoJ^TlgM by American Press Asso ciation. 1012. r is a matter of sound business policy to require that all road taxes be paid in cash, in the past the collection of labor for building bas been compulsory . the collection of money voluntary, experience has shown that this , must be reversed. A tax which fe levied for the purpose of developing «BMorces hitherto undeveloped, which development would add to the people's wealth. cannot be considered a burden In any respect. It la an investment. A» to the methods of raising money dbr toad building purposes, there are tljro systems which bave beeu employ ant hnflWTerent parts of the country, doth with considerable success. One •lan (hay be called the "pay as you go" wpstem. Under this plan a small an eruat tax is levied, the proceeds of Whlchjniay be used partly for the pur chase of equipment and partly for ac tual work on the roads. This tax may toe .Increased slightly at intervals, but Sm Y if wonxuro Oct the tax. S. conllnuea to be paid as an annual the proceeds of which are an nually ex]tended for road building pur gées.' This system has certain ad VW ill Hill ii tor example, in counectlou *tbis expenditure of the annual **Wliile only a limited amount of ■uric coq be done each year, there is UP opportunity for wasting large sums. The people of the county gradually adapt liiatuselvcs to the changed cou toBgous, and the persons pluced iu «barge oC the road work have un op •prtunlty of becoming efficient by their m y n experience before they come to toandle larger sums of money, and an other iking which has considerable aright with a large class of people la S ^t the county Is kept out of debt. other advantage of this system la d&at vfhea a county has a large taxable Wapltii a small anuual levy will yield bClnrtn a aum as can be wisely ex toauded. The more enlightened and the more commercial a people nro the larger is "SKfe application of the credit system in fliteir business. In the early settle oaent of H>1« country the money for dtoelopment and business enterprises ana borrowed from Europe. Grad •aily tho eastern states Increased in ■Health to such an extent that they amt only paid their Europeau debts, toot had mouey to loan for the up toolldlug of their sister states in the Ai the present time some of western states are joining with In the cast in lending money to Dnring the past 100 years VN& this system of "going into debt for •nbUr Improvements" this country too» risen from a small dependent na dflra to the head of the list. Tw disadvantages of the "pay as jBaa go" system are that the work of •nod building proceeds too slowly. In -ar.epnnty which has 500 miles of road. IM ailles of which should he consid ered.. ttU main thoroughfares, if it a tax sufficient to build live of good road eaeli year twenty Will be required to improve the ■Biles, and many of the citizens toCLthe. county would continue to pay totxta. for years before they would re «dTü any benefit therefrom. TAa system of ruisiug money for ^building by issuing bonds is gen unpopular. because people dread the. Wen of debt. too great advantage in the system «oC!borrowing mouey for road building by securing the larger sums of for immediate expenditure the . can be pushed more rapidly, and tote toads which would otherwise re OMft* twenty or thirty years for their ' Improvement can. under this system. - ffc finished in four or five years. The fcaopla of the county begin to receive toooefita fkom the work more quickly, ■fid tlie benefits are sufficiently great too enable them to pay the iuterest on to* borrowed money and to provide a fluid to pay back that money more case than they could pay tofc annual taxes iu advance of the flfiipletloii of the road. Under the "pay ns you go" plan the present generation builds the roads uud the next generation gets the benefit of them. Under the bond Issue policy both the présent and the future genera tions receive the benefits and both help to pay for them. It may be argued that the system of borrowing money for road building Is more expensive for the reason thnt the money borrowed must be paid back ns well as the Interest thereon, which at 5 per cent In twenty yenrs will amount to as much as the principal, and there fore for each dollar borrowed two will have to be paid back at the end of twenty years. This is not strictly true, however. The money will be borrowed as needed. Furthermore, a few thou sand dollars placed in the bank at com pound interest is sufficient for a sink ing fund. The above objection would In a meas ure apply to any similar transaction in the business world, and yet todny 90 per cent of all the business of the civilized world is done on a credit ba sis. If nations, states, counties and in dividuals had listened to this argu ment this country of ours would today be almost as little known and as llttto developed as the continent of Africa. When a community Is building pub lic roads for the use of Its people all of the money borrowed for this pur pose Is placed in circulation among the people. They use it in their business transactions; they make it earn an in terest often worth far more to them than the interest which the county pays for the sum. In other words, the county hns the roads and the money which has been spent upon them. The whole strncture of our Indus trial and governmental fabric rests upon tho mechanism of credit. The amount of legal tender actually in cir culation in the United States In 1910 was only $34.52 per capita and would be pitifully Inadequate to meet the demands of business if all transactions were conducted on a cash basis. The building of our great railroads, the financing of our war of independence and subsequent conflicts have been conducted through the powerful agen cy of credit. Our entire banking sys tem. involving $1,853.834.000. rests up on the foundation stone of credit. Would it be wise to advise a thrifty young farmer to refrain from buying a farm because bo had not the entire purchase prlco in cash? Would It have ever been possible for the vast do mains of the early landed proprietors to be divided up into small farms if the practice of partial payments had not been Introduced? It is evident that the construction of a large mileage of Improved roads at one time would result in a lower cost per mile than if the roads were built a mile or so at a time, as the contrac tors having large plants and the quar ries furnishing large quantities of ma terial could utilize thetr equipment aud material at less relative expense than on small jobs. Because improved roads benefit all Interests in the country all Interests should help to pay for them. A coun ty bond Issue usually levies the cost upon the town property as well as the country property and thus relieves the farmer of part of the burden which he now bears under the old district or township system. In nearly every county in the United States which op erates under the "pay as you go" plan the country property alone bears the entire cost of road building. A bond issue 1s not an unjast bur den on posterity, because through the increase in the value of land and the development of agricultural resources posterity is benefited. Therefore the son who Inherits the wealth thus pro duced by the preceding generation should certainly help to pay the cost of the factors which are Instrumental In bringing about this wealth. The increase in farm values as the result of road improvement is so great that the tax rate is frequently lower than before the issuance of bonds. To substantiate this point the following sss building hoaps under a cash systwm OP TAXATION. extract is taken from a letter written by lion. John L. Young, county Judge of Dallas county, Tex., on June 21. 1911; There is one very Important item In connection with tills county that 1 would call your attention to. and that is the re duction of taxes for tiio past live years, or. rather, since tho building of good roads in this county. The value of prop erty has increased to such an extent that the rate has been reduced from 92 cents in 1U0G to f>2 cents in 1910. or a reduction in taxes of 3: per cent, although we have issued bonds in the sum of tl.äOO.000 in the meantime. There is one thiug certain, and that is that we must hare money for road building uud that this money must be raised by taxation. Whether we adopt the "pay ns you go" policy and build tbe roads only as fast us the money can be raised by taxation or issue bonds and tints borrow mouey in large quantities and build the roads now is a question for each state, county or township to decide for itself. Iu mak ing this decision that method should be adopted which will give the quick est and best results with tbe least bur den upon tbe individual taxpayer •-The——• Scrap Book Converting a Skeptic. David Hume, the famous Scottish philosopher and skeptic, once for a short time Involuntarily posed as an out and out Christlun. and the story of very temporary conversion to or thodoxy Is amusing. Having fallen into a swamp at the back of Edinburgh castle, he called for assistance to a woman who was pass ing. At first she took no notice, but presently she asked: "Are na ye Hume, the atheist?" "Weel, week no matter," Hume said. "Christian charity commands you to do good to every one." "Christian charity here or Christian charity there," the woman said. "I'll do naetbing for you till yon turn a Christian yourself—ye maun repeat tbe Lord's Prayer and the Creed or faith I'll let ye grafel (grovel) there aa I found ye." And he had to repeat them. Deeds of Aspiration. What though your lot in life seems poor and small? What though in great accomplishment you fail? Lot not tho thought of this your soul ap pall Nor think your days are spent without avail. A noblo aspiration Is a deed Though unachieved, and he who Judges man Upon his lofty throne will give It heed. And all will bo rewarded as they plan. —John Kendrick Bangs. The Difference Between Thom. Joseph H. Choate and Cbauncey De pew were Invited to a dinner. Mr. Choate was to speak, and it fell to the lot of Mr. Depew to Introduce him, which he did thus: "Gentlemen, per mit me to introduce Ambassador Choate, America's most Inveterate after dinner speaker. All yon need to do to get a speech oat of Mr. Choat# Is to open bis mouth, drop in a dinner and np comes your speech." Mr. Choate thanked tbe senator for his compliment aud then said, "Mr. Depew says if you will open my mouth and drop in a dinner up will come a speech, but I warn you that if you open your mouths and drop In one of Senator Depew's speeches up will come your dinners." A Frank Reply. Walter I. Smith, who recently be came judge of the Eighth judicial cir cuit, enjoys a good story even when it Is at his own expense. He had a warm contest in the primaries when be was candidate for re-election to congress In 1910. his opponent being one of tbe insurgents. He had few votes to spare for the nomination. "Before tbe election." said Judge Smith. "I wrote a letter to all tbe Re publicans in the district. In It I urged them to come out and vote, saying that *9,000 Republicans failed to vote at tbe primaries' and that if they failed to vote on election day it might mean disaster to the party. 1 asked tbe person to whom the letter wbb ad dressed to vote and also to get his neighbors to do the same, closing with the statement that it would be a great help to the Republican party and 1 should regard It as a personal favor to myself. "Among the replies I received was a copy of my own letter with a blue pencil mark round the words *9.000 Republicans failed to vote at the pri maries.' and this written at the bot tom. 'It's a - good thing for yon they did.' " A Disturbed Taste. The neighbors having dropped In in formally upon the Sutbrons during the evening, Mrs. Suthron suggests that If her husband will gather some mint from the mint bed in the garden she will mix for them a genuine Kentucky julep. Mr. Suthron. who has indulged in a matter of seven or eight genuine Kentucky juleps prior to tbe arrival of the guests, goes willingly In search of the desired garnishment for the drink, lie remains iu the garden quite awhile, and finally the others go out to ascertain what causes the delay. "Why don't you bring the mint, dear?" his wife calls. From somewhere in tbe darkness comes the testy response: "Jane. I've eaten my way twice around this lot. I've chewed geranium leaves, grass, catnip, tulips, onions, sage and burdock, but blamed if I can find a sprig of mint anywhere."—Na tional Monthly. The Heroine of the Tale. When Congressman .T. Hampton Moore was a reporter in Philadelphia he was assigned one night to go out and get a human interest story about n woman who had died at tbe age of eighty-eight, leaving a twin sister, with whom she had lived for fifty years, as sole survivor of an old family. The house stood opposite a cemetery on the outskirts of the town, and Moore wished, as he pulled aside tbe crape to ring the bell, that his city editor wouldn't be so fertile with his ideas of human interest stories. A woman friend of the aged sisters open ed the door and ushered .1. Hampton into the parlor, over In one corner of which rested the dead sister in her coffin. The neighbor seemed to feel it was up to her to eutertain tlie reporter while he was waiting for the other sister to drag herself in for the inter view. By way of small talk tbe wom an motioned with her thumb in the direction of the coffin and remarked. "That's the Indy that died." "I suspected as much," replied Moore. —Philadelphia Record. TO COMPROMISE ON JUNE HUGHES An article written by the political expert of tlie New York Sun, appear ed in that newspaper Sunday. The New York Sun is a spokesman for the Wall street interests and "big business,'' generally, aud is a fanat ical supporter of President Taft against Theodore Roosevelt. According to the Sun, potential re publican leaders friendly to the pres ident have become convinced that, even if he shall be nominated, he cannot be elected. These leaders, who believe their party to he o%. vastly more importance than any man in it, no matter how exalted his station," declare "they will take any reasonable step which would seem to insure victory in November." And these leaders, says the Sun, believe that the most reasonable step would he to set aside Mr. Taft and nominate in his place Charles E. Hughes, former governor of Neiy York and now an associate justice of tlie supreme court of the United States. Public disapproval of the ;Taft ad ministration's forcing through of the Aldrich-Payne tariff bill and the ir reconcilable differences between Nr. Taft and Colonel Roosevelt, are giv en by the Taft organ as the chief reasons why the renomination of Mr, Taft would make democratic victory iu November inevitable. EQUALSÜFFRÄGE CLUB AT L OF M. Missoula, April 11. Tifty students, * men and women, of the University of * Montana have organized an equal ' still'rage club at tlie University and 1 propose to start a campaign iu Mon tana to bring about legislation pro viding for votes for women. To reach women of the state directly the idea of the club is to found numerous,. clubs in the different parts of Monta na, all of which will work in co-oper tion with the University organiza tion. A systematic series of letters is also to he sent out to the legislators of the state in an effort to secure their support for the movement. It is hop ed to induce both parties to incorpor ate planks providing for equal rights' in their platforms for next fall. The Pessamist. During the populistic times when everybody was bemoaning the terrible fate of the country and all tlie inhab itants thereof, whin long whiskered orators were preaching pes samism and populism, Ren King, an unheard of poet, sprang into national fame by writing tlie fol lowing, which got the whole country to feeling better, and which resulted in tlie overthrow of the populistic craze: Nothing to do but work, Nothing to eat but food, Nothing to wear but clothes To keep from going nude Nothing to breathe but air— Quick as a flash 'tis gone. Nowhere to fall but off, Nowhere to stand but on. Nothing to comb hut hair. Nowhere to sleep hut in bed. Nothing to weep but tears. Nothing to bury but dead. Nothing to sing but songs. Ah, well, alas, alaekl Nowhere to go hut out. Nowhere to come but back. Nothing to see hut sights. Nothing to quench but thirst. Nothing to have hut what we've got. Thus through life we are cursed. Nothing to strike but a gait; Everything moves that goes, Nothing at all but common sense Can ever withstand these woes. —Ren King. Do you know what killed Julius Caesar? No, what? Too many Roman punches.—Col umbia Jester. Work of the head decreases tlie work of the hand. Nothing is possible to him who dreams only of what might have been when hope is gone, comes fear and slavery. Nature intended that men should help each other rather than light each other. Laughter is the pepsin for mental dyspepsia. ♦ ♦♦ ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ ! LOCAL MARKETS ! ♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦♦ Wheat, No. 1 Nor................ 81 Wheat, No. 1 Turkey.............. 74 » Flax (per bu.)....................i .«8 Barley (per 1 (H))..................i.-jo Oats (per 100)..................... 1/20 Esrs............................. >20 Butter............................. :io l'otatoes ..(per 100)...............>2.>25 FARM LOANS C. E. Shoemaker and Company 504 Mala Street. LEWISTOWN, MONTANA George Chaussee DRAYIING AIND TRANSFER Coal delivered to any part of the city from either Montana Lumber Co., or from McCaull-Webster Elv. Co. RATES 1.000 Pounds or less,.....................SO 3.000 Pounds or less.....................$1.00 LET ME DO YOUR GRAYING. COUNTY DIVISION (Continued from first page ) bad anything to say on the subject and responded with tlie statement that he was not a public speaker, but inasmuch as the evident object of the addresses made by the llarlowton gentlemen was one to discredit him in this community instead of county di vision he desired to make a statement as to the matter published in the Journal of March 22nd, and to which the llarlowton people took such stren uous exception. The matter was pre pared with as much care as the infor mation at hand would warrant at tjiattime; that since that time he had carefully investigated the statistics of. new counties and old, and he was syre the llarlowton people could iind no fault hereafter as to tlie accuracy of the statements that would he pub lished in the Journal, and that he felt contident they would prove more disastrous to the division cause than the figuras published heretofore. At this time, W. A. Barkley of Ox ford said: "We want you people from llarlow to understand that whatever Sam Small says in the Judith Gap Journal is so, it is so with us, wheth er it is so or not." Oscar Skeen wanted to make a .statement in regard to tlie accuracy of the figures submitted in the Jour nal of March 22ud; that they had been passed upon bv the commercial club 'and authorized to be published by that body; tiiat owing to the shortness of time in which to collect the exact flgures, the amounts were given al ways as approximately; that he could not see anything so very far out of the way in the statements authorized by the commercial club. And this ended the meeting, and we believe the divi siou movement at this time, aud the committee from llarlowton were taken down town and entertained, and sent on their way rejoicing. Just received, the ' latest Standard Novels in both paper and cioth binding. Drop in and make a selection. Also a full line of Fancy Stationery of the very latest designs. PALAIS ROYAL w. l. McCle lland Blacksmith Auto Repairing Guaranteed Absolutely Satisfactory Judith Gap, * * Montana alberta f. moffet Physician and Surgeon Judith Gap, - Montana Notice for Publication. Department of the Interior, (f. S. Land Office at Lewistown, Montana. April 1, 1912. Notice is hereby given that Bert L. Foerechler of Judith Gap. Montana, who. on August 25. 1909. made H. E. No. . Serial No. Ob797. for nwX. sec. 24. twp. 10n„ range 16e., m. m.. has fil ed notice of intention to make Final commuta tion proof, to establish claim to the land above described, before W. H. Peck. U. S. Commission er. at Garneill. Montana, on the 6tl. day of May. 1912. Claimant names as witnesses: August L. Shaf fler, Casjier T. Benson. George P. Reed, and George S. Haynes, all of Judith Gap. Montana. 21-25 — C. E. McKOIN. Register Great Northern Time Table. No. 43.—For Great Falls, Spo kane, Seattle and all points north, northwest and in Can ada................... 10:10 a. m. No. 44.—For Kansas City, St. Louis, Chicago and eastern and southeastern points. 4:15p.m. No. 48 and 44 on tlie division from Great Falls to Hillings stop only at Broadview, Judith Gap, Hobson, Stanford, and Kelt. No. 241.—For Great Falls and in termediate points____12:27 p. m. No. 242.—For Hillings and inter mediate points......11:45 a. m. Milwaukee Time Table. NO. 116. Leave Lewistown........................1:45 p. tn. Arrive Judith Gap..................... 3:20 p. m. Arrive Harlowton...................... 4:15 p. m. Connects with mail train No. 15 for the west. NO. 104—3 I,eave Lewistown.......................8:00 a. m. Arrive Judith Gap.......................9:35 a. m. Arrive llarlowton......................10:30 a. in. Runs through to I.liree Korks. NO. 115 I,eave llarlowton........................6:00 p. in. Arrive Judith Gap.......................7:00 p. m. . Arrive I.ewistown.......................8:30 p. m. Connects at Harlow with No. 10. easthound No. 4—104 Runs through from Three Forks. Heave llarlowton........................1:00 p. tn. Arrive Judith Gap.......................2:00 p. m„ Arrive I.ewistown.......................3:30 p. m. Notice For Publication. Department of the Interior, Ü. S. Land Office at Lewistown, Montana, March 19, 1912. Notice is hereby given that Henry Bramwell Keen of Judith Gap, Montana, who. on July 27. 1910. made H. !{. No. 583974. Serial No. 011617. for KJ4 seM\ nwt, seü. ne'/( swli. sec. 2. twp. 9n.. range 15e., in. m.. has filed notice of intention to. make Final Commutation Proof, to establish claim to the land aliove described, before S. J. Small, IT. S. Commissioner, at Judith Gap. Mon tana, on tlie 22nd day of April. 1912. Claimant names as witnesses: Thomas K. Heath Kdinund N. Hooker. George J. Rice and. Wallace Kirkpatrick, all of Judith Gap. Montana. 19-23 — C. K. McKOIN. Register. Lists 1—923, —924. and -970 RESTORATION TO ENTRY OF LANDS IN NATIONAL FORMST. Notice is hereby given that the lands described lielow, embracing 480 acres, within the Jefferson National Forest. Mon tana. will be subject to settlement and entry un der the provisions of the homestead laws of the United States and the act of June 11.1606 (34 Stat.. 223), at the United States land office at Lew* istown, Montana, on May 15. 1912. Any settler who wns actually and in good faith claiming any of said lands for agricultural purposes prior to January 1. 1906, aud has not abandoned same, has a preference right to make a homestead en try for the lauds actually occupied. Said lands were listed upon the applications of the persons mentioned below, who have a preference right subject to the prior right of any such settler, provided such settler or applicant is qualified to make homestead entry and the preference right is exercised prior to May 15, 1912, on which date the lands will be subject to settlement and entry by any qualified person. The lands embrace a tract of 16(1 acres within unsurveyed but what will prob ably tie. when surveyed, Sec. 25, T. 10 N . R. 13 B.. M. M., descrilied by metes aud bounds as follows: Beginning at corner No. 1, a limestone marked H-l, whence the northwest corner of Sec. 1. T. 9N.. R. 13K.. bears S. 80 chains: extending thence N. 40 chains: thence K. 40 chains: thence S. 40 chains; thence W. 40 chains to the place of begin ning. Variation 20°M. Said tract was listed upon the application of Miss Klizahetli Rowlands, of Lennox. South Dakota: List 1-923. A tract of 160 acres within unsurveyed but what will proliably lie. when surveyed. Sec. 1, T. 10N.. R. 13K.. de scrided by metes and liounds as follows: Begin ning at corner No. 1, a limestone marked H-l whence the southwest corner of Sec. 36. T. 11N., R. 13 F...!ienrs N. 20 chains: extending thence K. 40chains: thence N. 15.15 chains: thence N. 51° K. 7.70 chains: thence H. 20 chains: thence S. 51° W. 7.70 chains: thence S. 35.15 chains: thence \V. 60 chains: thence N. 20 chains to the place of tiegiuning. Variation 20" K. Said tract was listed upon the application of Fersis Fav White, of Judith Gap, Montana: List 1-924. A tract of 160 acres within unsurveyed but what will probably lie, when surveyed. Sec. 26. T. 10N., R. 13K., described by metes and txiunds as follows: Beginning at corner No. 1. a limestone marked H-l, whence the northwest corner of Sec. 1. T. 9N.. R. 13K., bears S. 80 chains: extending thence N. 40 chains; thence W. 40 chains: thence S. 40chains; thence K. 40 chains to the place of beginning. Variation 20°K. Said tract was listed upon tile application of Kdwin Krickson. of Chancellor, South Dakota: List 1-970. Approved March 7. 1912. S. V. 1 'rouiifit, Assistant Commissioner of the General Land Of fice._ 19.1J Notice for Publication—Isolated Tract Public Land Sale—No. 012562—Department of the Interior, IT. S. Land Office at Lewistown, Mon tana. March 11, 1912. Notice is hereby given that, as directed by the Commissioner of the General Land Office, under provisions of Act of Congress approved June 27th, 1906 (34 Stats., 517), we will offer at public sale, to the highest bidder, at 10 o'clock a m..on the 19th day of April, 1912, at this office the following-de scribed land: SwK neM. n w V\ se 1 ^ section 24, s*A seK. sec tion 26, twp. 11 n„ range 17e.,m.m. Any persons claiming adversely the above-de scrilied land are advised to file their claims, or objections, on or tiefore the time designated for sale. — C. K. McKOIN, Register. 18-22 —WYLLYS A. HEDGES. Receiver Notice for Publication. Department of the Interior. V. S. Land Office, at Lewistown, Montana. April 2. 1912. Notice is hereby given that Erick N. Waugh of Judith Gap, Montana, who. on June 17.1910. made H. K. No. 583435; Serial No. 011097. for Lots 3 and 4, s'4 nwH.(nw'I) sec. 2. twp. ton., range 17c.. m. ill., has filed notice of intention to make final commutation proof to establish claim to the land aliove descrilied. liefere S. J. Small. U. S Commissinner, at Judith Cap, Mont., on the Ctb day of May, 1912. Claimant names as witnesses: Meter Quast Nels Hanson, Henry P. Quast, aud John E. Waugh, all of judith Gap. Montana. 2125 C. K. McKOIN. Register. Notice for Publication. Department of the Interior. U. S. Land Office at Lewistown. Montana. March 22. 1912. Notice is hereby given that Jerry G. Lester of Judith Gap. Montana, who. on April 9. 1910, made H. K. No. 4779U6, Serial No. 09591, for se't. section 32. twp. 10n., range 16e.. m. m.. has filed notice of intention to make Final Com mutation Proof, to estahtish claim to the land above described, before S. J. Small, U. S. Com missioner. at Judith Gap, Montaua. on the 29th da.v of April, 1912. Claimant names as witnesses: James H. Lac key. Kdwin N. Hooker. Wilmott H. Wills, and Clarence R. Stone, all of Judith Gap. Montana. 20-24 — C. E. McKoix, Register.