The Daily Missoulian. [volume], October 25, 1914, Morning, Image 11

About The Daily Missoulian. [volume] (Missoula, Mont.) 1904-1961

Image provided by: Montana Historical Society; Helena, MT

                
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how the Gatwn Locks and'
SiDA uilt-The
S f i esTUsed to
*ke Canal - How
the Will Be Sup
pill Wh Watet From
the .GrFr Artificial Lake.
The work on the -Panama canal is
dividd in.. two -classes-destructive
anda onstructi~ve. The digging of
Culebra cut, where mountains had to
be torn down and removed is known
ai the d etrpctive section, while the
lock and dni"bu llng' is in the con
structive .clast Gatun is .perhaps the
beat ii.ee to study work of this latter
ci ter, for iit is at this point that
the g ,est number of locks to be
uR;i# lift the ships from ocean to
oo.z: ihMv been built. The elevator
*y.temn on :the Panama canal is in
ten ely interesting, 'for the locks are
tleators in every sense of the word,
as they raise the ships to and lower
them from the great artificial inland
lake, which is eighty-five feet above
the seg level;
~Ix Doubt. Locks.
There are* six double locks in all
one padl at Pedro Miguel, two pairs.
at )tl[aflores and three pairs at
Gatup. The latter have the greatest
lift and are almost entirely completed.
The elevation at this point is 85 feet
and it 'is attained by three locks built a
like stairnteRs. The ships going V
through the canal will first enter
Limon Bay, where the width of the
channel is approximately 1,000 feet,
the openings being protected by con
verging, jetties. The channel from
this point to the mouth of the Mindi a
river, where the canal proper begins 0
-a distance of four and one-half
miles, has a bottom width of 500 feet f
and is being dredged to a 'depth of b
40 feef. The lower Gatun lock will u
be enfdred- after the ship has passed
through seven miles of water under r
its own, steam.
The Gatun locks are connected, N
forming a p9li4 piece of masonry and I
making a concrete vall of consideri
' r lt a smile in length I
--saa t . th t wall of its I
kin .,'he first con- c
crete fr' theel 8 oils was laid on Au- t
gust 24, 1909;' and since that time the (
work has progressed without interrup- I
tion. Colonel William L. Siebert, one _
of the moebt ,brilliant men of the en- I
gineering corps of the United- States I
army. has been in charge of the At- I
cýýIlý _ý2 o I ý ý o__ ~ _ oo _ l
~o~rm~~HZicse
Lord Kitchener, Until Re
cently Sirdar of Egypt,
Has Won Fresh Laurels
By Handling In a Masterly
Way the Mobilization of
Britain's Army and In
s Speeding Her Troops to
the Front.
(By A, R. PARKHURST, JR.)
England has a new idol. He is
familiarly and affectionately referred
to as "K. of K." But the more con
ventional know him as Lord' Horatio
Robert Kitcheher, or Viscount Kitch
ener, of Khartoum, K. P.; G. C. B.; O.
M.; G. C. S. .; C, G. M. G.; G. C.; I. E.
with heaveh only knows how many
other degrees and decorations and
titles attached. That he is the man
of the hour there is no gainsaying,
and better -stit, that he is in every
way entitled to all 'that has been
showered upon him, his past record
amply proves.
When the news was flashed around
the wotid that Emperor William, of
Germany, weeas determined to stand
behind Emiberor Francis Joseph, of
Anstria-Hungary, following the lat
ter's declaration of war against Servia,
all knew that France, Russia and
England, aid perhaps many other
powers would be drawn into the Euro
pe4. trouble.~ The burning question
in England Was to ascertain the iden
tity of the min bat equipped to take
charge of the armhy in the pending
crisis.' Onie meeting of the 'cabinet
was sufficient to prove that the name
of Kitchener stood pre-eminent above
all other- ia the United Kingdom. He
,was a ma. who had achieved in the
past and as he was still in his prime
,and in the tHil flush of his splendid
wpshood, .onem other would be con
sidese as long as there was a pos
,sibiltty oft .luclng him to accept the
war poktrtMo.
Th' gSn of a Soldier.
. Of .eieNibee was no heiltancy on
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lantic division of the canal since 1907,
and it was under his personal super
vision that the entire section was
built. Colonel Sibert was a class
mate of Colonel Gaillard (who dug
Cul bra cut) at West Point, and the
friendship which existed between the
two officers while they were cadets
at the military academy has continued
on the isthmus.
All the machinery and equipment
for the building of the locks had to
be especially constructed owing to the
unprecedented size of the ~ structure.
Sixty-four cubic feet of cement was
mixed at one time, and in order to
accomplish this eight giant mixers
were fed with sand and cement and
rock poured from cars operated by
epiricity. The carrying of such a
large amount pf concrete to diffePeift
points was- no small t af pMd r fbur
cableways had to be suspended across
the lock site on towers 85 feet hibh.
Cars with electricity as a motive
power carried the cement to the tow
ers where it was poured into huge
buckets. These buckets were then
pulled up and sent out on cables to a
point where the concrete was needed.
I- --I
soldier, has been a soldier since he
was big enough to crawl, and orders i
are orders no matter what personal tl
sacrifice he might have to makte to .d
execute them. When this new and n
important honor was thrust upon him 4
he was on his way to Egypt, there ti
to assume the role of Sirdar and agaan s
take under his control a land for 0
which he had fought and bled whenn
as its territorial ruler he had brought t
order out of chaos. He returned to t
England forthwith and . before the
stolid Britona had time to realize.that t
he was among them he had his mobil- c
Isation scheme well under way,* and a
troops actually on their way to the
_eat o; _ouble.
It was necessary to remove about
5,000,000 cubic yards of rock and earth
in order to prepare a foundation for a
structure so tremnndously heavy as
the Gatun locks and it was only after
the most careful borings ihat the
proper foundation was secured.
Floors Laid First.
The floors of the locks were laid
first and the walls were built in the
usual manner by erecting steel forms
which were removed after the con
crete had hardened. The walls of the
Gatun locks were built in sections- of
twelve yards and afterwards joined
together. Walls of concrete built in
this manner are said to be less likely
to settle and crack than if built in one
continuous solid wall. Each of the
locks. is 1,000 feet long and 110 feet
'widi'iniisde the walls. The side walls
are 45 to 50 feet wide at the surface
of the floor, are perpendicular on the
face and narrow from a point 24 1-3
feet above the floor until they are
eight feet wide at the top. The
middle wall is sixty feet wide and
each faceeis vertical. It is divided in
two parts abodt 42 feet above the sur
face of the floor and.15 feet above the
Lord Kitchener, perhaps,, has been
more signally honored by England
than any of her sons. He has been
.decerated with every.clasp, cross and
medal within the gift of her rulers
4nd aside from this he was elevated
to the peerage and each time a sub
stantial monetary grant, in the form
of an independent fortune, was be
stowed upon him. He has foutght his
way through every campaign England
kas, eigaged In for the last twenty
lve years and in each and every one
he covered himself .with glory. His
career has been ope of ascendency
s$nce the day he was. graduated from
the R1oya i Military academy at Wool
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top of the middle culvert, having ýa
space.: down the center like theletter IT
This is 19 feet wide at the bottom and'
44 feet Wide at the top. In the cen-:
ter there is a tunnel divided into three
galleries. The lowest one will 'be
used for draionage, the middle for the
wires which will carry the electrlo
current to operate the gate and valve,
machinery installed in the center wall,
and the upper will be a passageway
for the operators. About 3,000,000
barrels of cement have been used in
the Gatun locks alone.
The locks will be filled and emptied
through a system of culverts con
trolled by valves arranged in such a
manner as to distribute the water as
evenly as possible over the area of the
lock and reduce the disturbance in the
dhar.l1at wqilQ is being filled or,
etnpfled. I-tr i 'peet-d4 that the filling
or emptying can be accomplished in
about 15 minutes and that it will re
quire one hour and a half for a vessel
to pass through the (:;atun locks.
Giant Gates.
The steel gates used on the canal
are 65 feet long and from 47 to 82 feet
high and weigh from 390 to 730 tons.
Way Miinieter
on Downin§ 'treet
ýtý D tbe.TeCTlsract~ioii
yet. There is no better way toe, set
before the reader just what this man
has done than to do so chronolptc
ally.
Horatio Robert Kitchener is the son
of the late Lieutenant Colonel Kitfo
ener, whose wife was the daughfrr
of an Engl:sh clergyman.' This s..t
was born at Crother House, B~Illylant.
ford, County. Kerry, Ireland, and froni
his Irish father he inherited that 4s4
wick has ciaractotelrtsejI u In
- t11e 1a4a 9 l late #
They are built with interior cells, at
the" bottom with air cells to assist in
hh.ir manipulation, and at the top
Wf.i water chambers to increase their
0 as the water rises in the locks.
1'h l.aves are sort of shells of struc
t .trl'Steel sheathing riveted to girder
fr.amwork. Intermediate gates will
'e i:used in the Gatun looks in order
to save both time and water when
Ithall 'esels are to be taken through
the canal-the intermediate gates be
ing Blaced so as to divide the locks
into chambers of either 400 or 600 feet,
respectively. The value of this can be
-seen from the fact that 95 per cent
of the steamships are less than 600
feet in length.
QV arloul kinds of safety devices will
a be used to protect the locks in case of
r, accident, such as the mlaindemltaads
lng'of signals of breaking of the tow
ing machine. One of these is the
stretching of a fonder chain at the en
1 trindo of the Gatun locks. This safety
device weighs nearly 25,000 pounds,
the diameter of the links being three
I inches. When a ship desires to pass,
tth chain can be lowered into a groove
. made for that purpose in the floor
servcI of their rulers. The boy's
eajrlier educat on completed by private
tut6r; he elocthed the career of a sol
4ier, and accordingly was entered at
WodiWich, the Royal Military acad
emy, much like West Point. Upon
graduation he was attached to one of
the surveys then being made in Pal
estine and later in Samoa. It was not
until 1882 that his career as a soldier
began, at which time he was given
commannd of an Egyptian cavalry.
From that moment his life has been
a succession of brilliant achievements,
every one of which were of such ster
lidg worth that both honor and pro
no9tion followed. No man had more to
d.waith civilizing the Saudan than
Kltc ener, and in every chapter mark
iinadvancement in that country's af
farir 1itchener's name boldly stands
forth.
Career Dates Far Back.
To 3realize just what Kitchener has
do It is necessary to turn back to
e 1883, and even before Sir
SKaker, the faml~ n Nile ex
,y iAd hunter, .Mba been made
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Ci ric2ele LZ2edC1' c7fe el
1.2oorre.C Lor & 2aT 2c sJ'be I7ýrT
of the lock. The chain will be kept
stretched at all times except when at
ship is passing. Another precaution
taken is the two-gate system. For
Instance. if the first gate should be
rammed and broken a set of second
gates provided for such enlergencies
has been set up behind the first. 1,\ven
if both sets shoilld he demolished, pro
vision has been made to have in readl
ness emergency damn whiIch can he
swung out over the lock and forced
down through the rushing; water.
These damns, built of steel, are open
at the bottom and steel p:ates can he
shoved down gradually closing the
openings until tile flow is stopped. In
case ol such accident a, floating cils
son would he placed in position and
sunk completely, shutting out the
water front the lock. The danm coull
then beo raised and the repair work
be made. However, such an accident
is unlikely owing to the met hod by
which the ships will be towed through
it the locks,
in T here Is the Dam?
The Gatun dam is perhaps the most
)P misunderstood as well as the most
ir criticized part of the canal work, and
. even today the layimen who visit Pan
ama will frequently inquire: "Where
r is the dam?"-when he is actually
Il standing on top of it, for there is noth
r ing spetincular ill this low 1ly.ing ridge
t which rrnes not look In the least like
h a dtanl, blut m(ore like the sloping balnk
of a pond. The natulral topography of
a the country at tiatun perlnltled the
t, C'hagres rhi r to escate ileo Car
C rlbean sea throIuglh a bre:k in. the
it lmounltalns. T'wo vallys were formed
0 at thils place Iy a 111l1 which rose in
the center to an ele\'ation of 110 feet.
I1 it seemked to the engineers the logical
f ponllt for the dam which now runst
"*ron the hhltua locks to this hill, and
from the hill to tie mountalins, cover
e ilg in ill iL dit:lnclle of one land one
half miles. The interior of thle dam
Y is formed o'f a natural sand clny
s, dredged lby hydraulic process from pits
ae above and below the datll and placed'
. between two il rge nltI.ses (Of rock and
'o other material from steall shovel ex-i
or cavation at variousl points along the
Vt f
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Terj
The am o Khatoum(Cener~atwel't- 9m : (.
brother, Colonel Valentine Baker, the
Ima. who allowed his brilliant career
in 'lEnglnd to be ruined because he
would not tell whaf he might have
told about a fool ofa girl, command
ed what there was of a cavalry in the
early 80's. But at EI-Teb, Wad-El
Nejuml, the great Emir of Soudan
and a born general, fought Baker's
weak legion and massacred it At El
Obelid and Shekan, on November 4,
1883, Wad-El-Nejumi finished what
had been left over. , He defeated and
killed Hicks Pasha, captured Khar
toum and murdered General Gordon.
The haughty conqueror thereupon
wrote the English commander of his
signal victory and sent along with his
message the head of Gordon as a
souvenir of England's bloody defeat.
Fqr the three years thereafter the
Mahdis raided Egypt at their pleasure
sad it wasa not until Wad-El-Nejumi
wars killed that they were even mo
miltaefrlyU checked.
canal. It is nearly half a mile thick
at the base and 398 feet where, the
water surface strikes it, and 1090 e.t
wide ct the top.
As the Chagres river every ye"dS
di;charges enough water to fill the
lake some means of disposing of 'the
surplus water had to be provided, ,4d
for this purpose a spillway was. db
structed. This is a concrete lined
channel two hundred and eighty-five
leet wide and nearly twelve, hundred
feet long cut through a hill of rock
nearly in the center of the daip, the
buttom being ten feet above the sea
level at the up-stream end and slop
ing to the sea level at the too. On
I the floor a concrete datt was built to
the height of sixty-nine feet in the
shape of at semi-circle. Piers were
constructed on the top of the .aem
with an arrangement for steel .gates
which will be operated to regulate the
Sflow of water out of the lake., One
hundred and forty thousand cubic feet
of water per second, can escape by
these gates from the spillway. This
water, however, will not be wasted for
it will be used to operate the turbine
engines which in turn will generae
the electric power for various pur
poses. r -
;(atun lake will impound the waters
of a. basin comprising 1,820: squate
miles and covers an area of about 164
square milles. I)uring the eight, or
nine months of the wet season the
lake will be full, consequently a eui
plus of water will need to be stored for
only three or four, months of the y
season. This will not be difficult, as
canal navigation can be. carried on
with 39 feet of water In the lake.. The
engineers at Panama are of the opil
ion that e'en In the dry 'se.ion, mal
ing duel allowance for evaporatioan
scepage, leakage at the gates and
power consumption, there would be
anIle water for at least 41 ship pas
sages daily. As the avorage number
of ships passing through the Suez
canal daily, in summer, is only 12, it
is not likely that more than three
times tIhat number will use the Panama
canal.
The English cabinet, under the
guidance of Gladstone, was in, sore
straits. They realized that they were
unable to cope with the situatron, and
seemingly no matter who they sent to
Egypt to take over the command of
its waning forces, defeat was his onal
portion.
In its blundering English way the
cabinet, more through good luck thin
by good management, stumbled upln
the right man to send to the right
place. They selected a young li1sh
captain of the Royal Enginsets,
Kitchener by name, whom' none ct
home had ever heaid of. Eng~at 's
war lord, Woolsey, figured that a.
long as somebody had to be sa*a.
friced it had better be one of no prw -
inence, or standing. ordon
Hicks Pasha both had been 4o'ia t
if these military genlturselº nrad
unable to cope with the g. itl
wasn't reasonable to sypQ e ptt
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