New-York tribune., January 29, 1842, Image 2

About New-York tribune. (New-York [N.Y.]) 1841-1842

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procured, the hatchet, purchased, and all the ar?
rangements of the room made with the deliberate
design of cor.-uwmating the murder of Adams.?
And it seemed to me that there was a degree of
mortification when it came lo be known that all
these arrangements had existed long before?too
long to answer his purpose.
Now a> to the motive in this ease we must adopt
the principle that no man will commit an act of
cruelty without some definite purpose; and if we
do this he should not be brought intn a Court ?f
Justice, but carried to a mad-house.
Mr. Seiden here went on to show that mere
' ould hav<- bem RO design on the part of Colt ?rom
the circumstances attending the act. The exposed
situation of the room?the lack of any reason for
cevengt?the absurdity of supposing that the mur?
der was perpetrated for the sake of money, since,
if that was his object, a man in far different cir?
cumstances would have been selected?the tact
that the interview was in all probability sought by
Adams, established by tbe testimony of Mr. Wells,
the groundlessness of the suggestion that after Ad?
ams came to tbe room, Colt formed the design to
murder him for bis money?w*re successively urged
as establishing beyond all doubt the fact that, no mo?
tive existed on the part of Colt for the murder of
Adams. As tending to show this ia a still stronger
light was urged the fact that the examination of
the -ink of the outhouse of the granite building, by
which the articles of clothing belonging to Adams
were found, wa- undertaken at the prisoner's re?
quest.
Before Mr. Seiden closed the Court adjourned
till 4 o'clock.
Four O'clock.
Mr. Seiden resumed his remarks by endeavoring
to account for the fact that Colt was found in pos>
session of th'- watch of Adams. He did this by a
variety of hypotheses. He assumed, as proved by
the evidence, thai n few days before, Colt had the
watch for ;ti<- purpose of finding a purchaser for it,
and on tin- mentioned a number of ways in which
he might then have kept it without resorting to the
terribb- act he committed. He thence concluded
that it was absurd to suppose that the murder was
committed foi the sake of the plunder. It was
urged, again, thut from the time of his arrest on
Friday night, although be had the power, he did not
endeavor to put the watch out of reach, although
the house where it was kept was not visited until
Saturday at. mid-day. This was utterly inconsis?
tent with the belief that the murder was perpe
t rated for the sake of tbe watch. It was also sug?
gested that the watch might have been preserved
with the intention of at some time returning it to
the family of the deceased.
Mr. Seiden said il was no part of his intention
to throw the slightest shadow over the character
of Mr. Adams. Ttiis affair had already brought in
its train too much of wretchedness and wo to allow
him for one moment to seek its increase. The act
lioiR already been done. The mime of J. C. Col;
h.is be' 11 rung from one end of the lund to tho other ;
he has been represented us one whose very features
were distorted with bate, as one who was created
for purposes of cruelty and blood. The deed has
beon done, und its consequences have followed ;
that had already occurred which would make mis?
ery the companion of Colt through life, and so fur
as his own happiness was concerned, it was u mat?
ter of comparative indifference to him what might
be their verdict.
But we have evidence that Mr. Adams went to
Colt's room ' in u vexed mood ;' now the debji of
Colt, which is proved to be only ?71, was still
enough to bring on a dispute, and Mr. Seiden went
on to show, from the rittttirul influence ef misfortune
ami disappointment upon tempers the most amia?
ble, und from the evidence adduced upon this trial,
that we have every reason to believe thut Adams
was the aggressor.
Mr. Seiden then went on to notice the discrepan?
cies alleged by the Counsel for the Prosecution
between the testimony introduced and the statement
of the prisoner himself. He maintained that there
were no serious variations?none which should he
allowed for a moment to discredit the evidence.
The jury wero bound to believe that the mark upon
the prisoner's neck urose from that cause which
should best comport with his innocence?provided
it be us reasonable us tho other. Mr. Seiden also
remarked upon what had been said on the other
vide concerning the loan of the saw, mid other
points taken up by Mr. Smith. The testimony
concerning this, as concerning the salt, was from
those persons most likely to be overthrown by the
tumultuous scenes which agitated this city to its
centre, and caused the cry "Blood! blood!" to
ting through its streeis. Mr. Seiden .-aid he had
conversed with the prisoner concerning the saw,
nixl he was utterly unable to conceive bow either
Mr. Octon or Deluoce should have got their im?
pressions with regard to its use. With reference
io the oath with which Mr. Coll dismissed] Mr.
Walker. Mr. Seiden said that if lie himself were
io be hung for every oath he uttered, scarcely a
day, he was sure, would pass without u catastrophe
wf this sort. It might he difficult to defend this
lauguuge. but. it would be still more difficult lo
hang u man for using it.
Mr. Seiden went on to speak with great severity
of the course of the prosecution throughput this
winde transaction. His client, he said, had not
been treated with ordinary humanity and charity
by those who hud conducted this investigation, and
ibis he stood ready to prove. The means taken to
convict him bud been studiously concealed from
both him and his counsel; examinations involving
his life were carried l-ui in secret ; every engine el
the Police was put in operation to compass his
life; and the public prosecutor had lent himself tu
the iocsest attempts to show that the prisoner had
attempted to manufacture testimony for his de?
fence. The government of ibis city , he maintained,
had not. done its duty in this respect?they hud
been luss careful of the prisoner's safety than they
had any right to ho. They should have stood he
tween public excitement und the prisoners right.-,
and should have been careful to exclude all impro?
per testimony.
Mr. Seiden charged the public prosecutor with a
deliberate attempt to inflame and irritate the ex
citement and ferocity of the populace by circulat?
ing and attempting to support the revolting state?
ment that the murdered man was salted down in
a box, and that he had sought by witnesses utterly
unworthy of credit to give this color for the use of
the crowd gathered around the City Hall. Mr.
Seiden also charged an attempt to induce Short lo !
swear that the body was washed before it was ex- j
attained by the physicians, to aid this purpose. This |
whole prosecution he said had been carried on tot
purposes of victory, and the rights of the people
and of the prisoner hud beon forced to vieldto the |
love of triumph.
The exposure ef the bloody shirt iu presence of j
the bereaved widow before the crowd, the re-en?
tering the grave, the dragging the body of the de- j
ceased again to the light of day and the severing
the hiad from its decaying trunk, and its exhibi
bition in the Ceurt of Justice were severallv cited
as parts of the plot to arouse the feelings "of the
great mass to hate against the prisoner and to a
thirst for his blood. As tending to tbe same point
Mr. Seiden remarked with great severity upon the
evidence concerning the use of a pistol.
In cenclusion Mr. Seiden wished this case de?
cided according ts the strict constructioa of the
Law in the light of the principle that whenever u
doubt must arise as to the guilt of the prisoner thut
dottb; might be m favor of the prisoner. We ask
you now to separate vour minds from every thiag
except the testimony which has been introduced/. :i
this case. The prisoner before you is entitled to
Justice and Mercy according to law, and to you I
commit his cause?tally believing that you will
l?e able to return a verdict which will satisfy, your?
selves ; and that you will bear in mind that Mercy
hs well as Justice is an attribute of the Criminal
Law.
Mr. W luting asked leave at present to correct ah
error, that lelating to the exhumation of the bodv.
It was done at the request of Dt. Mott, the witness
for the prisoner, and with Mr. Swldea's full consent.
With referenee to the other errors he should not
correct them now, though he should do so hereaf?
ter, us he hoped calmly and dispassionately. Mr.
Whiting said if the Court were disposed to hear
bim to the *r.d. he would bow go on: otherwise j
he wished i: postponed till to-morrow.
Mr. Seiden said no communication or thx was
made to him until the deed was in tact done bat
this was net the point of objection. It was that
the skull should have been exmbited upon the
Judge's table.
The Court adjourned.
?w-York JLogiNlatur*-.
Tuesday; Jan. 25.
The SENATE referred the petitions from this city
! for an alteration of the Public School System to
lb* Literature Committee instead *f the Senators
from this Di?trh::. by a vote of 15 to 11. Mr. Dicx
j isso.v urged the latter and spoke in favor of the
I praver of the petitioners.
Mr. Strong stated that the majority of the Ju
! diciary Committee w->re in favor of such amend?
ment? to the Bankrupt Law as would subject Cor?
porations to its operations, which proposition he
advocated. Mr. FuRMAN replied. Gen. R.0ot
followed on the same side, quotin? from Mr. Van
Buren's Speech in the L". S. Senate, which denoun
j cos the subjection of State institutions to a National
; Bankrupt Law as unconstitutional and rxischievous.
fie did not conclude.
Wednesday, January 26.
In Senatk. Gen; K'jot inquired if the Legisla?
ture showed ichat it was thai had been erased from
it on motion of Mr. Foster. The Prksidknt re?
plied that it did not?tho Senate having decided
that it should not appear there. Gen. Root moved
to amend, by inserting after Mr. Foster's resolu?
tion, which motion was a? follows: [recking the
Governor's Message.] Mr. Foster raised aques
i tion of order?this motion could not be entertained,
i The President decided it in order. Mr. Foster
; appealed from this decision, and the Senate by a
party vote overruled the chair, and declared Gen.
. Hoot's motion out of order. Gen. Root insisted
that hisn solution must still appear on the journals.
so his. object would be obtained.
Mr. Scott introduced a bill to repeal the Crim
; inal law of this City : also, to revise the act author:
j ising resident aliens to hold and copvey Real Es
' t?te.
Mr. Dickinson moved an inquiry into the con?
dition and management of the New-York and Al?
bany Railroad Company. Agreed to.
Also, a preamble setting forth that the Governor
has been denied the right of having such Messages
us he deems proper to send to the Senate entered
[ on its journals, ami requesting to state whether any
i journal or record of the proceedings, acts and opin
! ions of the Executive was transmitted to hirn by
; his predecessor. Laid on the table on motion <>{
.Mr. Foster.
The Bankrupt Law resolutions were again taken
I up, und'debuted by Messrs. ROOT, Pa ire and DlCK:
1 in son. The latter spoke but a short time; when
I he gave way to a rnution to go into Executive Ses?
sion.
A Message, was receivud from the Governor,
which will be found in anothor column. Mr.
Strom: moved that it be retnrn<'(l te- the Governor !
On this question a long and excited debate ensued.
At its close, the vote was taken, and Mr. Strong's
resolution adopted. Adjourned.
In the assembly, a great, number of petitions in |
favor of the New-York and Erie Railroad, North
River Bank, Enlargement of the Erie Canal West
of Lockport, reduction of fare on tho line of Rail?
roads West, from Albany, punishment of licentious?
ness, reduction of the fees of County Clerk?. 8k.
Sac. were presented and referred.
Mr. Ta.MUI.IN reported a bill to lake tin- State
Printing froth the present Printer and authorise
the State Officers (that are to be) to contract for
the same w ith somebody else.
Mr. G'SULLlvan reported a bill to repeal the
Criminal Court Law.
Tin? Annual Report of tho Canal Commission?
ers atnl thnt of the Bank Commissioners were sev?
erally received.
Mr. Hoffman's resolutions of inquiry into Fi nan
cial matters in general was adopted.
Mr. Tamblin laid on the table concurrent reso?
lutions for the appointment of a Secretary of State,
a Treasurer, an Attorney General, and a Commis?
sary General, in place of the present incumbents,
whose terms of office expire, and als?? for the ap?
pointment of a Comptroller, Surveyor General, and
the Canal Commissioners; " who are hereby re?
moved," on thi' first Monday id* February next.
Mr. Grout gave notice of a bill more effectual?
ly to protect, ihe interests of tho mechanics.
A bill to incorporate the village of Chittenango
now camu Up in Committee, and the rest of tin* day
was consumed in a debate on the propriety of re?
stricting the Right of Suffrage uiuh-r it to tax-pay
ers. The question was not taken. Adjourned.
[CP The Legislature of Michigan has voted to
adjourn on the 16th of February.
CCT The Rochester Evening Posl of Monday
evening stops its press to give tho following an?
nouncement :
" Trie bills of the Farmers & Mechanics' Bank
will continue to bo redeemed ut their office in the
city of Rochester, as usual. E. HUNTINGTON,
CasUu-r of the Farmers Si .Mechanics' Bank.
Kvc'htster, Jaw.-4. 1842."
Dreadful Consequences ok Drunkenness.
?Yesterday morning a female known only by the
name of." Scotch Moll," who occupied a basement
room at No. 293 Change street, in connexion with
another female, both of whom were intemperate,
was so terribly burned by her clothes taking fire
when she was in a state of intoxication, that her
life was placed in the most imminent peril. They
were sitting by the fire in a state ef intoxication at
the lime, and the skin of the legs of the surTerer,
her arms, part of the body and face, were almost
completely excoriated by the rlatnes before the tire
was extinguished. She was convoyed to the Hos?
pital bv officer Davis, with faint hopes of recovery.
The other female's clothes also leok tire but were
extinguished with, little injury by water thrown
overher.
Rkliek Law in Michigan.?The sticklers for
i ' Constitutional Currency" have brought forward
a bill to make real estate a legal tender! This is j
not the title of the bill; but as it provides that cred- i
itors shall take real estate at its full appraised
value, that should be its title. The Wkig act of
last winter was but an infant compared with this
giant specimen of LocO.-Foco suspension.
[Detroit Dailv Advertiser.
Forgery.?It was discovered on Wednesday
morning, that sundrv letters have been forged, pur- j
porting to be from Messrs. Newell A. Thompson !
j C o , of this city, to their correspondents in New
j \ork and Philadelphia, and directing the bills of
! c*rtam Banks in tho*e- cities to be put chased for 1
j their account, and remitted as directed in the said
j forged letters. The Srst . suspicion Messrs. I
! Thompson & Co. had of this forgery was. the pre- j
i sentation of a draft upon them for $3.000 from
their eonespondent in New-York, without furtas i
and without advice. Mercantile houses in other :
cities are cautioned to be on their guard?as it is ]
quite probable that other false drafrs of a similar
nature have been drawn. One of the partners of
the htm has proceeded to New-York, to attempt to
ascertain the particulars of this frauJ'?Bost. Atlas
THE TRIBUNE.
NEW-YORK, SATGRDAX JANUARY 29.
UT Tor the Speeches of Counsel on the Trial of
Colt, see Firs: Page.
TT F?r '? Foreigners :n London.' from Blickvocd
for January, ficc. set Last Page.
Trial of Colt.?Although the testimony in
I this case had been closed and all the facts were be
[ fore the public we have never seen the exciteraunt
i sm intense, or the throng about the City Hall so
i dense, a- it was yesterday. Tn the afternoon es
; pecially, every avenue to the room wa* crowded to
; suffocation, even door of the building *j. besetted.
i - / ....??:?' '
j the steps both in front and f-ar were completely
j covered, and great numbers were assembled in
the Park who knew ir to be perfectly impossible
even to approach the doors. i: wa- only by en
] terinr the basement and thence the Sheriff's jffiice
that the Court asd Jury were able to obtain access
: :e the Court Room. As a far;:.-: evidence of the
.......
interest telt in this tnal we may state tnat we put
an Extra, containing sketches of the speeches, upon
; the press at balf past 3 o'clock;; from which time
j until a few minutes before b, our press, which easi
i ly works li?U(J per hour, was kept in constant dpe
; vation, and in an hoar after it stopped we had not
; a copy in the orhce.
The speech of James M. Smith. Jr.. Esq.]
i opening for the prosecition. wa- a very strong and
forcible appeal in behalf of justice and the Peopled
: That of Dudley Seltje.v, Esq., was a dear, calm
I and powerful argument of more than six hours in
behalf of the prisoner at the bar. It was exceed
i iriZ^'/ ihgenioua?too much so we thought at times
for the accomplishment of his purpose; but every
; word of it was evidently dictated bv u profound
? conviction of his client's ihnocenee. His remarks
I upon the course adopted by the prosecution were
extremely bitter, and enforced with most effective
: eloquence. The District Attorney, we are sure,
. will be no less caustic and able in reply. The
?barge of Judge Kent will probably be made this
afternoon. We doubt if the verdict will be ren
' dered before Monday. We do not think it will be
; either murder or excusable, still less jNstiriuble.
; homicide.
Fnction rebuked bv (,'ov. 9?ward.
We have already published the brief Message
of Gbv. Seward to the Senate, announcing that Iiis
otlicial assent had been given to the bill repealing
, the act of last winter by which the appointment of
! Receivers for insolvent Banks was devolved on
the Hank Commissioners instead of the Chancel?
lor, because he did not deem himself justified in
vetoing a bill of this character upon considera?
tions of mere, expediency, but his judgement re
i mained unaltered that the law of the lost Session
j was a good law, calculated to protect the interests
: and promote the welfare of the People. This
Message, utter having been entered upon the jour
i nal of the Semite, was expunged therefrom by the
I vote of the entire Loco-Foco party, on the assump?
tion that the Governor had no right to send such a
Messaged No right ! why ! Ls tlie Chief Magis?
trate of New-Yprk to be driven to veto all the hills
id'the Session, or forced silently to rest under the
imputation that he concurs in and heartily (tpjiroves
the doings of his political opponents, and especially
acts whose single and manifest purpose is to take
! power and oflice from Whigis and vest both in
themselves? Is it no) enough that the Governor
shall:say, "Gentlemen, the People have entrusted
you with power; and I bow to their will repre?
sented in you; this measure 1 cannot deem politic
or wise, but you have passed it. I sign ii; but 1
ask to be understood that, it i.s your act, not mine.'
Has he not a right to be correctly understood ?
Who would wish to subject the humblest citizen
to the imputation of inconsistency, to avoid which
is all the Governor desires ' Who would wish to
say to the. Governor of New-} ork?' i ou, sir,
shall sign whatever hills the Legislature choose to
pass ; and you shall nut be allowed to state why
you have previously signed biils uf an opposite
charnctei unless you Veto this '.' Can any reflect?
ing citizen, who feels a just pride in the honor of
the State, wish to subject her * 'hief Magistrate to
such humiliation !
We rejoice thai Governor Seward has evinced a
proper appreciation of the responsibilities confided
to him by more than 220,000 Freemen of New
York, by transmitting on Wednesday the following
culm, manly and forcible Message:
Executive Chamber, Albany, Jim. SC I-12.
TO THE SENATE.
On ihe 23d day of January, instaut, 1 transmit?
ted to the Senate a raessBge in writing, according
to an immemorial usage, it.forming them thai I hod
approved and signed a bill which had originated in
thut House, and had passed the Legislature. The
j bill repealed a law which had been wnly nine
i months in force, at.d had received my approval.
I That law was regarded by tue (with nil due defer?
ence.nevertheless to the Legislature) as one of so
I benign and useful a tendency, that i could not but
j regret that it. was thought necessary to take it
from the statute-book. At the same time the 6c
j casion seemed not to be one of those important exi
i gencle? winch justify the interposition of the Ex
i ecutive power, to wmbarrass the action of the Le?
gislature. Under these circumstance-, it seemed
] to be my duty to make known to the Legislature,
[ and by the customary form of communication to j
; them, to make known to the People; the special ;
; ground of my acquiescence in the action of the Le- i
gtslilture,to the end that, whether now or hereafter,
' the subject should be reconsidered !>v the re pre- ?
' sentatives of the People, br by the People them- '
; selves, that acquiescence should not be construed
! into n sanction of the ptdicyof the act. In making
that communication 1 was governed by what I ;
! trust was a just sense of official responsibility.
Although the message was transmitted io the
Senate, it wus. as all such communications are. .
[ designed for the information of the Legislature, j
' The Constitution requires that each House shall \
1 keep ? journal of its proceedings, and in that jour
| hal it has been customary to enter ail the pr icecd
I ings no; only of both Houses, but also all commu?
nications from the Executive touching stich pro
', ceediags. I may be permitted to observe, with
! due respect, that it is supposed these journals are j
directed tobe kept not so much for the convenience ?
1 of the Legislature as tot the information of the j
People, and each department of the Government is i
responsible to the People for its net-as they appear
on those records.
The Senate after receiving the communication j
has thought proper in a marked and formal toan- |
uer to cause it to be excluded from tiie journal of ?
that House, without declaring that it was supposed
to express or manifest any disrespect to the L-^.s
lature or the Senate.
It is not my purpose io complain in any manner
of the proceedint: upon the ground of its injustice,
although by the suppression of the message the
reasoas of Executive aclion upon a question of
public policy, which cannot he deemed unimpor?
tant, since it has become the subject of u law, are
withheld from the People ; and it may not be un?
reasonable to zppruher.d, that when the traditional |
memory of the transaction shall have passed away, j
tue record of the Senate will raise ati implication ;
that the present incumbent of the Executive de- j
pariment so far mi-understood the proprieties of
His station as to address the Legislature in terms \
disrespectful or discourteous. But it is a solemn
duty of the person administering the government
of this State, at all times to preserve as far as may |
depend upon him, the constitutional power of the j
department assigned tft him. I do. therefore, v,ith
extreme regret that such a proceeding has becoaae j
necessary, and with the most respectful deterence,
inform tie Senate that the suppression of tne com- j
munkation referred to. is regarried by me as a dan j
I gerous invasion of the rights of the Executive De- .
j partment, unwarranted by any precedent in the j
history of the Government, and without any jusu
I ficarion in the circumstances ef the transaction.
j WILLIAM H. SEWARD.
i (CP This Message the Senate by a party vote
' has refused lo receive and directed its Clerk to j
I return it to the Governor ! Surely madness rules ;
the hour in the camp of Loco-Focoism in Albany.
The Iron Trade.?At the meeting of the
? Home League' on Wednesday evening, a Com?
mittee of fifteen wa.-- appointed to assist the advo?
cate-of American Labor in Congress in ascertain- I
ire the actual Home Value of each article ot For
eign Production sold in our markets which come \
into competition with American Products, so that
the duties laid upon them may be made specific
throughout. Bv this means, and this only, the
gross frauds hitherto committed in the importation j
of Foreign Goods may be greatly reduced if nor i
utterly annihilated.
Mr. Oakley rpad to the meeting an interesting
and valuable account or" the Iron Trade. The <
i whole amount sf capital now invested in the pro
duction of Iron in this country is from $20,000,
UU8 to $25,000,000, and the aggregate annualpro
duct is about the same amount. The annual im?
portation of Iron is about 7?.?U? tons, costing
some four to five millions of dollars. (These es?
timates are founded on the Treasury Reports,
which are very defective.) The average value of j
bar troa in o;;r markets in 1S3P. was $100 per ton ; j
now $77.*\ per t?n: reduction in four years 22j?
per cent. Mr. Oakley expressed emiri; confidence .
that, with adequate protection to the Home Man
ufacturc, the price can be reduced in five years j
to $00 a ton. This reduction is produced, not by j
a reduction of the wages of the laborer, for none j
such has been made, but by continual improve- j
menu in the mode of manufacture; the extension o: j
our Public Works, tho location of manufactories
mere eligibly with reference to the procurement of j
ore. coal, Sec.
Pig Iron can now be made in this country at
fl? to $20 per ton?so low that it fears no direct
rivalry from abroad ; and yet a reduction of the
duty will destroy the pig iron manufacture by de?
stroying the demand for the product. Pig iron can
be made cheap enough here ; but the manufactures
i:i which it is used will now be mainly imported, be?
cause the Labor, which is the larger element ef
their ''ost. is cheaper abroad than here.
The meeting of the League was full and earnest, j
[CP Williams's City Calendar, a neat pocket
manual of statistics, &c of our city for 1842, has
just been published by Vau Norden awd King, 21
Wal 1-31. It contains lists of all our city Orricers,
votaries. Commissioners, Bank Officers, tfec. &c'
of our city, and whatever else a man will be likely
I to want t* know abont New-York. The following
table of the Population of the several Wards of our
City , is given as the first entirely accurate state?
ment which bus appeared, viz
Ward-. Population. Wards. Population:
1. 10,629 X.29,093
II. 6,406 XI.17,052
III.11,581 XII.11,673
IV.15,770 XIII.18,51b
V.19.159 XIV.20.230
VI.17,199 XV.17,76!)
VII.22,985 XVI.22.275
VIII.29:073 XVII.18.r;-g'g
IX.g4,7!i?
Total.312,832
[CP The Tenth Ward is slightly the most popu?
lous, though the Eighth usually-casts a heavier vote
' ?a discrepancy which disapptiars when we consider
that the Tenth contains the larger number of aliens
; while the Eighth is the more equally divided and
sharply contested between the rivul parties.
Indiana.?The Legislature has agreed to ad?
journ on the 30th init. (Monday.) We do not
j perceive that it has made, or is likely to make, any
additional provision for the payment of interest on
i the State Debt, or for prosecuting the State Works.
The House has voted that rhc Bank shall resume
Specie Payment on the fourth of July next: Ayes
j C3 ; Noes 28. This is countervailed, we believe.
i by one or two Stay-Laws, so that the Bank is corn
' pelletl to pay, and its debtors have license to pay
their debts when they choose! But the General
Bankrupt Law, if sustained, will check this pretty
j business, which is becoming quite too common.
[CP The Free Suffrage Convention of Rhode
Island has issued a Proclamation declaring the
: Constitution formed by it the supreme law of the
State, and as such to be obeyed, respected, and
I''defended by all necessary means.'' The old
j Government, composed of a Governor, Legislature,
j Ac. chosen by the Freeholders, refuse; to recogni/e
i it. There is danger of trouble here.
Geo, E. Badger.?There is a splendid portrait
61 this distinguished Ex-Secretary of the Navy to
be seen at Underwood's in Fulton street.'As tu the
resemblance wo cannot speak from personal know?
ledge* but the whole style of the picture is in ex?
cellent taste, the coloring is bold and effective, and
tiie drawing perfect. It is from the easel of Mr. I
huntington', an Artist of few years but of high j
promise. The portrait has bees placed inn beauti- !
tul triune and we understand will he removed after i
a few days to the IT. S. Naval Lyceum at Brook- ;
lyn Navy Yard, for which institution it was painted- j
St' icibe.? Miss Sarai; E. Carter commilt'-d
suicide at Morrisville, Madison Co. on the 23d, !
by throwing herself into a well abont 20 feet deep.
She had been unwell for a few days, and arose i
from her bed in the night at about j o'clock and i
threw herself into the well. The skull wa? found j
to be fractured, and there were two other gashes
which she had intitcted upon her throat w-ithalarge
carving-knife. _
?!P John B. Butler of Allegheny, Levi Rey?
nolds of Mifflin and Georgs M. Holxen back of
Luzerne, have been appointed by Gov. Porter
Canal Commissioners of Pennsylvania for the en?
suing year?ail new, but Mr. Butler, who was ap?
pointed a few months ago.
i
[CP Hon. Samuel Putnam, a Judge of the Su- !
preme Coart of Massachusetts since 1314, has
tendered his resignation. He is now 75 years old.
More asolttke Air-tight Stoves.?Mr. L. V. Bidder,
who manufacture:- the?c Stoves in this ciiy, is ready lo
convince the public that such a iking as aa explosion (to
any damage", cannot tak: plsce in the stoves made by him ;
?.he damper being eo adjusted as to close tight, it is im?
possible for the gas to collect is the chamber of the
?tove. but it must pass off through the rl ie of the chimney.
All those Editors ''bo have published the account of a
-?rear explosion ftom one of the stoves, will be doing the
public a service by givinr the. above aa iasertion.
LAWYER'S DIARY.'...January 31, 1842.
Calender or Coirt or Common Pleas, Tars Day? '
Part First?127, 135, 20, 141, 63, 27.43, 6L 87.77,159,
161, 1C3. 165, 167.
Part Second, meets at 4 o'clock?14, 3*tr, 102, 104. 26,
114, 1120. 6. 70, 56, sc. 100.
Superior Cgcrt.?Notes of l**ue for the eosuiwr Feb?
ruary Term-Bust be filed ou or before Monday, the 31st of
January.
rjy '? Urc's Dictionary of Arts, Mancfac
T?Rxa a.hd Mikes " No. I. has just fceec- published
by Leroy Sunderiand, 1 -7 Fultorvst. This work
is of Great value to old Artisans. Manufacturers,
i.e. white to Miners, and all engaged in the devel?
opments of the treasures of the earth, i: is indis?
pensable. It ought to be found in every village
iibrarv. and we are sure the well-directed enter
prize of its publisher will be rewarded.
D33 Re--. W. Van ZaNPt's trial before an Ec?
clesiastical Court has been adjourned to Oswego.
and the verdict will not officially transpire till it
has been approved by Bishop Delancey. The Ro?
chester Evening Post says that three of his judges
were for acquitting him and two for finding him
guilty. _
Dt. Pu r Ro>", the fool or madman captured
last summer with a schooner below New-Orleans,
has been found guilty of Piracy.
32P Rev. Mr. Ckeevcr will repeat, by request,
his sermon on Capita! Punishments in the Allen
streot Church (near Grand) to-morrow evening.
KF A splendid Cathedral is now building at
Natchez by the Catholic- ?' Mississippi.
B_ Gov. Porte f. is in Philadelphia.
The Bankrupt Law is Kentucky.?It has
been stated in the paper- that the Legislature of
Kentucky had passed resolutions requesting their
Senators*and Representatives in Congress to vote
tor the repeal of the Bankrupt Law. . This a mis?
take. Resolutions to that effect passed the Hons,
by a strong vote. Op. being sent to the Senate. t\
substitute for these resolutions was adapted, by a
vote of twenty-five to five, 1m which it resolved that
the majority of the people cf Kentucky desire the
Bankrupt Law to be repealed, or so modified as r.>
free it from, its retrospective operation. They con?
nected with this another resolution, thut the peo?
ple of Kentucky are opposed to any repeal of the
Land Distribution law.
The substitute of the Senate, on being returned
io the House, was so far short of what the oppo?
nents of the Bankrupt Law desired, that it was re?
jected bv a vote of eighty-live to ?ve. It was un?
derstood' that no resolutions on the subject would
be passed. [Bait. Patriot.
TD' We have been showu the following letter from n
distinguished Physician of this city, now in Paris, dmed
1-Paris, Pec. "26th, 1841.
" Dear Doctor .-?I drop you n few hues to return you
my thanks for the valuable.present you whs so kind as to
send me on the ere of my departure for Europe.
I u?ed your Camphor Lozenges ami distributed them
among ihe passengers generally; I ihiuk they wore of
prust service; I cannot say 1 l?st a meal from sea-sick
Hess. I believe they are the be.-t uutidote. over known to
that distressing complaint.
The Cathartic Lozenges were in great demand, and ai l
good service. Air wife has used regularly the Cough Lo?
zenges and they have beeu of cre.-u service to her. Some
of thcin have cone to Athens. (Grcceo.) by the Rev. Mr.
Hill, so you see your fame will reach her classic lulls. ^
Tours, Jrc. S. R. C."
10*3 Nassau-tttreet is Dr.Sherman's only Warehouse in
this city. For agents, sec advertisements.
Utica, Jan. 15th, 1342.
?t Mr. A. B. Williams? Dear Sir?I have loner ku?wu
of J. Pcise &? Son's Compound Hoaraound Candy. In
several instances I have seen children almost immediately
relieved by it from tbe croup. I have also usod it with
great advantage', and have no hesitancy in recommending
it to all persons niHtctcd with Coughs; Colds und Asthma
complaints; Yours truly,
Rev. C. EDWARD LESTER,
Author of tho (dory and Shame of England.
The above certiticato wo rccsived from our iuilefaliga
ble agent A . B. Williams of 5? Genesee st. Uticu, who rc
tpjesicd us to publ sh it. Sold wholesale and retail bv tha
Proprietor'.-) at 4f> Division *l j-9
Howe's Hvckink Ho&EHOUNXi Canuv.?Tho prevailing
lutlueuza having increased the numborr.f its victims dur?
ing the late unseasonable weather, it is gratifying to learn
the continued success of this new and improved remedy
in affording relief to the sufferers. Coughs, Sorelhroat,
Hoarseness and all the distressing syjimt?m? ot' what i?
called a ' bad cold" may be removed by a cingle package
of this pleasant and popular Candy. Even cbildreu will
take this kridiciue without making u wry face, and it is
doing wonders among tho ?ufferer with the whooping
cough. Try it, und you will be convinced, but be suro to
obtain tko genuine article at Ben.) F. Howe'fj, corner of
Broadway aad Howard street, or of bis authorised agents.
From the Atlas.
SeBring's Restorative Cordial?This is a highly
popular stomachic medicine. We have seen the highest
recommendations from those who have taken tbe Cordial.
It is rorommeuilcd by eminent physicians, und the editors
of our first papeis, who have doubtless tried its effects,
?peak of it in the highest term-. The editor of the Com?
mercial Cezette says: "To th?se subject to attacks of
dyspepsia or nervous diseases, we would recommend the
Cordial, believing it to be a sovereign remedy," The
Ambricau snys ? " it has never been our lot to notice any
thing equal to it." At this peried, when festivity is the
order of the day, it is well to know what will care dyspep?
sia; nurvous uffectioiis, headache, A.c. Sold at Fulton
street. _____ 2t
CT We caution the public ugaiust purchasing tau Tri
copberous for the Hair at one dollar per bottle as it can
be had at fifty ccuts at H6 Broudway, corner of Liberty
street, up stairs.
C Thus k*r smalt thou crow, an? no farther.?
; Go?ra?d * Poudrea Subtiles enable one to command up
I peonwiee.su fur a? the Hair is concerned, and to say to
j that development, "Thus fur sln.lt thou crow, and no far
j iher." Barbers are useful?very useful iu their place??
but their utmost efforts of skill in tho depilatory art leave
still a " stubble laud ut harvust home.'' These Powders,
on the contrary, eradicate the ?? stubble,' occasioning to
him who u.-es (hem mo misgivings on approaching his
" ladye love," or in the intercourse of ketirt with heart,
the fear of inflicting on her ?' vtrniil cheek" (as Genend
G. P. M has it) unnecessary pain. Serioesly, no toilet
can hardly be uoinpliels without-tlns little assistant for rc
moviug hair. !t accomplishes the object in a few minutes,
; and is neither difficult to be applied nor dangerous in its
I operation on the ?kiu. Full dire< lions accompany each
botile. Price $1; To be had in this city ouly, at Dr. Fe
I lix Gouraud's Exclusive Office, 07 Walker-etreet, 1 dour
! from Broadway ; aud of A. B. Sands Sc Co., 79 and ll.'ti
I Fullou-it.; Abraham B. Sands, \IT.I Broad wuy, granite
building; and David Saudx.A Co , 77 East Broadway.
Gouraud's Vegetable Rouge, 50 cents per boitlc.
! Gouraud's Eau dn Beaute, or True Water of Beauty,
[ for removing tan, pimples, freckles, burns, &e , $i per
bottle.
TD" Missing.?In passing from the foot of Courtlandt
atreot to the Aator House; on the afternoon of the Hth
instant, a gentleman had the misfortune to lose a small
Green Bh<,', containing several articles important to the
owner, ami fur the safe delivery of which, at the bar cf
ihe. Asior Houes, he fully authorises Mr.Stetson'to pay tbo
fiader a. reward af Fifty Dollars. The ba? sentained ten
shirt collar., six bosoms, a pock*iinksiand,'fou.-;fivedollar
Fulton P.ank noted, fifteen hundred dollars of Stale Bank
of MJksissippi, and a manuscript essay, proving thai the
only way to rave the natioH ii to give all the money of the
Treasury to itie Slates, to be called the sub-treasury pro !
tern, aud to make alt disbursements in the *hnp>i of <?x
ctie?jaer bills, lo form a grand national debt, for the bene- !
fit of ihe country at large. These and one of Chapman?* I
Magic Razor Strops are the contents. The finder is wel?
come to the collars, bosoms aud the good money (provided
he will keep tbe bad) and the reward into the bargain, if
he will return the manuscript and the invaluable .Magic
Strop j the latter being an article highly valaed, and to
the pleasure it gava, may be attributed all the merit con- j
lasned in tbe lost essay.
Ma. Editor?If the gentleman who advertises the less
of the Green Bag, containing one of my newly invented
Magic Razor Strop*, will call at my establishraost, 102
Wtllliam street, ae shall have his loss in that article in?
demnified by a ne<* one. By Baying so in- y*ur valuable
paper, yoa win greatly.oblige,
You. i, (fcc ? L. CHAPMAN.
Bowkry A Mm Ith ?atre.?Families ana children will
be gratified to learn that a good performance will be given .
here this afternoon, consisting of spleudid horse-ridiug,
rope-dancing, comicalities of the clowns, snorts of the
ring, eonuc songs, extravaganzas, <tc. &c. This eveuing
Mr. Derr takes a benefit, and prescnu the besi bill of ihe
season. It is the Ia>: night of the inimitable Sweeney.
Childkin's Jcsii.se.?A splendid performance will
taka plac-j at the American Muneum this afternoon, com?
mencing at 3 o'clock, to accommodate families-, schools,
A.c. The Falls of Niaaara, Cuy of Dublin, Grand Cosmo
nan, Albino Lady, Pneumatic Railroad, and a half a
millifcu ofcurio<iiies. caji b*? ?een to day. A performance
will n\to take place this evening.
TT i Thompson'? Bank .\ote Beperter.'
conuining accurate quotations of ail the Sank* ia the Uni?
ted States, a Table giviDg the vaiue of the Notes of every
Red Back B-uk in this State..according to the S&eurities
ic the Comptroller'* office, Sec. Sic i'pablishedTtuis morn
ing at 52 Wall street. (2) j.vj
ET Dr. Urc'a Dictionary-The^e Meehanic?,
Chemists and Manufacturers who have hitherto refused
to purchase this great work, on account of the pnee, will
be gratified to leara that Jlr. Sunderiand, No. 126 Fnltoa
street, has already Lsued the first part, and he propose*
to put the whole work at the extremely low price of $5 j
25 cents?that is twenty-five cents a num ber. It contains
over 120? Engravings The first number is doaa in first
??style. r,} ^u .
ET The Church of the Utter DaySaiou or v
I xjns. as they arr s?a*r*Vy call? hold tb?ir Z
for public worship at National rial] {? Canal
Sunday at 10* 3. an I 7 o'clock. The, are weiu^.
bare their doctrine rave*tinted and j-j?ge4 hv -Ve
cf truth, as connice ! is th* Scriptures of the OP*0""4
New Ternaraeot. and. tekfve it r^-k: to contend s wJ
fsjtfl th-.r the Aecjeat Prophets s.-d Samt, Wtn 72 ? ?
session of Seat; free. ''2? ^ '
rr The Elevenlb "d;Tw^Ah Lecture, is the Co**,
of "ubjects connected with the Jccocd Cornta? of (%!;
will be delivered TQrHORROU (Sabbatk) aArrsoo,?1;
evening the Apolle building. No. 410 Broad w? bv.k? [
Rcv.J. <;. Wilson of Maryland. Subjects, is the ?fo? \
noon?The fi st Resurrection m the evening?The 'ft!
surreclion cf the wicked and their final end. Sern?,!
commence at 3 aud at : o'clocb. j^"0
XT Kelfffioua Iuf??rmiitio??Joho and Mt??
ret Bishop will liec!are (but jfe? Sundays' ic Miiirii*
Hall; Bower>% at 3 P M.. and in Columbian Hall ?J?
Grand street at 7 P.M., ca the Tenets of the Ch/uia?
Israelites Church, Christ's Second Coming, and the U,"
leniuai. Free Admittance. Collection after each tet
Vlee' i^if
O" l.rciurcs lo Head* of Famlien.?Tv,
Ftt'tli Lecture in the . our>e * (!l delivered on Sabbath er"9
nit? Jan.30 ia theBraincrJ Presbyterian Chare's.<Rev
A. D. Smith'?,) Riviugton-street, sear Orchard, by ri<!
Kcc Wilma? Pattow, D. 1). Subject?? Eatailej ?
suit* ot Parental Character and Conduct.'
Services to commence at" o'clock. jSJli*
TT Capital Pnaisbmcut,-Rev. GEORGES.
, HEF." EK wi\\, hy n ^uest n peat a Sermon ou CapuS 1
Puuiihrni t l o-mor w t eiiing.'h the AJ'en-atreet Ptra. I
b>ttrhii:0>Brcb;.:beJow Graa.! street. ??nic<s coa* *
meuce ... .i o c oca. .{?
TT 'IVncheru* i y cuts ut.- A .a.,,- namb-r of *
Teachers withii thirty i ulcs of New J erk have made a*
arruugenieut for a meeting at the Exchange Lyceus;. ce
the first Saturday of every month, for instituting wia
c.n.-ii other and through each other ?ith teai-her? and othrr
frieiids i f education u. this a?.d other countries, a *.y*tera
of Scientific Exchanges over the globe. Teachers jg
the city: both I:..!;--- ao.t cendeinen. are iu\
the-Exchange Lycenn 34S Broadway, tin. evening, Fri
day, or to-morrow, Saturday, :it 10 o'clock; A.M io co*.
suit on the best measures for meeting tlior friendi from I
abroad j$; tJt
n* Franklin Temperance Society?The
regular monthly meeting of this Society will take place
THIS Saturdnj BVENING.in ike Lecture Room of the
Consistory of the Dutch Reformed Church, S. E.ccroer
efNussau and Ann streets, (entrance in Nassau) The '
Members of the Society, and all connected with the Print
in:: Businas?, arc earnestly invited to attend. it
- AP ?
TT eirund Temperance Celebration?Pro?
gramme of the Exercise* at the Tabemvcle, on MONDAY
EVENING n .M. Jan. 31, ISIJ, in honor of the Receptioa I
of a Splendid Banner, to be presumed to the Mount Pitt
Temperance Benevolent Society Auxiliary to the \Va*h
inginu Temperance Bonevoleut Society :
I. Prayer.
?J. Singing by the Choir.
3. Presentation of the Bannor by Mr. A. W. Mor-e
4. Reception of the Banuer by E. L. Snow, Esq.
.r>. Collection.
6. Sinciug by thf Firemen.
7. Address by J. C Wood. Bsq.
t. Tompcrnm f.bv Mr. Cady.
D. Address bj Dr " Reese.
ID Temperance Sonu by Mr. Collin.
11. Singing by the l'lioir.
12. Benediction.
The Mayor and Common Council have accepted an in.
vitalioH to attend. Tho various TemperaBco Socieiie?
are parti tulttrh requested to attend, wuk the friends ef
Temperance generally. _ (3) ji9 2i*
cr Sxchuii^e Lyceum.?A gentleman highly
competent for the undertaking, has offered to go out in t
threi years oxpeditiou. in behalf of the Exchance Lr
ckum to colloi c apeciinens i?ud establish ageuoies forlu
lure supplies from every section of the globe, and to pay
n thousaud lioliars towards tho cutcrpriz. Those wUhioj
io participate m tho expedition, directly or indirectly,
may Irani particulars by calling at tue Exekangfl Lyceum,
34S Broadway. I j?'J
TT The rVciv-Vnrk I'lotliinu Society?The
Rev. Hr. HARDENBURGH will deliver)* Discourse in
behalf of the \.V. Clothing Society at iKo Reformed Dutch
Church in Franklin street, on SUNDAY EVENING, Jin.
3th at 7 o'clock. A collectioti will be taken kip to aid the
niiihagers of the Society in relieving the distresses .if the
industrious and sick poor. j j'^'Jt
Facilities tor obtniiiiiis ITHoniey.?Tber?
are at all iim**s, and especially in seasons of aemmercial
dullness, in a great city like tins, ihcusauds of pemoui
who require temporary loans, or advance* of money on
goods which thry have in their possession, which are not
immediately saleable or in doinnnd. UIELL A. ARC?
LARIUS, Auctioneers, at ilio corner of Duuuo-streot tail
Broadway, with n view to tho accommodation of all inch
individuals, jr.', wo understand, prepared io make ad?
vances to any amount on articles of any description
winch may In' consigned lb tliem for storago or ?alo. Thai;
resources iu this respect uro very abundant, and ?Mii
Sales-Room is uot only one of the largest?if not the very
largest?in America, but its situation as regards its eligi?
bility for business is almost unequalled in New-York, la
ndditien to nit this, their punctuality aud promptitude ia
settling accounts uro proverbial.
TT oin im in- of thv fir-a quality, ready
made ?Including Surtoitts, Winter Fiocks, Cloth
Cloaks, &c , are i,tiered at reduced prices, in view of the
advanced state of the season, at 221) Broadway, corner of
Barclay-sticet, (American Hotel.)
ji 1 Stawiatf WM. T. JENNINGS
TT 2>o not coutlciuu before you iry.?Dr. A
Dooliltle's Colin ouud Vegetable Coudy, winch need oniy
bo used to In: upproved, for Copghs, ('olds, Shortness of
Breath, Asthma, Irritation of the Throat, Whooping
Cough, Catarrh, Consumption, Croup, and inilammation
of the Cheat and Lungs.
The proprietor and inventor of this : (.'onipouud,' hav?
ing liD'u engaged for the List thirteen years iu the Botanic
Medical Practice in this ciiy, and from his exteniivo
knowledge of tho medicinal virtues of the vegetable king?
dom, has compounded b nur.bur of the most valuable ?eg
utables that grow in our country, which he has uw.l with
tt.-r.it success in diseases aflecttug the Cheat and Lungs,
:oi-i !ui eombititid n< the very pleasant and agreeable form
of his 'Compound Vegotalile Candy," which lie ofl'.-rs to
the public with the utmost confidence as a safe remedy for
dis lases of the Chest and Lungs ; u i- entirely ve^'eiablu
and free Iroih all poisonous ingredient1), aud can b;s uie l
by iliu most delicate person.
Try it; if good, use it ;v! Irt its merits find a reward
in public patronage. Directions accompany every pack?
age ?, none genuine without the signature of the proprie?
tor. Sold wholesale and retail ut Iii? flotauic Medicine
Store, No 245 Centre-street, opposite f'euiro Market, .N.
V?.rk. For sale by Nelson Sarnies, '-ill Centre street;
fSihionsou St Gilchrist, 402 Broome-streel; Johu Acker
man, corner of Spring aud Laurcns-streeis; Reob- 1
Knapp, corner of Houstoii anil Laurens-sireets; L. Ne<
?221 Bleecker street; Lewis A Lomes, r?27 (irreuwn...
street, Richard VV Blott, corner of Hammoralyand Hud
sou-streets; 15 \V; Clark, corner of Miidson and Qrore
j streets ; C. S. Wright, corner of Fourth and Jones- streets;
J. L. A S. IJiUi hiiigs, con.or of Bowery aud BrOODlO-aL ;
I Georire Hand, 272 Bowery : George W. Oreen.'Third Ava
I nue end Seven'I: street ; Dr. William Walters, corner of
, Broom? and SutTjik streets ; J. Arnold, corner of Grand
and Allen Street? ; J. M. Morgan, corner of East Broad- ;
way ond Clinton street: l?rael Wood, corner of Catherine .
and Hamiltor-.-tri.eti; Dr.T. Rimer, ln4 Cherry-street; s
Cs.--iiier Si. Youug. 13- Chatham street; It. K.Smith,cor
uer of F ultou and Water-streets i ll?esti? Sc Craft, cor?
ner of Nassau n^d Ann streets ; W. A' A. Howe, corner of
I Canal aud Church. -tr.-'O -. CJ> j 17 'it*
THE WEEKLY TRU3?NE.
Jaiiii?ry '-'J.
CO.ntknts.
I (. LIFE IN LONDON?Frenchmen?lulians- Yan?
kees and Jews: a humorous article from the Jan?
uary number of Black wood.
II. EDITORIAL NOTICES ofO. A. BaotyNSfijf'j, V/.
C. B::'. a.sir's and J. N.?KLLOWs'a Lccturea.
III. COLT'S TRIAL.
IV. CORRK'PONDENCE OF THE TRIBUNE?Let?
ters from Regular and Special Correspondents at
Washington, containing a summary of the Pro
eeedings of Cbngrcss and the Doings at Washing?
ton?Letter from Peterboro', N. Y., coulainiug a
graphic account of the Ami Slavery Convention
?Letters from Correspondents at Albany; Colura
bus, Harrisburg, <tc. Sec.
V. LETTER FROM ENGLAND, No 5.
VL The Apportion meat?Charles Dickens?Bankrupt
Law?Life in Illinois?Facta in regard lo the
Tariff*.
VII. FOREIGN NEWS.
VTIL Miscellaneous. Items.
IX. NEW-YORK MARKETS?Cattle Market-Com?
mercial and Money Mauers?Domestic or Couo-.
try Maiket, &c Sic.
Subscription price *2 per annum ; singlecopie? 6i cents.
j23 GREELEY Sc. McELRATH, 30 Ann-sueet.
TT iGiootl >3 dieinen,-, '.very person will acknow?
ledge, at once, that where there u necessity for rawheiae,
it is of the utmost importance to make u.e of an article
th-tt will nr,? disappoint the physician, and by tbe lo*? of
time endanger the life of bis patient. To guard H*j*?
disappointments ami mistakes; and to obtain GOOD An V
GENUINE MEDICINES, pat up neatly and ?refully at .
a reasonable price. ';;-.!! on DAVID SANDS ? CO., APO
thecaries aud Chemists, 77 E-ut Broadway, corner MarKet
street. _ jd Iraeodia
TT Boom? and Vto%A.-C^t\^ wisbjn to
engage Aparf,?er.u and Boart?i.g f*r the Winter wi txs
accommodate.! ou nost reasonable terms in tbo new ana
excellent bouse N. ?- City Hall Place, not one aainutfft
walk North of the r . -?fliee.aod convenient to Broad
way, Wall and Peai eta. Those who have not yet
jaa'de arrangements for . niter a? eaneatly
call before engaging else v a, as every effort will here
be made to ensure the comfort and satisfaction or ue
boarders. (8) U