New-York daily tribune. [volume], September 19, 1856, Page 6, Image 6

About New-York daily tribune. [volume] (New-York [N.Y.]) 1842-1866

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TWO DAYS
liATER FROM EUROPE.
AlUUVAI. OF THE AftlA.
WRECK QF THE SHIP OCEAN HOME.
MKTKXTY MVFH IOHT.
The mail steamer Asia, which sailed from Liverpool
mm Ratnrdav. fith inst.. arrivi ?1 at her dock onTnursday
anonmig about 7 o'clock.
The United States mail steamship Arago arrival at
ftVnthatripton at ; a. m. of Thursday the Ith instant.
The Brokers Circular thus reports Liverpool Cation
Marker . TV trade having liwrwd their purrbais-s throughout
the ?e*k. sodau active business having been siperien. rJ??
ft. psrtof.pculatorsaiid eip.rter?, ? bu.yaat lone has t*ma
ax parted to the niirket, and sWusli bolder, have shown their
atJ<k> freely, an advance ot I Iba J p ft no
a asses of American. Sale, ot the week H4U? bale.,J-?-lad ns
14.?>oSoii iuiiiIi ion. arid 'J,2><0 tor txoi.rt. hales tri lav o. ?*?
Wie., Inrluding ?,P00 on .pe.-ulata.ii aj.d ciport will, a
de?and, at full prices. St? k <?u M I.} 7?.5l? balr?. bad * ? ,g
3W 710 Amerl. iS! fair Orb-an. 7!<1. ; .ni.ldlmg Orlr*... ... .! . ??
Mobile, ?id.. middling Mobil. ? ? MkL . ts.r I pis...!- M l ?
diii.g.fplJi?l.eid. in Msiwbe.ter, bostaess. oaataaas tmmM
mt.y i. ev?ir* dm.rs) dLposltion to oper m . . ,
A favorable change in lb* wether
Oeeided Waottoa the Caft Markets throughout t>r.-st Hrtt...i.
Si.ru., the w.-ek. At K.iverp.,.1 lbs de. !.ue i" WSWAT
"osJired to about 3d. |> 7.. ID M 5* IM descriptions, and1*4.
?n iassllat aaaatlln lk? kOtSef, however. sln....t .in.iJSt.i
Fuoe. hMeipe,i. ?,ed . fair l^uirv. and had reo-Mm ? ?
4>>aA-Miled and Yellow. M M W hite, ? * iJ 6 P <U All
taaat awotatkais ?ta i lay swkat aaadn si
I'Kovis.<,>s-?eef quiet at previous prices. No new
a>atnre in Pork and the demand limited. Ram steady, na>
SSh S?l ?I- L-rd made at 78;. and yet.mar? efr
"Vagant pn. e. were demanded. Tall, w Irregular | 6ue .North
AaVinraii called Ati, ?454 . . ,. .
Iu Asms. Pots sold on the spot and to arrive, at 991
?SV9 6. NosslesreporledinTsaorTearrsT.??. Hriairs or
TVs rrsrisr. s. II in ..n.ll p^cels .? **, STM,. Liasaan O.L in
air demsnd st 38 9H? sud Coo Oils unchanged.
Saarn"? Bask Jd freely, Baltimore at 12 T?, l l.fi, .nd
Fhiladelpbis at 1?/?" H ?? ru * uneh.mged at former rates.
Moitir is tisthtcr, the erisirt Of sj>c< ie continumt.' on
abuse stsio, aud abeirbing all imiiorts. Funds hsd fasUSad
Cxm.ola closing (FikU?) st fMia?j for money and aeo.mit.
anerirao Siork. were reported without mueh change.
Havre, August 30 to Sept. vJ, inclusive.?Coito*
?arket firm ; .ales of the week 7,800 bale. | stoek, 86,5o0 bah ..
Mew Or 1< an. tret oriiuaire, satf.
THE STATE OF EUROPE.
Oarrerpond? nee of The n. Y. Tribune.
London, Friday, Sept. fi, i860.
The news from America took Europe by surprise,
there being scarcely any one sufficiently acquainted
with the relations of the United States to be pre
pared for the refusal of the House to vote the Army
appropriation. Theoretically, all the Constitutions
of Ewope grant the privilege of stsjf|iiuf 4aN? sup?
plier; to the House of Kejiresentativsjaj lkaa\ oracti
rally, mit even the parliament holds the trrriii."; of
the public purse. In Knglaml, a lasting collision
between Parliament and the Crown is almost im?
possible in our days, as an adverse tote leads either
to a dissolution of Parliament or to a ministerial
crisis, but certainly the House would choose nomo
battle-ground beside the Army appropriation bill,
for such is the prejudice in favor of an organized
?landing army that even the strongest Radical
would hesitate to leave the country without
defense. In France and Germany, any vote which
might be construed into stopping the supplier, be
comes immediately the pretext for a coup d"?5tat,
ander the plea that the security of the country
requires such a measure. Iu tact, people in Europe
fcelieve that the very first necessity of a country is
to be governed, and self-government having been
destroyed everywhere, they cannot conceive how
anarchy might be prevented without a strong
Executive, should it even be dishonest, corrupt or
?iespotical. Such being the ideas of Europe about
government?faithfully represented by 7'Ae London
Ttrar*?the papers are at a loss to understand the
machinery of the United States (internment, and
he spirit of the Congress which "leaves the
"country without delense.-' They always forget
that the 10,000 or 14,000 regulars are in
tact not the defense of the United States, and
that the backwoodsmen require no army tor
keeping the savage tribes at respectful distance
from white settlements, or for defeating them in
case they should dare to attack the blockhouses.
The Republicans of Europe?I do not mean the
itepublicaus of expediency such as poor Lamartine
mod his compeers of 1848, who betrayed Freedom
by half measures and by endeavors to conciliate the
Ctmx and the Kaiser, but those men w ho fought
and bled and suffered for liberty?begin to admire
the energy and resolution of the Northern States,
and despise the Southern slaveholders the more,
who hide their despotic tendencies under the name
?f Democracy. The stare on the United States flag
?ory properly represent the former?the stripes
atand for the South.
Lamartine has in a recent publication himself do
?troyed the little halo which still surrounded his po
btical name. He avows that in 184-i he wished to
mute Italy under the protection of France, just as
the differe.it states of ancient Greece were united
?ander the protection of the Macedonian phalanx!
Lamartine seems not to be aware that the thraldom
of Greece and the extinction of her genius dates
from the time of Philip and Alexander of Macedon.
lbplomatists delight in congresses and confer?
ences, and are but too glad to display their import?
ance to the uninitiated public. Accordingly, they are
sever at a loss to find a pretext for their meeting.
The Greek question may soon become an oppor?
tunity for them to rev iew the state of Europe, and
perhaps to bring the Neapolitan affairs to u crisis.
According to the original Couvention about Greece,
Prince Otho of Bavaria got the throne, and was
allowed to remain a Roman Catholic, but his suc?
cessor was at any rate to be of the Greek Catholic
religion. The imbecile King married a princes of
Oldenburg, but their union remnined barren; the
crown of Greece reverts therefore to Prince Adal?
bert of Bavaria, who has lately married a Spanish
princess. As he refuses to chauge his creed, the
representatives of England, France and Russia hav >
?ooner or later to regulate the succession, and eitho ?
to modify the original Conveutiou, allowing Princ >
Adalbert to remain a Catholic, or to select somo
other German prince, ready to sacrifice his religio >
to a throne. King Otho's recent visit to Germany
ia aaid to be connected with this questiou.
The nephew of the King of Prussia, a Prim e
of Mecklenburg-SchwcriB, has recently flexi from
Berlin, deaerting the army, iu which he held tho
??uk of a major, and leaving debts to the amount
?f about 150,000 dollars behind him. It is said
that be goea to the Uuited States, and that the
King of Prussia pays his debts. Some six months
bark a German author, Ur. Ychse, was kidnapped
? Hamburg, transported to Berlin, aud sentenced
to six months' imprisonment for having disre
mprctSuUj revealed some scandalous details about
f^ ao*? Pnncea private life and recklessness.
Dr. Vokoo's statements have now suddenly got the
?Boat pooltive confirniatiou by the fluxht of the
Prince.
The invention of Mr. Bessemer to make semi
svteel from cast iron by introducing hot air into the
??lten moss of iron is destined to revolutionixe the
iron trade and manufacture. All the EuglUh papers
?re filled with articles on the importance of the in ?
?wtion. French and German papers contain at
the mim time svrtsele* od (be invention of the Aus?
trian Captain Ucbatsius, to make .tool from
wrought iron within half an hour, by an entirely
Be* procoto, whieh proved moat successful. Those
linproTeinenU of iron manufacture are certainty
more important for the future of mankind th?ti, all
tbe eonferenceo of dipwmatista.
Murat ia preporing for action, Napoleon ?PP?
tentiy remaining neutral, ready to acknowledge him
if he succeeds, and to blame him if he faila to de?
throne King Bomba of Napleo. A. P. C
INTERESTING DIPLOMATIC INTELLIGENCE.
|> rrr.poi.dsi.ce of Tbf N V. Tribune.
PAUS, Thursday, Sept. 4, 1-.V>.
All tbe detail? in regard to the Maritime Law,
and tbe causes which ahaped the sentiment* of Mr.
Marcy's circular, have not yet been made public.
After being made acquainted with certain occur
rencea which preceded the signing of the ** ll falsa TO
tion of Fans," the reader will perhaps be satoo
?bed at tbe mildness of language which pervades
Mr. Marcy's circular.
More than two jears ago, as is stated in the cir?
cular, propositions were made by the Government
of the United States to the maritime nations, for
the adoption of the principles contained in tbe
second and third paragraphs of the "declaration of
Paris.'' The French Government acknowledged
the justice of these principles and the propriety of
their adoption. The English Government also ac
knulwedged their justice, and so far as heard from
tbe other maritime nations concurred. But there
was a question of national amour propre which pre?
vented England and France at least from signing
tbe American pr<'positions. They felt unwilling
that the United States should occupy the position
of taking the lead in so great a question as that of
regulating the maritime law of the world. So they
procrastinated, and urtred the war as a reason for
their hesitation. But France seemed more willing
to bring the affair to a close than England, and the
French Minister of Foreign Affairs had gone so far
in his communication with the American Govern?
ment as 00 give the latter the assurance?if not iu
so many words, at least in the general tenor of his
communication?that his adhesion to tbe American
propositions was secured. Up to the periial of the
commencement of the Peace Congress at Paris ull
the communications and conversations of M.
Walewski with the American Minister at Paris
looked to this result. The American Government
had no complaint but that of hesitation.
But all at once tbe Foreign Minister ceased to
talk on this subject. If it was introduced, ho
evaded it. There was evidently something wrong,
and our Minister was not long in penetrating the
difficulty. A plan was propnged (by whom it is not
known) by which the honor of introducing a new
maritime law should be taken nut of the hands of
the American Government and given to the great
nations of Europe convened in the Peace Congress
of Paris. This vets the origin of the Maritime Dec?
laration of the Congress of Paris. If the United
States had not been on the point of securing the
honor of this piece of diplomacy, the "Maritime
Declaration" would never have figured as an ap?
pendage to the celebrated Peace Treaty of* the 3??th
March. But for the interference of tbe United
States in this question, it would never have been
thought of by tbe Peace Congress; or if it hail been
thought of and proposed, it would have been treated
as a subject not within the province of that body to
discuss.
Neither would it do to adopt the measure as
proposed by the United States. So two other
measures were added: one useless, because un?
meaning (that relating to blockades), and the other
abolishing a measure which takes from the United
States, in case of its adoption, a great portion of
her strength in time of war. These two measures,
easy enough for France aud England to adopt, gave
to the "Paris declaration" a form of originality
which permits the Congress to claim the initiative
in the affair, to the exclusion of the Uuited States.
The French members of the Congress, I am told,
made a proposition that the United States should
be allowed to participate in that part of the pro?
ceedings which related to the consideration of this
law; but it was urged that, as the sitting of the
Congress was limited to a mouth, it would be im?
possible for the American Minister to confer with
his Government in time to participate by authority
in its action, and that it was not likely he waa
authorised beforehand for such on emergency. The
American Government, therefore, was treated as if
she had never uttered a wish on the subject of
maritime law; in other words, she waa placed on a
footing with all the other nations of the world non
signers of tbe Treaty of Paris: Here is our law,
will you sign it 7
I think that the reader will agree with me that
the language of Mr. Marcy iu reply to this ques?
tion is, in view of the circumstances, too mild in
tone.
Tbe Count Walewski, French Minister of Foreign
Affairs, has given notice that he will reply to Mr.
Marcy's note. His reply will first be submitted to
the other Powers, signers of the Maritime Declara?
tion of Paris.
I am told that M. Drouyn de l'lluys, the ablest
diplomat of France, supports the views embraced
in Mr. Marcy's note.
As you already know, this note of the American
Secretary, although anticipated to a certain extent
in its positions, has fallen among tbe diplomats of
Europe like a firebrand. The discussions of the
journals are only the reflection of this excitement in
tbe diplomatic ranks. In all the attacks of which
it has been the object, but two proof* have been
brought forward which weigh heavily against it.
These are, first, a document of Benjamin Franklin,
written while Minister in France, in which it is de?
clared that privateering is inhuman and uncivilized,
that in the total of its results it is useless, and may
even become worse than useless by tbe idle and per?
nicious habits which it engenders in those who are
engaged in it. And second, the Annual Message of
President Polk to Congress in 1846 where, iu sp? ak
iug of the war then going on with Mexico, be flatly
condemns the system of giving letters of marque.
In that year the Mexican Government sent to Cuba
and Porto Rico blank commissions for corsairs and
blank certificates of naturalization to Gen. 8ilus.
President Polk immediately invoked the treaty of
the 20th of October, 1795, by the terms of which, if
either citizens of the United States or subjecta of
Spain should receive letters of marque to act as pri
| voteers, they should be punished as piratea. It ia
Utcresore urged against Mr. Marcy's note, that th.i
theory which he now urges against the Congress of
Poris tetrsis to justify retroactively the conduct of
the Mexico/l Government.
The report that the American Government had
advanced the aafory of its Minister at Paris to an
equality with that of London, has been the source
of satisfaction to the i'rench Government. In Ku
rope, tbe salary of a Minister it almost a political
onestion, for tbe salary being, supp?-*ee4 always t>
exceed tto Dfffiury expenses, they eetimate the
?rr p)\meat mbirh a foreign nation wiahoa to pay
t?y the respective amounts they pay their diplo?
matic agent* (titlea being equal). The price of
living in Paris and London is about the satue, the
amount of hoaineaa to perfonn at each legation is
equal or nearly ao, and when the bill <'f hut year
passed, giving the Minister at London a preference
in salary over the Minister at Paris, the French
I Government did not exactly understand it.
In like manner the French Government has
raised the salary of its Ministerat Washington from
eighty to a hundred and ten thousand francs. But
I this still falls short of the pay of the Hritish Min
j ister. when there is one, which I understand to be
thiify thousand dollars. lint France urges that
I she transacts very little of her official business with
the American Government at Washington, and that
in consequence her legation there is a sinecure. But
this augmentation took place some time ago, at the
instigation of the American Minister here, and it is
I uow probable, s nce the passage of the act equal?
izing the pay of the American Ministers at Ixmdon
and Paris, that the pay of the French Minister at
Washington w ill be brought up to that of the Eng
I lieh Minister at the same point. The American
I Government could not expect, looking st this ques?
tion as a point of etiquette, that the French Gov?
ernment would be justified in paying M. Sartiges
at Washington the same salary as it pays M. de
I Persigny at London, since the latter is an Embas
I sailor, and must sustain his rank as such.
I 'I he American Minister at Paris has been aston
I ULed lately to see in circulation in the journals of
the United States and Franc a report that he was
iibmit to resign his post. Mr. Mason has expressed
I no such intention, and regrets that a report wliicii
I puts him in a false position before the Government
to which he is accredited, should have been put in
circulation.
GREAT BRITAIN.
LOSS OF AX AMERICAN SHIP AND SEVENTY
I SEVEN LIVES.
PLYMOUTH, Friday Evening. Sept. T).? The Ameri
I enn ship Ocean Home and the Cherubim came into
I collision at '2 o'clock this morning otf the Lizard; the
I hiimcr sunk in twenty minutes afterward, taking with
I her savcaty aorta souls, she was bound from Rottei -
I d?ni to New-York, with German emigrants, who, with
I L.acrew and i.meem, numbered one hundred and five
I persons.
! The master, Merryman. and 21 of the passengers
I and crew were landed at this js>rt this evening by the
Perseverance pilot-boat. The master is seriously con
I tased, The Cherubim received little damage, and pro
I COaaad to Luiden. The second mate, steward and
I four seamen of Iba Ocean Home got into the long-boat,
but their fate is doubtful,
j Additional I'artii Him *.?The Cherubim, Captain
I Smith, of Richmond. F. S., has n general cargo and a
number of passengers, among whom are the widow
I and five children of the late British Consul at the port
I of Xcw-Yoik [Vice-Consul ?J, who died very suddenly
I fouiteen da\s after sailing. The cutwater of this ship
I is ki.i eked away, and some of the trenails and butts
smashed, but she proceeded up the channel.
I We find the following fuller aceoiint in a telegraphic
dispath to Tkt London Tmett
j " PlTHi n H, Frida* evening.? The pilot sloop Per
I severance brought in here this aftcrnjon the master,
I mate, sod 111 of Lka ciew, with M passengers, being all
who aie supposed to be saved from the ship Ocean
Home, which h ft Rotterdam on the 1st iiist. with lU?
souls. The Oi can Home belonged to Brunswick,
I State of Maine, fAd tuns, Captain A. II. Merryman,
I and was laden with a general cargo of madder, gin,
I wine, block tin, Ate, and bound to New-York; crew,
I including i fficcrs, 17; passengers?men, women ami
I children?>H. This morning she whs going down the
I Channel under all noaaibfa tail, royals, topgallant stud
I ding-sails, Ac. wind I E DTfl. on the port quarter:
I and at 20 minutes paat 'J o'clock, when the Lizard bore
I North, distent about M miles, was run into on the
I North buw by the ship Cherubim, Capt.-, of ^,000
j tuns, from New York lor London,
j " The foremast of the Ocean Home was carried over
I the offside, and she went down in about -JO minutes.
I " Seven of the seamen jumped instantly into the rig
I Ring of the Cherubim Mod of the passengers were
j asleep in their berths, but ten contrived, with three of
I the crew, to get into a quarter boat, and iu a sinking
j state to join the Cherubim, which was then at somedis
I tance. Hy the concaseion the windlass was driven on
I the forehatch, which prevented the seamen below from
I coming on deck.
I " Capt Merryman ran to the after hatch to call the
I passengers, and was taken down with the ship, after
I being entangled with the rigging; he came to the sur
I face, caught hold of a piece of wood, and then of a
J cabin door, which supported him four hours, whon he,
I with the mate, who was saved in a similar manner,
was rescued by the Cherubim's boat,
j " The second mate and two hands left the Ocean Home
J in one ot the boats, but it is supposed that they perished.
" MST or SAVED.
I *' Crnr? Csptsiu, A. H. Merryman j chief ?Sjrer, ? Shield, i
I .hip', cook I Hone. Herd: psssrnters' rook. John Sett - SSS>
I n.eu, John An.ler.ou, Altrrd A.pigoiu Chsrle. Andsr.ou, John
I Dsn on, Edward Brown, Chri.tian Raak, tiiniou Kull, and Jaaie.
[ Cnnninghaine.
I " Pa urn girt? Wslter Makey. Derrick Anderson, Os-nbier
I Wvnttll, Ksi. Aemalae, Abraham Kelley, Martin Dsbsnt Arera
I W atSMM, (? V en.ink, H. J. Tri Sias, aud <i. J. T?r tlorst.
I "The crew of the Ocean Home, in charge of the
I American Consul, and the passengers, in charge of the
Shipwrecked Mariners' Society, have bwn safely lodged
I at the Sailors'Home. '
THE IRON MANFEACTURE AND MR. BES
{ SEMER'S INVENTION.
I From Tkt h\rmb,pKam Journal.
j The interest which has been excited by the improvo
I ment recently proposed in the manufacture of iron and
J steel by Mr. llessemer, and the vast importance to the
country in general, and especially to this neighbor?
hood, of the manufacture in question, reader it anno
I cessary that we should apologise to our readers f?n
occupying their attention with some remarks on the
iron mannCscture. In order that those whose studio?
or avocations have left them unacquainted with the
general nature of this interesting manufacture may the
better comprehend the exact bearings of a process
which is exciting an attention unparalleled in modern
I times, we will give such a brief sketch of the process
of manufacturing iron as will enable them, generally
I at all events, to estimate the importance of Mr. Hesse
j mcr's invention.
Iron is the most extensively distributed of the metals.
I It exists largely both in the mineral and organic kingl
J doms, being a constituent of an immense number of
natural minerals, and existing as an essential element
I in the bh?od of verte brate animals. The minerals from
I which iron may be extracted are numerous; but we
I will only notice those which are important in the
I British isles. Peroxide of iron (consisting of M parts
I by weight of iron, combined with M parts of oxygen)
I constitutes the mmeral called red hamaritc, of which
I great quantities exist in 1-ancashire, Cornwall and
elsewheie. This ore is uaori in Eugland principally
j for mixing with othiT ores, but in Sweden and Russia
j iron is made from it direct. In France, brown rueina
I tite (a hydrated peroxide of iron, a mineral of the
j -one comixtfitioii as the iHst described, but?.tainin'
I won r) is much used in the manufacture of iron. But
I it is the day iron-stono which yields the enormoiis sun
I ply of iron produced in (ireat Britain. This ore is an
j bapsra carbonate of iron, containing about 30 per
I cent on en average of pun* iron. Pure carbonate of
I iron consists *Y 'JH pairs by weight of iroD, and 8 parts
j of oxygen (oxide of iron), combined with ports of car
I bon and 16 of oxygen (carbonic acid). The pure car
I bonste of iron is in clay, iron ore mixed with clay
I oxide of manganese, lime, and magnesia.
The extraction of the metal from this compound is
effected by a procese, the general principles of wldcli
are very simple. First, the ore is roasted; that is to
I say. it is made into heaps with coal, and ignited: the
carbonic acid and water of the mineral are driven off
ai:d the ore is left in a porons state, favorable to the
subsequent prort-saes. We may regard the masted ore
as an impure oxide of iron, containing;, of course all
Ikt lartby matter, and whatever was not volatile in the
I native mineral. If we reflect for a moment on w|,at
' we have to accomplish in order to obtain the iron from
this compound, we shall soon be able to deviae the
means ot doing it. We have iroa combined with oxy?
gen, aud we wish to separate the latter from Uicf.n-rner
so as to leave the metal free. How shall we aecom
pfish this * Clearly only by prvinnitrag seething to
ile i on pound which has a higher affinity for oxygen I
than iron baa. W bat is this ' It is charcoal or carbon
This element, so inert at ordinary temperatures as to
be the moat impar'shable of thing*, assumes when
heated strongly, an affnity for oxygen more powerful I
tbsn that of any other known subotaace; and thtro
?re few metafile oxides wkieh do not yield isygen
tr. oatbon at an elevated b-mperatnre, and than rib
erate the metal in a rs-gnhno or metallic state.
'Ihia prc-c.ss nf depriving metallic oxides of their
oxygen is called reduction, and the redaction of the
ore* of iiou, copper, lead, tine, &<?., evmsiet.* mainly
in heating them, after tmitable preperatiean with car?
bon, ami thereby deoxidisina them. To redu< e the
iren. then, we have only to heat it with charcoal. Hut
since tbe ore cootaira a large quantity of earthy mut?
ter, tbe partscle* of ir. n. when _ reduced, wtmld be In id
in this porooa earthy matter like water in a spotige,
and, although reduced, the metal wi>u!d re'inain in an
unavailable form. H<rw e-an we separate the earthy
matter I Ne?l by mechanical, but by ? h.-ni.. al mevirre.
If we mix with the ore aonwtlimg which will form a
iea<ly fusible compound with the earthy matter, that
earthy matter will liquify, and the particles of melted
iron will fall through the liejuid and collect together
into a mass. Lime is used f r this purpose. It ia as
tlu'U'h a Spenge filled with water dissolved on the ap?
plication of a gentle heat, the water in the' sponge
forming the lowe r stratum, and the matter of the
s|onge itself alight oily liquid. tJevating on the water.
Our read? rs will now have a general notion of the
pro?. ? wl.iih the'v see carried em set extensively in the
m-igbbe.riLg iron districts. In huge tow?Ts which stud
the country, thick almost " as leaves iu Valambrosa, '
day ard ni'gbt, and from year's end to year's cud. toil?
ing engines pour theinsands of tuns of the mate rials
we have ennmerated?iron ore, coke and Ihne.
Blast engines force streams of compressed air
into the ignited materials, and the mass slowly sink?
ing in the tower melts into twei strata, the one the slat?,
tie othe r the iron. The former flows off from an
upj er oMniDg. and the latter is drawn off at intervals
from holes mack- in the h.wer part of the furnace. The
n.e.lten metal is conducted ahng chamotJs made in
sand, and slowly filling rough molds connected with
these channels, gradually solidifies, and constitutes the
pig iren of commerce. I,et us pause awhile to ask
our readers if they have ever seen the tapping of
of u blast furnace a't night I If they have uot, we tell
them that w ithin an hour's iournoy there- is a sight the
1 eacty and majesty of which they have no conceptieuv.
The appearance of the furnace* alone is impressive.
1 be huge- flames struggling up, like the panting breath
of On imprisoned monster, lighting up tin- heavens with
their fittul glare, ar.d keeping tune in their flicke ring
with the groaning blast with which the tire i? urged,
fe.rm a picture which when examined near will m>t lie
soon forgotten. But what can compare with the beauty
ot the casting process! It is night, anel Use OVO Sfces
ti e beautiful network of molds with which the e:arth is.
covered. Tb?1 furnace- is tapped, and out gushes the
liquid fire: quietly at first, and afterward more slowly,
it finds its way intei the vnrie.us ramifications ,,f the
impressed sand, and in a few minnte-sthe w hole ground
ia covercel with glowing fire-atr?>am?. But let us ap?
proach. Bark ' How the st rerun hisses as it travels
on ! And see, thousands on thousands of bright ateinut
shoot into the air from surface' of tbe metal, burn with
a Lc-autiful scintillation, und fall hissing down, " a hail?
ing feillllt of fire."
But to return to our facts. The cejkc, we havo seen,
constitutes both the fuel fre>m which the nece.-ssary
bent is produced, and the reducing agent, by which
tl e-oxide of iron is de-eexodizevl; the- lime makes tin
earthy matter fusible, and enables the iron te> separate
itse lt'thcrcfrom. If our object were to give a some ?
what full account of the iron manufacture we-should
stop here to discuss the- many important questions
whi< h pree? nt themselves at this jsniut?the enormous
quantity of air which each day is pourcil through those
huge lumae es, the deeply-iuteresting chemical changes
which it undergoe s as it tillers through the faery
column, and the- remarkable prmluets which haw
v i Iii d the mscl v es at its t xit, to the resenrehew of Bun
r-cn, l'layfair, and oti.ers. the piotiigious ipiantity of
I i at which is carried off by the blast of cold air, and
thikjcoiieiiiy w hich has resulted from the heating of
thsrwar bosbrs its iiitre.eiuction into the furnace: the
change in the fuel which has followed the-use of the
hot blast, and the change in the characters of the iron
produced, which has tollowed that: tin* modifications
in the iime Hux which different ores re<|uire, ami the
pOBoeanOSOSO wbksb re sult freuna toee fusible or too in
f'usuble a slag; the- edijes ts to be attained bv the mix?
ture of ores, and the necessity for the application of
minute chemical knowledge to the perfecting ofa man?
ufacture so simple in general principle, so obscure in
its details; but all these things we must leave unno?
ticed, ami coutiue ourselves to such particulars as
have a direct bearing on the proci-ss prupoeeel by Mr.
Hessen,cr.
The method of manufacture we have roughly des?
cribed produces irou, but not pure in n, thathns never
been produced but by the chemist, ami but few eyes
have ever seen it. The iron produced is cast ire?n.
abash consists mainly of irou, but is contaminated
with a great variety of impurities, from which it is
diflicult to free it. Just as in the fermeuting of grape
juice, the principal change is the conversion of sugar
! intee caibouic acid and alcohol, during the occurrence
ol w hich sundry small decompositions and transforroa
tions take place, giving rise to products on which the
flavor or Un /"< t of the- wine depends, so, in the reduc
tion of iron from its on-, although we obtain a product
i containing reihups 05 psjr cent of iron, the reinsuring b
ter <ent consists of along array of foreign ingredients,
all existing in some form of combination in the mate?
rials i mploycd; these have been so affected during the'
re din t on of the iron as to have assumed a state in
which they could combine with iron, aud hence wc
discover that the iron drawn from the furnace is inva?
riably contaminated with them. Although small in
quantity, the effect which these impurities have upou
the |<hvsical properties of the iron is truly wonderful.
One j Off cent of phosphorous, or a scarcely larger pro
peertion of sulphur, has a most prejudicial effect upon
the iiou containing it. The principal eleineut which,
iu the blast furnace, enters into combination with irou
is (arbon or charcoal. The mein1 is capable of com?
bining with ? per cent of its wc-.ght ot carbon, and
many kinds ot cast iron contain nearly this quantity.
Bti e l is a compound of iron And carbou, containing less
carbon than cast iron; and the production of steel from
cast iron is simply the removal of a portiem of the
carbi n.
If cast iron from the|blnst furnace e-onsisted of iron
and caiboti einly, tbe production of steel ami wrought
in n there-lrom would be easily effected; but cast irou
e i Mail.-, beside iron aud carbon, the following impu?
rities, seme or all of them: silicon, sulphur, phos?
phorus; and, in minute quantity, aluminum, calcium
ami potassium. The conversion of cast iron into
wrought iron consists in the removal of these impuri?
ties. This purification consists, in the ordinary manu?
facture, in submitting the inm to the action of air, and
also to a mechanical kneading and squeezing process;
these are effected iu there-finery and puddling, and it is
these pnaesses which .Mr. Bessemer proposes to super?
sede by his invention.
We ask the reader's careful attention to the follow?
ing: namely, that the impuritie-s in cast iron consist of
substances all of which combine with oxygen at a high
temperature; carbon forming carbonic acid; sulphur.
snl| humus acid; phosphorus, phosphoric acid; silicon,
sim ic acid (silica, or the matter of sand); and so of
the rest. Now, the exposure of the cast iron to heat
and air (containing oxygouj is sufficient to cause the
substanc e s to form oxygen compounds, either volatile
or i daily tusible, and incapable of entering iuto combi?
nation w ith metallic iron. But since theo? impuritiee
are diffused in small qnantity through the mass of the
iron, it is witti gre at difficulty that air can be brought
to act upe.n the m. This, however, is dime efficiently,
hut at great trouble; first in the refinery, and after?
ward more complete ly iu the puddling process. The
melte d cast irou is exposed in the refinery to a strong
heat, in contact with air, and a large proportion of the
? arbon ?ontain? d in the iron is burned ?>fr. as ciuUmic
oxide; the silicon beeomee oxidized as silicic acid isil?
ica), and tbe iron also oxidizing, supplies a base (oxide
of inn), with which the silicic acid combines. This
ce n jaiund constitutes the slag, which is formed in the
pre cess. '1 he action of tlie slag itself upon the impuri
ties )et contained in Die iron is o most interoating
? he Uiical pbe-uou.enein, and will be noticed liereaJter.
Y\ here a very superior iron ia required, charcoal is
ure el in this process instead of coke; aud the iron so
u.a- e is ( ailed " < harcoal iron." The impurities con
latstd in ordinary coke are in part communicated to
the iron, and injure its quality. The minute details of
Ute rt rineiy we need not describe.
Tbe iron thus partially purified is next puddled. It
is fused on the bed of a reverberatory furnace, and
viciously stirred about, so as to expose it to tbe action
ol il e-hir oxygen is rapidly absorbed, and the gaseous
.mbonie oxiele leiimed eeeapes in bubbles, giving the
u| i e atuLce ol boiling, and burning at the emiaee with
a blue Harne. ?? the carbon is burned off, the fuaibUity
of the mass diminishes, and although the heat is iu
e re Bred as the process prooc-da, the molten metal pas**
lioni a fluid to a spongy, semi-fluid mass. The fearful
labe.r of thepuddler now commence*. He approaches
the tun hi e almost in a state of nudity, and on the end
ot an iion bar collet ts from the bed of the fiurnaee as
much iiou as he can lift This hail, or " Moom," he
-w.i g* through the air under a forge hammer, or other
i < ii I lcseins. machine. 1 he blows at tit-: crush the
soft mass hke dough, sending out showers of sparks,
and squee ring liquid drops from the infe rior of the
netal. 1 he ball cools, the blows of the ramiiier now
nrg, the fire shower grows faint, and the lirpid drops
are replaced by s< aly masses, which tall from the now
tlmost st liei n.e tal. The kneading process is continued
by passing the metal between n>Us, in the groovea of
winch it ia drawn out and compressed; it ia doubled
up and rolled, and heated and doubled ap and rolled
ai a n. Have yoa never seen, aa yon traveled by
radway or otherw se at night, the mouth of a black
furnace ojered on a sudden, sending a ray, aa of sun?
light, athwart the sky, and disclosing something within
I " so blinding white, so blasting bright, that the eye
closed involuntarily f If you returned leisurely to the
sight, you observed hajf-naked men darting across the
, Seht beams, thru motions aeoaniBgry tw? csvpvwioiia
ai d more sadden than the dancing at* the images in a
i IssnUsmsgaria. In a stray beam of the qtn v. nng light
job are bow and then the heavy rocking head of Oie
rtcan -cb^iiic, and the greasy teeth of the eogwh.'els
shoot by, brighter than rows of pearie or falling water
drops the blows of the forge hammer shake the earth,
and the wl.uring of the wheels makes you giddy. What
ia all inks' It is paddling; tbe eonvaision of cast iron
into wronght iron. , .
The BHtal so obtained is not pare, bnt m snflicienfly
ao for commercial purposes. It contains carbon, sih
e*n and other impurities, but in quantities so minute
as not to affect iU pliysical properties materially. It
Is a curious fact, worth here noting, that some of those
impurities which have a most pernicious effect u|?on
iron do not injure it in direct pro|>ortion to their quan?
tity, but preserve their injurious action down to a cer?
tain toit.t only, and below that proportion appear to
be wholly inoperative.
The elimination of carbon, and the other impurities
contained in cast iron, and its consequent eon version
into wrought iron, takes place by virtue of that beau
titiil chemical prunes calhd cementation?a process in
which a chemical change is propagated through a solid,
or nearlv solid body, from the eiterior inward, or tho
rivere." This process is beautifully illustrated by the
anmaling of cast iron, or the production of malleable
in n articles, so largely practiced in Birmingham and
its neighborhood, email articles made of cast iron are
imbedded in powdered peroxide of iron, and heated
for many Louis, or days. The oxygen in the oxide of
iron combines with the carbon of the cast iron ami
withdraws it: in short, burns the carbon. This re?
moval of the carbon, commencing at the surface, grad?
ually proceeds inward, nntil the whole substance of the
araVd.- has been decarbonised, and the cost iron eon
vat. d into soft, wrought iron, without the article hav?
ing (hanged its form. The couverse takes pi ice in
the manufacture of steel. Iu tbia case the wrought
iron is heated with carbon, and the combination of the
latter with the former, commencing at the surface,
slowly penetrates the mass.
In precisely the same way are the carbon and other
in-puritiee removed from cast iron in its conversion
into wronght iron; the slag containing oxida of iron
playing a most important part. Tbe air can only act
supti facially on a large mass of fused iron, even when
it is kept in motion; but the oxide formed superficially
is mixed with the mass of the metal, and yields
oxvgen to the carbon, and other matters in its inter?
ior. The silicon becomes converted iuto silica, which
dissolves moie oxide, and the carbon into carbonic
oxide, which bubbles and bums as described. During
the puddling and hammering, or shingling and piliuir
of the iron, the slag is first thoroughly incorporated
with, and, having effected its work, squeezed from tho
niHei of iron.
Can these' impurities be removed without this labor
time and fuel ? The production of wrought iron direct
frrm the ore can unquestionably lie effected, and.
where wood charcoal can be employed in the place of
mineral fuel, perhaps economically. It is commonly
done in the bloomery forges of America, and tho Cat?
alan forges of the Pyrenees; and flies?- procesee are
but ameliorations of the earliest and rudest methods of
making iron, Mr. Bessemer pro|>osea to effect the same
object oy tho use of air alone. He forces air into the
fused cast iron in large quantity; the temperature
rises Very high, and the iron is said to lie converted
into wrought iron. The heat produced is thought to
arise from the combustion of the carbon, the winde of
which, together with the other impurities, is removed.
It is surprising that the carbon, the maximum quantity
of which is five per cent, should burn so rapidly as to
produce the great heat descrilied; and we wait anx?
iously for such BOCUrate experiments as shall prove,
that the iron itselt is not largely oxidized. It will also
he mo?t interesting both to tho manufacturer and tho
chemist to learn that the slag can be perfectly re?
moved from the mass of the Iron without resorting to
the mechanical treatment we have described. We can
readily imagine that Mr. Bessemer may reduce the per?
centage of caibon so low by his process as to make
the iron approximate in composition to steel. This
has been Jone thiee quarters of a century ago;
and the patent lists show that from 1771 to
the present day scores, probably, of patents
have boel taken out for making sh-el diroet
fiom the ore. To effect this, however, is to do
but little; what is wanted ia not steel of an indifferent
quality, but iron, from which the carbon has been so
far n moved as to leave the metal malleable. We can
readily believe that Mr. Bessemer's process will exiK?
dite the manufacture of wronght iron; but extended
experiments are required to show that he can dispense
with the mechanical methods at present in use. Espe?
cially important, too, is it that accurate chemical
analysis should be resorted to, to show the composition
ot this iron, snd to prove that the new process will
truly purge it of sulphur and phosphorus, as we under
stsnd Mr. Bessemer to say it will; elements, the pre?
sence of one per cent, ot which is fatal to the quality
of the iron. It would ho scarcely possible by written
description merely to make the mechanical contri?
vances intelligible which Mr. Bessemer describes in
the specification of his patent. It will suffice to say
'hat il.ey consist of contrivances for effecting a rapid
and complete action of air on tho iron?to do, in short,
more effectually that which is already done in the re?
finery furnace. ?
We ciii.net close onr remarks without in justice in?
forming our readers that there are at least " two
?* Kichmoiids in the field.'' Since the announcement
of Mr. Bessemer's process, Mr. Martien of New Jersey,
in the L'nited States of America, has pointed out a
prior patent of his, the essential feature of which is the
forcing of jets of air or steam through molten cost iron
for the purpose of decarbonizing it. Other claimants
of miner importance have likewise presented them?
selves. Into the discussion of the question of relative
merit between these gentlemen we shall not enter. We
may in a future number give such extracts from tho
si ecificaliors of tiieir several patents as w ill em hie our
readers to judge for themselves. Meantime, however,
we believe it is our public duty to stato that, although
we hope and believe that Mr. Bessemer's experiments
will result in a great improvement in the manufacture
of wrought iron, nothing is more likely to check the
realization of so important an object than the extrava?
gant exciti ment which at preeont obtains. In the hope
of allaying tho fears which many entertain that seme
thing like a "revolution" in tbe iron manufacture is
impending?a notion which may not only lead to unfor?
tunate commercial results, but is sure to be followed by
a cm responding disappointment snd neglect?we assure
our readers that in principle nothing new is proposed
by Mr. Bessemer. The refining of iron by air w the
only method of refining that has ever been practiced.
Mr. Bessemer, however, proposes a more direct ami
rapid method of supplying the air, which appanrs
to be more successful than could have been anti?
cipated. This, as we have several times already said, ?
we believe will prove to be a great improvement, but
at present much remains to be done before these exper?
iments can expand into manufacturing processes. In
the interim, the iron manufacturer may safely proceed
with his present operations, and, unless we ore much
mistaken, everything which he now possesses will be
found of use when Mr. Bessener's process has attained
its highest perfection; for wo think the invention under
discussion will result in facilitating the manufacture of
iron, by adding a process, or substituting an improved
apparatus for the refinery. That tho puddling of Iron
w ill bk rendered unnecessary we very much doubt. In
settling the position of rival claimants to the new
method, WC should also bear in mind that they differ
fnm one another only in the details of the prooess;
they all effect their object, more or less directly, by
air. Iron, we repeat has never been purified by any
other means; and through a long succession of ages,
though we may trace a gradually improved method of
realizing the object aimed at, the principle has never
varied. The Egyptian smith, whose race was finish od
before antiquity negnn, made his iron by calling into
operation the ordinary agency of the air.
HifsEMEK's Patent.?A further experiment on Bes?
semer's plan of converting pig into malleable iron, with?
out the intervention of the puddling furnace, took plooo
on Monday, the 1st instant, on the premises of the pa
entee, St. 1'on eras, in the presence of some sixty or
seventy gentlemen connected with the trade, from
Wales, Staffordshire, Yorkshire, Ate. The metal ex
{erimented upon was No. i Blaenavon cold bloat, a
quantity of which was melted in the common cupola,
and from thence ran into tin- refining-furnace, the bloat
having been just previously turned on, and which was
kept at a pressure of nine pounds to tho inch. In a
veiy shoit lime, viz., eight minutes, the stream of cold
air thus passed through the if uid metal caused it to com?
mence boiling: in ten in nut. - more it was boiling
furiously, throwing off quantities of rcoria, with a
sligLt explosion like the eruption of a volcano. In
iwtbty-tnie? minutes from the fiirt, the Home emitted
rbowed the metal to be of a white heat, and
in twenfj-sii minutes, the whole of the carbon
aas conetinnd, as was immediately perceptible to
the eye and ear, the flame and noise having
ceacru in a mono nt. Tie metal waa then run out
but owing to a slight accident, it waa impoamble to a*
certain U.e lues by the pioceaa. The produce waa of
ei UM| the subject ol much curiosity, this boinir ao
cor.mg to Mr. Beseemer, malleable iron, ready for
rolling into any deaired form of rail, bar etc. There
was a good deal of diflcreure of opinion among those
piesent as to the truth of this, some thinking that the
experiment tad resulted perfectly, and others, and
MM cautions and practical men, thinking that the re
suit wasooiy a superior description of refined metal.
* rem the fracture the writer is inclined to take this
view himself, but even then a very great step had
t? Dl. dV 5 t0 Wtke rtfinwi ?tet-l, ??ho? the 2
"f any fuel whatever, and consequently at a greatly re
2 ,"d ,nin>eD"*iy unproved quWVa
fact of the greatest importance, aid may bo of imm."
Without doubt the invention is moat valuable, and will
no doubt in time accomplish ail that is claimed for it.
It WM ?u*r<\ oo the mmmA that m e^iaxT^*
Whales had. unknown to the patentee been *?o
their own ciperiBtcnta, and were to totinAjS *^t%
result that they have taken a license for foTrtaJ*??
from Mr. Hreaeovmr, paying htm i'10 nraljjjh.
TJUVELImTiV BUI8IA.
Correspondence of Tie Louduo Momies Poet.
M.w. Aanat* at.
Yesterday morning, at 11 o clock. Earl Graa.5*
the British Kmbaaay left St. Petersbeij*. ?*?*
train which run* dm* t to Moscow. TVrt T.^**.
appeared i. 'fori came by the tato* tra^E-N
a crowd ae an excursion day would have ?ei?ijO
a crown a* uu 'vnr.? u?j ??umi uevt *ubbbJO
the most frequented station in I?odon; Wr*
assured that the passengi re were fewer the**,il*?
any day for tire last t went v. 1 found iraxay iMaV
*boo*?w*
. bb?2Nt
ment in Hussia is wanting m polyglot official* jLj*- I
taii.ty these poor luUrpn-W-ia 'weio sevorate^frat
while I was present. Thereat of the fwictioaarjlj' T
?I eak only Kusa are active in utHve^gJ?*?*
patiently unravelling the tangle ot seefr^Z*!
They listen, for instance, to Nnitb, who kaaT-*
tl.ciii in what he ors.dcs Kreuch, antj ??*
baa pronounced some leading Word, like J?J
gage,' which happens to rceanbl* its n^*
e?tuivah. nt. Tliey then kuow ftmith l difl*sg^^
hurry him forthwith to the Iu g goge-o .10nt?r wfcsX
?lint ot pantomiine?in whicb Siaith enacts las?
with furious ?nergy, and the officials with pcousw
cl? arncee of sigus?the number of paiceta r.^'.?J
the traveler's effects is ascertained. Ticket* are?
given to Smith, aiiu he is impressively urged by BJC
tative gesture to put them in safety. ,ny, ties,,
sometimes thimt into his pocket. Beton U***1
are eoiwigned to bim. be is made to iindeestsatkT'
bidding up of tingcrs, and a reiteratiiig of tatij
" rouble," that he must pay as many nu ts 0! ttsj
-hi hur j..,t.. ? a. It y "OaJ,^
lias five. He has paid his five rtublet, and hak?
lay a band on Sniitn's eollar" gently to draw him dump
the seething and fast thickening crowd. The spiriUu
Briton is immediately roused by th's lust atrocity; to
has not rightly read the benevolent anxiety in the ha
of tbe poor M?nk, for Smith is athletic, but spii
[ihysiognomist, any more than a linguist. Juatstk
uas sent his insolent adversary reeling against task
Russian merchant, who is hurrying out to the platan
at the sound of the second boil, the clerk, who spoil
all languages, happens to be again disengage^es
calls out tnut the visa now required is merely then
officer at the other side of the b, oking office 8*0
reaches thither, presents his passport, has it staaat
receives it back, struggles once more throofk u
crowd, and arrives at the counter where he shassb?
ccive tiia paawngcr ticket only to Und that the lasjay
is m the train, which, nearly a quarter of a bbM|
1.- now beginning slowly to move past tbe tall wisjfkaj
and windowed door*. There will be no more ajsa
that day, except a special one for his Imperial 8js>
ncss the Prince ltomanovsky und his suite.
Having been more fortunate or more careful, I to
safe in that trainr Beside Karl and Countess Gr*
vilieand their suite, and the young family of the fSo
of Oldenburg, it contained the fifth or sixth sad fas
installment of the Kmperor'a " golden eoaehea." Ml
saw th. in afterward at the Moscow station?a Barte'
their splendor purposely and coquettiahly revtalsj?
the an miring ami wondei-stricken ga-<.e of the kf?
aa saishTii
Musfovites?tin- again impressed me as surety*
most gorgeeius equipage* in which a sovereiga er*
rode.
The Russian railway carriages are I:
more comfortable than ours. Instead of 00 raooys?
tit ions, each locked so that the passengers 1 ouastiso
iiiunicale with the guards between tho stations, lag
c< i.siat each of hnmense compartments, in which 9)9
100 persons may he placed. The scats are back sol
fr? nt to the engine, the travelers sitting opposite so*
other, but not so close that their knees saioofipo
mt et, as upon some of our railways. Then the dost
are not at the sides at nil, btr at the end of this kuf
compartment, down tbe whole length of which the* ?
a spacious gangway opening left and right int? ose*
pair of op]>oeing seats, which, besides, have side rail
or supports for the arms. Thus when a paaeM-OO
etiteis lie neither inconveniences, nor even toooM
anybody as be proceeds up tho longitudinal ceatsj
gangway, in search of the place that may suit him *
either hand. If he is tired, or wishes to change h?
seat, or to breathe a little fresh air on the exterior late
ing, or to stretch himself, or even hi take a little waft,
he can of ionise- do so with the same immunity freO
snnoyaace on tbe part of the mat. If he wtshea 0
aleep, nobody will knock against him to disturb ha
not 1 here are no sudden draughts, no bajigioffof
doors, no discomforts. Another very remarkable (jat
fcrci.ee exists. People may be taken seriously ill is
varn u? ways during a long voyage. On no sV
ghsh railway, and on no European railway exutft
this row tine from St. Petersburg to Moscow, is SOT
p ov ision made for auch a contingency. Here, without
leing more specific, I may say that the trains con Lais,
to a ce rtain degree, the same resources aa an botel or ?
? hp. The communicat.on I have mentioned betwoti
passenger* and guard extends all through the treat'
the landing of each long carriage, whore the Jt'
3' in's, being also the landing of the next, and so 00 fata
e remotest tender to the engine.
The stations between the two capitals are twenty.is
nun ber. None of tho intermediate stations ant ?00
side rable as towns. Most of them are wooden vills|fa
The stations themselves are very large, eonveniewtsoi
tine. Most people breakfast before t hey coons to It
letersburg station; yet the train stops J) minntc* fer
breakfast at Pomeraine. It stops again for 15 avaavaf
lunch, again half an hour for dinner, again 15
for tea, again 20 minute* for supper. The' expeaossf
each meal is according to what one fake*. A cop
coffee with a rusk is eighte en pence (25 kopeks;. Wa
ner to a hungry pe rson cannot be leas thaua roobk
under the mildest circumataneea (?'. t. 3a *f.) Htstas
will not stand him in lea*. His aupper will be coat) at
cost to his dinner; and, in the down journry, so^ssrhx
to it in quality.
It is these continual and prolonged stoppage*, and
uot the inferior rate of speed, which makes th?i*,m/2
last twenty-two hours. It is considerably aader^w
vests?and there are nearly feur versts to tbe IWo**
mile. Tbe distance frrm Paris to Stroebnrgis 0*riy
a? great, and tbe journey is pei-ftmned in twelve O**1^
The distance from Paris to liordeaox r*qahws sat'*
hours, and yet from St. Petersburg to Moscow
two hours are consumed, alihough the speed, ??"^IT
train ia in motion, average* thirty miles aa
eve-iy station eviiybod^r seemed to me to oat *f?j>'
Ihinir, to drink evervtbina, and to smoko ovoi l?oa>?
w ith dhttraction, fi r now his luggage ha? uUtsti
lslnd. He liecomeo b ack in the face with 06*?. 11
lions as a linguist; ami it being impossible to aa*. >?
him by any words in the whole Kussian langiafTTLi I
u at la.-1 bodily dragged, w ith every look of pelka*rB,n
ccrtiss the crowde'd b<Niking-ottice to a coannaTttZ/*
four clerks are writing, and one is looking ottt\
. 1 unter. Smith was there before; it was thor* aaagl
iii. eo roubles for his passage ticket to Moscow, y
languages are the same' to the clerk who is not art*.
ana who, gently ignoring Smith s French gHora**?
.lanquilhzes him in Euglish, and expl .ins that ?jk
1 lit eis are safe, and that when he reaches his 4*0%
tion he will receive them at om e, provided he a**)*,
lose bis countei-maiks in the meautimo. Ilowosa.
is not even he-re that tbe passenger may be ask))
traiiaact his first busim 01 at tho etat.on, tor what
takes out bis purse- and nuts dow n his faro, he ua>
for his passpoi t. If he has imagined that any ?j?
several previous permits which have be?'n giantsti 1
h,111 in St. Petersburg will serve (for each chaao)|3,
Lotel a new one) over and above the regular crag,
his original passport by lue t-inhasead >r or e.mta^u
tin n by the police,?il he has aunposcd that taj ( a4
sufiic.ent. he is quite m,.-taken, lie is "?>tit baak^ 11
another day. It is the inconceivable compltoatst*)?
tho Itussiau passport system, and its acceeaory obia
tious, which, more than any other unplea*duti**s,*J
travelers who have once been in tlio country rireal,
retain to it; and as there is nothing which to* a*
reign i* said to be mot; anxioua to ciicotu-agsjkt,
the influx of foreigners into Kussin, it wooJd ftsb
and ai riotisly be worth the while of Uovemmoai
liuseia to modly tbe vexatious r? quirements aova
|h>sed upon the traveler. No other country, sasw
China, has. or ever hud in force, tonne so uuiawost,*
oiicious, so useless, so absurd, or; iu some leMpsok*
discreditnblc. Smith has complied with every naosj
of (he intricatelegulations; ami, knowing tins btka
not felt any of the anxiety which made me proostia
superfluously eaily las it might seem) to the rs?tn
station. W Li n. ?ieielbre, in return tor the pnakassi
ot his money, he i* aaked lor his Moscow psssaiss, a
ConfidenUf draws it forth; but the bell is <mgvag.bh
heavens! bo is teld thut it is not rued. Ho poajfjio
the ' /?ei of his Consul, to the next mmi of Ui? ?an?
polit e, to Count Orloff*s ri?<i, to the mm of thtseja>
of his first quartier, to that of the police of the saw.
tier to whieh he then remove.-d, to that of the polt?*
the district form which he has last and only just aunt,
and be dem a nils indignantly, " Oo tbey call that'as
r<?ed Tbe English speaking clerk has, onssanV
his attention engaged elsewhere for the uwraasii sat
it ia with G?'rman that poor Smith is being saksl
now. Still he baa one chauco left. Tbe caaa at
dnsses a few words in Boss to the porter; tit hot
jablters vehemently to Smith, and points aero** as
office; " Pathotrut," he cri. s, ami bee kons Mtkti
follow. Ah! if our tormented countryman s stsJ
angel would only inspire him to do ?1, Tlw|*w*B
porter w ill not despair, and in reply to Smith's "Tn
be-, it ia l ined, 1 tell you; don t you see its mtei
in tiit v-plat es.'' In reply to this he
-1 everything, and to smoko ?r?*.
The train was full of Kusatan officers. I fimnd.taoat^ss
thing, to drink
The train was I
I have always
singularly intelligent and polif
Ibavealwavs found, and as all agree that diey tja
id polite. Oneof toess,a?s*s*