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8 HISTORY OF RELIGION. THE PEOPLE. A "7 TnEOLOGIAXS. VOM LARGELY SHAPE CREEDS. The history of religion in the nineteenth cen tury does not readily lend itself to analysis. It Is marked by many puzzling counter currents, and some of its most noteworthy tendencies have not yet reached a stage where their real meaning and import can be understood. One fact stands out clearly— it has been largely shaped, if It has not been dominated, by the people, and not, as in nearly every preceding age. by the theologians. Even the Reforma tion, though its Impulse was primarily due to the plain people, finally crystallized into a num ber of rigid ecclesiastical organizations, with a body of dogmas and traditions which came to be regarded as sacrosanct and immutable. But in the century now drawing to a close the people, and not the theologians, have taken the largest part in shaping the thought of Christianity. Its «reat currents of religious life have been fed. and in many cases guided, by the Impulses. of the multitude often vague and undefined, but none the less irresistible. We may gauge the strength of this tendency by noting the fre quency and vigor with which it has been repro bated by ecclesiasts and theologians, who saw in it a deplorable drift to heresy and infidelity. But the radical character of this nineteenth century tendency will be realized still more clearly if we contrast it with the religious life of the Middle Ages. Then the Church dominated the conscience and the reason, and not only did .the people not object to this domination, but out of their loyal desire to believe even to the uttermost they extended and developed many of the formal dogmas of the Church. They thus exaggerated the teachings of the theologians to such an extent that the Church often felt obliged to protest against the gross credulity of the popular theology. But. on the other hand, the almost uniform tendency of the people In the nineteenth century has been to minimize the creeds and traditions of the Church. Naturally enough, the one notable exception to this is found In the Roman Catholic Church, which has added two dogmas to the faith, that of the im maculate conception, declared by Pius IX in 1854. and that of the infallibility of the Pope, proclaimed by the Vatican Council in 1S»O. These decrees doubtless represented the thought of the Church. MOVEMENT IN ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH The old Catholic schism which grew out of their promulgation was never very strong, and gives no Indication of vitality. But though the Roman Church stands to-day apparently unaf fected by the moral and intellectual convulsions of the century, a school of thought has grown up In it which, while professing loyalty to its fundamental teachings, would have the Church put itself, as far as may be. In sympathetic re lations with the great currents of thought and activity in the world. Whether this school of thought will ultimately be condemned by the Church or whether it will succeed in infusing a more tolerant spirit in its government is a ques tion that can only be decided by the future. Al though it no longer holds the Intellectual leader ship of the world, Roman Catholicism has shown much vitality. Its missions to heathen lands have been prosecuted with unflagging zeal, and Its growth in the United States has been great. Protestantism, especially in Europe, has. on the other hand, been profoundly modified by the secular movements of the age. but most of all by the new scientific and historical spirit which has so completely revolutionized every department of human thought and activity. The crystallized creeds of Protestantism have lost many of their sharp outlines in the alembic of the modern time spirit. The new Biblical criti cism, which denies the popular beliefs of Bibli cal Infallibility and inspiration, has conquered a permanent place for itself in every Protes tant body. The new historical method has led to the modification of many old ecclesiastical motions. Archaeology has, indeed, disap pointed those who predicted that it would over throw the superstructure of historic Christian ity but it has shown that the point of view of the Biblical writers does not altogether cover all the facts of the case, and that the testimony of the monuments and : tablets corrects or en larges many popular Inferences derived from the sacred narrative. SCIENCE AFFECTS PROTESTANTISM. It Is needless to say that the remarkable growth of science and Investigation In the nine teenth century has profoundly affected Prot estantism. It is sufficient to note here that Darwin's theory of the origin of species, de nounced, when it was first published, by every conspicuous theologian as a denial of Christi anity, has come to be accepted by almost every conspicuous theologian of the present day. But the influence of modern secular thought on Christianity is, seen not so much In any formal acceptance of its conclusions — for the Church has ever shrunk from taking such a step— as in the attitude and temper of Christians, clerical and lay, in discussing questions relating to re ligion. There is a tone of modernity even in the sermons of to-day that shows how far the Christian world has drifted from the mediaeval ages of faith, when nobles, burghers and serfs. all distinctions being levelled by a common im pulse, were wont to gather in the market place to discuss the mysterious relations of the Trin ity or the Procession of the Holy Ghost. It would not be possible to trace here the vari ous movements of thought that have left their Impress upon nineteenth century Christianity. There came to it from the eighteenth century two great impulses which in its first decades struggled for supremacy. One of these was that which culminated in the deistic movement and found concrete expression in the fierce infidelity of the French Revolution. It Is a mistake to ¦¦sums that all the deists were outside the ' Church. Virtually many of its leaders agreed with them in minimizing or denying the super natural, and so strong were they that for a time It almost seemed as though the Church were destined to become little more than a moral police agency. The other Impulse, which was a passionate denial of this theory, found a fit leader in John Wesley, who, humanly sneaking, saved Christianity from the dry rot of Indifference and unbelief. Methodism, which grew out of Wesley's preaching, by no means monopolized his spirit and influence. They pro foundly affected the Church which antagonized him. and, curiously enough, the revolt of Wesley against Erastianism found expression in the Oxford movement of 1832. of which John Henry Newman was for many years th. leader. More dire- traceable to Wesley's influence was the Evangelical movement, which inspired nearly everything that Is best and noblest in modern Protestantism. The great modern missionary activities of Protestantism first sprang from EvangelicJEin, and it seems to many that its decadence would mean their speedy collapse. But while the aggregate results of missions have been enormous, it is to be noted that no heathen nation or race has been Christianized outright Even Japan, which seemed likely to accept Christianity a few years ago, now seems more disposed to make a mosaic of religions for itself. ¦ • NEW-ENGLAND'S POWERFUL INFLUENCE ' Th*- New-England theocracy for a long time completely dominated the religious world In America, and even to-day, though the pitiless but logical theology, of Jonathan Edwards is no longer preached, It Is still an influential factor In shaping the moral life of Christians. But the revolt against It '-which resulted in Unltarlan ism became in its way quite as truly character istle of New-England's religious aspirations, and Theodore Parker and Charming stand on the Fan:'- pedestal with Jonathan Edwards as re ligl-rtis leaders. American Christianity, how over, has i.:. shaped by other influences than those that come from New-England. Every denomination has contributed something to the general result, and on the whole all have worked together in peace and harmony. American Christianity can point with pride to a brilliant lift of sreat leaders., and preachers, and Henry Ward JU-^-her was the first perhaps to strike what n.cy i- called the modern American note In his preaching and to lay Btre,«s not on the ology. but on the humanitarian side of religion. • This drift away from theology has indeed be rome one of the most marked characteristics of Christianity. Dr. James Alartlneau was one of Its most Influential exponents in England, and in this country every denomination is constantly mending its theological f>n> "•= At the same time th- sociological and ethical side of religion Is more, and more coming 1 to hold its supreme place in the thought of Christian*, and what is called applied Christianity seems destined to bring about a profound modification of the his toric theology of the churches. JAMES B. WASSON. WEATHER PROPHET* MAT REFORM. Willis I- Moor^, chief of thr- Weather, Bureau, believes that •" '¦« day will come, easily, within thr next"' century, when' su.h fundamentnl principles underlying weather - hati»;e« will- have been dis covered -•-•. will « liable us to forecast with accu rarv corainjr (seasons.. FROM SIX WEEKS TO sl\ PAYS. A CENTURY OF ALMOST INCREDIBLE AD VANCES IN OCEAN NAVIGATION SAFETY. CERTAINTY. SPEED AND COMFORT ASSURED TO TRAVELLERS. From jin uncertain six weeks to a certain six days— from the sailing packet of a few hundred tons to the express twin-screw steamer of 16,000 tons— that is the achievement of the nineteenth century in transatlantic voyages. In 1819. only about a dozen years after Robert Fulton had startled the world by sending his steamboat. Clermont, from New- York to Albany In thirty-two hours, a little tddewheel steamer, the Savannah, sailed from the port of that name on an adventurous voyage to Liverpool, and actually made her destination in twenty-five days. She was in strict fact a composite ship, such a . we now call an aux iliary eteamer. fully rigged with sails and ready to take advantage of any favoring slant of wind, while trusting to her paddles to add to the speed or to propel her In adverse winds. Although her performance marked an epoch In the world's history, yet the recital of the measurements may well provoke a smile in these days. She was luO feet in length and of 300 tons burden. In 1840 one Cunard started the Britannia, pioneer of a fleet of four sister ships. 207 feet long. 85>4 broad. 22>« deep. 1.154 tons burden, BV£ knots sea speed. Several other companies took up the busi ness, some achieving success, some failure, The suc cessful ones, adding ship after ship to their fleets and employing the highest engineering talent, joined to unlimited capital, scored new triumphs with each addition to their fleets. Up to 1870. or thereabouts, sldewheelers were the accepted types of seagoing ships, but slowly the light broke upon shipowners that this form of ap- JAMES MARTTN-FAU. CAnUI^'AZ. NTWM^N H ¦ RV TVAItI> BEDCHER. THEODORB PAKKTR TVIL.TJAM T, CirATCXTXO. LEADERS IN RELIGIOUS THOUGHT IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. plying power was at a great disadvantage In a heavy seaway, and that the ponderous transverse shaft was a source of structural weakness. The substitution of Iron for wood made possible the almost indefinite lengthening of ships, hut also made It more than ever essential to avoid the weakness due to the transverse shaft. The screw propeller, with its fore and aft shafting, was tried, and with most gratifying results, as regarded speed also. Minutes, hours, days even, were clipped from the record, and the regularity of the passages surpassed belief. Later, finding that the limits of a single shaft and screw had been reached, twin screws were adopted, and with them Independent compound THE FIRST DEUTSCHLAND Built in 18*7—717 tons. engines, which utilized the steam over and over again. These changes wrought another revolution. and in the light of past experience no one can now he found bold enough to set a limit to sl«e. speed. power or comfort of the future transatlantic liner. The marine engineer of twenty years ago would have paid that our present ships were beyond the boundaries of possibility. Rather more than a representative exponent of the leaps and bounds by which the ocean K««-y bound has developed from the Savannah of ISI9. 100 feet lon*, of 300 tons burd< n. to the Deutsch land of 1900. 686V4 feet long, of 16,000 tons burden, with twin screw engines of 35.000 horsepower and an average speed of 23 knots, stands the Humburg- American Steamship Company. To quote tlieir own modest statement this company, "established in 1847, is the oldept German line and the largest steamship company in the world, owning 107 ocean steamers, twenty-two of which are large new twin screw passenger steamers: this is a larger number than any other line possesses." The steamer Deutschland. cited above, is the latest addition to their regular fleet, and passen gers sailing in her from New- York reach London or Parts in six days. Hamburg in seven days. She was planned to excel all other express steamers In size and power, but to afford to her passengers luxuries equal to those obtainable only in the most magnificent homes and hotels. Ir addition to the grand dining saloon, ladies' pariu* and smoking room, there is a playroom for children, and on the promenade deck a grillroom. The state rooms have been so arranged as to meet the varied wants of all classes of travellers, and every ingenious appliance for their comfort has been carefully thought out. There are staterooms de luxe in suites, parlor, bedrooms and bathroom. The best time made by this steamer, and the fastest trip across the Atlantic, occupied 5 days. 7 hours and 38 minutes, from New- York to Plymouth on a course of 2.982 miles. This is equal to a cross- Ing of 4 days and 22^4 hours from New- York to Queenstown. The table set by this line has long been celebrated for its exquisite neatness excellent cooking and the admirable quality and variety of the viands set forth. To the proper enjoyment of these good things the fact that all these ships are fitted with m:*- keels, which greatly reduce the rolling motion. contributes largely. Associated with the Deutechland In the. weekly express service are the magnificent twin screw fleet THE PRESENT DJOU'ISOIU«AJfD OS feet In length— l6.ooo tons. Augusta Victoria. Columbia and FOrst Bismarck, ranging from 8.500 to 12.500 tons. The sailing day for this line Is Thursday, and passengers may count upon being In London or Paris ready for business or pleasure the follow ing Thursday, and In Hamburg one day later. Not content with mastering the regular ocean travel and commerce, the Hamburg-American Company each year carries out on a more and more extended scale a series of excursions In cither one of their meny magnificent express steamers or In the Prlnzessln Victoria Lulse, a gigantic steam yacht, especially constructed to their order for this work. She is 450 feet long, 47 feet beam and SO feet deep. The summer cruises have been to the North Cape and the Land of the Midnight Sun. while In winter cruises are made to the principal Mediter ranean ports, the Black Sea and the Orient or to the West- Indies. In fact, they follow just the routes that a well informed gentleman would map out were ho taking a party of friends on his own yacht to th. most interesting spots in tho world. Another and very successful cruise was that made last summer In the Prinzessln I. also, starting from Hamburg ami th.-i going around the world, tak ing In th.- Mediterranean ports, Greece, the Holy Land, India. China, Japan and to San Francisco. Eitß comfort and luxury suggested by years of careful management Is provided on these cruises, an.l for ih"«< suffering from brain fag, from pul monary trout. . from ennui, or those merely, in pear-h of pleasure, they have never l.>. equalled. A recent allusion to this line from a high ... thority says: "The Hamburg-American Line, the greatest Ht.-am-hlp combination In the world, . . . owns 107 ocean steamers, aggregating 559,1»> tons, or about 50 " per cent more than the entire tomiHK.- of the United States registered In- the foreign trade." Tb» miiKnliudo of such a business Is almost be yon.i .->: . • pt|.-.t ;,n.l yet so perfectly is It man ¦fsii in all Its pettiest details that for comfort. safety and speed It fears no competitors. They may rio to-morrow what the iramburg-Amorlcnn. has done to-day, but meanwhile th.- grass will not 1..- allowed, to grow under tho. bottoms of the NMinliurK American tie.-; NEW-YORK DAILY TRIBrXE. SUNDAY, JANUARY 6. 1901. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT. /./ \lH\t; Ft: 177 /,»/•>¦ si CHEST Kit /.' \ther ru \ \ \sst/rrri> An attempt to recount the social development of the nineteenth century within the compass **t this article would recall the preposterous de mand for a history of the world between th*» courses of a dinner. All that is possible is a mere reference to some conspicuous features, and that rather by way of suggestion than as sertion. The first thing that occurs to the mind in ap proaching the subject is the luxury of the period, accompanying what preachers, lay and clerical, are fond of describing as "the mad race for wealth." But it is judicious at the outset to distinguish between the luxurious spirit and the appliances of luxury. The latter have multiplied amazingly, through the application of human ingenuity to the conquest of natural forces, but It may at least be asked whether the former has not existed much longer than a century in a de gree comparable with that manifested to-day. There is considerable reason for supposing that the more fortunately placed men and women of preceding generations usually surrounded them selves with as many of the good things of life as they were able to obtain. The Jewelry and laces and silver transmitted from the last cen tury to this, and authentic records of acquisi tions which have perished or been consumed, testify to a state of society wMdi wag an in trinsii-.il'.y luxurious '.no so f:ir as it rould be, and was contrived and enjoyed as such. Doubt less it was In many respects crude and closely circumscribed on Its material side, but that was not Its temper. If the requirements of an expansive mode of existence were confined to the rich or well to do. so that the Interval between the more fortunate and the less fortunate element* were constantly widening, the fact would be deplorable. But It cannot safely be assumed that the contrasts of condition are greater now than they were a hundred years ago. Macaulay said that farm ers and shopkeepers to whom eulogists of times pant attributed contentment breakfasted on loaves which would have raised a riot in a mod ern workhouse, and he Imagined that in the twentieth century luxuries then unknown or confined .to a few would he within the reach of every thrifty worklngman. His supposition was verified long: before the end of the century In which he wrote. It is not rash to rejoice In the belief that the great mass of those who are classified an the poor are more favorably situated than they ever were before. Their supply of comforts and con veniences keeps pace with a demand which is scarcely less obvious and Insistent than that which is made and met in the case of the rich. In the matter of healthful conditions of exist ence the contrast between the present and a not remote past is simply stupendous. Nor i« It by any means certain that In respect to kind liness of feeling between the so-called upper and lower strata of society there has been any change for the worse. In this country the Colonial period was essen tially aristocratic, but if the aristocracy of that era was one of birth and tradition and that of to-day is in a large measure based on wealth, the latter is for that reason potentially more democratic and accessible than the former and not necessarily. If it is actually, less benevo lent In disposition and conduct. Turning from somewhat general reflections to particular features of modern life, we should be Inclined to say that the most notable social de velopment of the century is the Institution of clubs— that is. of associations of whatever name or nature possessing a regular social attach ment. Sodalities formed with various objects were numerous in ancient civilizations, and some of the modern type now existing In London are more than two hundred years old. while th.> Fish House Club of Philadelphia dates its origin from 1728; but the coterie which Dr. Johnson chiefly made famous his sufficiently designated as The Club, and the vast growth of a social contrivance which now makes its appeal to a*] sorts and conditions of men and women, and to virtually every ele ment in every community, has ».ee n accom plished not only within the century but within the. memory of those who are not yet old. A club has been defined as an establishment which Is supported by a thousand men for the benefit of fifty, but that description applies In some degree only to those comparatively rare examples of the species which require a huge outlay for their housing, equipment and main tenance. Below that grade, or above it. if you please, flourish a wellnigh infinite number and variety of clubs which exist for the benefit of a very large proportion of their membership, and In the aggregate exert an incalculable influ en V ThuH> to mentlon a single exemplification which a hurried glance might overlook, the Young Men's and Young Women's Christian Associations of this and other lands, with their immense enrolment and diversified activities are all clubs. ' A special word should be reserved for women's clubs. Extremely modern in »he present familiar sense of the word, they have, in fact, under va rious forms and designations. been a force to be taken account of for the greater *>art of a century. It might be carrying the analogy too far to say that the sewing society, for instance. Is essentially a club, though to that parentage may be traced- many associations which born of the social instinct, have In effect been important factors In the wide field of charity. From the gregarious propensity have sprung innumerable enterprises for the better ment of human conditions. Interest In outdoor sports, no longer the badge of a small minority, but a characteristic of the period, has had important consequences, for the most part salutary. It is believed, not without reason, to have increased the stature as well as the physical vigor and moral health of the rising generation, both boys and girls, and espe cially the latter. If formerly young women were proud to be delicate and helpless, or to be thought so, their daughters have adopted a dif ferent standard of attractiveness. And hosts of men who in their youth considered it gentle manly and pleasant to loaf when they had the chance have lived, if they are still alive, to see successors of a robust, energetic, open air type and in many cases are themselves trying hard to make up for lost time. It used to 1.,-, said that Americans lived every where except at home, and that those who "kept house" were always moving. T!i-- exaggeration of the saying emphasised Its truth. In recent years a tendency to possess fixed habitations and live in them has been proclaimed, and un doubtedly the habit of going early to country houses and staying 'late has visibly Increased among the wealthy . winter . residents of turn "cities. Still.' there; Is 'an enormous .m.l a.«ji.iii ently growing: use of hotels, especially of the family and apartment . type, due, we must be lieve, in great measure to the domestic diffi culties which have arisen from the progressive demoralization of servants. It Is to be hoped, and may be credible, that this is a temporary phase, but It arouses serious anxiety lest the twentieth century, long before its close, should be mortified to behold Bridget fitting on the ruins of the social fabric. HART L V.MAN 1//W.7/I/. t \7> 1//T 1/ nl 77'/ 7. "The Engineering and Mining Journal" In its issue of January 5 gives a summary of the mineral and metal production of the United States for the year 1909. This summary has been compiled from advanced figures furnished by producers and from official sources, and gives a complete statement of the gold production of the world for the year Just closed. The total value of the metals produced In the United States in 1900 was $509,800,992. as com-, pared with $496,057,320 in 1899. The value of the out put of non-metallic substances was $750.680,9 M. ns against $645,754,305 in 1899. The total value for the two years, after allowing for duplications, was re spectively $1,157,162,182 and $1 019.230.59*. The more Important Items of this production in metals were gold, valued at $78.658,750: silver, valued at $37,085,248; 615.576.802 pounds of copper, valued at $100,154,345; 251,78t tons of lead, valued at $22,005,659; 122.850 tons of zinc, valued at $10,786.2U>. and last, but not least. 13.914.596 tons of pig iron, valued at $238,078,737. Of the non-metallic products by far the most Im portant was coal, of which the United States pro duced no less than 274,847,779 tons— the greatest quantity ever produced in one year by this or any other country. In 1899 the United States was the largest producer of coal In the world, and this pre eminence was increased In 1900. Other Important products of this class included cement, of which 17,828.698 barrels were made; salt. SSfpss sulphate, mineral paints, phosphate rock and slate, while the minor mineral products In cluded a variety too numerous to mention. The total gold prr iuctlon of the world in 1900 amounted to $256,462,418. which compares with 9U3, 641.534 In 18S9, the decrease being entirely owing to the stoppage of gold production In the Transvaal by the war. nearly all other producing countries showing an increase. In 1900 the United States took the lead among the gold producers, with 975.658.736, Australasia ranking second, with $75,283,215. The large production of the Klondike has put Canada In the third place, with a total output of $38,000,000. while Russia was fourth, with SSS.O9O.sSX. These four countries produced over SO per cent of the gold of the world. HI XDRKD MILE 4Y EOVR TRAUFS. Dr. I/ouls Bell In The Street Railway Journal. The noie vital question In the commercial one. whether there in a sufficient demand for a flfty ipinut- train from New-York to Philadelphia or a ten hour train from New-York to Chicago, to make it pay. Commercial Judgment Is the "court of lnst resort" in these matters: men do not build roads to substantiate theories of engineering. That there will be a demand for such rapid trans portation in the future seems highly probable. Hallway .sp.-eds steadily creep up mile by mile, and will continue so to do. The first high speed electric road has yet to be built, but whenever it la shown that there Is a probable demand for the kind of service, thereby Implied, the means are at hand for carrying out the project to operative success. What will he the limiting speed so to be reached It is Impossible to say. but-far n. long time to come It will l.c set by rommeirl.il rather than by engineer ing, considerations. One hundred miles an hour will. I think, bo regarded as a conservative speed within the lifetime of men now living. How much further the limit will he pushed no one knows. Then seem, however, no serious difficulties to meet i-ntll even that limit has been left far behind. Wh.tli.-r th« ultimate speed will be fixed by cotn mercial requirements or vnly by the tensile strength of th»- whirling steel in "Ihe driving wheels. Is a problem for the next generation to settle. FITIRE OF TELFPHOW. Kempster H. Miller in The Kleetrlcal Worn! and Engineer. From what wns ci»n?Mered an interesting toy at tin- Centennial In P*7t». the telephone has growu to be <>ne of ilie most Indispensable factors of our modern civilisation. Tli* development wus slow at first, the gr«:tt invention being for the most imrt unappreciated by the public. Once started, liow ever, it surpassed, year by year, the hopes of those, most Interested in its welfare. No practical results have recently been raeorded arising from any of the various schemes for radically increasing the transmission rfflrier.i-y over very long distances The telephone repeater seems to have met witli no practical success, and ih.> various proposed >ys terns of associating impedance colls with the lino circuit for Improvement in the talking circuit Itself are yet, so far as the put He l< aware, in an experi mental stage. .Notwithstanding this, and not pre tending to know how. i believe that long before the new century is ended ii will lie possible to talk from Han Francis... to London or. In fact to al most any other porli-.ii .if the gl«»l>e. To believe otherwise Is to acknowledge defeat al the very out >et and *a lose faith In the progress of science and InventlAt. DEUAMt FOR OUR SULPHATE OF COPPER. From The Oil. Paint and Drug Reporter. Foreign shipments of sulphate of copper from the United States and their total value during the fl*cal .war ending Juno 30. 1000. were as follow": Countries. Pound*. Value. Austria-Hungary 5.07 V..130 194.401 l<»>lKhim i«>."»7S "-SS 'i ! ,*" lanvI any ¦'".'.'•'•': ";;; i ;:!;: «*«;« SI lsilai « i ..¦rman.v 2.M3.253 13.i'8ST Italy in •••Mi «»-.» ,vv, rut.i 5iXriii.:::::::::::::::::::::: 16:^ •»«; I'nlted Kingdom .W r.i-. •>•>« ltfrmiiaa xm% *~J^ Canada 658.793 22.1W2 ro*ta Me* 4 sJll •*=•££ Mexico 3 113 53^ l«« txrr West Inrilw. I""""'* 3flsw "Vlw Argentina iv'm 1R mi Other South American Republics. . . 4," tun •¦o*v"'» Australia 35;,, Ot> *'*£ 1 " 1 " ! 27,055,55() $t. 191.181 FREIGHT TRAFFIC OF, LAKE SUPERIOR. From The Iron Age. t According to advices from Dulutli. Minn., the rrelght traffic of Lake Superior for the year 1900 amounted to 23.013.073 lons, an increase over the preceding ye ir of 2 per cent. On the other hand the number of ships that carried the freight was 19.402. a decrease of 4 per cent, showing the increase in the average capacity of the freight ships of the lake. The passenger traffic increased IS per cent Of the commodities carried Into aud out of Lake Superior the following formed the most important items: . . w Iron ore. nrt tea* i&i4:i mih Anthracite coal, ton* «rC Kttuminoun coal, t«.n» "* St>7l'4tfS Flour, barrels .:::::::::::;:; ""I ::: fl7<;otlss •Wheat, bushels 4)4v"^/» Other icraln. bushels ....[ JjJSJ'S; Copper, tons " "".'¦'. . ',!,,']?,*,. Lumber, feet. a OUiIPSE AT THE LEATHER TRADE. From The Shoe and Leather Reporter: Our Imports of hides and skins for the first eleven months of 1899 rose to $!3.SCO.SSS. which was an in crease of $9,652,558 compared with the correspond ing period of 1898. Of the Increase JJ.756.032 was in Koatsklns. . The gain in Imports of •hide; of cat. tit" was $1.«87.8». and in "all other hides and skins except gqatsktns and hides of cattle' $4 198*57 amounting to $0.ECG,526 In the aggregite ' The iralri in the combined exports of leather In the same period, was {2.331.013. Including $-125,831 in sble^nd W.9M.001 in other leather. , There was a silent in crease In receipts of live stock at Chicago Of cattle from January 1 to December 23. 25951* more arrived than in IS*: of calv^n. 4.1t» more- of sheen 64,005 more. During the entire year 1899 < the re ceipts of cattle at Kansas City were 151.080 larger than in '-¦¦¦ • ..... . ' UXi>tr EXPORTS TO OUR \i ii Pnssi:sslo\s | From The Hardware Dealers' Magazine. Export* from the United States to Cuba Porto Rico and th^ Philippines, the Hawaiian and 3aman.ii islands .lucri-traten »30.<NVi.(Ki0 for the last v^r against «41.00«>.nnn | n ISK>. H?.000.00f» in 1898 and $17 I 000.000 In 1»7. This enormous growth Is shared bY . each of the islands named, but I* especially np". parent in the case of Porto Rico, to which the #i i ports during 10J0. under the new Porto -Klein net show in Increase of about ti\ per cent as ,-,.mpar»d vII .. Llli. urcvious v»-- ¦ ¦ THR ART PRESERVATIVE. IT IS NO LONGER EXERCISFP SOLELY BY THE EXPERT COMPOSITOR OR PRINTER. THAT USJQSJI SKXTIKXT MEfHANISM. THE TTPKWRITER. IN ITS LATEST DCVEU>I* MENT. IM'XS THE PRINTING PRKSS A CI4MHI nrORD-JUn IT IS MORK (IKXKKAI.I.V IN USSt HE PEN Is mightier than the sword." quoth old Cardinal Richelieu, look ing up to the packed galleries for the applause which his well worn epi gram never failed to pro voke. At the time he made, or is supposed to have made, this compari son the sword was the mightiest instrument of war. and the pen was a ¦rv.. ir.i ::veiy ;;nk::"U :: tool, save in -.he hands of a few priests and schol ars, and wielded somewhat clumsily, even by these favored ones. Pens have improved since those days; literature has made wonderful strides. Greater numbers of men are writing books to-day than In Richelieu's time could read even coarse print. The arts of war. too. have gone ahead by leaps and bounds. Swords have become mere emblems of authority put Into the hands of officers. So greatly have these two professions, writing and fighting, been altered by modern science and ingenuity that the grim Car dinal's axiom, brought down to twentieth century date, might be made to read. "Beneath the rule of men entirely great, che Remington Is mightier than i b.- M v,;,, In point of fact, the educational and commercial and professional rev dution brought about by the typewriter within the last twenty years, has been so complete, so overwhelming and withal so rapid that we who stand In the midst of it cannot prop erly realise its full import. Were It possible by an edict to forbid for one week the use of these won derful machines the whole business world would be cast into such Irextrlcable confusion a 9 could hardly be conceived Without delving back into the ancient history of writing and written characters, such as were ex emplified in the Rosetta Stone, or stopping even to glance at the uses of the reed pen on papyrus or of the stylus on the waxen and clay tablets that answered the purposes of correspondence and books of record at a later period of the world's history, we may come down to comparatively recent times. A few metal pens are known to have been made prior to the beginning of th* nineteenth century, but they were costly rarities and Impossible of practical use. Not until 1840 did steel pens come Into general use. t'p to that time quills were the one and only means by which the merchant could keep his books, the poet pour forth his soul on paper In sonnets to his mistress's eyebrow, the lawyer draw his briefs, the statesman draft his treaties or the clergyman indite his thunderous diatribes against privy sedition and conspiracy. From the old gray goose who furnished these quills to the Remington typewriter factory where are made the modern writing Implements, ¦eems a far cry. Yet tnly :ilxty years nave passed since SH.M.KS A OMPPFN TVrnWRTTKR Industry began to give way to th * artisan in this Industry. Steel pens, with occasional frold pens for those who could afford and who fancied them, held com plete sway for almost llfty years. Then for the nrst time the typewriter began to make Itselr felt as a practical substitute for the more laborious and slower implement. The idea of a typewriting ma chine Is not a new one. The records of the British Patent Office show that en January 7. 1714. one hun dred and elghty-sevei. years ago. a patent was Krunt .. to a certain Henry Mill for a machine intended to do writing. It is described as a device "for the Impressing or transcribing of letters, singly or progressively, one after another, as in writing so neat and exact as not to be distinguished from print." Nothing ever came of it. however, and with the death of Mill the secret. If any existed. was lost in 1784 a machine was invented for em bossing on paper printed characters for the use of the blind. This, too. came to naught. The first typewriter ever constructed in America was the invention of William Austin Buri. of De troit, who In IS2» took out a patent for It. Al though a working typewriter. It was ex.w<J.\gi* crude In design and rough in construction Both the patent record and th«» model were destroyed by a fire In the Patent OfhVe In IS3«. Undoubtedly to Kurt belongs the hones- of betas; tie uv.-er.tor of the first American typewriter. Several other abortive attempt* in this direction were made, both In Franc* ai»d Kngii!i«.>. th?n» be ing an additional Incentive In th«- il.-i:,u'u tor a typewriting machine for use In connection with the telegraph. Not until 134 i was a really complete machine invented. In that year Charles Thurber. a resident of Worcester, Mass. secured a patent for a typewriter which, although very slow, was capable of fairly good work An interesting fact shown in the model Is that the letter spacing was acomplished by the longitudinal movement of the platen, a principle surviving in all modern ma chines. At the World's Fair in London, in 15..1. a blind Frenchman. Pierre Foucault. gained applause by a machine* that printed, very successfully, raised let ters for the blind. In 1850 Oliver Eddy, of Balti more, secured a patent for a machine sa!d to have been very Ingenious and to have turned out good work, but exceedingly cumbrous and Intricate Eddy died In poverty after years of labor devoted to perfecting the machine. Several more patents were taken out. none worthy of mention here, ex cept that of A. E. Beach, dated UK In this ma- KKMINCTON NO. 1. chine the characters were upon dies arranged m pairs In a circle in.l swinging to a common centre much as in a common typewriter.' After this pa tents were Issued in 1858. MW. I*o and so on tin to JS'-s or lbi>6. but none of them showed practical re sults or furthered tho advance , tho typewriting machine. This long list of failures, disappointments and reverses brings the story of the typewriter up toward the time when success began to dawn upon it. During the winter of lses-'ST. two friends C t^atham Sholes and Samue! W. Soule. were engaged In the city of Milwaukee In perfecting a machine for numbering the pages of books which they had Invented. At the suggestion of a third person; also an Inventor, one Carlos Gild. l. m m,. i turned nsido from this work to experiment with the production of a writing machine, associating Mr. Glidden with them in tho enterprise. -,-.»- z-. At that time they were not aware that anything of this, sort had ever been attempted before " Some progress was made toward constructing a model machine when they were spurred to renewed efforts by a newspaper article describing the at tempt of another Inventor in London to produce a machine for the same purpose. Some editorial com mlnt»mlnt» upon this article alluded to the Immense Held of usefulness for a practical machine of this character. tember. 1867. In It are was completed about Sep tember. ISC7. In It are fount! sorno or th»> <=nll^nt features which exist I -. the Remington typewriter of to-day. midden's ,-hief share In th. matter wan the value of the general suggestion ,...i . Soulo suggested ''"• pivoted types set In a circle. ' whl t Sholes .1. v. i, .;....! , -. letter spacing, mechanism 'I'll- machine was n success in -.. far as it w-is ••««•«'< I- or writing accurately with a fair .1. tnv of speed, but ii still fell far short of perfection. \ long process of l^.-!oon-;.-,,, followed. M0.1.-l ji'ft^r model was banged to piece- by the severe tests made v practical workers, stenographers ami others by whom they wprcuwl to determine th" valu* of the, machine. Soule and Glidden lost la ••- nnd tinully dropped out or t'.jr. f.n:*rmi<.- ¦ othnrs beoarne i,«-o,:i.,trd with. tho principal In'v.'n tor. ShnW. In the pro-ess of the further d.-v Ho p of the machine. Even the patience of Sholes himself was -.... b>- thi --,-.; exalhiri-. of practical defect* rVveafwi by th- u.^ of each In?.' .¦eedlng morT-l Ills associate.*! Insisted. howeVli' that a machine to be of real value must be so u ¦". signed and constructed that anybody could use i, C With this purpose* In view, a raecessrat aff^V- icY wade early hi 1873 to Interest the great sett mar.,' fa. turer- K. Remin.'t.r. * Sons, at Ilton, x v % -¦ the manufacture ot the machine. In spite of alf'ts ingenuity and money that had already been *?»>„, upon it. the machine still showed many fault.* Vr. over a year the skilled mechanics of the litmlnsrtn. factory worked ever the crude device. and Smite about the middle of the year ISVt. the drat issK practical writing machine, known on the market a the No. 1 Remington typewriter, watt offered '£ sale. X somewhat improved model was exhibit 1 at the Centennial Exhibition in 187», and attn 'i i much attention, although but few . sales w^' effected. Thus began th*- history of writing mnrhtnm » Industry, peculiarly American, which was dr*rip to work a revolution little short of that eEectef 1 v* the art of printing, the full effects of which ¦•<£ scarcely gauge as yet. w *«*sj For many years the history of the develop^ of the writing machine Is the history of thr her Ington typewriter. The machine naturally toon it" name from the great factory where it was aS practically developed, although it was long kas& also as "the typewriter." in the absence afssa other machine for a similar purpose. These year were employed to good purpose in perfecting f£ rnachln^. The rervices of many skilled mechan£, ami noted inventors wer* enlisted to remedy th acknowledged defects of the machine. In th-npni time vigorous efforts to promote the sale si n> machine were also made. Progress was very stou at first. The public were more disposed to sssssi It as a curiosity than as a practical working ™ chine. Few believed it capable of general use. i-, promoters had faith in Its future and pushed th KK.MIXGTON N". .. 2 development of the machine mechanically, aa we as the education of the public as to its capa ••c.-' with great energy and persistence. The old No. 1 Remington had one serious Inlain it wrote m capitals only. The first notable steoin advance was made when the No. 2 model ofta* Remington appeared. In this model the skill of th ¦ inventors had succeeded in making the macula* write capitals and small letters also, and that without increasing the siae of the keyboard or complicating the machine. From tiii.s dated a nmr era; the public began to appreciate their opnor tunltles. One hundred thousand of the No 2 Ren. ingtons found ready sale in the course of the year* following. The process of improvement never stopped, and in due course of time the No. « model which wan first placed upon the market in 18M, aih ¦i ' • The great succes-s of the No. 2 model and th* fame of this American wonder had in the mean "in* 3 prea<l to foreign lands, and trade began which has developed to important proportions % special model capable of dealing satisfactorily with the problems presented by foreign languages was prepared and the manufacturers followed up their campaign of education across the seas until th* Remington typewriter was made familiar to all th nations of the earth This finally required th« adaptation of machines to many European lan guages, which has* been successfully accomplished. and machines are now furnish, d for writrac French. German. Spanish. Italian. Portuguese Swedish Danish. Norwegian. Bohemian. Hunga rian Polish. Russian. Servian. Ore*k. as» wellsw combinations of several of them together The Pope, for instance, owns a Remington which will write any European language which employs tn» Koman character. Many other strange and un usual requirements have been ingeniously provide-! for. among them a recent order for a machine to write English, and in addition one of the unspeak able cacophonous click-a-ty-clack dialects of one rt the tribes of North American Indians located la Alaska, or somewhere thereabouts. As may be expected, the development of this great business has laid the foundation of a great Industry. From an inconsiderable corner of th* old gun works at llion. N. V.. to a great factory "f Its own. occupying over live acres of ground and employing one thousand skilled men. is the record or the Remington typewriter industry. This great plant is equipped with an abundance of compli cated machinery, much of it speei illy devised for the work in hand, and not to be found anywher* else. Even the processes employed and the very materials themselves are the outcome of the skill concentrated there. The care for perfection in every feature extends even to the preparation of special alloys for certain parts of the machine. In one of these, largely employed tn the working parts of the machine, the strength and stiffness of steel. with the good working qualities of brass, with some of the lightness of aluminum, are skilfully blended. This material cannot be duplicated else where, as the secret belongs to the Remington *»¦- tory exclusively. No surer or more unfailing test of the merits or demerits of Remingtons, as compared with other typewriters, can be imagined than the general verdict of the great army of workers who earn their bread by using them, to r.nora a good ma chine may mean butter on their bread, while a poor machine would leav* even a cry crust In doubt Take, for example, the iredomlnance of th* Remington in the principal cities of the United REMINGTON NO. t> States, as shown by a census of the Ma* cafe* buildings. In New-York the Remingtons number 78 per cent of all; In Boston. 63 per cent; In Chicago. 73 per cent, and In Philadelphia, 79 per cent. Nt the Metropolitan Life Building:, at Madison-are, and Twenty-third-st.. are assembled more type writers than under any other on* private roof it the world. A careful count shows 49) Remington* to only 2 of all others. This company uses in it!* own service here and elsewhere 72? Remingtons to only 8 of all others. The general offices of twenty-nine leading Ameri can railroads show 2.9U Remingtons to 553 of alt others— SO per cent. In London Her Majesty's Government alone uses over 300 Remingtons to only 49 of other makes. The United States Govern ment uses over 3.000 Remingtons— many times over the- number of all others combined. It will not surprise the public, therefore, to learn that .-it the recent Paris Exposition the Remington received a diploma of the Grand Prix, the highest form of award. In the two previous Paris Expo sitions. IS7S and ISB9. it received the high* st awards obtainable, as it did at recent Expositions at Brus sels, Luxemburg and Ghent. All these successes can be the result only of supreme and commanding merit. The Remington seems the one machine that represents the sura of all the experience obtained in the manufacture of typewriters. *¦&>** Wherever language is written as well as spoken on this revolving globe of ours, there is now a call for Remington typewriters. New fields at usefulness hitherto unsuspected are opening every day. both at home and abroad. They Oil a useful place in a modern scheme of education, since it la found that they greatly pro note the ready learning of spelling, composition. &c. by the child in the primary school, and that other and even more important advantages follow from the familiar use of the machine, as the scholar proceeds further along the path of learn ing. Remingtons have doubled, some say trebled, or even quadrupled, the capacity of the 'telegraph wires, on account of the increased speed with which the receiver can follow the clicTced-out mes sage of the wires. A recently invented attachment opens an almost illimitable Held of new usefulness for the machine by providing a ready awns whereby figures In columns can be automatically arranged In regular columns with as much speed hj a horizontal line can be written at. and with unfailing accuracy. This opens to the accountant and statistician all the advantages so Ion? enjoyed by the correspondent. The wonderful improve ments In typemaking employ- a In the Remington factory enable them to offer a multitude of spe cially equipped machines for all kinds of purposes. The engineer, the scholar, the medical man. the mathematician, as well as the many branches of commerce and other uses too numerous to men tion here, ran all be provided with the speci.il characters which their work demands. This little, friendly, chatty machine Is found following at the heels of the wtite man. whether he goes down to the sea in ship* or plunges Into Moody war In far off Africa. An army heiidquar ters without its Remington would be like aisoldier without his sun. Lord Roberts depended upon the instrument for hi* .'.Snatch work in the Basr War. The mighty battleship* of our Navy carry each at least one of these friends of man. and the commanding officer in not more solicitous about the welfare of his engines and chronometer t!ian about his writing chine. K As stated la the benlnning of this article. w» hardly .realise the enormous influence which this dainty little child of man's Ingenuity has wronphi for us. Thanks to the opportunity afforded s» Its oss. tens of thousands of women who porforce must he self-support in? are tMved from the •*- whnleson** drudgery and starvation of needlework. Hui>d"« "Song of th.> Shiit" h»«t never been written had th«- women of hi* tim« «•*>?** th« ails— ipM of the {.resent daiv. . The modern poet who shall sine of bis rair kdssttss of the* K.'minrnnn must tune his Ur- to !.;,, .,.,..r m.':tsnr<\s ..ml sine th >on>; >(.f( .f th« Shirt Wars! or clco the -Sons of the r II rt